TROBWER'S ORI ENTAL SERI ES .

.. A knowledge of the commonplace, at least, of Oriental literature, philo-sophy. and l.'eligion is as necossary to the general reader of the prese.:J.t day as an acquaintance with the Latin and Greek cltl.8Sics was a generation or so ago, Immense strides have been made within the present century in these branches of learning j Sanskrit has heen bronght within the range of accurate philology, and its invaluable ancient merature thoronghly investigated; the language and sll.(lred books of the Zoroastrians have been laid bare; Egyptian, Assyrilw, nnd other records of the remote past have been deciphered, and a group of scholars speak of still more recondite Accadian and Hittite monu-ments j but the results of all the scholl1rship that h8.8 been devoted to these subjects have been almost inaccessible to tho public because they were con. tained for the most part in learned or expensive works, or st:attered through. out the numbers of scientific periodicah. Meun. T&UBNER &: Co., in Il. spirit of enterprise whioh doc5 them infinite credit, have deoormined to supply the constantly-inoreasing want, and to give in a popular, or, at lea.Bt, 0. oompre_ hensive form, all this roaM of knowledge to the world. "-Time .

Second Edi.tion, post 8vo, pp. :uxii.-74B, with Mup, cloth, price 2111.

THE INDIAN EMPIRE : ITS PEOPLE, lIISTORY, AND PRODUCTS.

By tbe HON. SIR W. W. HUNTER, K..C.S.I., C_S.1., C.LE., LL.D., Member of the Viceroy's Legislative Council,

Director-General of Statistics to the Government of 1nt;lia..

Being a Revised Edition, brought up to date, and incorporating the general results of the Census of 1881

, It forms tI. volume of mON thaD 7~o p:lI;CB, and is 8. marveUous combination of lit

THUONER'S ORIENTAL SERIES.

THE FOLLOWING WORKS H.I VE .lI,RE.lDY .lPPE.dRED ,-Third Edition, lJ08t 8vo, cloth, pp. :ui .. -428, price 16a.

ESSAYS ON THE SACRED LANGUAGE, WBITINGB, AND RELIGION OF THE PAUlS.

Br MARTIN HAUG, PH.D., Lnte of the Unive1'8ities of Tiibingen, GoUingen, and Bonn; So.!lerintendent

of Sanskrit St!ldies, and Proleuor of SruJskrit in the Poona College. EDITED AND ENLARGED BY DR, E. W. WEST.

To which ia added a Biograr.hical Memoir of the late Dr. HAUG by Pro . E. P. EvANS.

I. History of the ReSeArches into the Sacred Writings nnd lteligion of t,be Pan:U!, from the Earliest Times down to the Present.

II. Langnages of the Parsi Scriptures. III. The Zend-AveflUl, or the Scripture of the Pru-sis. IV. The Zoroastrian Religion, Il8 to its Origin and Development.

U Esaays on tho Sacred Language. Writing&, and Rel..igt:on of the Parsia,' by the tate Dr. Marl,in Huug, edited by Dr. E. W. Wellt. Tho author intended, on his return from India, to expand the mnteriala contained In this work into A. comprllilen.l!li'Vo accollnt of the ZOI"OlUltrian ll;Illgion, but tue design WWI fnlldratod by his untimely dCll.th. We have, however, in a oonci8elLDd readable form, a history of the nmenruhes Into tho PI&Cl'6d 'Writlngll and religion of the l'u.n!ill from the eu.rliC.l!lt times down to the present-a dia.8ertatiou on the lan~uages of tile Pa.rsi SCriptures, a tnwBmtion "I the Z

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Second Edition, post. 8vo, cloth, pp. :u.iV.-36o, price 108. 6d.

TJIB BISrORY OF INDIAN LI1'ERArUR'IJ. Br ALBRECHT WEBER.

Translated from the Second Gennan Edition by JOHN MANN, A-['A., and THtoDOR Z40HA.RJ.A.E, Ph.D., with the !!IRnction of the Author.

Dr. BUHLER. Inspector of Schoola in India., writes :-" "When I WR.ll Pro. f688flf of Oriental Langmges in Elf.binstone CoUegc, I frequently feU the want of auch a work to which I cou d refer the studettts."

Professor COWELL., of Cambridge, writes :-" It will be especially useful to the students in our Indinn college!!! IUld uDiversitiea:. I used to long for such a. book when I WfL8 teaching in Clllclltta. Hindu students are intensely inwreated in the hbtory of Sanskrit Uterature. and thie volume will supply them with all they want on the 8Ubject."

Profeasor WHITNEY, Yale College, NewhaveD, Conn., U.S.A., writes:-u I W1U!J one of the class to whom the work wa!!l originally given in the form of academic:; lectnres. At tbeir first appearance they were by far the most learned and able treatment of their subject j nnd with their recent additioll3 they .till maintain decidedly the same rank."

.. Is perbape the mOflt c

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Pol, avo, pp. 4320 cloth, price 16t. A OLAIISICAL DICnONARY or HINDU HY'rHOLOGY

AND lIoELIGION, GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY, AND LITERATUBE.

By JOHN DOWSON, M.R.A.S., Late :rrufeasor of Hind1llltani, Staff College .

.. TlliB not ollly fOI"mll an Indkpcv.aablo book of reference to idudonta of Indian liten..ture, but is alllO 01 great generu.l :Iutel'8llt. 88 it givetl in .. eonclae and eui1y a.ooe88iblc form D1I that nood be known about tbe peraoDagO!! 01 Hindu mythology whoso namel! are so familiar, but of Whom so Uttle iB known outside the Umited circle of .ramm.:_Timu.

.. It:fa: DO slight wrln when ,,!lcb 8Ubjecta are trea.ted fairly a.nd fully in a moderate epace; and we IIMIl only ndd that the low wants which wo may hopei to see lIouppUod hl bew editions detract but little from the generol excellenou 01. Mr. DowlIOD'a wol'k. -&at",..,. Rntinr.

Poas 8"0, with View of Mcoca, pp. C1xii.-172, cloth, price 9L SELECTIONS FROM THE KORAN,

By EDWARD WILLIA1I LANE, Translator or "Tho Thou!WJ.d and One Nights;" h, k

A New Editiun, lteviaed and Enlarged. with an Introduction by StANLEY LANE POOLL

" .. BaR boon. long e8toomoo in thi.ll country as tho compHo.tion ot ono 01. the I!1"CU-to!It Amblc schobnl of the time, the late Mr. Lane, the wellknown tmnaiator of the 'Ambl,," Klght.OJ.' The prel;-~lnt editor bas enhanccd the value of his rellltLve's work 1.y divostinJ( the tu.t of a great deo.J. of extruneoWi DUl.tter introduwd by way of cornw(Jut. and pro6xtng an Inb'()(hlction. "-1'im~!.

"Mr. Poole is both 14 geuerous a.nd a Itmrued biogr:lputlr ... Hr. Poole teUa Ult tho fact.s ... 80 fur as it ('" possible for Indulltry and criticiEim to &8Ceri41D them. aud for literary skID to p~ut thew. in a. oondensed. and rwdable lurw..."-Im/lliM. maR. CB:""U",

Pod avo.. pp. vi.-368, cloth, price 14JI. MODERN INDIA AND TIlE INDIANS,

BElNG ,A SERIES OF IMPRESSIONS, NOTES, A.."ID ESSAYS. By MONIER WILLlllIS. D.C.L,

Hou. LL.D. of the Unlvel'llity of CulcuttB., non. Kember of the Ilomhay.&.iatic ~illty, llodl.ll.l ProftlllSOr of s,'Ull>krlt iu the Uuivel'llity of Odonl.

Third Edition, revised and Rugmented 111 cOIIBidel'1l.ble Additiona., with DluBtn&tioDB IUld a Mn.p.

''In tuis voluml;l we have tue thoughtful iWproaBioUB of 0. thOllghtful m.u.n on SUinG of the most tmport.mt '1"tl1itlODR connectod with our Indilm EmpJre .. An on IIlfhtellcd o1Mcrvaut IUll.n. tl'Hvelllngll.mollg o.n enllghtened observant people, Professor MOD1Gr Williama hn.s hrought boforl;l tho puhlic in a pleAAant fonn more of tho 1IlRD1IOrs IWd cu40Ulll of the Queen's Indl."Ul subjects tlHl.Il we ever remember to Imva seen:ln auy OUIl work. He not ouly dCl!ervCll the th::l.IIklil of eVillY t:lIgliAhman for this able contrlhlltlon to the study ot Modern Indla.-a subject ... ith wWeb we should be specially flt.II1ULl1'-blit ho detlCl'v(I!j thl!! thallkllo of CV6T')' lndian, PIlT'!leO or Hbuiu. Buddhi&t and MO!Ilem, for hh clOlV' oXp081tion of their rul&1l11Cr~" thllir croodlil, IUld. tbo1r ~UQl.'-1'imu.

j Post Bvo, pp. xliv'-376, cloth, price '48-

METRICAL TRANSLATIONS FROM SANSKBIT WRITERS.

Wiib anlnirodu.otion, many Prose Versions, and Pa.rallel Passage. frow CIEWlical Authora.

BY' J. MUIR, C.I.E., D.C.L, LL.D., Ph.D. " An agreeable illtrodllctioll to JIlndll poetrv."-Timl8. " .. .\ v,.iumo ,,"ilkh lUar uo t:lkoD iI.M !L fair illu.st,mtiHiI alike or the reIigim)&

.lId m.oml 8eutiruentllo an.d g 1Jw lC~eDW11ore of tJJ.u be8t SlwUrit wrtten."-8diAblirgA lkJ..q .in>w..

TRUSNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES.

Second Edition, po!Ili 8vo, pp. :n:vi.-:l44, cloth, price lOB., 6d. THE GULISTAN;

OR, ROSE GARDEN OF SHEKH MUSHLIU'DDIN SADI OF smnAZ. Translated for the Firat Time into Prose and VerllC, with an Introductory

Preface, and A Life of the Author, from the Atisb Kadll.b, By EDWARD B. EASTWICK, C.B., M.A., F.R.S., M.R.A.S.

"J1; IIJ a. very fair rendering of tbe original. "-Timtl. II The new edition bns long been deBlroo, nnd wUl be welcomed by all who take

any InWl'OfIt in Oriental poetry. 'l'he Oulillan ia a tY'Pical Penian verse-hook 01 th", highest ardor. lIr. F.4IItwicka rhymed tNll8intit)u . has long 611w,bUllhed itaeU 1n a secure position as the best venion of Badi'll HnCllt work."-.dCthmy .

.. It is both faithfully and grncefnlly executed. "-Tablet.

In Two Volumea, post 8vo, pp. viii.-..08 and viii.-348, cloth, price ~81!1. MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS RELATING TO INDIAN

SUBJEOTS. By BRIAN HOUGHTON HODGSON, Esq., F.R.~.,

lAte 01 the Bengal Civil Service; Co~dlllg Member or the Ins.titute: Cheva.lIer of tile Legion of Honour; Into DrlUflh Mmister at tile Court of Ncpal, &c., &0,

CONTENTS OF VOL. I. SEC'I'tOlf I.-On tbe K(K>Ch, BOdo, and Dhhnil Tribolll.-Part I. VncablllBfy.-

Pa.rt 11. Gmmmar.-Patt 1I1. Thtdr Origin, Location. Numbe,s, Creed, Cuatolllll, Character, and CondlUoll, witb a GcncnU DescrtptlOn of the Climrde they d woll tn. -Appendb:.

8wnOlC II.-On Htmainyan Ethnology.-I. Comparnttve Vocabulnry of the Lan-ruagefI or the Broken Trtbell of ~6pRl..-II. Vocabulary of tILe Dinlcct" of tho Kirantl lAlJguage.-IIl. Orammatlcnl Analysis of tiu!I \'dyu LP.ngusge. Tile Vayl\ tlJ'ammur. -IV. Allalysia of the Thi.hiu'iC llialect or the Kif>luti 1'~I~guaR'e. Th6 !Jahing Gmm-mar.-V. On the \'0.)'11 or HaYlllribe of tbo Ccntraillimnhiya.-'I. On tuCl Kirlllltl Tribe ()f the Central HtmaW.YIL

CONTENTS OF VOL. /l. SECT1'ON IIt.-On tb,.. Aborigines or North-Ea~to:m India. CompnrsU-.-e VOCIt.bllln.ry

of t.he Tiootan, DOdo, and Gliru 'l'ollgncs. 8KCTlOlIIV.-Aborigine5 of the NorthEut.em Frontlar.

S~o~ V._Aborigint'1I of the Eaatem Frontier. Bt:cTtOH VI.-The Indo-Chinese DordereT'll, and their oonnectlon with Ule Blna-

IAyIlDa IIlId tibetan!!.. Compuathe Vrco.lJulary flf Indo-Chinese llordCMfIIln .Ar-.41n n. Colnpa.rat.tve Vocabulary ot ludo-Chlu6!lo Bcrdercrs In Ten~~lI'3rim.

SKCT"ION "n.-Tho Mongolian Affinltiell of the Caucasiallll.-Comparison IUld Ana-l1'ls o( Cauefl51an and Monlloli!l.n Word8.

SECTION VlI[.-Phyeirul Typo ofTibetnn~. !~C'I'lON IX.-The Aborigines of Centrul rndln.-Compnrativ8 Vocahuln.ry of the

AboriglDa.l Languflgell of CentmllndilL-Alxlllllin68 of tli.~ F.oIIlllcrn liJmh._Vo('l\llII lar)r o(BOme or the ViRlccts f)!" tho Hlllami Wandering1'r'bI!9 ill tho Northem ~m:ar5.. -AborigIne .. of the Nilgirls, with Remarks on their Affinilill~.-!:!lIPI)lcroent TO tbo NUgiriau Voc.n.hlllllries.-l'he .Ahoriglnca o[ S.mill"L1111l'im. ann C~yl(}ll.

Stt'TI(lK x.-Souto of NCl'llle.'!6 )lisalon to Pekin, with Rllmarks on the Water-Shed and PlatOIlU of Tibet.

81".CT1O~ XI.-Route from KAthmandll, the Capital or NopAl, to DarJccl\nlt ill SlIdm.-lhmlOmndllm rcll\tlvo to (hI! Heven Cosis of Ne}1ll.l.

SECTION XII.-Some ACCOlIlLts of the 8Ylltems of lAw nll,l Po1iee n!I rec(lgnj~ed ill the Bt.:lte of Nopnl.

SIECTlON XIl1.-The Native Method of mnklng tllil Parer denominated llilldnstn.n, Ne}1lU~.

8EC1'ToM' XIV.-Pm-omhIOllco ilf the Vomncnlars: or, the AligHeists Answcred; Being Letters on the EdUCation of tbe PI!

TRUBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIIlS.

Third &lltion, T V.II., pod 8vo, pp. riiL-268 and vilL-3a6, cJoUl, price 211.

THE L!F!! OR LBGBND OF GA11DAlU, THE BUDDHA OF THE BUIIIIESE. With Annotail .....

The Way. to Neibban, and Notice on the Phongyiel or BlU1DeIO MODb. BY 'fIIB RJQII'I' Rn. P. BIGANDET,

Biahop of Ramath., VicarAporiolic of Ava. and Pegu. liThe work fa fumiabed with copioull DOtes, wttlch not only Ulustrate the IlUbjeot.

matter, but form a perfect encyclopodJa of Buddhiat lore.. .. - Tim"-.. A wort whicb wU.J. fumlllh Europoau lltudenu 01 Buddhiam with a maR nloahle

Jwlp in tho pf'0800ution of their tn.,estigat1onIl. "-Bdillb1trgJa Daily IkrinI. ,t BiBbop Bigandet'8 tnval1J..D.ble wark."-IJtdNulJhtUpat,:'. II Viowed in this light, fbi imporbmce illllufJ'lclent to place aotudents of tho .object

UDder a doop obligation to its autbar."-Calclltta Rnw . .. Tha WQl'1;: Is ODO 01 the rreatest authorittos upon Buddhlnn. "-DKbUa ~.

POit S'I"O, pp. .ui,Y. -43Dt cloth. price JSt.

OHIldIIIB B11D])BI8It. A VOLUlIE OF SXE'l'OIII!S, HIlITORIOAL AND ORITIO.u..

By J. EDKINS, D.D. Author of U ChiD .. '. Place iD Philology," II Religion In Ohln..," .b., .to. 'flt MntaJ.n!l a 'Y&at denl of Important information on the anbJect. IPlcb .. fa onI7

to be pined bylong-cootinued Btudy on the 8pOt. "-AtlUtltn.1Ao II UP"D the whole, we know at no work comparable to it for the aterll; at Ib

orf&'lnal research, IUld the Idmpllclty wit-b wbfdl thb eompUcated qwtem of phUo-Mpby, Tellgian, Ut6rature, and rttualil.t Iorth. "-.Britt. ~. Rmn. .

.. The .bole Tolume fa ~r!:,. with learning . It daerTell most earetul .tud,. from allintereated In the of the JdlgtonJl 01 the world, and ezpreulJ' of tboIie who are ~ In the propagation of Cbrlatiantty. Dr. E4:lIdne notice. in. terma 01 ju,st condehmll.tlob tho ~ pnU.e beIdowed upon Buddhlam b7 tvCeIit

--"'--Port Syo, pp. 496, cloth, price 10.. 6d.

LIIITGl1IB'lIO AN]) ORIBIITTAL BBBAYB. WBI'r1'Ilf r.o_ TBJ: TUB 18.j.6 to I8?'.

B! ROBERT NEEDHAM CUST, Late Kember of Ber Majedy'. Indian CiriJ Serrice j BOD. 8eGrebt7 to

the Koral Aaiatio SooietJ, ud Author of "The Modern I...nlQJliea of the FMt IndI .....

"We know none wbo hR8 del!lcrl.bed Indian lUe, OIIpecllllly the Ufo of the uti .... with eo mucb leanrlng, aympntby. &.bd Uterary talent. "_Atdtl1IY.

uThey seem to 1U to be full of BUggClltive and original remnrkL "-St. JdI". Q.mtL Hu. book C(ln'bdnll a vu.t amollUt of infonnalion. The rotJUlt of thirtyGTe yearw.

01 inquiry. nlflec~ian, Imd BpecuiJltlOn, IWd that on anbject. u lull 01 fueinatiOn .. of 1000 for thought."-TabLet.

.. EJl.:hlbit lIuch II. thoroua'h ooquMntl)nce with the hIstory rmd II.ntlqulUCIII 01 India .. to entitle him to Bpeu.k WI ono bavlng authority. "-Edin/'urgA- Da.ily ~iat .

.. 'lbe author Bpoo.k8 with the alltbority or penonal 8,,-pcriODce. . It u thiti eonatant aMOclation with the country aDd the peulJle whicb Ii". a\lCb a rivtdneu to IIWI,)' ot. the P!PL"-.l.t4tIWh ..

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Post 8,0, pp. oiv.-348, cloth, price ts.. BUDDHIST BIBTH STOBIES; or, latah Ta.le .

The OldeR Collection of Folklore Extant: BEING THE JATAKATTHAVANNANA,

For the fint time Edited in the original Pili. By V. FAUSBOLL;

And Translated by T. W. RUTS DAVIDS. Tranalation. Volume I,

.. TheM are tahlll mpPOSOd to have beon told by the Bllddba 01 .... h!l.t he Illui ReeIl and hoard in hil pnlvfOUll birth. Tbey are prubobly tile neareat reproeentativ6l'l of the original Aryan stcdes from which "Prnng tbo folk-lore of Europe All well D~ India. The Introduction conWnll a most intenIBtilig dlsqutsttlou on the miptions of these Ia.\>lel!l, tractug their renppearauce in the vAriOUB grouJIlI of folklore legelld8. Amoog other old friend-. we meet with a TIlmon of the Judgtnent ol8olomon. "-l'imes .

.. It LH DOW aome rean since Mr, :a::~~Da.vid8 I.8IIertcd his right to bc beard 011 tht. IIIlbject by hiB able article on Bud in the new edition oC the EDcyclopmdlll BrttanDica."'-LmY .If~,., .

.. AU who are tnteretltod In Buddhist literature ought to feel deeply Indebted to Mr, Rhya Davida. Hilli well-establiahed reputation as a PaD IIChoIar it. a ,detent guanmtoo for the fldeUty of hbl vcnioD, and the i8tylo of hla tranillationa 1& deaeniog of high pralae. "-.4.fJfJAhmr

.. No m~ compotout eX)'lOllltor or Bl1ddhllllD M'nld be fou.Dd thAn VT. Rhy, David!!. In the JAtlIka book wo b:t,,,e, then, a price1eaa record of the earUed lmaginati"e literature of our nee; and , it pr8*Inta to m a nearly complete picture 01 U.O .mal HlelUld cUlltoDul and popular belief, of the common poope of Aryan tribel, claMly related to ouraelVOlll. Ju.t WI tbey were pa.!l8ing through the lint atagee 01 clnllaa*.1on."-& Jaau'a OQM.uc.

POI" 8m, pp. uviii-362. cloth, price J.p. A TALJlUDIO JlI80ELLAlITY;

OR, A THOUSAND AND ONE EXTRACTS FROM THE TALHUD, THE MIDRASHUI, AND THE KABBALAH.

Compiled .. d Tranalaled by PAUL ISAAO HERSHON, Author or .. Genua. According to tbe Talmud." le,

With Note. and CopioWllndexea. To obtain tn 10 concifle and bandy n form. u thtl volume _ general tdct\. or the

Talmud t. a hoon to Chriatians at leaat."-Timta. .. Ita pecuUIll' and popular character wtll make It ftttro.ctlV6 to r:ocrnl rendeT!'o

Mr. He",hon ill! a vO!y compettmt IICholar .... Cootainlll SIl.Dlplol 0 tbe good. b1td, aud Indlll"et'8nt, atld especially e:a:tracta that throw Ught upon the Scriptures .. ,-BriliM q1\.6.rUrly Ret:'tt1l'.

0' Will convey w Engliah rcaden a mOTfl corupleto Bud truthful notiob 01 tbe Talml1d thAn any othor work that bu yet appe&red,"-Dttilll NpltJ.!,

"Without ovorlooklng In the IIIUghtellt the sovch1.1 Ilttracti(mll (If the Pl1lvifll1l1 voluwCII of the Oricnln.l Series.' ""6 ha"e no heeitationlu SIl.ylng that thia Bl1rpRBBll111 them 1\1110 intorest. "-Bdirtbwrgll. Daily /lwidll .

.. "Mr. HorilllCln hna .. tht1B given Englillh roadel'!! whlL~ Is. WI) believe, " f;p,lr set nl !!p(lCimOlis whlcb ther con test for thelll8Cjlv(IiI,"-Tht liaor1 .

.. Thhl boo"k II by far the h6st fltted In the present state of "kbowledge to enable the general rmrler to gain" ralr ILnrl. unbta9sed conception ot the IDliltifllriOU .. contenta (If the .... onderful millCelllmy which cau only be truli. lIndentood-1IO Jowillh pride neseri.ll-by the IUolong devotion or ~boln.r8 of tho e OJIEJn Pcople."-lnquirer

The ValllC and Imponanccot thla volume ConsiBt in tho f:u!t thnt SCArcely IIIlIIng1e 6!ttmct b given in Ibi pages bllt throws IJ(Ime light, direct nr rcfmctcd, lIpon thoao ScriVtur81 which are the cummoll h6ritagcof JoIlW and ChriBtio.n nUke. "--John BllU,

.. It .... capttal'JiI:OOlmen of Hebrew IIChohuship; III monument of learned,lovinfl, lIibt-ctrlna 1abGur. -JdllQI. Hera',:.

TIfU8NAR'S ORIENTAL SERIK$.

Pod 8.0, pp. sU.-I64. clotb, prioo 1010 6d. 'l'JDI HISTORY OF BBABR"nOOH (Bon of IleDDac!t'l1'lb),

ItING 01' ASSYlIIA, .. c. 681 ___ Tnul.tea from lbe Cuneiform IucriptioDa upon CyUaden ad Table" m

Ute Britilh IIQaeum CoUootion; ~her with .. Grammatical Anal~. of euh WOrdh!i!~lJlI.tiOil' of ,bill Ideop-apbl bJ' Extraotl from She BILlDpal8, .... and Li,t of Epo.",.., k

B. ERNEST A. BUDGE, B.A., II.R.A.S., Auyriu EdUbitioDlllr, CluUt', College, Cambridge.

II Student. 01 IICrlptural iU'Chao1o(a will alab appreciate the I JItdot7 of ....... baddOll.' --n-.

.. There .. much to attract tho ~hoiat In thIII YOInme. It dOOl bOt; pfttelld to 1IIJIIIIIlartN .ttudJ. which are yot In their InfllDtl1, Itl prlmBl'1 object. to tnrutate. buIlt dOOI DOt auume to be moro UIM tentative, and 1t olfers bri>.h to tho pro:teaed AIqrIologist and to the ordinary non-AMyrI.oIoetcaJ. Semitlo ICbolar the _ of GOIltrolHng 1&1 J1IIruIb.. .. -A~y.

IIl1r. Budn'. book: hi. of C!OlU'Mo matn17 addreMCd to A.qrIan ..,ho'lan and atudantl. Tn., are not. it ill to bo feared" nrJ' numerou. clue. But the more thanb ani due tb him on that acoouDt for the way In which be hu ...cqulUed htmNH In his iaborklwl task. "-Tablet.

Post 8'f'o, pp. 448, clotb, price ~IL 'I'llB IfBBlfBVI

(Umall, bO'W1l u THE ltD.nUI SSUII', or HOLT ManvJ) cr

IlEVLANA (OUR WnD) JELALU 'DDIN BUHAIIIIED ERRUJlL Book tbe Fint. 2'~ .,.tA IOMt! AMlu'" of tAt Lift "'3d .Am 0/ tAt AuMM,

oj Jai, .A.ncutorr. and of hil Duumlontl. JUubaW by .. SelectiolJ. of Cbaracteriltio ADecdoleli, .. ClUected

by ibeir fiiitoriab, IbvL.uI'A SHEII80-'D-DIN AHED, F.L En..A.KI, n. 'Am ...

Tranala.ted, an.l the Poetry Venified. In Engliab, B .JAIIES w. KEDHOUBE, )I.R.A.B., k

II A complete treasury or oe

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PoIt !Yo, pp. ni. - do, cloth, price 6a. BAB"rBBlf PBOVEJUIII AllD BIOLEII8

ILLU8TRATING OLD TaUfHa. By BEV. J. LoNG.

Kember of the Benpl AIIiatic Society, F.R.O,S We regard the book au Tliluable, and ...,blh fOT it B wide c~tiOtl and attentive

nMtn,. '"-1t6Mrr1. ... \Itopther. It I. quito a 'cut of good things. "-GloW . .. It La luU of wtenllltiDllIl*.ttef"-.,f ... 'iqtla~.

Pod 8vo, pp. "m.-270. cloth, price 711. 6d. INDI.Ur POET&Y;

Containiog .. New Edition of the "Indilm Song of Songs," frum the &nterit of the "GUa GO'fibda." of J .. yad.eva; T"o Booka from uThe Iliad of Jndia" (Kab ... bbarata), hPronrbiBl Wiwom" from tbe ShlokB.l of tbe HitopBdea, Bnd other Orienw Poem .. By EDWIN ARNOLD, C.S.I., Author of U The Light of Asm."

.. In I hta noll. ~Iume of 11 ...... 'I'1'Ubut'r'lj Oriental Series, Kr. Edwlll Arnold doefl good. IIICrrlce bylllustrattul, borough the Plwill'" of lIt. mUlllcal Er.glillb melodies, the power uf Indian POOlry to stir Kuropeall emotio1J8.. The 'Illdilw I'Xottg of &Mlp' I. lll4". unlt.,own to IICholura. Mr. Amf.id will Imve introduced it nmong popular EnaU.h JlleDl8. loiothlng (.'OUld be more glacef,,1 &lId .i.elicut.t' thllo the soodea lly .... h{ch KriIIlllla La poftmJ.cd In tll., gTlldnal l'roccatI of Lclog' welllleU by tbe l(.o'i'~ of

, B~lltlllll Radh", jMmIIle-brwlmoo. nadha. from tbe allurt'lUClut8 of tho f"re,t Dflll[>bll, in whom tho five 118118811 flnl typlfl.ed. "-Ti_

.. No other Engltsh poet 111\110 ever thrown Mil genill!! alld Ids art 110 thorOllJ(blyln,n the work 01 troll . latin" Eastenl id_ WI Mr . -\nlOlo1 1m.!! doa:.., 1..1 Iii, splendid pitTa-pbrat1e8 01 langll"l!e cl)ntained ill thllllO mlAhty epics. "-brlil!J T(lffl'"1,k

.. The JlOt!IU Ilbuundf!l with Imagery of Eullolel"tl Immriouhllet!1! Itlld I!tllI~U~IIlIl' I!B: tlul!l air eeetJ1ll1ladeu with the HI,ley odOlll"ll III the tJ"('JlI~ arId the v~'fM(.l hll.ll a n~~I11088 aud a DlelooJ' .tllllcumt to e"(ltivu.te the llellsa.~ uf the dllih Ht. "-~t{!lld(l1'd.

"The tl'lu1lll.ntar, while pn>l:hlChlg a VOT)' tlllj"yulok poem, baa udl,cred with tolcr able ft.leitty to thtl origilllli text."- (JUrlmld ~Jd .

.. We cort.Rlnly "jllll Mr. Arollld "!ICCCO'M hi hI~ attelllpt 't" potlhuillV hl

TRiiBNER'S ORIENTAL SE!UES. ----- ------

POIt. aVo, liP. 336. cloth. price 161..

THE RELIGIONS OF INDIA. BrA. BARTH.

Tnm~IRted from the French with the autlJOrity Ahd auietabce of the Author. 'rhe Iluthor )lU, Ilt tIle reque8t lIf the JllIbliRllel1l, COIIiliderably enl .. rged

tbe work for the tralltllator. and h~ul ndded the literature of tIle lIuJ'jeel'; to date; tne tn&D"]l:Ition mar, therefore. lie looked upon II. II" equivaleu' of II new aud illll,roved edhion of the origilJaL

"Is not ollly a vnlwlble mllDlIaJ. 01 the ftlUgiOUIII or India, .. Meb m"rklll a distinct liter in tile trealment of tbe sullject., lout ulllO EIo lllW;uI work of refl'lrenL'e. "-.4mdnHlI.

, TlJiH \""ulume IH 0. reprotlucHolJ, With correctlolls and additiunB, of an &rtlclc contrihuted hy the learned al1tbtIT t .... o yeal"lll a;...-o to tile' EncyelOl'wlu de.a SdeQce.II RcligiemteB.' It IIttrnckd milch notice when it ftr.ot aPllelU"8d. nnd til generally :uf,o,ittcd to 1~llt the best 8UWI.wuy e:J:b.ut or the VlUlt ~uhjeut with whieb U deals."-TI,JAd

.. This 18 not only fln tho whole the t-t but the only Dlnnll..J. 01 thft ftlllglolUl of India. Ilpart frum Buddbilllll which we have In Eng-Iillb. Thft prCllCnt work . IlliOW8 ",~, rmly grel~t- kllowl;;dge of the (aelK and powllr uf cltar 1lS:llO.mitioll, htlt al80 great h, .. tgbt into the Inner history and the tleeper n'8:1.ohlg 01 the gTelI.l'; religIOn, for it ill ill realJty Duly one, which It "ru~ 10 descrIlJtl."-llodWil Mn';t1C.

"1De mtlrit of ti,e wor.k. bM l.ooon cltlp!"ulcaUy roc'(>gnifled hy the mOllt "'ltlioritativo nrielltruu'tl!, both in th.1I t:rnmtry and 011 tbt! colltilltmt .. f Enrope, Hilt pwulIWy there lire lew ludllUllllts. (II we rully IIIIC the word) who would IlOt deri're a l1"od dCHl ul infonIlntion (rom it, and et!f1eCially (n.m tbe extenllive blbliogra}lh~' pruvid.ed tn thft notea.'"-JJubl.iB J/rr,f'I';,

.. SIIW II. sketch 1I . .u,< 1IIlJ.lly P"Ul"t8 tlf deep IIItCrc~t til the Mtlldent of cnmplI.rnUve pl,il ...... BOphy, Dud witholit Mr. [)nvi(l.ll'!I hwirl illt"r}ll"totntJon it. would 00 ditficult tu Ul'I'nl-ciatc Iht:811 polut.ll JII any adequate Illnlluer."-Stltun/!o' Rn:'if1~

.. We weJllO!me llr. D;I ... ies1j book "'" a valullble IldJ.lt101i to our phU08OpLlclI.l Jlhrll.ry." -./I'9U' lUIa': Ql(tl~

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TXUSNEJrS Olt/ENTAL SLI:IES.

Se.oOO J'dti... rOIL 8yo, pp. 'ri,-d, ct.th, priae s.. 6d. TBB BBAGAV AD-GlTl.

"J" ..... lakd, wiih Imrodoctio. Mul Note ... BJ JOHN DAVIEl,ItLA. (Cantob.)

.. r.ct "" add thrlt JiliI tranlllaUan of the Bbagaftd Q!tl it, aI we fddse,. tlJe .... 1hat h:m ." yel "JIP'IlaM :In Emgllab, _d tU; .... PWl8lloskal NIM. ue 01 qait~ Ji8o'IdW "mlue.. "-.DIC~lill Rnitv.

Post 8m. pp. l. eWb, priee Sill. THE QUATRAINS OF OllAR KBAYTAJ[.

TN.nslated b;r E. B. WHINFIBLD, M.A., Blmiater~La .. , I.ie H.M. Bengal Ciril Senice.

Poat $\'0. pp. xnii.-33~ v1oth, price rOlt. 611. 'fUE QUATRAINS OF OJIIAR KHAYYAlIL

'The Pennan Text. wi,b aD Ebg6&b. Vene Tmbl!Ja.tiOD. By B. H. WRINFIELD, late of the Bel:JgBl Ci'Yil Serrite.

"'Yr. Wbinftcld hM eJlOccuted II dt8ie1l1t taFlk with C

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POIt; 8vo, pp .%ii.-302, c1oth~ price 8& 6d. YVSlI'F AND ZtJLAlKHA.

A POEl[ BY JAMI. Tranalated from the Persian into English Verse.

Br RALPH T. H. GRIFFITH. ,. Hr. GrliIitb. who has done already good I!8rvice 9.8 tnmslntor into veI'!I8 from tho

Sanakrlt, baa done furtber good work in this tranalation fl'om the PenilUl, anJ be baa evidently shown Dot II lit.tle l!Iklll tn his rendering the quaint and 'Very ori~nta.l atyla of hb author into our more r,rosalc, ltlSll fiiUrative. lnnguag~ , The work! beiddes its lntr1Dslo merits, ill of mportance WI being one of the most popular amt famous poellll!l of Pema. and that which lB read in all the indClpendent native acho.)ls of India. wbere Pendan is taught."-&ou-m.an,

Past Sva, pp. viii.-266, cloth, price 9IL LINGlI'ISTIO ESSAYS.

By CARL ABEL . .. An enUmty DOV(II method of dealing witb phUO!!ophfeal question!! and ImpArt 8.

real buman Interest tQ the otherwise dry tbCbn.loalitte!!l of tbe Al'lence."-SfIlJldat'd . .. Dr. Abel i, an opponent (rom whom it ill ploo.

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PooIlIvo, pp. m-_ cloth, price 9L

UDANAVARGA. A CoLLBCl'lOH 01" VEBSES PROH m:B BUDDHIST CANON.

Compiled by DHABIlATRATA. BEING 'TIll: NORTHERN BUDDmST VERSION or DRAllMAP ADA.

Tran.1ated from tbe Tibetan of Bkahbgyur, with Notes, and Erlracta from the Commenkr7 of PradjoaV&l'lll8ll,

117 W. WOODVILLE ROOKHJLL. " IIr. Rockhin'. pft88Dt w01'k Is the flnIt from which aulBtabee will be galoed

for more accurate underst.aDding of the Pall tu:t; it is, In fact. 8l! yet tho ouly term of compari8on available to us. Tho' Udanavarga.' tbe Thlbetm Tendon, W8l! oriJrfnally dilCOvered by the late I~ 8chiefner, who published tbe Tibetan text, and had inteDded adding a tn.nalatIon, an inteution frustrated by hl.& dElllth, but wbieh has been carried out by Hr. Rockhill IIr. Rockhill way be oongratulatod for hll.ving wulllWCOlDplilbed a diflicuU talk. .. --&t",,", Rm-.

In Two Volumes, post; 8vo, pp .uiv.-S66, cloth, accompaoied by .. Language Map, price IS..

A SKETCH OF THE :MODERN LANGUAGES OF AFRICA. By ROBERT NREDilAU CUST,

BaniHer-.. tr.. ... , aDd 1a.te of Her Maje.dy'. Indian Citil Service. "/my one at an lDtereated in Afrk:aD languages canntlt do better thaD get Ill'.

Cuat'. book. It Is eocyeloplld.ic lD ita aoope, IWd the reader J[eb a .tart clear away in IUlY particular JILIIJ(WIj'c, and 1a loft frea to add to tbo 1n111.a1 sum (If knowledge tbeN collected. "-.Natal .Jl",,-nr.~ .

)11', Cut baa conk1ved to produce & work. of Talue to UnguiIJt.ic atudent&. .. -B."re.

Third Edition. Poet 8vo, pp. XV.-25O, cloth, price 'Ja. 6d. OU'l'LINES OF THE HlS'I:.:lRY OF RELIGION TO 'l'BE

IlPBEA.D OF THE ONIYBBBAL RELIGIONS. BY o. P. T1ELE.

Doctor of Theology, Profeeor of the Hiatory of Religion. in the University of Leyden.

Tranalated from the Dutch by J. EsTLm CARPD,'TER, II.A. .. Few boob of ita size contain the result of &0 much wide tbinking, able BDd labo-

rious study, or enable the readcr to gain 0. bettel' btl'd's-eye view of tbe lnteat remits of io.vellt'gatloD8 into the rellgiolls llistory of nationll. All PrufeSllOl' Ticle modetltly says, In this little book 11.1"0 outlincll-pencil sketches, I might say_nuthing more.' Bllt there ani IIIlme mon Wh086 sketches from a thumbnatl urn of far mOnl worth than an enormous CIlUVaB covered with the crode pJlinting of othOI'll, IUld it 1a easy to see tbu.t these pages, lull ot illforrn:l.tion, these llentcncell, cut Il:od rerhaps MIioD dry, I!hort Il.Ild clear, coudunae the fruita of long and thorough reaearch. -&C4IUacuI.

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Pod Bvo, pp. xii,-312, with MAps aDd PIa.n, clot!., priee J4L A HISTORY OF BURMA.

Including Borma. Proper. Pegn. TaoDgo. Tenasserim, and Arakn.n. From the 1ta.rliellt Time to the End of the FiI'llt W&r with Britiah India.

By LrEUT.-GEN. SIR ARTHUR P. PRAYRE, G.C.M.O., K.C.S.I., aDd C.B., Membra Correapondant de la Societe Acad.emique Inda.-Chinolse

de Franee. "Sir Arlbnr Phayre's cuntriblltiou to TrUbner's Oriental Serle!! IIUppUll1I a reoog-

nilled. want. and it. appeara.nce hll8 boen looked forward to for many yennl, , , , . General Phayre deservea F,t credit ror tbe pa.t.1enceand indw>try Which has resulted in thia Hiatory ur Burma. '-&J.lurday &uiem,

Third Edition. Post 8vo, pp. 276, clotb, price 711. 6d. RELIGION IN OHINA.

By JOSEPH EDKINS, D.D., PltKING. Containing a Brief Account of the Three Religion. of the Chinea-e. with

Obae"atioDB on the Prospects of ChrilltiaD Conversion amongllt that Peopl~

.. Dr. Edkloa has been moo ('..IJ.rerul in noting the vruied and often complex }1hases of opinion, so as to give nn :weount of coneldorable vnllle (If tbo subject. "-8rotmw.n .

.. A. a miBatonary, it baR been pu.rt of Dr. Edkius' duty to study tbe e:tistiug relJglona in Chinal and hie long l'e8idence in the country has enabled him to acquire an inti01ll.te know edge of them 118 they lit present exist." -&durdy &vi~U!,

.. Dr. Edkins' valuable work, of Which this is 1\ lleCond and rcviQ{!d erlitfon, hM, from the time thnt it wo.s [llIbl18hed, been the ltandani authority 1..ipoll tho subject of which It treats.. "-NOftC01\form"t,

.. Dr. Edkius . , may now be fairly rego.med afI among the fil'f:tt authorltiea on (''hineae religion and languuge."_Briliik QWlrter/y Revit1D.

Poat Svo, pp. L-2:74. cloth, price 9S. THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA AND THE EARLY

HlSTOBY OF HIS OBDER. Derived from Tibetan Work. in the Blmh-hgyur Illld &tlm-hgyur.

Followed by noticea OD the Early History of Tibet and Khoten. Tranalated. by W. W. ROOKHlLL, Second Seeretary U. S. Legation in Chinn,

"'nle volume bears testimony to tbe diligence IUid fuloe.'19 with w!.tch the butbur hall CODmltod and tested the IUlciont documents beo.ring upon hi.:!. remarkable IUb-Ject,t'-Timu,

.. WLIl bo I\'l',preclated by thase who de-vote th-omllClvWl to those DT1ddhist stlldies which have 0 late)'ean taken ill these Western reglonll so remarkable Q, dflvcl(lp-ment. Its matter JKlIIIW8I1(1S a special interest M being derived from ancient Tibetan works, some portion!! of wbich, h(lTe unQ.lysed :Iond t:run!!latcd, have not yet attrnetcd the attention of echo1D.ra. The volume IS rich in IiJ1cieut stories bcu.ring up1ln tho world's renovation aud tho origin of cu.at.ea. Il8 recorded ill thllBe veneru.bl~ Rutho-rities."-&ilJ Ne ...

Third Editwn. Post 8vo, pp. viii.-464t cloth, price ]6s, THE SANKHYA APHORISMS OF KAPIL A,

With mWltrativ(I Extract. from the Commentaries. Tra.nal&ted by J. R. BALLANTYNE, LL.D., la.te Principal of the Renares

College, Edited b,. FITZEDW ARD HALL,

The work display!! f\ vlUIt expenditure of labour :Ind schulnn;lllp, for which students of Hlndoo pililollOphy lw.Vtl I:VtII' l'CIl8QD to be ~rtlteful to Dr. Uall Ulld tlil;l '(IubUahen."-Ct&lcwU" .RWW'IC'.

TRUBNER'S ORIENTAL SERIES.

In 'hro Vol.me.. pod 8 ... ~ pp. cviii.-242t Ilnd vla-31O, cloih, price a.p. Dedicmted by pen:niAion to RR.H. the Prince of W.ln.

BUDDBIS'l' BBOOBDS or 'l'HE WESTEIUi WORLD, Trandated from the Chinele of Biuen Taiug (A.D. 62g).

lIT S.unJEL BEA L, B.A., {Trio. ("..011., Catnh.) ; R. N. (Retire,] Chaplain &nd N. I.) , ProfelllWr Dr Chi'D.ese,

Univenily Oollege, London; Rector of Wark, Northumberland,..to. An eminent Indian authorit,. writell rElll1"'cting tbi. 1f01'k :_u Nothing

more can be dOl]le in elucidnting the }O.:iatory of India untU Mr. Beal'. trans lation of. the 'Bi-7Ukj' appean.'

.. It ill .. strange freak or hlstorfcal pre8II!In'ation tb!l.t the best ac!eOQnt or the COl', ditloll of Indt. at that .nment period baa coml!l down to WI In the boob 01 traTel written by tbe Chinese pilgrimtl, or whom Bwon Thll8.ng fa the beat Imown."- 2'i?lttI.

POlit 8vo, ppo xlviii.-]98. moth, price fliS. THE OBDIlIfAllOBS or MANU.

Tranalated from the Sanlkrit, with an Introduction. B7 thela" A. C. BURNELL, Ph.D., C.I.E.

Completed and Edited h7 E. W. HOPKINS, Ph.D., of Colombia College, N. Y

.. Tbhl WOTk h I'ull or IntCt'C!'t. whUe for tho student of eooIolos;r ftIId the ecienM 01 religion it is full or imI)I)I'taneo. It 11> a great boon to get 1'0 notA.hlo II. work in so 3CCOI'I.'IibloO " Conn, admtnbly edited, and cUlllpetontly tmillillited. "-&oumaM.

.. Few men were moOre competent than Burnell to give WI It. really rood translation of thllll well.known law book, tint n-ndered into EbgUM by Hir Wllli!UD JOODM. Burnell Wall noot oOnl)' an independent San~krft IlCboblr, bQt IlU eltrerieuood lawyer, and be joined to theso two important qUllliftClltiOllI tho rare la.cult, Qf being ablo tu nprese his thought. in clear and t~ncbnnt English. . We ougbt to feel very

~t.oful to Dr. Hopkins for haTIng giveQ us all that could be pubtiKbod Qf tho trsn.tl lation left by BurnolL "-F. )1.0\% MItLLBR tn the ~~"".

Post 8vo. pp. xil.-234. 1Iloth, price 91.

THE LIFE AND WORKS or AUJXANDEB CSOHA. DB KOROB,

Between 1819 and. 1842. With II. Sbort Notice of all hi. Pnbli.hed Rnd lTn publiahed:Work. and EssaY" From Original and for mOl1i part Unpub li~hed Documents.

By THEODORE DUKA, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Eng.), SnrgooDMajor H.M. '.I Bengal Medical Service, Retired, &C.

"Not too soon bllTe KOMI'S, 1'ro.bn6l' Rdrlcd toO their vruUllble (')rlental Berl811 " history of tho lifo and works of on'll of th'll moat gifted IUld devoted 'III Orientnl students, Alexander CKODlII. dll KI'ros., It iii fortythree YCUB since hla death, and though /Ul accoun~ of bis C4n:er WIJ.!iI dnmnndod IIIOOn nfter hili dCileWIO, it hM only IIOW appeared in tho bnportan~ Ulflruoir of bill oompatrlot, Dr. Duka."-Booklefhr.

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MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS BELATDl'G TO INDO-CHINA.

Reprinted from" Dalrymple', Oriental Repertory," '1.A.9ia.tio Reaearohet, .. and the "Journal of the Aaia.~ic Society of Bengal."

CONTENTS OF VOL. I. J.-8ome Accounts of Quedah. By Miohael Topping. It-Report. made to tbe L"'hlel IW.d Council of Dala.mbaogan. by Lieut. James

Barton. Of his 86veral Surveys. III.--Sublltanoe of a Lettcrto tho Court of Directors from Mr. John Jeaae, dated

July :w, I77S, at Borneo Proper. IV._ForruaUon of the Establlilhmcnt of Poolo PC1:lnang. V.-Thea Gold of Limong. By John Mu,cdooald. VI.-On Three Natural Production. of Sumatra. By John Macdonald. VIl.-On the Traoes of tho Biudll Langua.ge Wld Literature extant amoDgst the

JlnJn.ye.. By WUliam MaTWlen. . VIH.-50me Aooount of the Elastic Gum Vine of Prlnoe,Wllleli Island. By J:mlOil

HowilioD. IL-A Botanical Th:!scription of Urceolll Elo.1t1ca, or Caoutcbouo Vine of Sumatra

aDd Pulo-PinlUlg. By Willium Roxbltrgh. M.D. L-An ACCtJunt of tile Inh:l.bitants of tho Poggy, or Na.8S4u IlIlandB. lying olf

Sumatra.. By John Crllf(l. XI._Remn.rkli on tbo 8pecllU! of Pepper which arc found on Prince Wales Lslnnd.

Dy Willla.m Hunter, M.D. xn . .......on tho lAuguagea WId Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations. Dy J.

Le.'i'den, 11.0. XIll.-Some Account of an OrnngOutang- DC remarkablo height found on the IBlund

of Sumatra. Dy Clarke Abel, M.ll. XTV.-Ob86rvatiolls OIL the Gtlolo,\fical Ap~rauce~ lind General Featurea.,1 POl'-t1o~ of tho MalayIw Poninsula. By C'tptaiu Jamcs I,ow.

XV.-8hort Skewh of the Geology of Pulo-Pinang IWd the NeigLLbourlng lslu.uti6. ByT. Ware.

XVI.--cIlmnte of Singapore. XVI1-lnscription on th'J Jetty at Singapore. XVIH.-Edract ofR Lett.er from Colouct J. Low. XiX_Inscription at Singn.pore. n.-An ACL!OUllt of 8evcrallnscriptionil found in Provinw Welles!IlY. Dy Lieut ..

Col JlllDe& Low. XXL-liote on tho InscriptiOllll from Singapore and Province Wellesloy. ll:r J. W.

Laidlay. XXlI.-On an InllCription from Kodd[l,h. Dy Lieut.Col. Low. XXllL-A Notice of the Aiphnbct;.tono from

llergul. By Dr. A. Ure. XXX.-Repol't of a Vilitt to tho P:lkch.'l.n River, and of 8(\mO Tin LoenIiUo~ in tJJ.e

Southom Portlun of tho TcnlUlScrim Pr1[JVilLcc8. By Callt. G. E. Tremcnhcere. XXX I._Renort OIL II. Route from tho Irouth of the Pllkch:Ul to Krnll, nnd thence

&Cl"UIIII t.he lIItlimua 01 Krau to the Gulf or 8hun. By Capt. Ai. Fraser IWd Capt. J. O. 1'0riODg.

XXXH.-ReJlort, Le.,from Cilpt. G. n. Tromanhcero on the i'rIcc of Merglli TiuQre. XXXIII.-Rcmarkl!. on the Different SpooiCil (,If OrlUlgutan. Dy E. lliyth. XXXIV.-Fllrthor ItClUIlI"u. By E. DJyth.

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"'I'lBLLAIIBOUI PAPBIIII BBLl.TIII'G TO IIIIIO-CIIIIB'A-_UIlaod.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II. XXXV.~o.l:nlogue of Ilammalia inhahiUng the Malayan PeulneuIa and bland,.

Dy Theodore Cantor, 11.0. XXXVI.-On the :LoclI.I.llud Relative 000100 of Singapore. By J. R. Logan. XXXVII.-'Jatalogne of Rept-Uea :lnhabttlug tho U.alll)"&ll Puninaula and 1aI&Ddl.

By Theodore Cantor, 11.0. XUVIIl.--80me ACCl)lIut of the Botanle:al Cl)lICC1Uon brought from th. Eutward,

in r8.p, by Dr. Can!.or. Dy the late W. Griffith. xxxrx.--Oll the FlatBorJ)ed Til-urine Cattle of8.E. AaIn. By E. Blytb. XL.-Now, by )[3jor-GonlX'lll G. B. Tromenhoore. General Index.. Index of Vernaoolar TermJl. Index of Zoological (klle.,., And Bub-Genera occu.ning In VoL IL "The }JIl.peFa treo.t of almost every upect OJr Indo-China-ita phUology, economy.

goograp6y, ~logy---aJld COJIstitute "vcry material and iIQ(lOrlant contrlbutlon to uur IICce&IIib16 luforma.t1ou regarding tbat country Illld its people. "-CoIIl~ Rtt'iU'.

POIt 8.,.0, pp. xii.-72. cloth, price SL TIIB BATAKAB OF BIlARTRIIIARL

TnDdated. from the Sanlklit B1 tho RJIv. B. HALE WOBTHAH, lLB.A.B.,

Rector of Eggeaford, North DenB .. A vory Intereating addition to Trnbner'a Oriental Soria. "-&Jh'~ ~ . .. ___ 7 of the Maxims ill. the book have a Biblical ring and boaut, of ."pJ'QUioll."

-1Jt. Ja.me.' Qamtll.

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THE MAN AND THE SCHOLAR.

VOL I.

PREFACE.

I. THE literary history of the East represents the court of >I"I",?.'," King Mal}.mftd at Ghazna, the leading monarch of Asiatic d~~lltll" h.:story between A.D. 997-1030, as having been a centre of literature, and of poetry in particular. There were four hundred poets chauting in his halls and gardens, at their head famous Unsuri, invested with the recently created dignity of a poet-Ianreate, who by his verdict opened the way to royal favonr for rising talents; there was grand Firdausi, composing his heroic epos by the special orders of the king, with many more kindred spirits. Unfortunately history knows very little of all this, save the fact that Persian poets flocked together in Gh.zno, trying their kasidas on the king, his minis-ters and generals. History paiuts IIIaJ;nntl.d as a SI1(;-cessful warrior, but ignores him as a IIIreceD"s. With the sale exception of the Incubrations of hombastic Utbl, all contemporary records, the Nakamat of Abtl.-Na~r IIIishkanl, the ,!,aba~dt of Lis secretary Baiba\d, the chronicles of Mull1l. Muhammad Ghaznavi, IIIahmud Warrfik, and others, have perished, or not yet come to light, and the attempts fit a literary history datin::: from 8 time 300-400 years later, the so-called Tadltl:iras, weigh very light in the scale of matter-of-fact examina-tion, failing almost iuvariably whenever they are applied to for information on some detail of ancient Persian literature. However this may be, Unsurl, the pane-

lTabmM altd .AILe-l'Uui.

viii PREFACE.

gyrist, does not seem to have mis.ed the sun of royal favour, whilst Firdausl, immortal J

PREFACE. ix

Mal;lmad marched into the conn try, not without some fighting, established there one of his generals as provin-cial governor, and soon returned to Ghazna with much booty and a great part of the Khiva troop" together with the princes of the deposed family of Ma'mUIl ".,,1 the leading men of the country as prisoners of war m' as hostages. Among the last was AlruUui1;tan l\IuQalll-mad Ibn Ahmad Alberuni.

This happened in the spring and summer of A.II. 1017. The Chorasmian princes were sent to ll.istunt fortresses as prisoners of state, the Chorasrniun solriiel'::i were incorporated in Mal,uuild's Indian army; and AI-beruni-what treatment did J..e experience at Ghazn.? From the very out;et it is not likely that both the kill;:: and his chancellor, Al;lmad Ibn Hasan Maimandi, shoulll have accorded special favours to a man whom they knew to have been their political antagonist for years. TJle latter, the same man who had been the calise of the tragic catastrophe in the life of }'irdnusi, was in onic~ nnder Mal.tmild from A.D. 1007-1025, and a second time under his son and sllccessor, MatNld, from 1030-1033. There is nothing to tell us that Aluerulli wa., ever in the service of the state or court in G hazua. A friend of his and companion of his exile, the Christian philosopher and physician from Hagdad, Abulkhair AlkhammO,r, seems to have practised ill Ghazna. his medical profession. Alberuni probably enjoyed tim reputation of a great 'mwwijim. i.e. astrologer-astrollo-mer, and perhaps it was in this quality that he had relations to tbe court and it. head, as Tycho de nrahe to the Emperor Rudolf. \Vbeu writing the 'IvSlK(i, thirteen yeal's after his in voluntary immigration to Afghanistan, he was a master of astrology, both ac-cording to the Greek lind the Hindu system, und indeet! Eastern writers of later centuries seem to consider him as having been the court astrologer of King Unl;lmi\d. In a book written five hundred years later (v. elms/a-

x PREFACE.

maUde Pmanc, .ce., par Ch. Schefer, Paris, 1883, i. p. 107 of the Persian text), there i. a story of II practical joke which Mal).mild played on Alberuni as an astrolo-ger. Whether this be historic truth or a late invention, anyhow the story does not throw much light on the author's situation in a period of his life which i. the most interesting to US, that one, namely t when he commenced to stnoy India, Sanskrit 811d Sanskrit liternture.

Historic tradition failing us, we are reduced to a single source of information-the author'. work-and must examine to what degree his personal relations are indicated by his own words. When he wrote, King JIal.tmild had been dead only a few weeks. Le roi est mOlt-but to whom was Vive I, roi to be addressed 1

Two heirs claimed the throne, Mul).ammad and Mruiild, 811d were marching against each other to settle. their claims by the sword. Under these circumstanOOjl it comes out as a characteristic fact that the book has no dedication whatever, either to the memory of Mal).-mild, or to one of the rival princes, or to any of the indifferent or non-political princes of the royal house. As a cautious politician, he awaited tho issne of the contest; but when tho dice had been thrown, and Mas'(Jd was firmly established 011 the throne of his father, he at ollce hastened to dedicate to him the greatest work of his life, the Canoo JfMUdieus. If he had been affected by any feeling of sincere gratitude, he might have erected in the 'Iva,,,,, IL monument to the memory of the dead kil'g. under whose rule he had made the necessary preparatory studies, and might have l)raised him as the grent propagator of Islam, without probably incurring any risk. He has not done BO, and the terms in which he speaks of l\[a\.lmild throughout ]lis book are not such as a man would UBe when speak. illg of a deceased person who had been his benefactor.

lie is called simply The Amir MQ~'nnU, ii. 13 (Arabic

PREFACE. xi

text, p. 208, 9), Tlte .Amtr MalJ,ml1d, may God'. ",erey be 'With him" i. 116 (text, p. 56, 8), The .A",iT MaJ..mild, may tM grace of God be 'With him, ii. 103 (text, p. 252, II). The title .Amir was nothing very complimentary. It had been borne by his ancestors when they were simply generals and provincial governors in the service of the Samanl king of Transoxiana and Khurasan. Speaking of Mal.tmfld and hi. father Sabuktagin, the author says, Ymnt.-ldanla ,1[a~.m11d, may God'. ,ncT"'} be with tlll". i. 22 (text, p. II, 9). He had received the title Yan,''' aldanla, i.e. Til" riUht hand of tl.. dynasty (of the Khalif), from the Khalif. as a recognition of the legiti-macy of his rule, resembling the investiture of the German Emperor by the Pope in the Middle Ages. Lastly, we find at ii. 2 (text, p. 203, 20) the following terms: "TIL_ strongest of tile pillal's (of Islam), the pat/ern of a Sultan, MWhoever knows the style of Oriental authors when spea.king of crowned heads, the style of their prefaces, which "ttains the height of absurdity at the court of the Moghul emperors at Delhi, will agree with me that the mannel in which the author mentions the dea,l king is cold, cold in the extreme; that the werds of praise bestowed upon him are meagre alld stiff, a poor sort of praise for n man who had beeu the first mau in Islam, and the founder of Islam in India; lastly, thut the phrases of benediction which are appended to his name, according to a general custom of Islam, are the ""me as the author would have employed when speak. ing of any acquaintance of hi. in common life who had died. He says of Mal)mfld (i. 22): "He utterly ruined the prosperity of the country (of India), and performed those wonderful exploits by which the Hilldus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and like a tale of old in the mouth of the people." To criticise these words from a Muslim poiut of view, the passage of

xii PREFACE.

the ruining of the prosperity of the country was per-fectly out of place in the glorification of a GMzI like Mal,mild.

Tbat it was not at all against the moral principles of Alberuni to write such dedications to princes is shown by two ot.her publications of his, with dedications which exbibit tbe customary Byzantinism of the time. III the preface of the" Chronology of Ancient Nations" (trans-lated, &c., by Edward &Chan, London, 1879), he extols with abundant praise tbe prince of Hyrcania or J urjan, Shl1ms-almaali, who was a dwarf by the side of giant lIal}mtid. The studied cbaracter of tbe neglect of lfal}mtid in the 'I.SIIt" comes out more strongly if we compare the unmerited praise which Alberuni lavishes llpon his son and successor. Tbe preface of his Cano" .. illasudicztB is a farrago of high-sounding words in honour of King Mas'tid, who was a drunkard, and lost in Jess than" decennium most of what his father's sword and policy had gained in thirty-three years. The tenor of this preface, taken from tbe manuscript of the Royal Library in Berlin, is as follows :-

To those who lead thecommunityofthe believe .. in the place of the Prophet and by the llelp of the Word of God belongs" the king, the lord majestic and venerated, the helper of the representative of God, the furtherer of the law of God, the protector of the slaves of God, who punishes the enemies of God, Abti-Sa'id llas'tid Ibn Yamln-aldaula and 'Amin-almilla Mnl:mnld-may God give him a long life, and let him pel'petually rise to lliorions and memorable deeds. For a confirmation of what we here say of him lie. in the fact that God, on considering the matter, restored the right (i.e. the right of being ruled by Mas'tid) to his people, after it had been concealed. God brought it to light. After he had been in distress, God helped him. After he had been rejected, God raised him, and brought him the empire and the rule, after people from all sides had tried to get POSS811-

PREFACE. xiii

sian of it, speaking: How should he come to rule over us, as we have a better right to the rule thau he 1 ' But then they received (from God) au answer in the event (lit. sign) which followed. God carried out His promise relating to him (Mas'lld), giving him the inheri-tance without his asking for it, as He gave the inheri-tance of David to Solomon without reserve. (That is, the dead King Mal:tmlld had proclaimed as his successor his son lIul:tammad, not Mas'lld, but the latter contested the will of his father, and in the following contest with hi. brother he was the winner.) If God had not chosen him, the hearts of men would not have been gained (1) for him, and the intrigues of his enemies would not have missed their aim. In short, the souls of men hasteued to meet him in order to live under hi. shadow. The order of God was an act of predestination, and his becoming king was written in the Book of Books ill heaven (from all eternity) .

.. He-may God make his rule everlasting i-has conferred upon me a favour which was a high distinc-tion to me, and has placed me under the obligation of everlasting gratitude. ~'or although a benefactor may dispense with the thank-offerings for his deeds, J .. , a Bound heart inspires those who receive them with the fear that they might be lost (to general nob " and lays upon them the obligation of spreadinb ,jlem and making them known in the world. But already, hel"ro I received this favour, I shared with the inhabitants of aU his countries the blessings of his rule, of peace and justice. However, then the special 8/J1'~ice (towards his Majesty) became incumbent upon me, after (until that time) obeying in general (his Majesty) had been incumbent On me. (This means, probably, th.t Mas'M conferred a special benefit (a pension 1) on the author, not immediately after he had come to the throne, but 80me time later.) Is it not he who has enabled me for the rest of my life (Alberuni was then sixty-one years

.ziv PREFACB

old) to devote myself entirely to the servic9 of science. as he let me dwell nnder the shadow of his power and let the cloud of his favour rain on me, always penon ally distinguishing and befriending me, &c.? And with regard to this (the favour conferred upon me), he has deigned to send his orders to the treasury and the ministry, which certainly is the utmost that kings can do for their subjects. May God Almighty reward him both iu this and in yonder world," &c.

Thereupon, finding that his lI[ajesty did not require hi. actual service, and besides, finding that science stood in the highest favour with him, he composes a book on astronomy, to which he had been addicted all his life, and adorns it with the name of hi. Majesty, calling it Canon Hll8UdicU8 (Allrdlll1l1 Almas'Mi), &c.

To put the phrases of this preface into plain langunge, the autlIor was in favour witlI King lI[as'l\d; he had acce!!S to the court-living, probahly, near it-and received en income which enabled him to devote him-self entirely to his soientifio work. Besides. all this appears as a new state of thinge, the reverse of which had been the case under the king'. predecessor, his father, Mal.unlld. We do not know the year in whicb this change in the liIe of Albernni was brought about. Perhaps it was in some way connected with the fact that the chancellor, lllaimandl, died A.D. 1033, and that after him onA Ab(I.N"~r Abmad Ibn Mubammad Ibn 'Ahdu~mad became chaucellor, who before, i.e. from 1017 to 1033, had administered Khwarizm, the native country of Albernni. He and l\laimandl had been political Bntagoniota-not so he and 'Abdu~mad.

The difference of the author's condition, as it appears to have been under Mas'ftd, from what it was under lllabmild when he prepared the 'l~, i. further illus-trated by certain passagea in the book itaelf. When speaking of the difficulties with which he had to grapple in his efforts to learn everything about India, he con-

l'!lEFACE. xv

nnues: "What scholar, however, has the same favour-able opportunities of studying tbis subject as I have? That would be only the case with One to whom the grace of God accord., what it did not accord to me, " perfectly free disposal of his own doings and goings; for it has nevor fallen to my lot in my own doings and goings to be perfectly independent, nor to be invested with 8ufficient power to dispose and to order as 1 thought best. However, I thank God for tht which lie, has bestowed upon me, and which must he con-sidered BS sufficient for the purpose" (i. 24). These lines seem to say that the Buthor, both at Ghazna and in India, at Muitan, Peshavar, &c., had the opportunity of cODversing with pandits. of procuring their help, Rnd of boying books; that, however, in other directions lIe was Dot his own master, but had to obey a higher will ; and lastly, that he was not a man in authority.

In another place (i. 152) he explains that art and science require the protection of kiugs. U }"or they alolle could free the minds of scholars from the daily anxieties for the necessities of life, and stimulate their energies to earn more fame and favour, the yearning for which is tbe pith alld marrow of human nature. The present times, however, ure llot of this kind. They are the very opposite, and therefore it i. quite impossible that a Ilew scienco or any llew kind of research should ariae in our days. What we h~ve of sciences is nothing but the scanty remains of bygone better times." Com-pare with this a dictum quoted (i. 188): "The scholars are well aware of the use of money, but the ricb are igno-mnt of the nobility of science."

l'heso are not tbo words of nn author who basks ill the Bunshine 01 royal protection. The time he ;peaks 01 is the time of Mal.lmild, lind it ia Mal.lmud whom he accuaes of having failed in the duties of a protector of art and science imposed upon bim by his royal office. }'irdllual, ill his satire (Moh!, i. pref. p. xlv.), calls

xvi PREFACE.

him" tm rai qui II'a IIi Jot ni loi ni mallie,."" (ro!lalu) ; and he says: .. Si I. roi avait de UII IWlIIIne d;gne ck Tellom, il aurait l"m01' k 8alJOir," &c. It is most remarkable to what degree Firuansl and Albernni agree in their jndgment of the king. To neither of them had he been a MrecenllS.

In the absence of positive information, we have tried to form .. cbain of combinations from which we may infer, with B tolerable degree of certainty, that our autbor, during the thirteen years of his life from 1017 to 1030, after he had heen carried from his native country to the centre of Mal.tm!ld's realm, did not enjoy the favours of the king and his leading men; that he stayed in different parts of India (as a companion of the princes of l.is native country 1), probably in the character of a hostage or political priloner kept on llOnonrable term.; that he spent his leisure in the study of India; and that he hnd no official inducement or encouragement for this study, nor any hope of royal reward.

A radical change in all this takes place with the Ilccession of Mas'!ld. There i. no more complaint vi the time and its ruler. Albernni is nil glee ami exultation about the royal favours Rnd support accorded to him and to his studies. lIe now wrote the greatest work of his life,' and with B swelling heart and overflowing words he proclaims in the preface the praise of hi. benefactor. Living in Ghazna, he seems to have for gotten India to a great extent. ~or in the Canon JlaslUlwus he rarely refers to In,' in; its chapter on Hindn erllS does not prove any Proll' ,so of his studies beyond that which he exhibits ill the '1'&1

PREFACE. xvii

of the astronomers, as used in the KltlJ l)Ijaklu1dllalm of Brahmogupta, with the GuptakUa.

If the author and his countrymen had suffered and Th .... 'b .. ,.., were still suffering from the oppressiou of Kiug MaI).-l':.!i~ ,,, mild, the Hindus were in the same position, and per-haps it was this community of mishap which inspired him with sympathy for them. And certainly the Hindus and their world of thought have a paramount, lascinating interest for him, and he inquires with the greatest predilection into every Indian subject, how-soever heathenish it may be, as though he Were treating of the most important questions for the souls of Muham-madans,-of free-will and predestination, of future reward "nd pnnishment, of the creation or eternity of the Word of God, &c. To Mahmild the Hindus were infidels, to be dispatched to hell as soon as they refused to be plundered. To go on expeditions and to fill the treasury with gold, 1I0t to make lasting conqnests of territoties, was the real object of his famons expeditions; and it Willi with this view that he cut his way throngh enormous distances to the richest temples of India at

Tan~.har, lIfathun\, Kanoj, and Somanith. To Albernni the Hindus were excellent philosophers,

geod mathematicians and astronomers, though he naIvely believes himself to be superior to them, and disdains to be put Oil a level with thell' (i. 23).' He doe. not conceal whatever he considers wrong and nnproctical with them, but he duly appreciates their mental achievements, tokes the !,'reatest l,ains to appropriate them to himself, even such as could not be of auy use to him or to his readers, t.g. Sanskrit metrics; and whenever he hits upon something that is noble and grand both in science and in practicnl life, he never fails to lay it before his readers with warm-hearted words of approbation. Speaking of the construction of the ponds at holy batl,ing-places, he says: .. In tbis

J I'or a .lml1ar t",lt or JeU '~D6deDce cf. I. 217, laat liDt:L

I.viii PRBFACB.

they have attained a very high degree of art, ao that our people (the Muslims), when they see them, wonder at them, and are uuable to describe them, much less til construct auything like them" (ii. 144).

Apparently Alberuni f.lt a strong inclination towards Indian philoaophy. He seems til have thought that the philoaophers both in ancient Greece and Indin, whom he most carefully and repeatedly distinguishes from the ignorant, image-loving crowd, held in reality the very same idoos, the earne as seem to have been his own, i.e. those of a pure monotheism; that, in fact, originally all men were alike pure and virtuous, worshipping one sole Almillhty God, but that the dark passions of the crowd in the course of time had given rise to the difference of religion, of philoaophical and political persullSions, and of idoletry. .. The first cause of idolatry was the desire of commemorating the dead and of consoling the living; but on this basis it has developed, and has finally become a foul and pernicious abuse" (i 124).

He seems to have revelled in the pure theories of the l1lutgamdgttlt, and it deserves to be noticed that he twice mentil'ns the saying of Vya ... , .. Learn twenty-five (i.e., the elements of existence) by distinctions, &0. Afterward. ndhere to whatever religion you like; your end will be salvation" (i. 44, and also i. 104). In one case he even goes so far a. to speak of Hindu scholars as .. enjoying the hdp oj God," which to a Muslim means as much as inspired by God, guided by div;, .. impiration. (ii. loS). These words are an addition of the author'. in bis paraphrase of the JJrihatsariUIit4 of Varllhamihira, v. 8. There enu be scarcely any doubt that Muslims of later times would have found fault with him for going to such length in his interest for those heathenish doctrines, and it is a singular fact that Alberuni wrote nnder a prince who burned and impaled the Karmatiaus (tf. note to i. 31).

Still he wus a Muslim i whether Sunnl or Shl'a

PREFACE. xix

cannot be gathered from the 'I.,&aL He aometimes takes an occasion for pointing out to the reader the superiority of Islam over Brahmanic India. He COD-trasts the democratic equality of men wi~h the castes of Iudia, the matrimouial law of Islam with degraded forms of it in India, the cleanliness and decency of Muslims with filthy customs of the Hindus. With all this, his recognition of Islam is not without a tacit reserve. He dares not attack Islam, but he attacks the Arabs. In his work on chronology he reproaches the ancient Mnslims with having destroyed the civilisation of Eran, and gives ns to understand that the aucient Arabs were certainly nothing better than the Zoroastrian Erauians. So too in the 'I.S .. "i, whenever he speaks of a dark side in Hindu life, he at once turns round sharply to compare the manners of the ancient Arabs, and to declare that they were qnite as had, if not worse. This could only be meant as a hint to the Muslim reader not to be too haughty towards the poor bewildered Hindu, trodden down by the savage hordes of King Mal.tmild, and not to forget that the founders of Islam, too, Were certainly no angels.

Independent in his thoughts about religion and Th tho~ philosophy, he is II friend of clear, determined, and manly oj ..... ",. words. He abhors half-troths, veiled words, and waver-ing actiou. Everywhere he comes forward as a champion of his conviction with the courage of a man. As in religion and philosophy, so too in politics. There are some remarkable sentences of political philosophy in tbe introductions to obapters ix. and lut As a poli-tician of a bighly conservative stamp, be stands up for throne a.nd altar, and declares tbat "their union represents the highest development of human society, all that men can possibly desire" (i. 99). He is capable of admiring the mildness of ~he.law of tbe Gospel: "To offer to him who has beaten your cheek tbe other cheek alao, to bless your enemy and to pray for him. Upon

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my life, this is a noble philosopby; but tbe people of this world are not aU philosophers. Most of tbem are ignorant and erring, wbo cannot be kept on tbe straight road save by tbe sword and the wbip. And, indeed, ever since Constantine tbe Victorions became a Christian, botb sword and whip bave ever been employed, for without them it would be impossible to rule (ii. 161). Althougb a scholar by profession, be is capable of taking tbe practical side of a case, and be applauds the Khalif lfil'aviya for having sold the golden gOlis of Sicily to the princes of Sindh for money's wortb, instead of destroying tbem as beathen abominations, as bigoted Mu.limo would probably bave liked bim to do,. Hi. preaching tbe union of throne and altar does not prevent him from speaking witb undisgnised contempt of the .. preconcerted tricks of the priests" having the purpose of enthralling the ignorant crowd (i. 123).

He is a stem judge both of himself and of otbers. Himself perfectly sincere, it is sincerity whicb be demands from others. Whenever he does not. fully understand a subject, or only knows pnrt of it, be will at once tell the reader so, eitber asking the reader's pardon for his ignorance, or promisingl though a man of fifty-eigbt years, to continue hi. labours and to publish their results in time, 88 though be were acting under a moral responsibility to tbe pnblic. He always sbarply draws the limits of his knowledge; and althougb be bas only a smattering of the metrical system of the Hindus, he communicates whatever little be knows, guided by tbe principle tbat the best must not be the

'enemy of tbe better (i. 200, 6-g), as though be were afraid tbat he sbould not live long enougb to finish the study in question. He is not a friend of those who .. hate to avow their ignorance by a frank I do not know" (i. 177), and he is roused to strong indignatioll whenever he meets with want of sincerity. If Brahma-gupts teaches two tbeories of tbe eclipses, tbe popular

PREFACE. :oi

one of the dragon Mhu's devouring the luminous body, and the scientific one, he certainly committed the sin against conscience from undue concessions to tbe priests of the nation, and from i~ar cf a fate like tbat which befell Socrates when he came iuto collision with the persuasions of the majority of his countrymen. Of chapter lix. In another place he accuses Brabma-!!11pta of iojustioe and ruden""s to his predecessol', Aryahhata (i. 376), He finds in the works of Varn-hamihira hy the side of honest .cientific work sentences which sound to him" lik, th' ravings of a mad,nan" (ii 117), but he is kind enough to suggest that behind those passages there is perhaps an esoteric meaning, unknown to him, bu~ more to the credit of the author. When, however, Varahamihira seems to exceed all limits of common sense, Alberuni tl,illks that" to s".h things silence is tIt< only proper answer" (ii i (4).

His professional zeal, and the principle that learning is the fruit of repetition (iL 198), sometimes induce him to indulge in repetitions, aud his thorough honesty sometimes misleads him to use harsh and even rude words. He cordially hates tbe verbosity of Indiau Buthors or versifiers,' who use lots of words where a single one would be sufficient. He calls it "mere nonsense-s means of keeping people in the dark and throwing all air of mystery aLout the subject. And in any case this copiousness (of words denoting the same thing) offers painful difficulties to those who want to learn the whole language, and only results in a sheer \Vaste of time" (i. 229, 299, 19). He twice explains the origin of the Dibajat, i.e. Maledives and Laccadives (i. 233; ii. 106); twice the configuration of the bordero of the Indian Ocean (L 197, 270).

Whenever he suspects humbng, he is not backward in calling it by the right name. Thinking of the horrid practices of Ra,Qyana, i.e. t:"e art of making gold, of

1 C/. hi, IArCaIwa on the vnl:lifJ'ing bias of Hindu aut~ol'lJ, i. 137. VOL. L G

Thelen-dCIII'lyof lIts work.

xxii PREFACE.

making old people young, &c., he bursts ont into sarcastic words which are IDore coarse in the original than in my translation (i. ISg). In eloquent worda he utters his indignation on the same subject (i. 193): "The greediness of the ignorant Hinan princes for gold-making does not know any limit," &0. There is a spark of grim hnmonr in his words on i. 237, where he criti-cises the cosmographic ravings of a Hindu author: "We, ou our part, found it already troublesome enongh to enumerate all the seveu seas, together with the seven earths, and now this author thinks he can make the subject more easy and pleasant to us by inventing some more earths below those already enumerated by our-selves! " And when jugglers from Kanoj lectured to him on chronology, tbe stem scholar seems to bave been moved to something like a grin. " I used great care in examining every single one of them, in repeating the srune questions at different times in a different order and context. But lo! w bat different answers did I get! God is all-wise" (ii. 129).

In tbe opening of his book Alberuni gives an account of the circumstances which sugges~d to bim the idell of writing the '1118.,..&. Once tbe conversation with a friend of his, else nnknown, ran on tbe tben existing literature 6n the history of religion and pbilosophy, its merits and demerits. When, in particnIar, the literature on tbe belief of the Hindus came to be criti-cised, Alberuni maintained tbat all of it was second-hand and thoroughly uncritical To verify the matter, his friend once more examines the books in question, which resnIts in his agreeing with our autbor, and his asking him to fill up this gap in the Arabic literature of the time. The book he has produced is not a polemi-cal one. He will not con vert the Hindns, nor lend a direct help to missionary zealots. He will simply rlescribe Hinduism, without identifying himself with It. He takes care to inform tbe reader that he is not respon-

PRBFACE. xxiii

sible for whatsoever repugnant detail he has to relate, but the Hindus themselves. He gives a repertory of information on Indian subjects, destined for the use of tbose who lived in peaceable intercourse with them, and wished to nave an insight into their mode and world of thought (i 7; ii. 246).

The author has nothing in common with the Muham-madan Ghazl who wallted to convert the Hindus or to kill them, and bis book scarcely reminds the reader of the incessant war between Islam and India, duriug which it bad been prepared, and by which the possi-bility of writing such a book had first been given. It is like a magic island of quiet, impartial research in the midst of a world of clashing swords, burning towns, and plundered temples. The object which the author had in view, and never for a moment lost sight of, was to afford the necessary information and training to "any mw (in Islam) wlw wants to co"."rse wit" Ike Hind,,", and to discuss wit" tlu,n lJ,ustions 0/ "digion, seienu, or literature, on the very basis 0/ tlwir own cidli-sation" (ii. 246).

It is difficult to.say what kind of readers Alberuni bad, Th. '"Ih" ~r expected to bave, not only for the '[vo",&, but for all~.':. his other publications ou Indian subjects. Probably educated, and not bigoted or fanaticall\iuslims in Sindh, in parts of thel'anjab, where they WeI'e living by the side of Hindus and in daily intercourse with them; perhaps, also, for such in Kabul, the suburb of which had still a Hindu population in the second half of the tenth century, Ghazna; and other parts of Afghanistan. Wheu speak-ing of the P,disasiddlut"ta, " standard work on astro-nomy, he says: "A translati"n of his (Pnlisa's) whole work into Arabic has not hitherto yet been undertaken, because in his mathematical problems tbere is an evi-dent religious and theological tendency' 1 (i 375). He

I Albenllu don not seem to have lIimred these scruples, for be \r~ it 11110 Arabi. (rl. i. 1.\4).

xxiv PREFACE.

does not tell us what this particular tendeucy was to which the readers objected, but we learn 80 much from this note that in his time, and probably also in his neigh bourbood, tbere were circles of educated men w bo had an interest in getting the scientific works of India translated into Arabic, who at the same time were suffi-ciently familiar with the subject-matter to criticille the various representations of tbe same subject, and to give the preference to one, to the exclusion of another. Tbat our author bad a certain public among Hindus seeDls to be indicated by tbe fact that he composed some publications for people in Kashmir; if. preface to the edition of the text, p. xx. The"" relation. to Kashmir are very difficult to understand, as Muslims had not yet conqnered the country, nor entered it to any extent, and as the autbor himself (i. 206) relates that it was closed to intercourse witb all strangers save a few Jews. Whatever the interest of Muslims for the literature of and on India may have been, we are under the impression that this kind of literature has never taken deep root; for alter Albernni's death, in A.D. 1048, there is no more original work in tbis field; and even Alberllni, when he wrote, was quite alone in the field. Enumerating tbe difficulties whicb beset bis study of India, he say.: "I found it very hard to work into tbe subject, altbough I bave a great liking for it, in wMck re.ptct I Bland quit. alone in my ti",.," &c. (i. 24). Alld certaillly we do lIot kllow of any Indianist like bim, before his time or after.

Th ... thor. In general it is tbe method of our author not to speak ......... himself, but to let the Hindus speak, giving extensive

qllotations from their classical authors. He presents a picture of Indian civilisation as painted by tbe Hindus themselves. Many chapters, not all, open witb a short characteristic introduction of a general nature. The body of most chapters consists of three parts. Tbe first i. a prtoia of the question, as the author nnderstands it.

PREFACE. xx.

The second part brings forward the doctrines of the Hindus, quotations from Sanskrit books in the chapters on religion, philosophy, astronomy, and astrology, and other kinds of information which had been communi-cated to him by word of mouth, or things which he had himself observed in the chapters on literature, historic cllronology, geography, law, manners, and cus-toms. In tbe third part he does the same as Magas-tllenes had already done; he tries to bring the sometimes very exotic subject nearer to the uuderstanding of his readers by comparing it with the theories of ancient Greece, and by other comparisons. As an example of this kind of arrangement, if. Chapter v. In the dis-position of every single chapter, as weU as in the sequence of the chaptel's, n perspicuous, well-considered I.]an is apparent. There is no patchwork nor anything superlIuous, lind the words fit to the subject as close as I,ossible. We seem to recognise the professional matl,e-matician in the perspicuity and classical order through-out the whole composition, and there waa scarcely an occasion for him to excuse himself, as he does at the elId of Chapter i. (i 26), for not being able everywhere strictly to adhere to tbe geometrical method, as he was sOIuetimea compelled to introduce an unknown factor, because the explanation could only Le given in n later part of the book.

He does not blindly accept the traditions of former Tho th.r, h d dd "'1 H'ri""'" ages; e wants to un erstnn an to CrJtlclse t lem. e IIl.lIld.

wants to sift the wheat from the chaff, and he will discard everything that militates against the law. of nature and of reason. Tbe reader will remember that Alberuni was also a physical scholar, and had published works on most departments of natural science, optics, mechanics, mineralogy, and chemistry; if. hia geolo-gica1speculntion on the indications of India once having been a sea (i. 198), and a characteristic specimen of his natural philosophy (i. 400). That he believed in tbe

PRBFACB.

action of the planets on the snblunary world I taka for certain, though he nowhere says BO. It would hardly be intelligible why he should have spent BO much time and labour on the study of Greek and Indian astrology if he had not believed in the' truth of thO! thing. He gives B sketeh of Indian astrology in Chapter lxxx., because Muslim readers .. are not acquainted with the Hindu methods of astrology, and have never had an opportunity of studying an Indiau book" (ii 211). Bardesanes, a Syrian philOBOpher and poet iu the second half of the secoud Christiau century, condemned astrology in plain and weighty word.. Alberuni did not rise to this height, remaining entangled in the notions of Greek a:;trology.

He did not believe in alchemy, for he distinguishes between such of its practices as are of a chemical or mineralogical character, and such as are intentional deceit, which he condemns in the strongest possible terms (t 187).

He criticises manuscript tradition like a modern philologist. He sometimes supposes the text to be corrupt, and inquires into the cause of the corruption; he discusses various reading., and proposes emenda-tions. He guesses at kzcunm, criticises different transla-tions, and complains of the carelessness and ignorance of the copyists (it 76; i. 162-163~ He is aWare that Indian works, badly translated and carelaasly copied by the successive copyists, very soon degenerate to such a degree that an Indian autho\' would hardly recognise his own work, if it were presented to him in such a garb, All these complaints are perfectly true, particu-larly as regards the proper names. That in his essilY. at emendation he BOmetimes went astray, that, l,g. he was not prepared fully to do justice to Brahmagupta, will readily be excused by the fact tbat at hi. time it was next to impossible to 1earn Sanskrit with a luffi. cient degree of accuracy and completeness.

PRBFACB. uvii

When I drew the flrat sketch of the life of Alberuni ten years ago, I cherished the hope that more material. for his biography would come to light in the libraries of both the East and West. This has not been the caae. 80 far as I am aware. To gain an estimate of his character we must try to read between the lines of his books, and to glean whatever minute inrlications may there be found. A picture of his character cannot therefore at the presem be anything but very imperfect, and a detailed appreciatiou of his services in the ad-vancement of science cannot be undertaken until all the numerous works of his pen have been studied and rendered accessible to the learded world. The ptincipal domain of his work included astronomy, mathematics, cbronology, mathematical geography, physics, chemistry, and mineralogy. By the side of thi$ professional work h. composed about twenty books on India, both transla-tions and original compositions, and a number of tales and legends, mostly derived from the ancient lore of Eran and India. As probably most valuable contribu-tions to the historic literature of the time, we m1l'!t mention his history of his native country Khw&rizm, and the history of the famous sect of the Kannatiaus, the loss of both of which is much to be deplored.

II. The court of the Khalifs of the house of Omayya at On tho Mi

(lIRUoi Damascus does not em to have been R home for Mabl' \ . Ex fit' al 't' f d ..... 'u ... ltaratu... cept or t Ie prac IC necessl les 0 a-ministration, they had no desire for the civilisation of Greece, Egypt, or rersia, their thoughts being engrossed by war and politics nud the amassing of wealth. Pro-bably they had a certain predilection for poetry common to all Arabs, but they did not think of encouraging historiography, much to their own disadvantage. In many ways these Arab princes, only recently emerged

xxviii PRBFACB from the rocky wildern_ of the Hijaz, and suddenly raised to imperial power, retained much of the great Bedonin Shaikh of the desert. Several of them, shun-ning Damascus, preferred to stay iu the desert or on its border, and we may surmise that in their bonae-holds at RusfIfa and KhunasBra there was scarcely more thought of literature than at present in the balls of Ibn Arrashld, the wily head of the Sluunmar at Hi\i1. The cradle of Arabic literature is not Damascu

PREFACE.

lt left to the eut of the Khalifate the language of administration, the I18e of which duril:!:; the following centuries, till recent times, was probably nev~r much discontinued. It was this Perso-Sasanian language of administration which passed into the I18e of the smaller Eastern dynasties, reared under the Abbaside Khalifs, and became the lauguage of literature at the court of one of those dynasties, tbat of the S:1mani killgs of Transoxiana and Khnmsun. Thus it has come to pass that the dialect of one of the most western parts of Emn first emerged as the language of literature in its fanhe.t east. In a similar way modem German is an offspring of the language nsed in tho chanceries of the Luxembourg emperors of Germany.

The bulk of the narrative literature, talcs, legends, novels, came to the Arabs in translations from the 1'er-sian, e.!I. the n Thousand amI One Nights," the stories told by the month of animals, like KaWa atu/ Iiim"a, pro-bably all of Buddhistic origin, portions of the national lore of Erau, taken from the Klmda;nama, 01' Lord's nook,

. aud afterwards immorlalised by Fir

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8ians. Either they had only little of thia kind, or the .Arabs did not choose to get it translated.

An author by the name of 'All Ibn ZiyAd Allamlml is said to have translated from Persian .. book, ztj-alshaltriydr, which, to judge by the title, must have been .. system of astronomy. It seems to have been extant when Alberuni wrote his work on chronology; .,irk .. Chronology oC Ancient N .. tions," translated, &c., by Edward Sachan, London, 1876, p. 6, and note p. 368. Perhaps it was from this eource that the famous Alkh-warizml drew his knowledge of Persian astronomy, which he is said to have exhibited in his extract from tbe Bral",uuiddh4"ta, composed by order of the Khalil Ma'mtl.n. For we are expressly told (tridt Gildemeister, Script6rum Aralntm rk rebUl IndiciB loci, &c., p. 101) tbat he used the mtdia, i.,. the mean places of tbe planets as fixed by Brahmagupta, whilat in other tbings he deviated from hiro, giving the equations of tbe planetary revolntions according tp tbe theory of the Persia, .. , and the declination of the sun according to Ptolemy. Of what kind this Persian astronomy was we do not know, but we must assume that it was of a scientific character, bas