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W o m e n o f t h e C e n t u r y1 9 1 5 q 2 0 1 4
As the American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics marks its Centennial, we pause to recognize some of the people who influenced the developing specialty of orthodontics during the last 100 years. A list of nominees — people who lived, worked, and contributed to the Journal or the specialty between 1915 and 2014 (but are no longer alive today) — was sent to 16 judges. The judges were asked to select the 100 people they thought were the most influential during this period. We tallied the votes and are pleased to present here, in chronologic order (by year of birth), 100 People of Influence. Many of the names on the pages that follow are familiar today because of the appliances and techniques these people invented, the articles and books they wrote, or the many students they taught. Twenty of them are so well known that all 16 judges voted for them, and we are proud to recognize a few of their accomplishments.
In addition, we present two supplemental lists. The first is an Honorable Mention roster of 68 people who were selected by some of the judges. And then, because orthodontics was surely a man’s world during those early years, we offer a short list of women who distinguished themselves as orthodontists during the very early years, influencing the specialty in a different but important way.
Prepared by Chris Burke, Managing Editor Lisa Troehler, Graphic Designer
Rolf G. Behrents, Editor-in-ChiefAcknowledgment: Thanks to Norman Wahl, whose 16-part series in the AJO-DO, Orthodontics in 3 millennia, provided much of the information for this display.
H o n o r i n g O u r P a s t B u i l d i n g O u r F u t u r e q 1 9 1 5 q 1 9 2 0 q 1 9 2 5 q 1 9 3 0 q 1 9 3 5 q 1 9 4 0 q 1 9 4 5 q 1 9 5 0 q 1 9 5 5 q 1 9 6 0 q 1 9 6 5 q 1 9 7 0 q 1 9 7 5 q 1 9 8 0 q 1 9 8 5 q 1 9 9 0 q 1 9 9 5 q 2 0 0 0 q 2 0 0 5 q 2 0 1 0 q 2 0 1 4
Edmund H. Wuerpel1866-1958
John Valentine Mershon1867-1953
Albert H. Ketcham1870-1935
Viggo Andresen1870-1950
Emil Herbst1872-1940
Milo Hellman1872-1947
Anna Hopkins Angle1872-1957
Frederick Bogue Noyes 1872-1961
Alfred Paul Rogers1873-1959
Axel F. Lundstrom1875-1941
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen1845-1923
Calvin Suveril Case1847-1923
Edward Hartley Angle1855-1930
Charles Augustus Hawley1861-1929
Rodrigues Ottolengui1861-1937
Thomas D. Creekmore1931-2002
Ronald H. Roth1933-2005
Lennart Wieslander1933-2009
George F. Andreasen1934-1989
Beni Solow1934-2000
Samir E. Bishara1935-2010
Anthony A. Gianelly1936-2009
Jüri Kurol1942-2011
Vincent G. Kokich1944-2013
Robert P. Kusy1947-2008
Anna Hopkins Angle1872-1957
Jane G. Bunkerb. 1886 (est)
Josephine M. Abelson 1901-1987
Alice C. Kinningerb. 1908
Carlotta A. Hawley 1913-1990
Viken Sassouni1922-1983
Richard A. Riedel1922-1994
Wayne Allen Bolton1922-2011
J. Daniel Subtelny1922-2014
Melvin Lionel Moss1923-2006
Alexandre G. Petrovic1925-2003
Harold T. Perry1926-2012
Donald G. Woodside1927-2013
Donald H. Enlow1927-2014
Per-Ingvar Brånemark1929-2014
Raymond Carl Thurow1920-2009
James E. Brophy1921-1985
Kalevi Koski1921-1998
Lester Levern Merrifield1921-2000
Ernest H. Hixon1922-1972
Joseph R. Jarabak1906-1989
Earl Emanuel Shepard1908-1991
Rolf Fränkel1908-2001
Fred R. Schudy1908-2001
Arthur B. Lewis1909-1996
Alton Wallace Moore1916-2007
Samuel Weinstein1916-2008
Anders Lundstrom1916-2009
Tom Graber1917-2007
Paul Tessier1917-2008
William B. Downs1899-1966
Lester Bodine Higley1899-1990
Herbert I. Margolis1900-1984
Harold D. Kesling1901-1979
Silas Kloehn1902-1985
John R. Thompson1910-2004
Arne Björk1911-1996
Faustin Neff Weber1911-1996
Brainerd F. Swain1911-1999
Egil Peter Harvold1912-1992
Reed Holdaway1917-2009
Robert Edison Moyers1919-1996
C. Philip Adams1919-1997
Samuel Pruzansky1920-1984
Robert M. Ricketts1920-2003
Jacob Amos Salzmann1902-1992
B. F. Dewel1902-1999
Wilton Marion Krogman1903-1987
Kaare Reitan1903-2000
Rudolf P. Hotz1905-1979
Bernard Sarnat1912-2011
Wendell L. Wylie1913-1966
Robert E. Gaylord1914-2001
Hans Peter Bimler1916-2003
Coenraad F. A. Moorrees1916-2003
Hays N. Nance1893-1964
George Bernard Crozat1894-1966
Birdsall Holly Broadbent, Sr.1894-1977
George Walter Hahn1894-1977
Charles Henry Tweed, Jr.1895-1970
Gustav Korkhaus1895-1978
Cecil C. Steiner1896-1989
Paul D. Lewis1896-1992
Allan Gibson Brodie1897-1976
P.R. Begg1898-1983
Albin Oppenheim1875-1945
Charles Virgil Mosby1876-1942
Benno Edward Lischer1876-1959
Martin Dewey1881-1933
Robert H. W. Strang1881-1982
Paul W. Simon1883-1957
H.C. Pollock, Sr.1884-1970
T. Wingate Todd1885-1938
Bernhard W. Weinberger1885-1960
Spencer Roane Atkinson1886-1970
Oren A. Oliver1887-1965
Joseph E. Johnson1888-1969
Ernest Sheldon Friel1888-1970
Harry Sicher1889-1974
Karl Haupl1893-1960
Calvin Suveril Case 1847-1923 qAuthor, clinician, and innovator.
qAdvocated extraction to correct facial deformities; his 1911 paper provoked the “Great Extraction Debate.”
qCustomized appliances for each patient.
qStressed facial esthetics, in contrast to Angle’s emphasis on occlusion.
qSome consider his greatest contribution to be the prosthetic correction of cleft palate.
Edward Hartley Angle 1855-1930 qTeacher, author, inventor, clinician, firebrand.
qRegarded as the Father of Modern Orthodontics.
qPromoted separation of orthodontics from dentistry.
qEstablished the first organized orthodontic society and the first orthodontic journal.
Robert H.W. Strang 1881-1982 qClinician, educator, and author.
qInaugurated a 2-week continuing education course at Columbia University that continued until 1946.
qPrincipal advocate of the Tweed technique.
qHis Textbook of Orthodontia (1933) became a standard.
qEspoused the inviolability of intercanine and intermolar widths.
Hays N. Nance 1893-1964 qMeticulous clinician and investigator whose his landmark
paper was “Limitations of orthodontic treatment.”
qReported that treated dentitions return to their original intercanine and intermolar widths.
qDefined leeway space and reported that it could be “reserved” with a space maintainer in a borderline extraction patient.
qRenewed interest in mixed dentition treatment and an increase in second premolar extractions.
Anna Hopkins Angle 1872-1957
qA schoolteacher at age 16, she became Angle’s secretary at 21, and then his wife.
qStudied dentistry at the University of Iowa, and orthodontics with Angle.
qFounding member, Society of Orthodontists, and first editor of The Angle Orthodontist.
qKnown to many as “Mother Angle,” she calmed the waters that Angle roiled.
Elizabeth E. Richardson (not pictured) 1863-1936
qGraduate, Dewey School of Orthodontia in Kansas City, Missouri.
qFrequent contributor to Journal, 1919-1927
Jane G. Bunker b. 1886 (est)
qAngle graduate and early member of the American Society of Orthodontists (1906).
Josephine M. Abelson 1901-1987
qDewey School of Orthodontia (1923). First woman to direct a Dewey School clinic.
Alice C. Kinninger b. 1908
qTaught orthodontics at the University of Southern California.
qInvented a space maintainer for fractured incisors.
Carlotta A. Hawley 1913-1990
qDiscouraged by her famous father to pursue orthodontics, she did it anyway.
qMember of the Angle Society, ABO-certified, and widely regarded as a meticulous clinician.
Honorable MentionqPhilip Edwin Adams 1896-1973
qMilton B. Asbell 1913-2003
qTiziano Baccetti 1966-2011
qCharles Reeder Baker 1880-1970
qHenry Albert Baker 1848-1934
qWilhelm Balters 1893-1973
qG.V. Black 1836-1915
qWilliam John Brady 1862-1937
qBirdsall Holly Broadbent, Jr. 1928-2009
qArchie B. Brusse 1888-1959
qClarence “Clu” Carey 1903-2003
qFrank M. Casto 1875-1965
qNorman M. Cetlin 1921-2008
qS. Eugene Coben 1926-2007
qJames Frank Colyer 1866-1954
qHarry L Dougherty, Sr. 1926-2013
qJoseph D. Eby 1887-1966
qBercu Fischer 1893-1969
qMaxwell S. Fogel 1912-2001
qStanley Garn 1922-2007
qWilliam King Gregory 1876-1970
qGeorge W. Grieve 1870-1950
qJosef Grünberg 18??-1932
qSimeon Hayden Guilford 1841-1919
qDavid C. Hamilton 1928-2005
qSamuel Hemley 1898-1970
qJohn H. Hickham 1934-2004
qH. Perry Hitchcock 1921-2005
qSidney Horowitz 1921-2006
qWilliam Roy Humphrey 1892-1980
qAndrew Francis Jackson 1880-1963
qVictor Hugo Jackson 1850-1929
qA. LeRoy Johnson 1881-1967
qCraven Henry Kurz 1943-1998
qLloyd Steel Lourie, Sr. 1877-1959
qKenneth C. Marshall 1917-2007
qJ. Rodney Mathews 1911-1987
qJames D. McCoy 1884-1965
qFrederick Sumner McKay 1874-1959
qGeorge V. Newman 1924-2012
qGeorge Northcroft 1869-1944
qHarold Judd Noyes 1898-1969
qHarvey Peck 1937-1981
qLowrie J. Porter 1895-1981
qEarl Wiley Renfroe 1907-2000
qElizabeth Ellen Richardson 1863-1938
qTerrell L. Root 1924-1997
qPer Rygh 1930-2008
qIsaac Schour 1900-1964
qArthur Martin Schwarz 1887-1963
qJames Henderson Scott 1913-1970
qGeorge Dever Selfridge 1924-2014
qWilbur M. Shankland 1912-1992
qEverett Shapiro 1917-2002
qMilton Reginald Sims 1927-2006
qThomas D. Speidel 1908-1957
qHarvey Stallard 1888-1974
qArthur T. Storey 1928-1998
qElsdon “Tony” Storey 1924-1988
qRichard Summa 1868-1933
qAlexander Sved 1891-1969
qEugene Solomon Talbot 1847-1925
qArthur Thornton Taylor 1901-1987
qDale B. Wade 1940-1998
qLeuman M. Waugh 1877-1972
qEugene E. West 1920-1995
qFrederick T. West 1893-1989
qAlbert P. Westfall 1902-1975
P.R. Begg 1898-1983 qA “jackaroo” in Australia before coming to the United
States to study under Angle.
qDeveloped his own bracket in 1933.
qIn the 1940s, developed the highly resilient, stainless steel “Australian” wire.
qHis innovations came together in the multiloop light-wire Begg technique (1965).
qPracticed orthodontics for more than 55 years and registered his last patent at age 84.
William B. Downs 1899-1966 qMember of Brodie’s first class (1930) at Illinois
and later a mainstay of the teaching staff.
qCoauthor of classic text, Cephalometric Appraisal of Orthodontic Results (1938).
qHis landmark study of facial relationships resulted in Downs Analysis, the first cephalometric analysis that could be applied clinically.
Herbert I. Margolis 1900-1984
qHis cephalometric investigations combined anatomy with evolution.
qDeveloped the facial line (nasion-pogonion) and maxillofacial triangle, which adheres to the concept of individual variation.
qDesigned the Margolis cephalostat.
Joseph R. Jarabak 1906-1989 qEducator, inventor, master clinician, biomechanic,
and showman.
qDeveloped a light-wire technique, first with standard edgewise brackets, then with brackets preadjusted for torque and angulation.
qDeveloped the Jarabak bracket and preadjusted brackets.
qWith J.A. Fizzell, developed principles governing tooth movement with light-wire technique.
Jacob Amos Salzmann 1902-1992 qAuthor, editor, and educator.
qChild-health advocate locally and internationally.
qOnly dentist/orthodontist to attend World Health Conference for Children in 1940, 1950, and 1960.
Kaare Reitan 1903-2000
qBorn in Norway, he studied dentistry in Paris and orthodontics in Chicago.
qHis histologic investigation of reactions in teeth and supporting tissues incident to tooth movement are classic.
qIntroduced the edgewise technique in his practice and shared his knowledge with colleagues, making Norway one of the first countries in Europe where modern fixed appliance treatment became widely available.
Rolf Fränkel 1908-2001 qStudied in Germany and treated patients with
Angle’s E-arch as early as 1928.
qMilitary surgeon in World War II, treating jaw and facial injuries.
qWorking in East Germany, he developed (in 1957) the function regulator, an appliance that corrects malocclusions by channeling growth.
Arne Björk 1911-1996 qHis doctoral dissertation for the Swedish Institute
of Human Genetics (1947) showed that growth does not proceed in a linear, translatory fashion.
qConducted (in 1955) the first human growth study using implants, and discovered greater rotation of the maxilla and mandible.
Coenraad F. A. Moorrees 1916-2003 qStudied in the United States but, called to duty in
World War II by the Dutch government, he was a prisoner of war for 3 years.
qStudied child growth and dental anthropology at the Forsyth Dental Infirmary in Boston.
qDetermined that children often pass through “abnormal” stages of growth before reaching the end of puberty with acceptable occlusions.
qConducted landmark studies of the Aleut population and longitudinal dentition of growing children.
qUsed natural head position and demonstrated biologic variations in many craniofacial landmarks.
Tom Graber 1917-2007 qAJO-DO Editor, author, educator, and world traveler.
qPioneer in craniofacial biology and anomalies.
qVolunteered for military service December 8, 1941 and served in Army Dental Corp.
qInspired by Benno Lischer to specialize in orthodontics.
Robert Edison Moyers 1919-1996 qHighly decorated dental officer in the U.S. Army.
qFounding chair of the University of Toronto orthodontic department, the first in Canada.
qChairman of the Department of Orthodontics at the University of Michigan and, later, director of the Center for Human Growth and Development.
qHis clinical research provided a better understanding of the role of the neuromusculature in normal facial growth and during treatment.
Samuel Pruzansky 1920-1984 qInspired teacher and investigator, advocate, and
benefactor for patients with craniofacial anomalies.
qInternationally acclaimed for his studies of the anatomy and growth of the craniofacial complex and for his leadership in the care and treatment of patients.
qFounding director of the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies at the University of Illinois College of Medicine.
Birdsall Holly Broadbent, Sr. 1894-1977 qStudied roentgenography at the Angle School, and
wondered if images could be superimposed to reveal changes during orthodontic treatment.
qWorked with Todd at Western Reserve to design a craniostat to standardize x-rays of dry skulls.
qAdapted that device to the heads of living subjects.
qResearched the cephalic development of 800 children in a study sponsored by the Brush Foundation.
Charles Henry Tweed, Jr. 1895-1970
qExacting clinician and generous teacher.
qConcerned with dental protrusions and unsatisfactory esthetics, he began extracting 4 premolars in some patients.
qDeveloped the Tweed triangle (1936).
Cecil C. Steiner 1896-1989
qAngle’s second student at the Pasadena school; he was initially rebuffed because he didn’t know who Charles Darwin was.
qPublished the Steiner analysis in 1953, a step-by-step approach that was instrumental in popularizing cephalometrics.
Allan Gibson Brodie 1897-1976 qOne of Angle’s last graduates and one of his favorites.
qEducator, author, spokesman for the “new mechanism.”
qChair of the graduate orthodontic department at the University of Illinois for 36 years.
qEstablished a correlation between successful treatment and good facial growth.
qStudied growth and development and related laboratory findings to clinical practice.