alcohol and mortality published version
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Aecan Econoc Jonal: Ale Econoc 2009, 1:1, 164182://www.aeaweb.og/acle.?o=10.1257/a.1.1.164
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http://www.aeaweb.org/.?=10.1257/.1.1.164
The Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Mortality:
Regression Discontinuity Evidence from the
Minimum Drinking Age
B Christopher Carpenter and Carlos Dobkin*
We eae e eec o alcool conon on oal nge n nng age n a egeon conn egn. We
fn lage an eae nceae n nng a age 21, ncl-ng a 21 ecen nceae n ecen nng a. We alo fn acee 9 ecen nceae n e oal ae a age 21, al
e o oo vecle accen, alcool-elae ea, an ce.We eae a 10 ecen nceae n e nbe o nng ao ong al el n a 4.3 ecen nceae n oal. Oel gge olce a ece nng aong ong alcan ave banal blc eal benef. (JEL I12, I18)
http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.1.1.164http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.1.1.164http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.1.1.164http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.1.1.164http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.1.1.164 -
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. S (MLDA) 1970 1980. S, j US w - 18, 19, 20 1984 q
MLDA 21 . Sv - v ( A C.W T L. T 2002 vw).
T , wv, , , . F, v v , , v, v, . A w .2 S, v- w w v w MLDA 21 .3 F, , v w MLDA w w 1984 M D ALw. F , MLDA w 21 w v v MLDA -
v w (.., - ). S, w w - w .
I , w (RD) . T RD MLDA 21. S v v -21 , w
2 A 2002 vw w 1960 1999, , , w - (W T 2002). A , v . F , w MLDA (.., JD. B Dv Hw 1999, C S. C 2004) w w (R W. H, D M, T H 1985). S w v , j- , -, w (, , N E. J, C F. P, L S. R 1992; H C.J R K. J 1993; J Hw . 1998).
3 R K (2000), , w -v w v . W T (2002) w 11 33 q (.., -vw w / , /
, ) v w . Mv, - w z. P J. C M J. M (2001) MLDA 9 17 . T S. D (1999) v 8 , w C .(2007) 4 .
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j 21 .T RD v . B
RD MLDA, w 21 w , w v .
W v U S v - v MLDA w - -21 .4 T RD ,w - MLDA .W w MLDA w 1121 . T w w . W w - 21 9 ,w v , , w . W v -. S, w 1 w 21-- v w 0.4
. T , , w w , v v v , .
T w. S I NH Ivw Sv N C H S w . S II v . S III , S IV .
I. Data
T j w . F , w v N H Ivw Sv(NHIS) 19972005. T v , w N C H S 1997 2004 , w v . F , w 1922, v.
4T RD v v w ( - v vv ) v .W v w.
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T NHIS v US v v . T q w v 1997 2005. W v
v w vw , w w w vw v. E NHIS v v q -.5 W v q. T : w v 12 , w - v 12 , w v v .6 W w q : w v w -
v v .
T w w NHIS v 21. T q 12 . T 21, w . Hwv, v v , v , , w. F, w w , 71 vw
21 w w .7 T w
5 Tw q w : I , v 12 v? I , v 12 v? Iv w 12 w q - v . S, w , I , w v? H, - v , , w. F, v w, I , w v v v? W q ( w v w v v -). T w: v w w v 1/7, v w v 3/30, . N w w .
6 A v v , w - v . T NHIS q , I , w v v v? I , , v v v v . F , w v v .
7 F q, I , w v v v-?, 37 w . Bww w j v 21
. F w , vw 21 v vw j 21 w 21--. Mv, vw 21 v v 21-- . T . T j w v- v v 21 .
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. T 21 v q 21 . T v
21 v v. F, v w . F, w w w, - (.., v) 21. T v .S, w w w j 21 v 12 21. B w v . F, v, v vw j w- v 20-- 21--. I w w , w 21. T , wv w v q.
T NCHS . T v v U S - 19972004.8 W
w : .9 W w v : , , v, w , w , .10 T w-- ( - W A A), w v
8 E 19901996 v 19972004 ( WA B, ://www.w./.?=10.1257/j.1.1.), 2005, v NHIS , w .
9 T w w - w w . F, w v w . W - (L G. E M Oz 2002, ).
10 T, w I C D, N T v. A -- v W A C. W - : - , , , , , , v, ,
v, - v , v . T - w w . W w , w v w : , , MVA, , , . D , , w, w w .
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w- .11 I .
II. Methods
C - :
(1) a5Xab1g(a) 1dap
1va,
wa v a;Xa - v a; g(a) (.., w- );da 21 ; va v . T - p a 21. S da v w , p v . L v a. I w- v X v j v,q (1)
(2) a5E3au 5a 45Xab1g(a) 1dap
1va.
W v g(a) w- .
I v,w J H, P T, W v Kw (2001). T w w Jq F I Gj(1996). W w - 21, w 21. W w .
T - q (2) w MLDA w . F . W v - 21 .
11 T v, v v 30 . F (w), w w- w- .
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III. Results
T v w . I , w - w 21. I , w w - 21 w v . W w -, , .
A.Alcool Conon
I , w w q - w 21 .12 I F 1 w w 12 - , w 12 - , w v .T , v 30- v . W v
12 W (21) , v v . S 20 21, -21 .
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23
Age
Proportion
reporting
behavior
12 or more drinks in one year
12 or more drinks in one year fitted
12 or more drinks in life
12 or more drinks in li fe fitted
Some heavy drinking in last year
Some heavy drinking in last year fitted
Figure 1. Age Profile of Drinking Participation
Noe: NHIS S A 19972005. C 30- v-. T - w v v 21 .
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v .13 T w 65 20-- NHIS v 12 , 21.14
13 T q w v 21 . I vw . A q w.
14T v NHIS w. Aj w v v v . T
q w v 21 . I vw ( ). T v q, w vw w- v v 20--. N ww . W v .
Table 1Alcohol Consumption: Participation
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
12 o oe n n lee
Ov 21 0.0418 0.0316 0.0268 0.0198 0.0199(0.0242) (0.0301) (0.0292) (0.0423) (0.0179)
Ov 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107r2 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.10
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.61
12 o oe n n one ea
Ov 21 0.0796 0.0657 0.0611 0.0603 0.0461(0.0254) (0.0313) (0.0301) (0.0438) (0.0218)
Ov 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107r2 0.02 0.03 0.11 0.11
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.56
An eav nng n la ea
Ov 21 0.0761 0.0527 0.0492 0.0262 0.0398
(0.0248) (0.0304) (0.0291) (0.0430) (0.0201)
Ov 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107r2 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.10
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.67Cv N N Y Y NW N Y Y Y NQ Y Y Y Y NC N N N Y NLLR N N N N Y
Noe: T . R . Cv , , , , - , w- , w- 1 1 , w. W NHIS w w v v. P v (N ) v. T v N w v 21. T v 21, Ov 21 v v - 21. I , w w -- w. F , w w F Gj (1996) N -21 . W v v-v (d) q (s2). T -- -w 5c(s2r/d), w c (c5 3.44 ), r v (.., N ). W w, , 21, 21. T v w wv w- w- v .
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I T 1, w w 12 . T F 1. T
4 .15
I , w NHIS w j 21 US . Aj - w -21 v v v w. I , w v vw w- . W v , , , H, , , v. T v w , z j 21. I , w , w z j. T
-v W ( w) , w . F, 5, w w -- w -21 (F Gj 1996). T 21 v v 12 . W
v v q . T 21 v 21 w w v w .
F 1 w - 12 ( ) 5 v ( ).T F 1 -
T 1 12 6 q w v w- ( 3). Rv - j 21 55 , 11 . O - T 1 v 5 21. T 16 v v j 21,
15 S v ( ) w- - vw, Ov 21 v 21. F w- v A D E.
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w v . F F 1, w v v q.
I F 2, w v -. T v j 2 - ( w q). I T 2, w , w w v
22.5 w q . T v v 20-- 8.5 (.., 21 v j 21w 3). A w T 1, w j 21, F 2 w w v - vw j w- . I, w . F 2 w v- v ( ). T T 2 v 20 v 21 , . T w v v
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23
Proportionofdaysdrinking
Drinksperday
5
4
0
1
2
3
Drinks per day
Drinks per day fitted
Proportion of days drinking
Proportion of days drinking fitted
Proportion of days heavy drinking (. 5 drinks)
Proportion of days heavy drinking (. 5 drinks) fitted
Figure 2. Age Profile of Drinking Intensity
Noe: P w, , ; 71 - w . Av w .
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21, v v 21.16
F, v, w 21 . T v (.., v
2 3 T 1 2) v . I T 3, w v , , ,
16 W v . T w vv v 21 ( F 2).Mv, v w -20 v (w z 6.4 ), w ( T 2). A w , wv, 21, w w 21. F , w v
20-- 21-- NHIS ( v W A F). W , 10 , v 21-- 20--. T w z, , v v. T , v 21 , v , v .
Table 2Alcohol Consumption: Intensity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
pooon o a nng
Ov 21 0.0245 0.0180 0.0182 0.0119 0.0107(0.0086) (0.0097) (0.0095) (0.0135) (0.0072)
Ov 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107r2 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.07
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.56
pooon o a eav nng
Ov 21 0.0120 0.0075 0.0075 0.0021 0.0026(0.0061) (0.0063) (0.0062) (0.0091) (0.0048)
Ov 15,825 15,825 15,825 15,825r2 0.00 0.01 0.05 0.05
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.72
dn e a on a nng
Ov 21 0.2387 0.2068 0.2465 0.2806 0.1886
(0.2810) (0.3403) (0.3291) (0.4782) (0.2024)
Ov 9,906 9,906 9,906 9,906r2 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.07
P. C-Sq 0.00 0.92
Cv N N Y Y NW N Y Y Y NQ Y Y Y Y NC N N N Y NLLR N N N N Y
Noe: S N T 1. P w, , . F w , 71 vw 21 w . T v D D - w .
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vv 21 . W v 21 , v W A G.17 T v
17A w w NHIS v , w 21, - w w . T 19 21 w R M ( M v 18) (F . 2007). Hwv,
Table 3Age Profile of Demographic Characteristics from the NHIS
M W B HN HS
DHS
D EmdL w
N
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
Ov 21 0.0156 0.0172 20.0250 0.0095 20.0108 0.0040 0.0019 20.0061 0.0043(0.0260) (0.0293) (0.0211) (0.0203) (0.0230) (0.0291) (0.0302) (0.0171) (0.0293)
C 0.4405 0.6440 0.1415 0.1638 0.1810 0.2941 0.6453 0.0849 0.2970(0.0168) (0.0195) (0.0137) (0.0129) (0.0154) (0.0194) (0.0203) (0.0114) (0.0191)
Ov 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107 16,107r2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00
Noe: S NHIS S A F (19972005). S . T v w v 21 . S A 5 2 21, v 21.
19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23
Age
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Death
sper100,0
00person-years
All All fitted
Internal Internal fitted
External External fitted
Figure 3. Age Profile for Death Rates
Noe: D N V S R. I U Sw 19972003. T v . S A C .
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v - v .
B.moal
I , w v w - v . I F 3, w v 100,000 , w w - . W 100,000 v v v . E v , , , w , w ,
w . F, w q z w . S, q ( 75 v ) M , w v w - v v .
Table 4Discontinuity in Log Deaths at Age 21
(1) (2) (3) (4)
dea e o all cae
Ov 21 0.096 0.087 0.091 0.074(0.018) (0.017) (0.023) (0.016)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.04 0.05 0.05
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.735
dea e o exenal cae
Ov 21 0.110 0.100 0.096 0.082(0.022) (0.021) (0.028) (0.021)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.06 0.08 0.08
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.788
dea e o nenal cae
Ov 21 0.063 0.054 0.094 0.066
(0.040) (0.040) (0.053) (0.031)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.10 0.10 0.10
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.525
Cv N Y Y NQ Y Y Y NC N N Y NLLR N N N Y
Noe: S N T 1. T v x w- . E w j, , . T I D N . P W A C
ICD v. T v N - w v 21.
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j. F 3 w v 21 10 100,000 . G v j 21 .
T 4 F 3. T - v w ( ) 19972004 . W
v 1,460 w 19 22, v.18
T v 21 , , - 21. I , w q . I , w w- . I , w . I , w w -- w -21
18 W v . R v.
19 19.5 20 20.5 21 21.5 22 22.5 23
Age
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Deathrateper100,0
00
Alcohol Alcohol fittedHomicide Homicide fittedSuicide Suicide fittedMVA MVA fittedDrugs Drugs fittedExternal other External other fitted
Figure 4. Age Profiles for Death Rates by External Cause
Noe: S F 3. T v. T , ,MVA, w , w . T ICD-9 ICD-10 C A C.
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(F Gj 1996).19 T-v W ( w) .Hwv, v v ww v F 3, 9 v w 21 10
.20
F 4 . T w v 21, w
19 I W A H, w w v z . T W A I. I W A J, w v v w w v w w w F Gj (1996) - T 1. T W A K. F w- v A L, M, N.
20
N 0 ( 5.4 ). A v 21 v . F, w - . S, / v . S w , w 21.
Table 5Discontinuity in Log Deaths at Age 21 Due to External Causes
(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) (4)
A H
Ov 21 0.388 0.346 0.406 0.441 0.009 0.002 20.003 20.014
(0.119) (0.116) (0.156) (0.117) (0.045) (0.045) (0.061) (0.041)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.228 0.000 0.495
S M v
Ov 21 0.160 0.154 0.135 0.105 0.158 0.143 0.145 0.139(0.059) (0.059) (0.086) (0.045) (0.033) (0.032) (0.044) (0.032)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.16 0.16
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.892 0.000 0.666
D O Ov 21 0.070 0.067 0.004 20.016 0.087 0.098 0.098 0.074
(0.081) (0.082) (0.107) (0.078) (0.060) (0.059) (0.075) (0.043)
Ov 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458 1,460 1,460 1,460 1,458r2 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
P. C-Sq 0.000 0.643 0.000 0.877
Cv N Y Y N N Y Y NQ Y Y Y N Y Y Y NC N N Y N N N Y NLLR N N N Y N N N Y
Noe: S N T 4. T 276 v w N ;
v 0.5 w v . T 15 v w N ; v 0.5 w .
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- (.., v-) . W v v 21. T 5 w w w F 4, w
35 21, , v 16 . T 5 w v 15 21.21 E , w (.., w T 5) w v 10 , .22 T v v w , , w.
I W A O, w w - v , , . T v 10 j v . T v v 15 w, v w H. I , w -. T v v v 9 17 . I , v -
w v 21 w w .23
21 T v 21 . T , w v vv (.., - w ). T v ( - ), . Wv w.
22 F w w , vw z . I T 5, w v 0.5 v . W A P w w w -v : 1 ( 0.5) v ( 2 ) v ( 3 ).
23 F , w W A O. T , v q. U, z NHIS, 21 . F , wv, w RDD -
W A Q. N w . Mv, W A Q w- ( v -) . S v - , v w v.
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IV. Discussion and Conclusion
I , w - v . Iv j v
21 21 v j 21 , w v . W v v , w .W 9 21. W w , w - , v , .
O v w v w . F, wv w , w v . T v ( - ) - 21. S, v w v . F 1w w v 21. B w w v, 21 -21 v. F 3 4 w . A v, w v , w
w v.24 I w v, 0.43 v w v w (.., 0.091/0.21). T 21-- . I q .25 O 20 w 408 20--.26 Gv v
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26
T w w 20-- 2007 (4,027) j 1997 2005 RDD. T RDD MVA w 21 , F A R S, 21- 22- - w v 0.21 .
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$8.4 ( 2007 US ) v $3.4 .27
F, v
. Gv v 18--20-- , - v , w - . Mv j - 18- 24--. O w , .
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27 I v vw v , W. K V J E. A (2003) vw w $7 2000 US (.., $8.43 2007 ).
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