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CONTENTS

ft o| 4—^1^s

\I. «TR(ft? aiafcirawr ^ ^ (Nature and Agriculture of Indian Economy)

1.1 ^3t?4 (Objectives) o . \ -\ xî.i}/

1.2 M’Wici’ii (Introduction) •'■•r1.3 ’TNcfra 3TaJcijq'f«JT (Indiatf Economy)1.4 aâJcZTcRSTT (Mixed Economy)1.5 ’rti4’JiPicr) ^ (Private Sector Versus Public Sector)1.6 WRcftlT 3?aJci|d'f6IT ^ *i5rci (Importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy)1.7 '^T?H (Agricultural Inputs)1.8 V \. H’-Md (Cropping Pattern)1.9, ■ JPrf^ (Green Revolution)

;ii1^0 RiJluH ^ fclefjRT (Agricultural Development During Planning Period)'111 ^ (Land Reforms)

1.12 (Agricultural Marketing)1.13 - (Agricultural Price Policy)1.14 1992 (New Agricultural Policy, 1992)

• tuxi?! (Summary)

• 3TWIRT (Exercise Questions)

• (Further Readings)

II. »iRcf (Industry in India)

2.1 (Objectives)2.2 MWN'ii (Introduction)

1-78

125122542495659626567 *7274767778

79-148

80X

80812.3

2.4 tTcf ■v3lfPT ^ (Relationship Between Agriculture and Industry)2.5 Plii'lvjRthlci ^ afhatPlcF (Industrial Development During Planning Era)2.6 sfitllPlefj t^y>RT yft (Problems of Industrial Development in India)2.7 3i1ciin)«p 'O'îaT (Industrial Sickness)2.8 (Public Enterprisfes; An Introduction)2:9 •Hl4viiPlch '3Mfb'’Tf ^ *16tci 3iafyT

Need or Rational of Public Enterprises)2.10 'di4\nPi<t> araj^T 3iici)''^HI^ (Problems or Criticisms

of Public Enterprises)2.1.1 'dl4vj|pl<4> 7^ P|sHi<ii ^ ^ (Suggestions for Improving

the Performance of Public Enterprises)

8384909296

<-■ 97

99

101

I2.12 ’TNcT ^ viMshHl' fcR>RT .(Development of Public Enterprises in India)2.13 ^l4vj|pl«h '345hH^ ^ <7im<;Nmai (Profitability ifi Public Enterprises)

2.14 Pi'j^lcny'JI (Privatisation)2.15 ^Kcflil arsJcZJcRafT ^ f^TSfrWT ^ 3fR ef^ ailei'lRlcp

^ ti?f ■Jjpicni (Move Towards the Privatisation ofIndian Economy-Role of Public Enterprises in New Industrial Policy)

2.16 ’TRcT î4'JiPim 'J’TsFff cPT "hRIwi (Future of Public Enterprises in India)

2.17 cT^ ^ vdejlM : (Small Scale and Cottage Industries : An Introduction)' 2.18 Î'icflil araJcZjcRaTT # Tjcf vJljWr ^ 3?ajcn

(Importance or Need or Rational of Small Scale and Cottage Industries in Indian Economy)2.19 1?^ ctJcTly (Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)2.20 tjcf vieiVll cj5t TTWTTS# ^ TRIETH ^ 'g,aN

(Suggestions to Solve the Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)2.21 'dtjVl't 5M '50|4 cn«1*1

(Steps Taken by Government to Encourage Small Scale and Cottage Industries)2.22 1991 (Small Scale Industries Policy, 1991)2.23 '’TNcT ^ vdejVll ^ (4chl'd

(Growth of Small Scale and Cottage Industries in India)2.24 3TT34t nqci'fi'J ■^TtypTT ^1 cgcTlv vdsjVi (Small Scale and Cottage Industries in

Eighth Five Year Plan)2.25 aflsj'lPlcp (Industrial Policy : An Introduction)

2.26 3i1ej'lR|cp pTTf^ff^FT : nRtjq (Industrial Licensing Policy : An Introduction)

2.27 i^cpiffctmi'!ic»iq7 tTcj wfa<sitjieMcn sjtw cdjcf^K

(Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act)• Wf?T (Summary)

• 3T«TRT (Exercise Questions)


103106 \109

112113113

114116

S118

\119122 •z

122[

123125135

3#RrFT139145 |L

146148

IIII. ^ 3FJI (Foreign Area and Other Important Issues)

3.1 >3t?^ (Objectives)

3.2 M’Wiq'î (Introduction)3.3 Pi ilia ^ ’TNcft^T (Indian Organisation for Export Development)'

3.4 fcRcf srpTR (World Trade Organisation)3.5 ’TNcT ^ %jfr (Foreign Currendy in India)

3.6 P4?n y?^f8T P4?i (Foreign Direct Investment)

3.7 P''i*f (Multinational Cqiporation)

3.8 (Foreign Debt)

149-236 II I-150150 I

158159174177 %183185

1863.9[• 187^<mii (Payment Balance)

^ snw (Concept of Poverty Line)^ *rR?T ^ t? (Is there Poverty In India?)

epKJT (Causes of Poverty) yi^l^i W'lai (Rural Poverty) ill*riu| cniyui (Causes of Rural Poverty)illifluj Pitliai ^ ^ \d'HN (Measures of Remove Rural Poverty)u'qciqlci zf|yHT3^f ^ 8)'n4a PltJ'ldT-PlciK'^l <h'l4shM

3.101933.111963.121993.132023.142043.152063.16

3.17208(Anti-Poverty Programmes Under Five Year Plans)

(National Rural Employment Programme) cni4tt>^ (Minimum Needs Prograrhme)

2093.182093.19

^Hpcld ill^^ui f^cniti i4m*i (Integrated Rural Development Programme) 2103.20’TNcT ^ sRtvjPnft (Unemployment in India) iTNcf ^ c|4hH (Current Inflation in India)

2123.212263.22234• tiKi?i (Summary)

• 3r«rRT '(Exercise Questions)


235

236

- I Bfifir Ti;^ ^

(Nature and Agriculture of

Indian Economy)

1-' (Slructu^)Û^||^ •t*. -i

1.1 (Objectives)

1.2 ywRiF (&\troduction)

1.3 ^TRtfW ^4«4q^T (Indian Economy)

1.4 Ptf^ 3(«Icqqî (Mixed Economy)

1.5 ^ ^^rnr ^ (Private Sector Versus Public Sector)

1.6 'iUrtly ^ ^ (importance of Agriculture in Indian Economy)

1.7 ^)f^r ■3fRPT (Agricultural Inputs)

1.8 'liK?! «ET (Cropping Pattern),

1.9 tbiPd (Green Revolution)

1.10 Pldl'JlH ÊM ^ Iqchiti (Agricultural Development During Planning Period)

1.11 ^yit (Land Reforms)

1.12 fcTT’R (Agricultural Marketing)

1.13 (Agricultural Price Policy)

1.14 1992 (New Agricultural Policy, 1992)

• ^nW (Summary)

• (Exercise Questions)


1.1 (Objectives)

ardPi % ^nzRR % ^ ^

I

• 'SpfaRtW ^ ^ ^ *

• sEff^ ^51 'HKrilq ^ ^ W '

VTRjhi 1

3Ts}ara?8ti ^ 1.2 (Introduction)

^ srn# % % ^raRTT^1 oisifiîiîj «rM ^f ijnfsicRm crt ^fiiui*i *thw w>t ^ w afeîr(System of Production and Exchange) ft 1^ I

tjTue ^ ^ gjPT t^TWRT srraj^R) 11^ ^151 % mfr fflwr'3rMiC'i-^ni ^ ^ fl&mrti «f5^ I «i41'l iii4l''i 3i4“iqwi NfliwPl»ft ?}) I ^ ^

WÎT ^ ^/IT^ sjf fîchl ^ % ^Tt’Tf dlW^qqiai 5)^ sJf I

^ ^ >3!^% ’TftelTT «l?r 3MS^R)cTT3ff -SPI ^3?qK^ ^ ^^ ^ 3rT% tin? ^3#^; t ^ ^ i ^ graf ^ ^rrasq^hdi^«ff Ip Tjfcr ^ ^ ^ -JIT?

upffw ;3Rfara^ 3EI ggg- fllSRr ^ 8IT ,"g*T ^ ^ t g*^ ^ |wt” ^tiqi’Ji ^ >3?TT<FT 2FT tqt^H ‘^ntTR'T '3?TRT (Simple Commodity Production) JB^^fRIT % I •SRf ^ ^ f^ ’?6[j cqf^ C (Commodity) 9r*lfg sRg dct'^ qxoi % ^ 3Rr vjM<il<JlC' ^ |r I ^ ^ ^ [^Mif^d cRf ^ cq«Kt 317 dqicii % i

c-c^T^t^^RgjEtqr^^f^^-^^cRg^ I rfr ^ ^

q^-fqfqqq (Barter) f | ^ q«TT# *f qgcT-'^ft chfiî^qT tjf | aicf: tti^M qiSilH (Common Medium) % ^ ^ ^7 W -STlf^îlT §377 IqPtqq-xffbqi 'Sti^cfiy'Wt ftPiqq «4)^<''i (Equation of Exchange) cRf ^ ^ ^ q!I7—

C-M-C

IRT# (Barter System) '»ii«iRd dt I I^tlM >3^37 SFT

5R7 ^ 3nrft «ftlScTRd

ft q^tti w'Jimi'i

?# TT^ftaOT ^-C 'Sftr C' cfr .iid<i-37iji'i qtgsff cRT g)s7 5trT7 ^ 37)t M §51 (Money) % I ^tiqil 3T?i t(^

5-377 f^ g^g ^ qrqr feg7 377777 I gg7 g?g 37Rft |i

gjtflH Tn^ft^ gff TfT I mnmid 77^77 W'elK=I^H«hN*i

(Transport and Communication) ^ diyiT % 1=1^)777 % gifT'T 577 ^ TTtqg?^ Wtt I T# gi37T7 g77 ft777R §-3771 ‘hdMT’.M «R-i^37g (Division of Labour) ^ ifttTf W #7 37feg> ftTTTR §3771 177^ 777*7 #t (Specialisation) 77^77 ^ 1777 (Scale ofProduction) ’tt |fe I i7f ggjR 37igP7gj aTTfetgwr ^ ^ gq arffera? 53771

'idtK'l

^ (Form of Modem Economic Organisation) |

-37«fergi?IT % -37^71’f77 ddlKH tcT^TM ^ 11 ‘?7g-fc7MI37g’ gjf 37fl7^ THltg%gT 371^ 11 virHKd-iilsbqi TTcE ^ qi T?77T 11 ggj jcR^ cRg % qgj 75tt % qf^

gj) gg7777 1 1 virHiqqir ^ ^tg" TTcf) iffg)q 75777 % fiidT) ^JTqigg iwgI

1. gff sTTg^tg? arg^ggtqi att W[# t 77^ # gf) 577 7^ li«qi<34i

^ ^jirar ^ i «rcf*TR Êxchange) ^ ^ ^ ^ ^11*11 ^TT ?l^ni ^ I

ai«toqq«4| ^ 5^

^ ST^n^' (System of Mutual

f -araT t 'Sr^ ^ w 113n#=T tEi?! if ^■aff 5>r ^cmkh wrtr ^ ^ ^ ^ «n am j^ki strtt

% ^ li «rf^ ^ ’IT f^ntr ^ ir |i Fifm if ^% #T fir faff ^ ^ arf^ ^ 5m îmr ^ i am f^Pi*tq TPftîT’ir

(Equation of Exchange) ^ WI FT! y«fiTT ^ F2|T ^—

ai^li’fte

• TRIdT

M-C-M'

M (Money) ^ ^ I ^ aTRiT if ^qlcl STTI TPIT^ ^ % I

M' ^ ^ I ^ ■afqiftcT âff ^ srir ^ 11M?^t 31^ aiteM, Tfnr ^ w ^3TFft aiRm iPlti am inft d’litnn

^ M', M % arfii^j ^ I ^cii<{i anfife ^ ^ ura^ 'ir w aifimR înr % i’T'Rirm Wift TRtRTT Ftcit % I «*ii'Ji«(i<D TRcRR tET

yiHlf^ch dMRT (Minimum Social Cost) ÎT TTfFf ^ aii«tifc|chaiaif ^ TF^te ctxn ^ I^ tiitnl «EriniRcfT^t t?ft ^ 'SMK'I

^ arzfsmrsnaff ^f ^ armr I % ^ îfNn «IT5'^■yiqi'il a^ tlHl’fl'HI^ ac*lK*{ FFT alf^'io mi ^ fll'll 3Rr ^ -Jin^l 1^) ^ &KI f^<4l •flioi ^

aiafammT ^ ^ âff cET atMK'T ^ tl<«ER «ET^ %1*ini7t«i ?JF % ^ ychK ^ aizfmWTmaif ^ acti'^’i-yltb^Ji vSETK^ % dFuVi W

tl (Hicks) % imijdR—“fÊ# ^ R^lR) FT arsfamim ^ aT^ZRTT aH^lsMiaff ârmm^KTTaff ^ TF^fe ^ aFIFtif ^ TIFTRI ^ mi if ^ TT^ ^ l” (in either case we can look upon the economic system as a co-operation of producers to satisfy consumers’

—Hickswants....) I

W apf felff ti^<i)^ arnwr tt^ % m^FT(Lewis) ^ ar^TiTT ^ “'^ ^ f0iy4i anenr ir FFr^ftl armm^KlTaTf ^ Ti’^Rc ^ aFI% TfrrFFTf (Resources) ^ iratiT^TF 11”

FT 3«RR T"!^ ^ aislfammiT ^ oichJ FT ■# ^ aTRTR F felff ^ ^ T?% TifiT ^maff % xMTFT c^f smRlT ^ 1RT'lft5E TTFIPT ^ t Ttl1% âmt^t armm^KlTaif ^ ^ •StFT if, ft HFI: Titiff ^ imtftzi >3T?famRIT (Indian

Economy) ^ ^HiT.ussian«ET^ 11 ^ FT ^tolq d||<nW4>;jJ ^ ^ feFI T^ffiTT TT?IT vJTTTFT

% arrmr r

1.

WTtT <HT^ Tm FTRT aRf iRttm ^FmT FIT aTF^t ^ ^ ^ %l

MfRTT^ iq’S ^ I-

^ an^ ’ffiifferai ^ ^ tf% «it^ m5itT grr# ¥ cm *tttctmfer-T?^ ^ ^ I f am

^ ^JFTciT I 11 am; arsfamR^r w ttrri ^ ^sjeir arsim I tfIeftiff % ll FT Tftiff MRRyfîff t cRjmi ^ FT TR^tÎ

Economy), HFTft^T(National

(Provincial Economy) cim anfcmRir (World

^nnl<< 3

Economy) 9T^ TOPi f I-«qRd ^ ^■^■95^ 3TT

RB# ^sfar^RSIT t C^ ^ îrcFT (Dual Role) ^ |-

'jtMi'lsh «l5t' ’jf^RFl; W?Tr

(TJ) 'dH'Hl'KII '*Jp)cbf I

'JCHF'SSh % ^

arsfosrawjT ^ 7^ ^

%■

T^-sif 'SftT ^!R1^ ^ t TOT gq^TratlT % M BT, t '3T2faT«R?IT ^ vMlfef ^ ^

^ 'ST^TO^ g^ Tf ?:?% ?iVff

^ ^541*1^srTOn

#T T3cq^ 5R^ tl Tfft ^ ’ST^SJIPI ^ ^ oi|Mf)Ictct)| cB*1l^ % viOUQI-ylsb^JI ^ «e4l'( ^ ^ fjl^T^ % -JI'H'fi

'3n^7cBWT'3Tf ^ ^ ^ I

'or^t'k'i ^ (Organisation of Production) SJsfsTTTOT «BI ITO^ >iwi<;'i-ajqt«jiTOT#B ^ ^ |l 5R^

2.TOT % >jchT?'1 %

(Factors of Production) ^ SPfrT ^ I qyf^l 7F '3?TT^ ^FT 1??^; t TOTPr ITOTT ^^ 'Sdniqn 3%TTT (Productive Process) ^ «l?t ^silPl^) TT t^nfr

■3T4sTT^ % 11 ITOTT ?>R^ TTf I f% ^

TFTfft ^1

nSc'hi'J'I S^t tqqt^qi ^ aTTO-3T^ WT (Capitalist Economy) % iRi'in vJoins't ^ apcRtlT ^ (Price Mechanism) SRT «l5t vTlcff % I TO TT elPjfTT TO (Market Mechanism) % ’SRPftT =1^ ’ff WRIT^ TirtMSr ^ SJH |tT TOT 551 TO% ^ I % 15^ TOT IJtTOTTfTOT fchani vj?qm' %, ^ ^cTOT c^HI ^HT % I TO ^TJfcTOFzn

I fM TOIT TO m! ^ ^1

■3\4«qqt<ii (Socialist Economy) ^ TOTTTO TO Wi?N TOT P(TO«i -arfllTOfr (Central Authority) SRT 11 ?TT 3TOT ^ înq'lTâ Sf^sJTOSJT (Central Planned Economy) ’ft ^ I

\

I

3. RlP(*iq-a(fhqi ^ (Organisation of the Process of Exchange)—tthtcl ddll'i'lTO qft 'STlTOTOj^^ff tc^Rc TO?IT 11ti*t|jiqu<l), TO’ftTOT'Sft ^ gniq ^ ÎcfTOI (Freedom of choice) 3RH TO% %

TOcft t rn% TO’Tftr TORT ^ ^ I K fftftftr TOg ^ 5TO^ ^ I i wftroi-TOR ’ft Rift 11 ^tnftror-’TTOiT %ft TOT ftcir^ >HPdH?Fr 51TOT Iftfftro-TfttiTII ^

TO

fftfftro-TftFTO gft TOTOTO

TOTO(Final Consumers) ^ TORTO TOTI^ RTtft ft I

TOTOTO ft HTOR OTftt ■STTTOTOiTO'Sft cjft TT^fe TOTO ft I

3TiJ“|c|î ^ 'Jl4'i-5fl^rr (Vital Force of Economy)

TOzfTOTOTO gft fttro-Srfft^ ^TOTTO (Production), TOftftT (Consumption) TITO ftjftniftt •(Investment) ft I.■SlftaTTOTO^ TOf^ SrfftjTO ^ ftrfftR TTTT 7T TOFT TOftt 11 TOcTOTO ddIK'T, OTftpT TOT f^ftpftJT

TTO RTO-3TcnT ?)ft ft I fqqiffto ^ftTOTOTO (Developed Economy) ft 3?TKH TO TTO ^TO T?TO

'ft I TOcTO^ TOftro TOT ^rfftrftrr % TTO ftt ^ T?ft 11 fftsff TO R^-ffttFffttT arftaiTOTO (Backward

<TOTOTO, omhI'i tot fftfftftftr TTO-TTO TOfft T?ft ft 1 filfftR

4 ttKrflq SJSj^TOTO

<KT ^ 7F% % i^P|i|>l % 1^ ^ ^3tqT^ 3?TT^ alîlâ RPiqVi

qg fijP»#r JFT ^

or Under developed Economy) ^ 'jotiqn ^ WT &1dT % I >3T^: -31^-1% ^ «l<fHI 'flwa 3t[q«<|eo ^ I MCHKI,

1^

vSiFT

\dllMd) (Macro Economic Problems)

tt^ 3i«{<xiqî ^ qr^psjTjf arsf^ra^ziT ^ ^rq^nq Pi'^rtwRao %—

1. ?TRrff ^ ti*it<Ji;

2. ^

3. vjrqitâ q^3Tf ^ fqoH q5t ^HWi;

4. q^t*ff % FIT%J«FFr cTHfT

5. -snf^ ft«FRT ^ 1

^ 3i?fcHjq^, «Hw;q q^ ^ ^ 11tiHivtqi

^HWf (Problem of Allocation of Resources)—Hgcil

^ 3ITq I

{^) ÎTCR)' ^ ^

^ qtî< 1 ^ ?i?n Ria4l ^rH"i

(^) '3<^l'iH-rr«t)'fl<C ^ ^nrPn (Problem of Technique of Production)—q?n^ 5ir SRiR^ qRTT ^ ^ ^ ^jrft q^r'Tj’f ^wir ftrfr I

q? v3?nqq feq uîir qnn qrf^? urîm q^ ^ qr ^ d«h*il«h qqr ^41 qrt^?

K'^l

^ d«h^d) ‘^-qqrq’ (Labour Intensive) it qi ‘%ft-3qH’ (Capital Intensive) ? qff vJrMiqq-dqi’flq) ^ R*ttqi % Iuwiqq

(q) vitMlftti q^3i¥ ^ ^?nqq qft ^RFTT (Problem of Distribution of the Product)— q? % qqqfef q^3Tf ^3if qq f^cil''! ^ ^ it? ^ ftrTFTtftqfr q*Hqi

% ^ #qf qit ^ Ft?

(q) ^qbff ^ ^qrftqqR'q ^ 0*1 vm (problem of Localisation of Industries)—qqtqf q5tpqpT qr q5t vnq? ?i^ uotim qiir Ftqr qiftq? fr qqlqt %

^qpftqqiqq q?t qqRTT q>?^ ^1

(5.) ui|^4> ftqjRT qit 0*1 VMl (Problem of Economic Growth)—ouf^fd) (q^Mti q>T ofPtîq

-sqfSfe f^qiw qlt qr ^ I (Lewis) % 'STT^fe? q?) qftqrqr ?q ^^t t—‘uiiRfcfi f^cbiq qq -Slt^tqiq srf^ q?Tiqq ^ t^qinr % (Economic Growth Implies the Growth of Output Per Head of Population) I -Siqqq f^«hl0 ^^feqiW ^ q? oiPiqi^ ^ -sisfsqq^qr qF q;^ ^Ffqrqq q^qr li

1.3 (Indian Economy)

qR^tq oi«icqqt<j| q>r ftcuio (Evolution of Indian Economics)— ‘FR^tq SRfSTT^ 5RF ^ 5?qtq Hc|jm =qiq^ ^ FFI^ q)f^ IHit % 1892 ^ f^ l ?q ?Rq qq gqtq tq^ *i&if<i«iiviM, (Deccan College, Poona) ‘qR^tq ti'flnltri'b aidsiRq" (Indian Political Economy)

«?7Mq SR^jqfgr 5

’TT ^ wt ^ qr ^ ^ ^ ^ ,«ni strh

7?^ ^ mp\ ^T ^f ^ qf^ ^ff ^ ‘gqri ^r I "Ji? MRT^faiJi % 4t i ?b% ^ ^ ^ tft 8it i

sft Tpnt % 'TR^ % 7?RF5r GTszm.qT ^ f^l

qr^ ^f qi^ Kif ^frM TTsiT qhM fwr ‘’TOft^ 3r«f?iR5r' 91^ qq snrPr%qr ( fPW: Wit'll*< -ST^fSTR^ ^ Ri={ii« WTTI

^sferaw ^ •TXfrfq ^ (Laissez Faire Policy) ^«4HK

ÎKcft^T 3T€f?IR5r ^ (Definition of Indian Economics)‘’TR^ SrsfsiR?’ % 3Rf 7RPT ^ f f^ #T 3I2f PR^ff^rf f-

1. *TR7fRT snftfqr ft^RSTRT ?RT (History of Indian Economic Thought)—Îciaitl ^ RRT^FTR, “*rRcftq’ 3RfSTR^ OTlfeERT % dctHld RiF ^ ’TTRft^ firaRRRr ?f^FRr 11” TT^ RF '*rRclk arsfSTR?’ qq 3Rf 11 ?7ra5f HF# ^ ^ RF % % 'RR^ ^ ■iSlRRfi i^PTRcIRT iST sfi^qâ în?>m 'dlt % 1 ^ ^

(Periods) I ^R«IiI 3iif«i«h ?f^FRT v3Htl«fci ^ I vnrn'd ‘iTRcT «I?r ’STifif'F f^TTRÎRT % FlrTFRi” % 7^ if ^TR^ -STsfSTR^ 5EI 5%! R# Rff a#rT ^1

2. Snftfe Riîa ^ *TRcffq ti<;4 ^ 3R3RH (Study of Economic Theory in theContext of India)—RishI % 'Si jtIR, “-SRiSTR^ ^ TTTRRq RiâRTl qr ^Ktflq 7F^ if snzra^f # •3ld3TR5I 11” ?R f^raiRIRI ^ -EBT I '^RcIc}5f aiiRfcfi Ti'Ji^f^ rRiT tti*iiRra) qftftsr^qt ttsîicr ^sfr q5f HRR«ifri«jT % f«ra^ 'SraR % 1 SfcTti^ ÎR^Ti if ■SiJi'liRoidf SRITRg ■qF -STd ^ '3RTHI 11 ^ ^TTflf^F fti^RT (Universal) ^ f I ^ TRff?Sfr % if ^cTT 11 o<;i&t'J|i4, qfJT qr (Law of Demand), 'iqq'lP'Idl fRT PRih (Law of Diminishing Utility), ^JcH^-FRI-RnilT (Law of Diminishing Returns) sirfî aicTTisr RRcfhr 7F?4 # >317^ Rrsp# ^ <sm^^ hr#! SRfsTR^r î ftt infiR q>r -SflRfch «FT ^ SRIRRT % t •St'RR |i fiK ^ÎFRFf% 9jRT RRtftqf ^ SnRftB RiÎtI 7RTir% if ^TRlRff Ffri) % I

3. qJI •HIT lân (New Science of Economics)—ÊJ Rlsi'tf ^ TnfJtTR,

^RflT 11 F7TEFT 3TR7!JRI ^TF g3TT % iTRtfPr ^4?TR5T % ^BRRfcT ^ RR ijcER % RiîtiT qq 3R2PR ^)Eir vITrIT t vff '^loqi >{r4|<j ^ 1 M ^^STT ftjRI (Adam Smith) ^ f, Rlvi^d PRR TRIFfI vlRIT I ‘RRifRl 3RfSTR5T

^ if FRf^ Rm RRfftf) RF

^ RRR 11

qr^îiRi srsfifiiRyqf srt aRiqiRtt -snflfe RiîRTf RRZRRsff qr strrRet % yfaqlRidi, ^Pki'iit;, «PT 'SfR ^ qff RfcTSffdcfl snf^ | qrg RRcR4 i* W RîR ^ RTt R^f qpff 3mft 11 RR#T RRR, Tier ^ ^ i «rt gff■qf^sftTRTT ciRT qr4f 11 tjof uRi4lf>idi e^ ^ r^ qirft Tjq^ i aRi^g R|I41m 'STtf^TIt^ R'tl’l r4 SilfSfeh Riî’dT RR STRRT & I

qRg RR^ SRf^TRR ERI E|? 3t4 ’ff R# 5#! R# ^ I 3^ Rf^, itHRRÎIH,

RT^RTRI S)lf4eS Ri^Tli

6 RTTsfq s^tfoSRm

»fltrIHF-STT^ ^ ^sf?TR^ ^’ff 31^ 3T43nW ^ >3T^-3T?nT

I srzfSTT^ fchtfl ^ U«hK % 4iRl^ ftiî'^ ^'^«fîi<^ % Hini«h t^TSPrff ^-'i^ tF^ ^ ^<^<.a

^ ^'bai I

3i«Icq<a«^ ^ •q;9 ^

«TTW

wRR«jfa4l % ^ Wf^ I,

chICJJ

vj-lchl

i{K(j)^ ^ ^R'Him (Correct Definition of Indian Economics)

«rd§TR5? ’TTCT ^ anf^ 3Flf% tKT 3TEzra^ I (Indian Economics is the Study of Economics of India) I ai'Ti'fd ^ ^ >idi ti*tiwi'i ^ Tn<FST..^

^ 11 ^ %9ff ^ arq^-anrf) anf^ ^ 11 ai^ w^naff cft ^Rra^r ^ ziit qffiqicRrf ^ spR % Tt3«R ^jiHT TnUtri ’trit ciif aRi ^ # 4RR<4fri<iI% ^ 11 ^ ^ s!iR xf ^ ^ anf^ RWirafl

’TT Rdif f^RT îiT^ % I 4î< % Rf 'rrofFr ard^TR^ ■hko ^ 3iiRi«h aroRRtRTwR

ll'TR^ aRfsrri^^Rf %. RlHlRid 9T^ 'TR^ 3Rf?TR# «l5t 'iR'Hiyi ^ |-\j]i«{< ai)T (Jather and Beri) % “^nolq aT?f?i)«^ HRcf ^ yytg aiiRIqi yqtqiaff

CRT aRzpR % {vRiir 3R ^RRnaff % r^tiRr «rr^ crit ^rrjr w Rr?^«i ^jfRr 11”'5T.^.#.aiR.^.TR (V.K.R.V. Rao)% *Idlj,^-“'»lRfJt^ aRf^TRR % ^RRT cTRld ’IRffFl

3n^ ^RRnaff gir tisuRrai ^ 3R3rr ^rt 11”

(Alak Ghosh) ^ Hdi^dK—“^tKcflq aRf§TR3’ ajlRfc* ^RRTa^ qjr ^FRT 1^ -3IWR 11... ^^^ ^ qffRR RRqiaff CRT ^ ^ «fR^ fT RRRRF qq{=lf^ 'fTHiyH 'FRT ll”*

tfRcl)^ aT«f9TR5r ^ ^ (Scope of Indian Economics)

aT«f?TR5r q5t #f srrarq I-(5i) aidSTR^tq Rfî-fl (Economic Theory);

aRRT

SîRnq) aRf?nR (Theoretical Economics)

(u) fcRRIRRi aT?f5TTR (Descriptive Economics); RSIT

(q) «jiq5iR«h ard^fR^ (Applied Economics) I

3Rlq5

"Indian Economics..-is a study of the principal economic problems in India with an analysis of their probable causes and of any measures that have been or might be taken to deal with

—Jather and Berithem."

2. "This growth oriented study of Indian Economics digs deeply into both old and new problems of our developing economy..: It affords enlightening assessments of all current problems and makes constructive and specific suggestions for solving them."

—Alak Ghosh

sfTTf^ 7

arsppT sTR, sTH % (Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge) Rjf 5# ^ i sTH oMiqgiRcft ^ ^ ’ft \JiPiqi4 % I f«Rn?ff ^ S"S,)Pnqi UH 5RT

cR^ % ^fR-WST ^tichl c^lqîRct) jnft’T ’ft t51«3*ii fl’ft 3TTRf^ RisSl'n ^ tfi«f'httl % I

’TR^ 3T2f5TR5T, 2^t ^ #ff 5W3T'^ ^ % 1 ^ ^ 3nRf55

^RRîTaff w 3P2m 11 3TTf% Rmf -sRwr ^ f^ 3n1^ Tf’R ^11.31cT: SiiSiPncfi arzfÎR^ rRTT f=l«RRTR^ 3l?f?TR? ^ I»

^sSiiPnch HR 557 lRt>I c^NîRch -SRf^n^ % I «qiq&iRq) clft 'M^^RT ^^siRfl'f) tWT

fqqt'‘tiwq5 35^§TR^ ’R 3tqflR«*rt % 1 7}f^ 3nf^ Riî-rl ^ 'ITRcRfft 31^ ^ Tit vJfRiT nqt^l OT ^ ^RT ^n ^RRT ^ I vJllRRfi Rlsai-nf ^ ’I^tST 5tlRlk> t ^TiRRr H*1t4T3ff % tiHiyn

^ •H^Wdl % 1 ^ ^ ‘HR ■^RR;’ (Light Bearing) "m ‘'5d<R<C’ (Fruit

Giving) ^Nf |r I

’TR^R 3l8f?nF5, 3(iRIq> v^tdH W Kiqiiti rRIT 3% yîiRin cl^ ^ vMtqqi

%, yi^Riq) w^R, tfl’ilRich R?TRr, ^R^fw, ^-RrRt, tinRRj rrar yiRiIych inf^, firi^rj FRRR 3nfti ^ ^ 3nf^ ^^t^ ^ -m “lisif^ |i

’TRcfR 3T?f9TT^ SuRfqi 'fllq’i % RrRIRRJ (Descriptive Aspect) ^ ’ft 31WR qxai % I % RitJ, ’iKolq ’3T*f§llR' % 'SIR’fw lift" sftr vsat'l ^ ^RRR, RBFTR tRT tiqiqq?*!(Transport and Communication) % '^f^-SRFTI, fsf^Slft-RRK, 'qRiq), 3ilEj1R|q) 9rf^ 3Tlfe ^T’ft ^R^-Sff ^ aTEJHR ^fRT HTcIT |l

’ilTrflq Siefîitî ^cRf f^filR 'SJlRfqi fl*itqi3ff SRI ^ ^TSHR q)<ai qRqi vR% FRRR ^ tl*«tRfcia RFtt îtr yq(>ft ^ tft -Sl^ZR^ qxfli I ^RRiaff % fcRRIlR^ -STtzpR %

^ % i3TR ’ft Hit ^ I ^ ’TRtfR 3T«f§TlfH 5)1 RTHfiftU HSqiR 11

515)R ’TRtR ’TTR % HlRfe 41 qi 5)1 S<6iRa'h, fqqoîiwq) cRl wjiqeiRq)

% I HF Aqtl t§l )5)t qrfîn ti*t«:qi41' (Current Problems) 5)1 ^ OlSPR 5^ qxai 5feF ^RUttH 3111^. FRRlHf ^ ’ft Siam 5)R1 11 FW t^l, 5)171 3frl H’R tRiaff t ttftw 11

5t5R IR *rft^ rfRlf 55^ TT 5F RRK 51R1 11 ’id^bltfl-l 3TlRfe fMt 5?t HR^Flft t # dtRiM 3nf^ H’TRl'Sff ^ 5I«iR|5) 551 5H1 H’Rl t -Sttr ’T^R t 135%135Ff #Jrt t 555 PRlft 11 ^- -:.

Rl^h'f 5F t % ’TRlfR 3T2f51T^ 551 11 ?H% 'SFcPfcT i^55ld1'^y 31?f-R5tHI %t

fen HRi 11 mn ^q^Hii ■SHTiRtiqT tR ’5% FRRRHf ^ gRT ^ 55R1 |l 5^ n’t 5lf5R nHRiaff 551fefejyf fefeH 5v(t gl( 55% tiHlWM ^3 ^515 5)t OtH 55^1

5i<dl5 aisfara^sjT fe nfrft TR ^

Rfe

HWR

% fejtRIHR

5^ iR gntt fef 35)R 5)r n5nn3ir 5t t\

1. " This growth-oriented study of Indian Economics digs deeply into both old and new problems of our developing economy. It offers a panorma of the Indian economy as a whole, its past failures its present achievements and its future potentialities. It affords enlightening assessments of all current problems and make constructive and specific suggestions for solving them.

I

8 5Rfe -31«^!75F51

^ ^ (Importance of the Study of Indian Vnol«* arsferawr eiftTâ Êconomics)

5BT iH TtM ^ 'Snf^ waT'3if m 3R2m ^4i«iih ^ 5ncf?aai % I PimiT^ «hi<“if % 'rroffa «Br ^rajin Piai'^ ancRaar %—

-snf^fe ^ ^ ^q'i'fl'ii'sff air Pi*if'j| aiT^ ^ fIrT!3Tif^ Pl'^*ifll3ff ^ ^ =h<^ ^ Rl'î

snf^ Hpf^*ila4f a?) îHaiitf % t^;

3IG|?R aiT% ^ fÎ?;

airfifai fciaiRr ^ f^;

'jrHi>;'i-d«h’il«h( aiT aiT% ^ f^;

^ a?r aM ^ arr^ ^^nrraara % fiiarRT %îPfai fîaiRT a5f vnu^ ^ Hr i

anHfai Pretax aj) ^ ^ ^ Hr-w tpir ftssr §3tt 11 a# % ^ aga atta ti aa li taiitt ^ aia ‘^m amar li riHr arHa -anaaia % 1 ^ ^ ?a ^nHfai aaâr'Sff air 3Raaa ^ ?a ^ a^r ar^haaâr ^ ^TtgHicr sTR iTT'^T ai? y«h^) ^ rR aaîraif a? ^naaR % Hr rraR ^ î 3trr ^ t anfitai Hrslaa ^ fr aiT% % Hr ’arirfR ’arzHTi^ aa araiaa anaâar % iataRralf ^ HnrW arr^ ^ Hr—arra arr ^ aHrai^Rr (Planning) «r It i acfaR aiM ^ ^jRiaiRT aaFT arrHfai 3Tl?af ^ a?taHr I (Planning is the Grand Panacea of all Economic Evils) I at^jRTaff ^ P)*iN % Hr ^ ^ 'HiRfcn titiitj'il(Economic Resources) a5l 'nM«bl(l ?tar aiR^ atiasaai ^ I % aTRR aT HlHtR

^ Hr Iqchiti a5t aHRR «m4) ^ ^rkS ^ aar ^ ^rairfr 11 w ife t ^ ’Rrtta ar2f?Ra an arwm arrasaar 11

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

(0

{«)

RTaa? WT ^^ ara'cfR

anHfar ftaHRaif ^ arr^ ^ Hr-^ arrHiai Hraaar ^ li a^ #T afta ^ ^ a|t ^ li aaHfe Haaar ^

^ Hraar li ^ a5f HaHr aiRT arraâar % 1 Wcr a?)

{Hi)arrRr saiar

i3RR ^ 5iTc(t % I ^ oTTHfar HiaacTr ^ ^ tucnu % ^ % Hr RRRar^t Rtra (Socialistic Society)

a5t wiHii a5t aHRr aar4t % 1 ar RTraar^l aaiar a5r Fnaar ^ aR anMaiHaaar ^ ^ 1 Hr anHfar Hnaaar a? ariRfr ^ arr^ ^-isaiaf tsi srtzraa aiRT ftar 1 ceirt ’ft ’tr^ ’srsf^TTR ^ aRaaa arrasaai % 1OTTHfar MRRtitHtaT ^ ’jyf anaaaft ^ HR-Hiftf ftsr aft -arrHfe aaHr ^ Hr a?- aaaaaai I % a^ RraiR aft ftsr c^f anHfar aHHaHraf ^ Ra^ ft arraarift^ I ?ftt % 3nRT ar ft?r ^ Rairr HiariRRai aHRr (Development Plan) aar Rairftft aftr ^^Hid ft

(in)

aiiaftaaa air RJift) ft 1 ’rr^fta % aRaaa ft ft^risaarr

v/<d?a 3r*/«/aw 9

mRiwj % 'TT^ ?wraR ^ <s?w?vi % i

(t') 51W*1IC*n*> 3IS|ZR ^ f^—^ '3F5T ^?ft ^ rjTHl ^ ^ ^ -STlfife

## I, W ^ ^ 3TTO5ift % fInT 'it 'TRcft^ arsfîi^ w ;3Ttzm -arr^îiJF 11 *n^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 11 -5^% -STTÎTT Tf ?*T ^ Pi«h4 ftcMtn ^ fe ^ ^^RT ^f R«jEa

^ I Rijiri Sitt'dln'iii'?) ^ rit ^ ij^d ^Sft % '??I 'TT Î7I5)T -STTit ^

^ 11(m) SnftNr I^«hl« ^ t^—i^?I Îlt1'1«hld *f ^ ^ 'SiiRfch ^cRRT R ^ ^RiT I

^ tr?^ -sttI^ ^ i^ iraR ^ 11 ani^ % fliiT ^^ % 1 ’TT^ ^ ^ ar^ ITT^^ ^d<t>l ■^RTOFT 31^5^

11 Ti'TFnaff ^ ^PTfsiR ’TT ^ ^T w arrf^Ni fsi=hiti % i ???% 1^ 'it 'TRcft^ ar^f^TT^ rTSIT f^'d aTT^fe Wâft % ai^Zf^R «Et ^ I

(wi) ^ tqqira cR^ % i^—a?7RR-rI«Ritc^ ^ "gÎFr (Choice ofTechnique of Production) ^ ^ anM^ nRlwidMf % aijtin feÎT 'iHrfT ^ I 'THW %

Hi^’aiw d^4t^ anul^tl ^ ^ I îlFT t ^ ^ 'THtT ^ anftNjssiniw ^ ^ anf^ i^PR 11 r ^ 'fifd; ^R'l-iraH fr*'it«h

(Labour Intensive Technique) ^ d«hd1 I ^ R MUdIdJrPFfr^ (Capital Intensive Technique) I {'TRrf) ^ ?Rf d'Odl'hf W ^ frtl'H'iiy'h ^PTT I Mlndi airai'i (Planning Commissicjn) ^ 'jp'j«i xiqt'eiltjl ^^6dl ^ 'TRcT % an^fe fipRnr.^ HituRch cPFfRI (intermediate Technology)^ ^snw Rtji 2IT uif % TTS^RT fqfii'i cRu 'turtle aucfijiichaiaif ^ 71% 1W H«hT< 'iKrilu 3T2f?IT?^ % alHnpT % d'ti'fmi cRl ÎCI rf

vTi'diy arsferawT «i{tTT^ ^^^

^ff ^dH'ciq

%l

{viii) tl*ll'J(q|t; ^ fqctil^ % ' y?! U513 airaR d*ii'Jtqi'il ^ % «»ii>Ji ^ ^SlIFFn qi^dl T?I % 1 'TTOT ^ ^qq'ifq yPiRiait tRl Rf'iRl d*ii'Jiqi'i) yiiM ^ ?Ryy>r am ^ Tia^R i%yT w li ^pSt, ^ aflr ^ 'JoRit yit wnn ft^jpTTT % 'T'^ âfqtiR yir ftnf'Ji feirmr ^ I cqiHiRq) qq)l y>r ir^^yyiT®! (Nationalisation of Commercial Bar\ks}, w^yRf yit ^yiHdi TTcf <n^q*(ui ^ g«r^ ^ ftm t

ymiq^''! qini îgdl ^ PjidA aFrPf^ ailf^cR vIT'T cfi)- gpcTR wsjR“i wyr tijqi'q S{i^ ^ Ti|?r ^ I ^PIRT yit Tlf^ #{l f%yT aiT ll m m sflrit t ^ t ^ ^ti*iMqi4 «RT fcIcHRT iîmr 3TR§m> 11 miff H75iR mFRIT^t ai?fa|crWT o^ l^qiRdd«R% ^ mf fcHT W ^ Tit I ?TR)r BtR 'TTTrfty aisfSTTT^ % afOPR % fncl It wm li

titshit

^ siTT It t5i 3(?t anf^TFTTjlqt?

(ix) yit nM ^ ^ ^ ^ f^-'TR#T arefsRTm yit ^(Poverty in Plenty) 11 'TTTd yit TRRT fcRfM «t§^<i\ 11 TnsT It 'TTOI ^

'it t^TiTT I / 5Ti% «fT=r^ 'it yit anni ^rft?^ 11 yi^r 'it airai I % “'ttttt

“anitit # nM”TFTTqT

10 aTSf^qWI

'MHfflfl artfojrawT ^^ ^ f” {India is a Rich Country Inhabited by Poor People.) I??I (Paradox) ^ ^ ■SltT ^ ^ 'TTTW ^(Natural Resources) (Man-Power) ^ Ri!(in?idi 'TT tqi*! 5*11 Î'li rtdl

^ ^ ^ ^rft^ ^ (Low Level of Living) ^ ^ «f>RIT^ ^ =R% ^ Ritga dlvidl (Comprehensive Planning) ^

viH4)i(l ^ ’TrofRi aT?f?TR5r gn-, li

(x) Iq^m ^ VIM^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 'SRZJ^R^ cbl'^ 61 ^ % 3tlRIct) felchltl t^l ^ 'JtMdi Îgcl ^ I

FT «'*ilf^d sIT# chK«il' «l^ ^ dmi t, Ridti 'iilfy^b I^«IiRT ^

^ vipr, ^ \3tichi dHidH §ff?r ^ ^ I w ^teBWraT^fsTR? ^ amm 31161$^ 11tFRqT JcFd

t q!T-3^9fe ^ qqqvjMciaii RTSnt w djjRld vandl'i TT ^ ^ qit

tRrlT t, tST % 311!^ f^Rpra’ (All Round EconomicI, 31 it^ fclqqdT3ff

Pi«<»ie(-:-Pic6f q? ^ % qrRfRr 3i4i!Mtq qir 3thprt tjqi ippit

I, ^ ^cpI y«ioi

qRoTwqrDevelopment) % Ri«hmirH=t) 41 vm % Rprfor if tisNui q?PT cTZIT §ftq^ CPT Sid" ^f tlfsb<t d64l'l ^ I, dHMciiil ^ FITW ^^ 'tiidii^ ^ 6Et^ qq y^toi ch<di Q cRiT ^-diyi<'j| qji ^ftcpr-^crr v^yr >331% 5PI wm qRdT %]

‘HKcO^ dl49ll^ ^ vJitiiqi ^ <hf<!>'H§4T (Difficulties of the Study of Indian

Economies)

yKffiq 3I2f5TR5r qiT 3I?znPL t^r ^ yr4«t) ^ 3f^Rf 3nq?q«P ^ I 3T5ZI<7q‘% qpf Tf PFlffeT =pfeqT?4t t—

1. f^5fqti”fly Mit'hsi w apTiq—^ 3inRfe Rsrfci % ^ ?ii vfi sffqÎ qiwRi4)di Ii 3TrRfe 3szff ^ 3Rfl^ hpri if îgRid’sqq7?IT q?t q^ 4f I 3lfhq)f§T 3ITcIit #1 % 3TgqT 3#RTcT qpfqrftqf SRTtr^ 3n^ ef I 3Rr: -aidiqqFiT % if viMchid qff qiqr ?ft i

qqq ^ qRcT ti<'t)i( % '>iiRI«t) fTsft ^ ^ ti<«t>i(1 PRsn =St ^snqqrq^f «ft3RP^ 3ii«|it<tchfll Fq qRT q?f t Rl^îT c^f qrRf qncT ^f 4t qq3^ (Private Organisations) ^ q5t 3iif4s* 3m<î % ?P«RI if rTST 3lfq>t WF 'htn qT%q I

5m qjf qqf ^ qnq mqm 5^ 3fR t 3TiRfe,qsff ^ ^ Rn:( q;^ msnq qqqqJT ^ tufet<4l qfqsq’ (Central Statistical Organisation) dm‘TI^(hr *i*j^*ii R[^?TRnr’ (Directorate of National Sample Survey) ^ qPT'3 to! <3'41 <1 t (

qjpf 4f wtqvRqi qff TFT ^ Imnpr

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tf qq Rrsft d'qiqf q?) if 3TTf4qi dqFn3ff qr RtmT-Rnrsf2. trt'BT^ I5 Ri^lqsil 3i5dyiqqicif3if qir 3iiHPdd fen mn I qm 3^ fh mpf ^ fe( dW? ^ 3ftT ^ FT dTF q5t ^fen KPT ^ 11 qp^ dRd if 31^dgRchdf3ff

qrojft? 3i«f<si<mj II

^ ^R5r)R ^ ^=1^ ftwai 1 î=ii(<4«h îi557% t 55i%^ ^ 11 ^RTTpT >3nf^ cTSzff 5% €t55-€t55 vlH4)lO VM =5^ ^ I

^ TTTFIT 551 TT^TTSJR 557% % 5f •3555555 t i%5 5T75 % ^ Rt5t5lit’ 5^ •3537f5T5555f'3ff ^ %5T 5% 35^ 7557573% ^ 3Tni55 557% ^ 3TT5fNr5 j%55T 55157 57^5 ^ 5^ 77^5^577 7J555 557% ^ f^ 75%t 575577 557 377^55 %f%55 75?5l5t%7r57 51%TI

3. 357ftf55 53T-5f5r55T'3ff 5CT 351T75-%S7 % W-5f%557q 7% 5|5 7% y*lI$57T ^ % 57*5

55-5t^5>73% 5^ 55%t % 1 % W5757%15< flV^n "STTl ^%5p57T % aiiS«S<fi55-5f%557t^ ^551^ 377% ^ I 53^ 57 7% ^ ^ t' I

f%^7r 751%^ 5^ ^1

?77 775757 cB7 755I5R 557% 5) f%5 ^ 37755555 |r f^ 57777 % ^ '57*775 5?^ 377575535755^ % 7575 377f^ 5^-5l^5)(3ff 557 f%5f%5 ^ % 5557975 ?t57 57^51 % ‘Economic Times' 57555 %%555 55 557 557% 7T7IF%*5 % |

55 ^

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57777\

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1.4 fnl^d 3l4«75t«Ji (Mixed Economy)

t%f%7T 37sfc55757 (Mixed Economy) ^ 5I7'57 3Tf^755 y7%f5 5^ 11 «i4l'l 7755 % 357f%55 55ft55 % 7735 557 ?777%5 37^07 5ff 775777 57777 57 I 77^5 cE7 555% ^577 yf%757, *575 557 3^77 7755 7ft1%7T 571 57*57151^ 37%97Tfe5f 375f^ 555 ft55 (Adam Smith), 5%. %t. % (J. B. Say). ^(%s ^557^ (David Recardo) 7757 575^ 575 % 3i7%977^^55f ^ 7771^75 % 3|%ai575r 5%577*77 557 55^ 575 %t 5^ 5751 377571

5S5 ft55 (Adam Smith) 557 fil5R 57 f%5 377f%55 53*51% % f%7J 377^55 75775777 (Economic Freedom) 37759555 11 5F 377^f55 5757% % fe7% 575577 % 7735-^777%5 (State Intervention) % ftxfTT 557 f%%%t 571 % (Say) 7757 RmisT (Recardo) 377f% y7%t5 3T%9777^ 75775 E55I55 (Free Enterprise) 051, ‘3^ 757577 (Laissez Faire Policy) % 775%^ % I

«%%-%)% 5F 37355 ^ 377% H57 f%5 ‘g577 577 557^ % 533% 77571 1926 %.'% ^^*77 (Keynes) 5% 5^7155 ‘^77 ^TIRR ^ 37*77’ (End of Laissez Faire) 37551^777 1%T77% 53*^ ‘5577Economy) % f%577 5% y^d f%5571

Ril'd (Keynes) 557 55?57 57 ^ 5^ ^%t575 (Capitalism) ^ 5^775 ^ % ft%f%7T ^55T 3775 7% 37^ f%Rfr ’ft 375577 5% 3T%ST5757 % ^ 7|57 I 5^ $3%5T5 t 37^7775 ^ 977T-37f%977T7757*77 557% 377f%55 %5 % 5?^ 737557% 757f%75 557 %7%5*5 % 7575 57 «5[%7T57f ®7cRnf%%t % ^{isf 777557% 7Tf%f5 557 55517% 57 I

’SfsfcqdTî ^ 3lEf (Meaning of Mixed Economy)

f%95 %t 3T%2T57573ff 5% 7%5 5*% % 37*77%7T 707 377 775537 ^—

(Free Ecorwnvy)2. 77513757% '37%cZI5757 (Socialist Economy); 7757

3. f%fV7T 3T%2T5757 (Mixed Economy)

5% %f^ %5^ 11 3777: 3%*% 557 ^95777S575T7

“77577

l

y

1. 7577*5

12 mTfhj 3f%355757

(j) tqa'ji 'd|e[«(qwi (Free Economy)—?^ cqqt«ii % 3H!% \swfn ^ Hra^ (Factors

of Production) fJ^JT tqiftcq (Private Ownership) ^ ^ I 'SWK’I ^ {^TSft

^ (Private Sector) ^ ytinai

(n) tinviqi^) uiefoqqî (Socialist Economy)—^ cqqt«Ji

tqiPitq ^ ^ tiicfvjtPiet) (Public Ownership) ^ ^ f I vjtHiqq

tTSIT Iqaf^ ^ qittfl ^ I 3raiR tlHl-Aqi^l 3TsfaT2R2TT t1l4viR«h^ (Public Sector) ^ yyMd! 11 PT^ I % 3Ttr^qt<j|, tqtt'q

is an Antithesis of Free Economy.)"

^ %l%■

% % RRRT cRTT3rT

(Hi) ftftRT vfltjcqqt^tl (Mixed Economy)—

»jf4“jqt«(T ^ ^ (Private Sector) cHIT tt^Mqiil ^Jcqqî % ffl^'nfqqi ^

(Public Sector) TPS tRT qqf'^ (Co-existence) ’TPTT vTRTT % I

5>T Pl^5l)a 5R ^jTlBT % tiiq>jiHcfi ^ ^ ^ ^ IRTRcII

11 ^ OT%-3R% ^ ÎvraR IR ^ I ^

:% ^nff % -sriftN) ^ ^ fRTT. rfRr 'Jii(4«h Iqqiid ^ I yq)K% #51 ^ ‘Rlf^ IR2I 3RRSTr’

(Golden mean) ^1 ^ §TH?f ^4ci|q(«r # tR^ ^^fRSIRiaif-RRfsr3RfaRR2IT -aftr ^RTpjRn# ^TEfaRRSn # qgj «*ialai (Compromise) ^ I

4tm t MlqR

#5 (Meade) % ■3i4«<qt<Ji #1 '^3?R >3r«f3RR?ir' (Liberal Economy) cE^ |l

eitiq (Hansen) §tiqil li^T 3RfaraF*lT (Dual Economy) fRTT vt*fT (Lemer) ^tiqil Piqt^n

<il4cqqt«ll (Controlled Economy) f I

^4«^cR«rT % 3Rnfci ^ 'Ji4c^ci^[ #r ^ ^

1. tii4>JiPiq) ^ (Public Sector),

2. ti 14'J1 Pi-f^T# ^ (Public-Cum-Private Sector), tRlT

3. ^ (Private Sector)

{«E) tliJ'qPiqi ^ (Public Sector)—?ii4'JtPiqi ^ ^ ^ I Pflttqi vjql# cRH

'qqtiiq'i’ # yK*M tRTT IqqiitT # f%tr ?RgjR >iTrtqi4l ## ^ ■3^7 tqtPicq cRTT

7R«ER # ?niff T^rTl 11

(u) tit4'»iPiq>'^rF-t^f3ft’ (Public-Cum-Private Sector)—tiyqn ^ (Joint' Sector) # «Efl >311511 ^ I ?7f ^ % 'H'Ti'fci 4 vjoIm t PS^qii 7R5ER 5Rn Pi# >i41'Ih(ci

## 713551 M % ti'qicn 11 HrIT-^ (Share Capital) 7R5>R rRlT Pi# IJSfpRfrpff,

## # llRl TRT# 3n# I, WJ: .?7T^f TRÊR JET Wl •STpigi •5?5ir 11

(^) Pi# (Private Sector)—?51# % IJljPr rRH 'iWK'i # tny-T 3T# ^ # Pi#

WiPictI 51 PPRTq # 7# tl

dy^qn q'itqiO'I # Pi*îf4)a 711^ 5171 # FT^ PEqi 'jH 7155511 f—

STRfTpl srtfsj^^ 13

»TIT«fhl ardctiatSJT(Mixed Economy)

I cJ-Ji '*>-'?r?-f^r^r ^ (Public-Cum-Private Sector)

tii4'JtPi=h ^ (Public Sector) (Private Sector)

-SiJcqciî gjf (Sectors) *f 5B7% «l5t HWR

11 tnqiK ^ rTSfT tiHM

cht^n % cTtn^ vJOtTT ^ % FW # ^?f?T

f ^ E2TR gtr Iqfli"i vsylî) ^ glt P|t|(Ra

^ ;3TraR ^ ?PT feqr ^nrir I ^

i

Plf^ aT«fcZjg^«IT ^ f^;<|c<ai^ (Characteristics of Mixed Economy)

fiTf^ aT«hzpRsn Ji5t’ PiHiUd I-

1. td'J'flPi'h ^tr Rnft tKT

2. 3Ttfcqq<î cET q^Hct-PII^ ti<«hi(l 3n^ff ÎTT ti'qiei^l,

3. vaHîlcKti-sf! ^ ^tRid,

4. ti<chK SRT *rjf^ ^ HT^FT,

5. arra- ^ SR SfR CERT,

6. Rrjf) ^ SET tit«hK IRI PiMH'i aflT Riqq''i

7. Si<*|fh45R "TT RpRW

8. 3TTftf«E PiqWn, rTSJT

9. szjf^RR t<ia'âi I

(i) til'f'JlRi'tJ oi)< Pl'ifi ^ ^-'3|Rnrq (Co-existence of Public and PrivateSector) 3T45ifdt«ll t RsfciRpB ^ TOI ^ ^ ^ RST-BR

'7TFTT f^dUyid^ff % ^ ^ 'iR«ll*i I IvR# ^sj«I) fcRTTSIRT yqn-y'JiK'il ^ (Laissez Faire Capitalism) spT fl*t4'i 5Rcff ^ rff

'SrHiq-l ^ RSRf % SRFjfiSR'T sffT «<«hit SHT ^ I? Wk gRrfr 11” ^sfszi^ ^ ?ST ^ rlR ■’R % I

(n) oi4“ilt«ll ^ qil*ta-S|ofRn tR titcbid 3r^$Tf SRT ti’t|ivi*i (Functioning of the

Economy Through Price Medianism and Government Direction)—afsfsRWT tit'Eid '3n^ ^ ^t=ff ^ fl'uiRia FtcfT % I ^ ^ ^(Public Sector) % ^RnfcT ^ TF^PST vJiSiiqH, ?RT IqPiul*!(Investment) titqvu ^SRT SRT RfgsRT -SlRlcblRyT SR rR^ I 'Ht'^ ftRlrl '3T4«jqt<il ^1 ^ ^ (Private Sector) ?trIT ^ ^ q^*irt-a'J|l4l(Price Mechanism) SR tl'uiRlo ?)R 11 §T«^f *f, Rrjft ^ ^ 3RI% R

3lRcRr w 11 ^ ^ rV-rst ser

SJSfiR

14 safsij^^

^tw ^ TjqWM srt ^ ^ Tiroiht anJarawT gSfcrf^zfj^, vifHJS'l% #T ^ 'STMT ^T ^ 11 I

^ Wiyni' ^ fcTcR'^r ^5 <it «hl*<a-«‘'iiCTl 3RT -sn^STt SRT Piy[Ra glai%1 -%Z

(lii) ^’ll^Rnaif ^ Vl^fll (Consumer's Sovereignty Secured)

^ 3RPffT dH'Hl'WI ^ 5r^ Tf^ tl imtcRT •STTlt ^ #?f #^ ^ (Private Entrepreneur) vii-Mil ^ ^

^ vddJIiS^ ^ I ^ tttctiK tti«fviP|ct) ^ flltr ^t*7cTt ’TT Pi'Jî'-'i ^ t dri^ «r?% ^ I t1t«t)K IRT «hl*i<ii ^ R[WT «IiT

3lfinini dM'HlddtSff ^ Rfv^t v3?7Kc^ '^ ’Jyfttrfrr^f ^ ?ftRW % ^fcTT % I

(w) ^R5)R Snr ^ traFT (Protection of Labourers by the Government)—fnRid

'SRd^ d<«fcK ^ <+)*t'd1< ^ WI ^ 1 \J%

% 9ftW % ^ I ^ ^ 5fTf^ % dt^hK SRT ^‘^K<ani 'nRlPlMd’ (Factory Act) ’TRT ^ ^ I

(d) 3fnr eft >iid*iMrti3ff 5it ctjtdl (To Reduce Inequality of Income and

HWT Hrq: •31R SH ^ iHWTcTTiSTf ^ ^FTWealth)-

^ iiw 11 3IFT isftr «id «i>t -311^ RiMMdiQ Tirof^ ^11 Jpf-^ (Class-conflict) ^ ^ ^ 11 dRR ^ ^ 'fif

%~(^) ^ (Haves) rT^n (n) RrR ^ (Have-nots) 1 yRi«hf SRI 'i^dl 'SRI

dt4)K dl*iilvt«ti divMi'Ji =IR% ^««|cfil dHH 'iiqtit ^ flltr ■sitRfcB fciqHdi’Sff 5>r RrrEFI ctK^fl % 1

5I7T Pl4Md îftr (Regulation and Control of Private(Vi) ^ WSector by the Government)—■3i«[cqq<«4i ^ 'BTrFftT ^ ^ Piqftd ^Rlql^d ^ ?Rchu vjdlcff ^ dlRB ^ ^ 5>FT I ^

'J?!' ^ ^ Hssld' ?rpj( q)tr?l H>afd ^ «Ft^d<«hl< ^ di5^ti ^ ^3*1 ’Ifrfr % I d<«hl< ^ ^ lqfd4)d

(Investment) d-Niqd ^ dilS'h^Tft^ (Monetary Policy) dZfl TF^REt^ (Fiscal Policy) 3RT Ptqftd PiqRdd % I ^ ^ ^

’IT Tira’-^ ^ eqqtqi

tlWR

cERqRIT

cETf^t %--tTT% '3?nft fqPiql'i ylfdlf^ ^ I

(vii) fqilRiqiK 'R Rnr^ (Control of Monopoly)—-STilcqqddi ^ -Si'd'fd qqiiRjqiit RT «ETdT ^ftr ^dtEI Piqdd (Regulation) ÊTdl TITTER ^ sflT îtfel ^ IRq)iRi«wCl 3FT^ OHdl«Kti3ff cET ?fl^ cETcfl 11

qqiiRishiRql ^ T?TI ^T% ^ Riq ^ qilfJitT «h<cfl oftr didiRiqi «hc«<(''( % ^fiPT 517^ ^ WW di^cD ^ I

(viii) 'SliRIm Rlq'I'dd (Economic Planning)—RtRid ■3T«i«|qdyi ^ -Sl'd'fd 'SnRf^ Riql-Jid ^ ^HdNl vTIcfT ^ I olTi'fd TTRETT (Unorganised and Unplarmed) WT ^ «ETrft elfeE cildRyd 3fR ^Rl4l[v|d (Organised and Planned) ^Rcft 11 3T^hicR?it % 'Smifd cilT^fcE

^ Ri'd-pRd ii)d) ^T TRsER STTT vti^ di'j) aôi ^cqqR*ja ^ I d'ff’ (Lerner)

\iHdlqdl3Tf 3?r^dqq

¥RER (qquRi-^jiRql) RiqRîd -aftr RldRid

siefoim^ 15

«rRdl« anJswwi Tigifir ^ ^

ww ^flWl

(Steering-wheel) «I^ ?5JT Rfe ^ f 'Sffr 5Rft OTT ÊJ sfrlW^ ^?tiraT I f^RFf■ . ^ >3TT^ ^r ?Rf R I”

% (In the mixed economy, of the controlled economy as he calls it, there is a driver.) I tif I ' >3TsftznR«Tr ^ci|c|f^d ^ 11

{ix) srf^rnRT wa’^cil (Individual Freedom)—ftftjrf ^ ■STtRftl «tRn'in

wci^ni I 'irg ^ tflPin ^RTT vTiETT 11

fqsltvi % -slcisqqttlt ^ ’SRrFfcT cRqi ^Jllqiq jftT d^Mqi'S

% joff ^ ^ gsiir im I, cfr rlW ^ftff ^ ift f^ vTlrlT |l’

^ y'f (Merits of Mixed Economy)

W 'tlHMclR ^ #51 ^ qcq-aiqFIT (Golden Mean) #cft

'iidi{«i -ajtfeqqwi # ^RnfcT ’iyf|qi<; cWT FPiMqK .## # ^TFT IIM f I ÎPT Pi^diTtkri

t-1. igfqr tqcn-qai,2. dHMqii)

3. vsrni';*! 5# ^?T^,

4. ti^tfri, ÎRT >3^^^ W*TT ‘Jyqq-^ #1 ^qRofa,

RHT,

5. ^squRt^K *17 Piq-îui,

2F#6.

7. RTSRf 5)1 ^§T?T Stql'i i

(i) (Adequate Freedom)—

tM'tllrl't) rRTT -snMq) rqri'âi?IT # ’it'Tt'td

•SlffeltF ftcl# 11 t3q#^3ff 5^ •315# •SIR iH 5R%'S'RtraK^

#1 #l%?r 5IR# |i

#f’jyf^5 >5## 5# ylwtl^d 5)T 115)# % 1

Wd'=ldl X?# ^ I d<q)K ^q)K (Useless Expenditure) 5)1 5^ ^ % 7l5)%

vjlddiyitvi #f 3T5# -sfR # 3I^HR 5)R-SF^ ^ ^5^

## tl t^RT # ^ # .SnftfcF ^ #1 |fe % ^R5IR 5tt5r M trqd'^di q)iti

(ii) .^nnvRI# M|«fcqqî # vIT*T (Advantages of a Socialist Economy)—!#^

# -SRI#! ^4«tqw\ # 55II- # SfM % \ 3?4ai5W

Piqlf^d 3T5f315?5T (Planned Economy) #cff % I 3IcT:

55 535RT (Allocation of Resources) 3T15Sf M f#5T vTlcIT ^ I >nRlR«k1

1. "It (Mixed Economy) obtains the full benefit of capitalism minus its defects. Because, in this system, capitalism (Controlled) is allowed to operate and flourish with certain modification and regulation... Thus, the benefits of hard work, work with zeal, enthusiasm, acumen and better organisation under capitalism in vogue under this system of mixed economy less the chances of the formation of monopoly or of exploiUtion of the massess."- A.B. Bhattacharya, 'Planning at Home and Abroad;' p.95

16 ‘77?#5 S^dieim

^ Mt W ^«IH VkaIm STSfSETSrWT ^'i)<71t<«<SH

'H-Xl'frt ^y«l<;*l ^ ^9T5Rn (Efficiency of Production)—!^ 'J’ffrar ^Tift ^ (Private Sector),^ ^ 'lyl'll ^ <ii4'JI

(ill)

^ (Public-Cum-Private Sector) ^ ftcTT % I ^ yId<tlPiaiW xirHliid ^ «g^idnl ^ •W’^f f>T^ ^ I

Rrsfr cIT*T-v3^?2r crar '^^ 95t >4HR«tfa (Presence of Private Property,

Profit Motive and Price Mechanism)—?rPT-^3^^97 ^ 'JmIwRi TF^ % l tll&Rl4I ^ orHii;H

^ 5^’^ pifltfl ^ I titehK ti*^lTi ?TPT-^3^^§^ ’R '5f^$T cnfT <i‘iial % iyiHfa tIHM ^ ?ff^ ePI% 11

(in)^ '3T^<fa

'31'fl'fn «BT 'ft oiRflr=i '31?[^«r tiiy-ll «BTlcicnu| (Ideal Allocation of Resources) Fl^ ^ I

H<4}|R14iK 'IT f^nr^’^T (Control of Monopoly)—RlRlcT >3T4«tqt«ii % aprPfrT tJ^jlRPBTT ’TT Pid'H'JI 5iTHT'^ otitfii RpPR 5iPTT 'IT’T «Bcf2T ^ vHcTT 11 ^^jlftrailft^Tpft ?lf^ SRT OH'Hl«Ktiaff 'FI ?fNFr «f)M’11 '3IcP(=r OH>l1«wi3ft’ tfit ^3^ ?ftW'T % ^chlRt«hlR4l cfft PiqR^d PlMpid ^ «blRl?r «htal ^rim >ddt)) TIFnfvim 'titwlM % frP^ cBPf ^ «ti<rfl % I

(f)

dltmuar ^ 5>*ft (Reduction in Economic Inequality)—tttcuK ^41'mil

Hrm-sit 'R RprmT «bt^ ^pRTTsnT'T «ift ?itmT # T?n «FTcft 11 ^ inifrrsffcr ^ ymcft(Progressive Tax System) Wm 3RI FRT 01114=0 ’STTPTHrlT'Sff Ptil^ ^

mt4t ll{vit) -TIRRf ^ SnrW (Efficient

■yiynf ^ ’Trfr-'fi% (Survey) flim mm 11 m# 'iffPiyfRd 41 om «ft >315^ RlnRaf^im mm. % ^tr ?r nmr mmff m o^Rid snfPr mT% mr mim f=Bm mm % 1

^ % mRfe Ri«hm % Riff -313=^^ qiaiqo'i ^ 'jRpFT ^mT Ftcft % I?Tr umr RiRm 3T?fm«Rm % mmfcr ^pfrm? mir mrimiTF

(Vi)

of Resources)—RlRld 3t4«l«lt*ll % oi'fl'fduse

^ 4t ^ ciPTf mr mn%?r li

inl^ci 3i€fajcR?jT % 'Jiqy,'’! TTf , (Demerits or Criticism of MixedEconomy)

RiRirt -aRfajmm %1.

2. -aiRmm,3. Ri«Id 41 Ri,4. ^?Teim mr srr,5. Tlt41<l=ht''l «BT mr,6. 1^ ^ ^ Rraf^ ^ JET 'RT rim7. mrnm^ y^RiyT 1

mefhi i?

(i) -aioqiqeiR'?! (Impractical)—^ «f5^% I cqqgK ^ trar ^ ^ îra’-Tjra’ «bwi

^niilT ^ «Fi%=TT^

»IMdlq 3T^5JrapjT ^ trij ^

ll ^ ^^ SFrPfrf -îiRfch Pixfqf ^ ^ -SI^

3T4=qq<î ^ 4tf^ (Price Mechanism) «Kt’ ’J’f ^ ^ î4cFi >3T^ gro ^ I #T ^^ ll ?H rR5

%■

■^t vH4«iJ=IWI ^ ’ffirf «(n«h ^ ^ Pi4l>JH

rrar yi4'j|Pi* ^ ^ ^ isirofti*iiviqi

^FF«ra wiRa «FFTT «fif^ ftrlT 11

ti*ii'JiqiR4'i' % rfr ftftitT <3t4sFI^ g?! ‘?I^ cfil fq<li4i*<iti’ (Contradication in Terms) 11 ^3^ SijtiK% -3^1% ’T8I ^ tTRT qi5^ f 1 Rntin ^jflgfrRt ^% ^Rl'fd '^'Jtlqii; ^ 2^ cRT PiTi'ii FfrTT 11

iTfR -STsf?!!^

^ ’Jvflqiq' (Capitalism in the Oxygen Tent) «Ji?r t 5tl«t5l 3lPlgPT ^ ^'jflqK^ lTF-3if«ttq (Co-existence) 3iWl4l T?Wr ^ I ftftrT '3T4«t'R<JI ^ t«ii4l M ^4lqiq ^ 2"1l'i ^ Rtini ■SRF^ 11

fcfr^ cl5t 3<i4ldHI PltltlK 11 «jq?K ^ f^f4n 3f4«iqt<ti % vH'd'fe Pl4t'jHSRI ^ ^ # an^f ^TIH'dW Fnftrl ft W ^r

61 ti ^nl^sbl ^ ^

‘3fR^ft3R ^ Rlt4t

(ii) '3lR<ltar (Instability)—' 5Rr anrra Tfcir |i m*f •3T4ci|c|^r ^ ^ feqr W I 13R M *f Îf aif^ rIcF ^ Tf^q>4! I ^ 4t ^ (Public Sector) aTFH Rwit ^t*IT cRt 55T^ f^ f«RT I4i41 % ft R4l ^ (Private Sector) ^ Pi*i«^ *f ^Pt4 ft vtR oiqqi

^ ^ ft ^ ^ 3I?r cR% ^ ^Rq’ cFT ^t ^ qq qrajq ftcP

f vi«r fS Piq'^'JiqiKi \JtPI, ^ ^t*TT rrar apq 1441 qairaTT^jT tl^ 'i4l'l (Basic and Key Industry) utchK % tîRttq tlSTT

*f T?^ t ^ Rrft ^ % otW qit 3RRT: RWR R ft TfHT ^ I arzrar ^ Rrft ^ qr ?î #ii ^ Rntr g? ^

ft tiHiKi ft virq I w ft ft îehni % % Rrft ?ri4viRich (^<cbiO} ^ ^ «Br4-fl4iw'i^PliR ^tlci'rtRPh ^ ^ •flntH ^ ^ %1f 7§ft ER ^ ^ ^

(«i) Pf^ fttcT (Weak PoIicy)-Rrf^ arsfsFRSH ^ft ft^ T!ât’flfd yMiti qjt-ti ai^Fsiq f | ^ ^4t ftfft 4114 (Dual Policy) f 14ti^ aRPfq

'jfrPir ft ?iq>rTT

Rf4^ ftf^ f, Rifl<baRERT

I 'SfR ^ Rnfr ^ f ft Irrq: ^ ctf^ ^ 4ff4 ft^ I lit ft ^ ft ^ ^(P*n ;

?ni?r ^ ft^ 1ft TT^ frff f fM sft ft ERf fqisni

ft aiRtq I 1(iti) ^ ai'Hiq (Lack of Efficiency)—''it’flfu ^?mai cEl aPTR gw vITtTT f l f '^'Jilqi<{l qqT dHMdlfl

at4cqqt<tiaTf % ftq cEI tW RÎ^trtl ftf #1 EEWT ^ <ft cftRiq f t^ft ^ i

ft cfTT URT ^ ft I lWmi4, ÎF RORT I % Rrft ^ ft ffjfRT % ^ tprf^RfT^t'Hdt mn ^ gw ^ ft aftr Hm jft gr (Taxation) % SITTqnRiTT

18 gRfftq 3f4oqq4J!JT

TT^ VjS ^chiHil 'jn’^ 1 5?T TOR trî -aftT ?ft ^ ^ ?R5)ltt Piq'^'>i cRIT Pl^M^

% SRT "Tj ^ ^rrar t ^ ■sffr ^ TOcit % % FT^jrfro ^ swc?3ti^

?^r% ^rirlR^ ^FTOltt 'iy*i'l ^ <î(Tfl ch4îRqT ^ 3?^7T«r WTf^rrar 1^ i ^ eBferr^ tci«hm'n ^3ff to 'TRff "jn^f % i •srito, ^rto % %

5nTOSfIRft ftts ^ ^ :31Rr (Free Enterprise) 'SRifsraFSJT^ ll

(u) TI^tTOT^T 5)1 ’W (Fear of Nationalisation)—ftfifrl ’SRf^RRîr4 ?^?IT Tf^^tTO?^ 5)1 TO TOT TftH 11 ^TftTOTOTO 5)T ^3^l4)Pl'=f) ^^ fc|Pl<fl'l (Investment) ^ TOfT 1 ^ ^ '3i1«1P(eh # gRJT

^ I TI^TOT^ TO ^ «f)n®r ^ OMTO tqn^fii ^ U^TI I

^ 3Rfl'ftT f^Tjfr ^

(ui) ^ IqqRia 5t% 5)T TO (Danger of Deviration of Private Sector)—PfîtT

anfaRRm 5)T to TOpt ^ 5? I f% vT^ ^r4vTPi3) ^ snrojpf Praror totPi?:ti'i (Effective Control and Direction) ^ ch(4 5^ Pl4) ^ ^ TOFt

'3TRift5> TOT 5RR-5T^TOf % SRT 4R>:)lP)d ^ t) ^ TfTO 1^5^ PFJfr

^R Pl4il^n^ % TOPff ^ TTOR ^ P)4d'J) jr*TO'j4 5 ^ ^ -arr^ ^rRto^774 ^ Piqpin ^ 1 f^raro (Deviation) ^ TORT <ii4'JiPi<*) ^ % I4«t>1tt ^

^ TOWT % I

{vii] cTRISfR^ 5<^Rt4?—(Fascistic Tendencies)—>3f4si5FSIT ^ Pio^ 55 4t ■3Pft5 ^ PF 55 T5 ftro ÎTT niiiîi^ 5)1 TO EHTO 5R TOicft |i Pitt4 % Tf^t5 jftTO

TOFR 5)T 'j’f Rraror ^ i 'apTOtrotr TOTOnro tR5 ^ FlTOrTT 5ff

^ )j)lf4«6, TOTI^RB TOT O'fl’ftlo't) 5T ^ 57^ TOTTSTl^ FsnftcT ^ vTO’ff 'rfR

?Ffr I ^3nHt ^ ^TOT TOrt-rl TO5TO f Ia tu5)R

^ ^ t«I)5T 511 TO)tn % I 5)ra5)5 ^ ^t4toR5T ^ 'H'^'Id W^5Pf5) pT^f% 415 TO ^TtT ■3TT5?f TP^TO TO^TT POTT vH TOfTT % f^RPf 5T ^ TO

5)t 'JTO (Complementary) TO 1 TOT % 5l^ yR*-'5 % 4r tjiTOT’Sff 55 -SIT^JR 1FTOF4RT (Democratic) fFlT TTT oi'fi?ii^ TOft 4r TTOT fll'^ 54? ^ TOkTT I

3ftT ^ ^? (Why isMixed Economy Superior to Capitalist and Socialist Economy?)

TO5r

f^^cT 3Tsfa?^?8fr ^ *igTq (Importance of Mixed Economy)

fefPr ngiy-gj ^ 515 ^ StRchRtfl TOT ’ST^-Pt'hRin Pj=t)(d ^ TO i44lt< TOR5t( 5?T 4t 4tf 54) % 1 feRR^Rr TP?! (Developed Nations) % &Ht 4) PfRp5 '3nf453 TO thljiyil' ^ TOR5TO TO H6<Jd f^RTT 5TT ^ | ^ ^§5 ^ TPf) ^ ^ ^TT r45>Rtrt f495-?nR5

^ I -3T5TO ^ ^ ^ ^PfTORmTO^ t 5t 5315 55TO PlHil4)d |-

5)t FTOPTT^ 'Jft< ■37TOT ^ ^ I

Ji755?5 3^/s75W7 19

«f>r

^ 5l5t Tlf^cT;

fSH W #jff ^

^ 3ft tsfim-STf ^ ^ ^

^jiFT-ipn# % ?Tm ^

'HH<fli) 3TiJ^WWI

1. qi«iwwrare2.

»3.

4.

5.

6.

^PTPRK ûflqiq ^ «qTTi*i ^pit ^JT (Combination or Mixture of theBest Virtues of Socialism and Capitalism)—3i«Jc4s(H4i tr^

^ ^ -5^ 3BI W 11 «ft tiff (M.C. Vaish)IqqttfeJKi-srf ^ IT TiT

(«■)

% *ini3«K, “1hRîih % ^ fqqKttKi ^rT OTT# % yiqii (Laissez Faire Capitalism)

Htwr

tTiT ti‘i4'i I rfr urHiq'i % ^nft tiiyql % ^RTyftcR^ (Socialisation of All the Means of Production) ttwit ^Kl ^^feloRSHT ^ ^ ^ tw4^

|l ^ ^ # IHHRI

yrf 3ft '3mT ft# li”mMIki ^ ViPd (Availability of Huge Capital)—SiîNqîtio Tl^ % '3n^=F l«l=hm

ft ft(«) I

ft fftr iTftrr ^ ftt >3i|3(W*dl ft# 11 ^rl# 'RfR f# T # >3lftft 3ftT T srftft fftft ft^r (Private Sector) ft ft TTTJ ft Îcfi# % \ 3R: |#Slf^tT ft ffttT

I

ft# I’l■jHyiw

^s(M TT sJf^lRtd ## ftt siiPfl (Availability of Efficient and Trained Personnel)—PtRld

3l4«tqt«)i ftt 'SPRIT ^ T^ *t5Tq'^“f =hK«i TF ft fft 'iiiqqiRia rrar î^-RithRin TP# (Under developed Nations) ft ÎfTd TT nfilRld ## (Trained Personnel) ftt

Tftt ft# fti IT TP# ft PiRr 3t#hj3r?it omrft ft t? 3b# ^ ft ^n# |i fcT fft# -sttr dt4’JtPi«h ftr' ft# ftt vjt[p3ifft ft ysiitu

ft v3H<j,qd fiîdd ft PtT ^?ITT TT 3%Rr aifftT# ftt SfTpcT ft# t i

I{Hi)

I

'fl’d' sqqwi

ft?T ftt anf^fft fftrrftt ft ft? #. ftt^rr (Keynes) virnfrl ft TTTSJ# ft "JifTRT#3J^ (Complete Socialisation) 3JT ijft (Cornpiete Nationalisation) ftTO ft T# RI ■3R: T#fft {ft ft9r ftt onPfe ^Rraff ft ft? 3pr

(iv)

■HMd

«BT fftlT vpT TOT RTOT #T TTOTT TOT {ft# RIPt# (Private Enterpreneurs)ft SITT TOTTT 3TTT # 3Tf^ TOT 5#T I ÊfsTcRR ftt TR^ TOT ift# ft? ft ?fe ^ft t^TTOTR3E cfipif CRT Trarar {ftTT ?T TORT 11TTtTOT TOT imftt ft TtPT (Advantages of Free Enterprise)-fftpR '3rftaT=TOT JEr T3^?T TOT-5m# -#? TTFTOrr ft# ft # ?!# ftT TJTR 'Em 11 TF (fftf^ aref^qî) ^ftcfTF 3({t fttfft cZjf^TO? TOftft (Private Property), ITOET ^Tlft ftt

(Profit Motive), #^4]Pidi (Competition) TOT

(V)

TOSiT ftt mTRRT (Freedom of Enterpreneurs) ftt TftTTTT TR# 11 ft^HTR^T IT 3qg?SJT'3Tf ft fftclft =0# mT ftt

PtfSR '3i4'3rqt<ji ft 'jf'd'Id Tjrrr #ft 11 toiftti# eq^ror Tmfft #t yniyiT JETift ftt 5f#ft ft TO qiift^^tddi ftt ftmFT Prmr 11wTOT

20 TTTftr sjifsmm

(vi) ^ (Advantages of Socialism)—^-SnftfcR TJIlijft % tlHW riT*T, ^ 'Snf^ 1^<ai (Economic Stability), '3TT??f

yMdl*l (Optimum Utilisation of Resources), 3TRT SftT ^ «*inai (Equalityof Income and Wealth) STlt^ SfTR ^ 1 ^ ■STSfsnRSR^ to ^ I, ^ ^ RTq^ ?ET to vITttchUl 11

triTtfhl 3<clcb|qe«4l ^

^ ^raiTT {^tRlcT 3i«fa(qt<j| % ^ RtTR ■3i*J^cqqt«Ji (Laissez Fairei^rai f^Mqui % 'ffEconomy) % ^ ^ -jii^ ^

^ fPiqlfîct i^cbm (Planned Development) ^ ^ ■Jtldl I" /

avmlR

(Mixed Economy and India)

'TRcT 71^ ftto ^ ^5r5Fr rht ît '6^ 11 ’w ff ^ 3i4cddwrair [^cbRT TFÎ ^ r^îol (Defective Principle of State Policy) % q^ STRnftfT % I

Riîdi' % ■y^du, ^ trt qiT viTnqiftw I f^ q? ^ u'Jtia^ H<sfrt ^ tttqiK■4^ ^T «l5t îl^qi ft4f^ ^tfK iMiRcbl' ^ RTînnl ^ ^

^31% t WR

^ ^ ^ % -Sn^N) RPERT % ^1%, ^3?fPl, iJiONid ^ ^frai^ cir?^ (Transportand Communication) % tii'U*il §otri^ W ^di îT ^ ^ ui^Riqi diydl ^ ’jtl dt5 ^.jqqlq gtqr 3RRI 3M9^ % I Hqf'<t ^jfl ^ Muq^jqqjai % I 5d4i 'JifaR^ RPTttjR(Plarming) ti^cqqR^qd OT ^ q^ld ^ d*n qdA % 3tR)q) titSMi ^ ^9R

^ ’fr ^HcRqqidT 11 qctdid cER *1 TFJif afRRqqi ^ qil Iqlnql'i (Investment)tll&tfl £«RT ^ ^ «qidi 11 ^ «B1T^ I t%^ rfr dt^bK SW ^ d’ “tRtd'id

% Rito 3T2}5!raTsn ^ armr irri^ grf ^ t Rperi 7m ^ ttî

t1t<t)K

tl<«hK 7WT cqRkidd didittqT ^ TiRdRid 5RT7I SRI ^ «Er

viH^ld ^ ^ 719^ HTTrl 7R«ER % 6 31&vf, 1948 ^ ‘■stieilRieb (IndustrialPolicy) ^ EilN'JII ^ I TT^^fTT, TRTER % 3i1ulPi«h ^(1% qff ^ftTRI ^ “f^lf^ 31«|eqqt«jr' (Mixed

I Economy)^

' \i€l'lJ|-Sn=jff ^ d'ûnd ^ TRcFift ■SRiqi ‘till'dfd«h (Public Sector) oft? (Private

Sector) TIRI-Tira’ to =15^ I-SRltoTZIT tl*<l*->ifl RukT % TRTER ^ viyVff ^ cflT IT’ TIR to

^ Rl'HlI^d ftoi—

{^) TRtot SiT ^(Atomic Energy) % 'dWRd to 7R1T ^ qRq^d (Railway Transport) % îRitq

to 115^ 'IT to!^ dtqiK 'HI ^ t(totol7 Tto I(w) % tto’T Fiidi« Sil qiRicq ^ toTI 7)<<bK ^ tolT-fIto ^ %

75: ^nyitijd dal‘I Tit «blqdi, cftfl 3f)7’ fTTRT, qijjaid f^tol, djsfi 'ji&m (Ship building), SdlqiH PidRi -to taPi-^l to toRl I toW Î dul'l ^

tol 'HI gm tol l ‘tolftoF 1948’ (industrial Policy, 1948) % ai^TTR,TalMnl

■qtoi, 'TTHi^ srfto

todpd

PidRidim

»77to 3T8togw 21

chK<3l^ I ^ ^ Pl4t ^ (private Sector) #vjyl'il ^ ^ *jK(i’«0'i % 'T?5RJ 'SfN^'qeti ti*l5il ^PIT rfr >i'1«hl

TI^pRjp’T (Nationalisation) ^ ^ftlT I

(^) PpfsTT str Pnrrr ^ arrnftr *i—^ffPi ^ ^ntf tn- wm 71^ ftcT # ll w ^ ^ 3RT% ^ 18 tstfpr 7^ ^1^*1^ 55^ ^ 'Pl^, ’ft^, ^=tii<, 5^f^«h s-^lPitjR'i (Electric Engineering), ’TiftTTTT^FT (Heavy Chemicals) UK, 77TPR, 7^, Tft^^, ^'Sflfe I ?7r ^ ^ \3«)'i ^ (Private Sector) ^ 7t^ ’TT^ vi'i'hi ^

tlt'hlt ■5171 fen •fli'A'H 1 Nsy\*\\ ^ TI^feEP^l ^ ^ ^ I, M7^ FT 'itjVn^ ’ff TTT^fiR ^ 5't>i§oi (Neq Units) 7?TTfef ^ TPEfft % I

(^r) •3RT ^ if 7W77T ^37iw 7# ntr fenf ^ ^ ^ g;7% ^^ I "TT^ 31iq:?‘4=hai ’Tf% ^ <it<^)K feft # 'StfPT ^ FtT^ ^ TKitft

*IT7^ atsIsyeiWT fe tTfifir ^

^1

fH 5pe7 Ff tf feff ^ git feiITT 3)7% gJT >3ffeF >3Rra7 5KR fell W-3T%t PiyfRa fen n3T f%) 3^ 717337 fett \3tfPl 33 ■STfelF’I (Take Over) 3)7rft % eft '^N'lRin _7!^ ^ % ?Tf^ (Compensation) %t vti^'Fl I FT 9337 'Sfef 1948 3% ^tljtfe) SRT %ST ^ STtfIw ftfer -ar^fenT^n (Mixed Economy) 3% 731331 33 v3^§3 3133731 3371

333ff^377 fe^ 377% ^ 313 %37 % 31%^ 3573^ hR«(%H I vja)<i j Rldiifl 33 f%3^^3’3 aif^TfeTn, 1951 (Industrial Development and Regulation Act 1952), 7733

1948

333^ #3137 33 317*3 337 aRT, 3T7%t3 TlfelR cRi ^ ^ iT37 '3ftgtf%3i ^133^ % 3^

31727 377 fel I -am: 30 afel, 1956 ^ 37777 % 3^ >^tl7tfe)TTTW%t^ ^ 31337 t FT %tf^ % ^ f%feT 37?f373737 2^ <5^ 7373 felT 3311

30 3^, 1956 vjTTtnf 33 ferriTn Tftn mnf % fen 33T—

(35) 777^37^73) ^3 (Public Sector)—FT 3% % aT3I%77 % >3^13 -377% ^ fe73) f=I3377 33 FTKlfet %377 717337 F 11 FT 3% % 77T%07feF fe 77*FSft TJTfPT, '377317^ ijlitn77^ 3R3FT *73 iifei Fisf ti*^'4l issitn Trfefer 11 Ffe 7R?n 17 11

(^) fl<4<«1 (Joint Sector)—FT n% ^ 3T^77%3 12 ^iftn 71% 3% 11 FT% RT^TTfe) 1737feft ^ fet 7TT?7'77T?T 33*7 3%% I Ff% %v«J*iPlUH v317pT, 7I7TI3fe) 'vJdl*!, ?ftF, f%feT ; *775 ^ ^tvTR 337% 31% v5t7t*T '37lfe TlRnfel 11

(3) feft (Private Sector)—FT 3% % \J3^3t7 3t 3*% ^ a7*T7%3 '377% 37% 77*% ^3%)*%5733)7, ^-373 7737 7%%F '3Tlf% 1 FT vldtnf

fe% %t 7733 FT 3% % 77*3fe77^ 37iMt377 ■37*3 71%t 133)3 7% 3% I, %%^ feniTT’jft 7775 f%%t %3 F Bt? fel 337 11 Bcftnr s^t 737*737 sF 773)^ 11

FT 93F 1948 7737 1956 1% ■^tTJtfeF %t1%3T %5T ^ f%fe7 '3T«fe3737 (Mixed Economy) «^t 37737 ^ 57^3 ^ 11 %5T 3% 77=J^ >37%a7F37 3% %\3 ^ % fentW 1F7 felT 337 |-

(te) 7T7%%f%3) %3 (Public Sector);

(15) 7n^37%737-775-f%%t %3 (P,ublic-cum-private Sector); 7137

(3) [%'jfl %3 (Private Sector) I

7773F

22 *7713)3

1956 ^ ^ ^ ’TT ^ t ’R ^rnrft ftftRifell ^FTTI tiftfa (Datta Committee) % gal'll ^ ^ZfR

*nt{flv 3irf&(qeyi ^13^ ^'3TS}aTcR?n t^t ^ 'i^'ilcT fUMia

^ ^ W w:^ % 2 >7?^, 1973 HwTg

■ifialfil* 1973 tf’^tW^'IT^feTTW'% 311^ W % ^r#S^(Concentration oi Economic Power) ^ ^ ^ (Joint Sector) ^ «JK''ii 't)Tq*tTt’ft I ^ tt'^turn, g^-y-cqq«iy| ^TSIT tIt'hK ^ ^Pl«hl

I ^ ^ (Industrial Houses) «h*sln4)’ ^ ^ '3yl'il ^^rat% ^ 315*1% *i#f ^r 311*^, %Fr ’TT *1^ ^ ^r !J%^ ^ §3ti I i

WT

1977 ^ Middl ^ 'StleilPl'H (Industrial Policy of Janta Goverrunent,1977)—tirif'jlf^'E ^ W 3lf^^ Rtdlt %)5T *mi ( tii4’JiPi«h ^ *1 «hqtn ‘tew'jyf dlHR«b Jilt ^^531! ^ MtHKi «h')‘ii W%F1 W ^ ^ MPT vjHHl«Ki3lf c^T v3fR;(qch ^ 5% ^ fi'gtTi FTlfttl ^17^ % %*T 'dll'll 1

3l\tnPl4i 1980 (Industrial Policy 1980)—'fliqfl 1980 if tiwiJ ^ ^ -jiA %TS^ 71F «n fe ‘TEl^lfl (?) ^ TITÛr 311% 3?ly)Pl* %% ^ I 23, 1980Ilf vj%*l 3ff qt'i'jOfl ’cil'idi f^lti ^ ^ if 71%jI%cE cPlT PrSf ?PTr % ^ FIH feir. rpTfi >j?iy|p|c() 5ft% ^^rPlif ?7I Wlrl HI 7W ^ %)7rr W. % pra" % ^ if ^ if Timr%1T1 ^ T?1 % I 31rPTcr tl<ct)lft sraf^ ^14^1 Piqi ^ 7^ ‘v>lddl ^ (People's Sector) % if %^%tl ^Fir I 7R«FR if TTF fen %1 Tiwft ^ % 'dsll'lf ^ 511711 3^ 1?I% % 3iPr1R(Campaign) d!j1l4r '31% I %^r ^ ^ if 1? cRgT HI %> “tiHlR«h TRRf (Industrial Houses)7% l(cblPl'6l<-$4t (Monopoly Capital) ^ fell^ TET PmPqci fell 'Jii>t‘ii 1

^ if 3f|tf|Plch tftW ^ 1 ?1,3fldlPtli ^ ^

fenH % 71^ % %i UTrl TRÎR 3fRjlPlqi %% «ET vjf^jq ^ if tj^l Pll^d % I ‘Mdel^fd ql'JidiSTf’ (Five Year Plar«) if Plfel 3t4“tq<rqi tTIFIl

TEf czrrciîRii ^ SRH; feir w I" i ^r îff i*3%'3{4ara?2ir ^ rfti. ^ # fenfer ^ ferW-feft (Public-cum-private Sector) rl?ll

tqiHdi

in f—‘ifelfel’ (Public Sector)(Private Sector) I flfel ,imr 1? 3lPlini iff fiE 1? ferfel fe^trt 3% ^ I ngtl: ?rT

tqfd'd fq'HM'l iff ntf 7m ^tdl (Demarcation Line) iff vH Tmcff f I ?KmR m PiiMd ifer nsiiTfei 3^^roi ^ ^ ^ 1 q«jo: ^ % 3iiR4«h fesn %fej ifif M nr 7i?ik ai%td |i

^ vm?T 71171 (Sir Jawaharlal Nehru) ^ 315117, ifelfei ^ % fqtly% ^ Igd-lft 1% «Eff vUrff 11 ^%f ^ ^ ^ fete 1^ f 1” (There is •talk...ofthe private and public Sectors and the conflict between the two...but there is no conflict between them at all.) —Nehru

TjteRT Pirate (Planning Commission) % 3t^dH,7i%ten iftti 7ff5fet|itit?fifff^3n?itt7^3iif3ft7i37fr^ % 4te nr 3r7T7

Ml if nte cET^ f" (In a Planned economy the distinction between the public and the privatesectors is one of relative importance. The two sectors are and must functions as part of a single organism.)

=1731: 1171 ^ SllPfe sqqwi

—Planning Commission

^ ^ ifelfeE >%7 f^rft %% % fejRT HI Hqf'fl311717- f I

atetelTH 23

^ (Suitability of Mixed Economyin India)

*IH?T vjyl'if ^ ic(cRtl (Planned Development) ^ ftRlW ’3T?fara?€IT vaH^qn% UT ^yeBl 3J5*TFT ,'3^ ti'INI ^ IPKrTT %—

1. Njj4cqq(<j| ^ jcRiRT ^ ^1%;

2. RicSifl % ?rnil ^ f^cTP’i; ^rar3. ffe ^ JftenFT I

(j) va(e|cqq<:<m ^ (qqim ^ (The pace of Growth of the Economy)—^ ti<«hK ^ «f)T fq^y <f5T% cn% eft^ ^ UF ^ ^TWT %

(Private Sector) ’T7 vFTFTT FtcTT tit ■afjeqqtyi %tte Fttff I W5 tit UF ^ ^ i^yfo ^ TI^ ^ fqqiitiKHqi jftjRT'Sff(Development Flairs) ^ fqqriti ^ ^ Ft^ I

«<chiO Fftf^ ^ ^ WF UF % % ^ wpik ^ fttftF-tftF’ sFtItl qilttgi-if slit FfPRT (gqfy, tivitqieii tRJT fttellf aFT% ^-qilôi^, ^ % qiq| issql ^ 'ST^STf^ (Atomic Energy),

troffsiJzTfeRf (Antibiotics), ^ sttu^ «bl«gi^, ’^Tft f^gti tiVq)' ^ qiKtgi^ HUT l^^tT F?nw ^ Jpftl

FRtER % fttjl ^ (Backward Areas) ^ ftqritt ^ cBPft

qitliqitl tf^JT tiqlSqiî (Transport and Commurrication) ^ fT(fe)4t fsiqjitl ^ ti<q>K % ntie'llq qrPT %JIT' % l dis|’JiPiq> ^ (Public Sector) % >3PtrftT odl^lf %

Rlqriti ^ 9t^?f qft'JiH UF f Pi'jfl ^ (Private Sector) ^ ^yl^rt ^f ^ ^3c^l3^ftU

^ II

I

aqlîîf <i5t

3RH ^ f Itieiqtii

’it

(ii) (qqiifl ^ vU'h) 9>I lc)of'*i (The Distribution of Benefits of Growth)—I^ 01*1 Iqtq FR ti«fl ^ ^ ti'iiqi ^ tiq^tii f f% oti^ ÎRpftT f^qiifl ^ ^

%% FttTT % I ^tsi%-fii4j4f FT ^ titqiit ^ T^lftt? tr?IT Piq^qui ft vllcTT f tit f^TsIt '% Frat 3M ^ c^tlcl,(y| (Concentration of-Income) tlit TPTraFT FtF fltft 11

H<'3 Pl^ '3TTF (Private Enterprise) % tftsT PTqjiti ^ eErT'F -SM tT?TT ER % t WR Ft 3n^ |l %T (Joint Stock Companies) %^ FTf qj-iiqqxw ^ cET

TTTFFT •si(yî(yq> ^tff FF bqm ngqn TfiyiTW ffr^ (Ordinary Shares) (Invest)

FFTTT tFTtfr % I

^ f^5R. îsraif WFirlf^^^-sRiR) <311^ fcRER ^ vim Pm mf ^ FTR Fff ftr 11 rrT=g FW

o(r «qifli I §T(q> îvaqitqtq ftt^ (Ficsal Policy) ^ ■5FTTFT ^ Tithdlf vit 4tFT ^ fqdo'i 5R% ^ 3Riq)vi Tft f t

(in) tl^sOq OtHiqd-^PRlT ^ F>t ultTllFd (Incentives to raise National Productive^ of)1r)c<I F^ cRU ^ tft RFW ^ % % <PIT F^

sraTEJT % 5RT Efit TP^ ^JiFTm-mriT *f F)T% 5lT^ ft# |? TllcfeiftthCapacity)—P

24 V/W?<V a/t/aV^W

^ ;jit #T ^ I ’j^ ^ 20-25 ^ -Sf ^

% ter 1^ li. ^ -artr fqq?f ^ ^ qqq^t 'm mficTsn dsh'fl'^l fiTOT (General and Technical Education) ^ ^ «biHil

arf^rd^ qrr T^r li ^ ^rer I % qnrr ^f -ai^fara^m% sicf^H Tli^q vJ'Ni'l'i'S^lrTT ^ ^ % I

'jqjcw cTsif ^ 3TraTT qr q? qi^r ^ ^rqicTT I ittw % arsf^ra^ arfferaiuqjSrf ^1 q? qq fl'ii'ijqj'; ^ ^flT <gntf ^ {^155^ qjftfq> qT'f ^ % 1 q? qrtt aqfifq) arqqr anpiRrti fet;^ #T an^ aif^tdi, 3<l'd«ir(l qqr arg^ q5t ^ qten^q ^ f^Hd'sJd), qqr ^TTW ^ t<<iH'il

% I WIHI'q

qq fetjinfl 1^ I

qt. ^rfr {Lemer)% Hfli^tiK, “Ptf^ arqqr^ tfHM % tl'ioi

q^ ^ ÊTTPlqr ^ ^ # t4)cw< q??cq 11 5«si 55s' fdâw q? 1%# aT<R?Tr ^ 'Hra^ % # arf^ -m q|% âqqq q?raq^ I” (The Fundamental point of the controlled economy is that it denies both Collectivism and private enterprise as principle for the organisation of society, but recognises both of them as perfectly means. Its fundamental principle of organisation is that in any particular instance the means that serve the society

—Lemer

qq -airan^ rW qF ^ qîpqTq ^ q^ m *f q# qiqqT,

best should be the one that prevails.)

3Rr: I 3i4siiqtyi »iTOr % ^ yqyqq atfru ^ 11 ?qq5tqq qi7% ^ qtvFr qq q>feq qq^ 'Sttftr ^ '>nrii % qqr ti^ q^t qiFq ^ ^ jqf qq crnr qw-qra’ qrq- ^ sqqr li

qq srfcki'id

1.5 ^ mni (Private Sector Versus Public Sector)

qRq Pii^n '3t«[«iqt«4i (Mixed Economy) qq qqi 'JqFRT qÎFTT ■3iqqfq q®5>f -an^qi uiq^ fnîl^ (Sectors) ^ q€f TFtft ^—

^ (Private Sector);

2. qr^qf^ ^ (Public Sector); qqi

3. ttyttn ^ (Joint Sector) I

1. ^ (Private Sector)I^F^t qq (Meaning of Private Sector)—f^rjfr ^ qf ^ ^ t^Rl^ St-n'to fipf?)

vjqVi qr Hrqqiq qq wiftw (Ownership), ftq^ (Control) qq f^??R (Direction) ^JJ’fqqi vS'HsuPiqf (Private Entrepreneufs)^% FTU ^ Tgqi % I (Private Sector is wholesomely controlled

financed and managed by the individual entrepreneurs) I qqqqT* (Private Enterprise)^ qpT ^ *ft vfHT 5TiqT f I ^ qqqqr q^ «4)6n qr “tf^-q^ 3iq^ 'Pivfl cinr ^ ^

qjqFiT qqr qi^q) qi) ?qi^ qqqr qur ^qqqrq urqqiq *f qqq ^ qr ^^qR, ^qqq qpft q? ^qq Ftqr % i

1

qqrf^-qm^ (^, m, ^ ^ t ^ li

•qqffq 3q(siqwr is

% 41 fa^^ TT^ ^ {State Intervention) Wf: ^ni I 'Jmi'sntliiinf W ÎT STf^JERTT $ ?RI ^ 5*1 cil 11cR^îf cT?n W îra’, eR^ ‘vIRT’ '&lni ^ I

3fdoqq<J«l ^

TH ^ iTFrPJpf I 3Rr, ftfflT, sifflPt<fl-31^ ^RcTT

-arTf^ ^TRff ^ fqtstjia vJWfT f I

^ ^ ^ '3n^) ÎRRff ’TTttHM «RI % rRIT vancM ti’îvu ^ HRT^ 4l^*lT % 'Jt^tiK ti't«Ji3ff SRI }^R1T^ ^ ÎW Wm Tlfrrf^lffelc^ JfRtr % rRIT ^HTRI ^RTR % gf^ vJTOnff ^ 11

ttl*<tctl

^ ^ (Characteristics of Private Sector)

^ IIJIJ f^st^rTR Pl*Hl1^hd t-

1. ¥®rf^ W \nl«4«h(<;

2. 3(lRI«h t<tn4ai;

3. ^'ii't)i 51^;

4. ainqlPlcii;

5. vilf<g*i fRIT Pi«j'^'J| ^

6. tti&tti ^

7. WT ^ fî W8IT

8. PRlvni gjr aRira I

(f) Plv!) tt**t(Tl ^ Slfe^R (The Right of Private Property)^sff ^ l^vfr ^ (Private Sector) «Hr ai^rRT 7^ I ^ vaHstjftqT (Private Enterpreneurs) SRT wl'il ^ TRTRR felT vTItir % I ftvit vjHsn*! % St-n^ci ^Tifr 'ti*^Rl TI§% ^ arfiPEIT ftrTT ^ I 'SH»341 ^ Jjnî 3Tjf^ ^5 '3R^ 7rR% ^ !Rft^ 557ti'ftcii 11 ITT ^ ^ wn»idi Tfcit t TIRRf f%7T ^ ^ cRR ’STtraT■^^RET TRF %■ ^1 i

(ii) anftfe waîai (Economic Freedom)—^rjfr ^ ^ 3RpffT gjt 3Trf^7qn»id( 7?rf) 11 ?H% 3ptT% cfR WT ^ TeRRcII tlP^l^d 7?I^t (l) '^MdlRjeh7^n4di (Freedom of Enterprise); (2) ^«Fr cE7% Wd»ldl (Freedom of Contract);Trar {3) % 5i4RT ^ T^rRTH (Freedom to use Property) I

«i4*ih ^ # czjcRiPT 5?r t«ifl4di gr d<«HRf srt gcFir % gfrR^ vni?^ ^ I, TirgRicW atl^ql 4t argTTR git gR% g?t F«ra4di T?cit ti

(in) ^ miRi (Profit Motive)—^ % aRnfS g«ii'+>) gRT% ^ g^ gpSt ^Hcit11 git^ (G.D.H, Cole) % HdijHTt, ‘^gigg gRT gR% git arrm ^ g? gft I fvRi^

gRtfr % r (Expected profit is the pivot on which

-Colethe entire system turns.)

26 VR#7 3Ttf^mtJT

{John Strachey) ^ ^ ^ ^ 35® ^ ^ 5^îifoUel^JiJl xrf^sFqT «FTcit 11 ft >d^Hl<;i tFT TTcpn^ -STIcB^ FRTT % I’ (Profit'

is the main pivot of the entire edifice of the 'Free Economy.' Profit is the prime magnet of capitalist production.)

^ ^ % -SRPfcT 5R^ 'iOtK'b ^ «fiTcTT % IJ^TTOT 5rncl ^ I ^ ^ >3^9^ ^ «rf^ 3T3% Wsf-f|?T craT

5'lit)i-vJ'^9^T ^ ilRd 5t^ % 1

(10) aIrt*tlPiai (Competition)—^ % -JRnfrT afaqlPlni 53 t«JM <&dl % I^fTT, RiAdI, 'idIK'h crar ^ SfTW yfciqlPldi 5i^ ^ I Uc^ -313^ -STTTOf Rivtql «FIT% ^ ydid chtdl % I yfriqiPicil 53 55 5?t3^ ^ 3jraTT TT îfT 33^ |; | tqmilqcj, %

(Survival of the Fittest) I 5% T5f%^ SiRdW ^ ^ Rl^r ^ 53 'Htti'h yqm 53!^ ^ I 3^3-532' yld4lPldi (Cut-throat Competition) 5% 'Juilyfa ‘jjfltfd ^ vJfft 353T Pi'ici 3337 ^ 1I53T

# 5^ 3S^, 5^) 3i<f^c(^«ji tf ^ wt ^ viCHl'S’l

ST^ferSTST 5^«?i[n ^

itz—John Strachey

rticiiq

^ Piqpîa 557% ci'icl ^ I

(y) ■jftfeH tTOT 1^PF=Pr 53 (Amalgamation of Risk and Control)—Pl4l, ^ %333% <273315 53 55T 3Tt%3 gR: 315-315, 53^ 11 ?3^ ‘’J3ff515 53 tqRf*t

.RrT (Golden Rule of Capitalism) 5511 W 11 1353 51^3715 51 | ‘31^ 3ftf^ %

5^f Rr55^ 53 -31^1531 ’fT % I’ (Where the risk lies, there the control lies also— Robertson.) 15 5553 3^ 5c531 15 515 3T '3351^5 | ^ «jl^ OTtRl ^-iftiPiql'i(Capital-Investment) 35 «qiqdifq<^> f^qi’Slf ^ 3lf&5> Rerqt4l ^31 -sftT 51 'JflRfeRFf5 (Economic Decision) ^ ^|cb-il5) ^ I 51 liRTT 5fr % 5^ 55)3-55f 53fqcblti 3ff §35 ^ 3555t §5 311TTjff i ^ 5353 5f^ 55t3t 3T 5553 ^5^55■7IT ^ 51 Naal'if ^ t«l535 ^ 55^ 355T§ft5 35R5 ^ 51^ ^275^37% 3T5nf3 311 3l)f^H 5SI51 % 5^ 35l3 53 Rl5^55 ^ 5531 % I

(m) tiietd 53 3lT5’JJ’f 15R. (Vital Role of Enterpreneur)-f^Tjft ^ % Sia'fd<F7 315rj”f 5115 lt3f 11 5’^ 33353 ^ RE57 tn&tTl % Pi3^m ^ dHiRd il^l % i 55ft f^3fl ^ 51^ 575F57 513(315^ 3t4“tqt«ii (Planned Economy) 3ft lift 35lf^ distil 313% tfl^ Iqitqi yR'sj)a 'j^dsRfni 351 53^ ^Rd5il^ % 33^f5i 5155f 53 Riqdd (Adjustment of Economic Resources) ^515 53. % 55 ■%31 % 1 313: f%3ft % 315Pf3 distil 53 53% 5t3f315^ 37^37553 % 315nt3 qlvtuRjchiRtTf (Planning Authority) ^ 53% % 537 ^15 3ftT R3l53J% 3ff it311

(vii) 5W5 ^ Iqviq (Survival of the Fittest)—Rnft %5 5ftft ^75F57 ^ 375Ff3 3lt%9715T 53 kjchHiil Id'&i'tl '555 5% f%3f5' (Survival of the Fittest) 53 «MiqsiR«h iftOT ft 3137 11 53355 % ^ % 37^9M, 3155 41 3155% 153: >315315 lt51T 15 311% | 4t %t57, 555, 555 3ftT ^915 vjcil'nld 4 ft 531531 Pl5cft f I

(viii) Riqlîi 53 31515 (Lack of Planning)—Rrift %5 % 315t%3 Rl5t55 53 37515 3751 5137%f f%%5 f4( 51% f 55 5%t 53 f%%$15 ^^-55 (Price-

Mechanism) 51731 11 i%15 5733% ^ 351 {%13%t 5151 % 531755 ft51, 51 115

27

^ PiaIRa I ^ ^wi<;«ti Njishf 'iwi'i'i 'JIRR) ^

. <wl1^ 'nfych jj-iiHil 9TO fT^ I ^^3ff ^ 9^ ^f^t,

v3rHli;«h 3Î=FT sSOHK't ^ ^ I

fcRT ^ vi^'il'i (Consumption), (Saving) tTHIT R)Pi<il'l (Investment) ^(Price Mechanism) SHT kMlRld ^ 11 §tiRi^ '3T4«4«RyT ^

SiRT STRR' (Government by Price) «fifr ^JIRIT 11 *f, Rrjft ^ «nvfrei|«iwi qiRlit y^frl’ (Automatic Character) cfT^ % I

^ '^nd ^ ^ ^ ytiMdi (Predominance of Private Sectorin India Before Independence)

•¥((% (Laissez Faire Policy) % SRPfe ?ft % t\<.«hK cRT «Fl4■striR^ qjf ■5m 11 RiRrt ^nRfe Rr-ft ?raf ^ ^ 5iRt^ i

mr*^ *f tlt«hK oURfe RK5T>3Tf RiMjcf ^ «ft I Rlvf) ^wRpff SRI ^ ^^Rl-srat 5?) F?rrRT 55) mrit 4) i

^KO ^ oyt'if 5iT ^>ITF^ ^Rsui SRpft’ (East India Company) ^ RtS)RRfSIîtlf'Sff (Private Investors) SRI g-STT I «R5r oyl'i (Cotton Textile Industry) 511*KyHT 5^5^ 55RT # Wlftrl '5511 ^ ?R?5T 55=^5) % ^315% RraRl-vR5f 55) E5R ff TI35R Sti'ol tigNai 515 R 'jfralRl'* ^))Rr (industrial Policy) R RiRcT 5r5 5F ^ 551 f^^RlR?!55Rff % FIRR) tFR5 *f ^ScfRr RB5I 5IRr;

3T5 5Rrr 55) FRIT ?R35I ^ f35R RiRsT FRIS (British Parliament) % TRT 3TT^ 55 4) 3TSF5^ 55) ^f)Rl -SRRpf) 54) I RlR?T oil'll SRT Pif4d 51515 5TRT 4 F5tR5rrnj^ f45>^ 4 ^ 5Rcft5 55R5I5f ^ dl5l4 55l4 vRR 41

555 ^§5 (First World War) ^ 555 5T5T R '^)5lRl5i 55T55f (Resources) 55T‘5TFcf)5 3f)li)Rl5) OT5)5’ (Indian Industrial Commission)

F5Tft)5 f4i5r 55TI 555 ^ 5S51^ 1919 5 55)4) 55) 5ITR4 ^ SlRlcfiR ^ R 5R R5r 55TI1919 ^ 3iRiRI55 ^ oi^ttK, 5RTf 55) 55% SifychK-^ R R5cT uwl'it 55) RlrflR 5^1551 (Financial Assistance) ^ '5)1 olRjchK 1%Tr 55TI

1921 R F5if>)a ‘5Rrf)5 tR5R '305)5’ (Indian Tariff Commission) 4 5Rrr % RiR 535R 4llrl 55) t^yWl ywjd %) Rri% ylrietci % -STRIR 5T 5R5 R f«l^5I5I5i FROT (Discriminating Protection) 5)1 4)frf 3T55l4 5% I 1921 R RiRSIcTO FR55I 55) 5F 5)W #5fRl5i %Rr 4 55T oRsrRt 511 ?FT% SKI 5TF4)5 55)5) % R|chitii4 FR5IR '30515) (Imports) 5T f)5> FI5T ti«t)4l 4) RiFtR 5TFFi)5 041‘I yfatMâf (Competition) m Fn55T 5 5r4 gR Rr«KRI 5R FI% I

fef)5 RR5 ^ % FT55 oiRi'HiRid ORFT R FRIFf)5 3ft5)R[5i UFOT |3TT I 1944 4 FR53R % tr^ Rl5nFT q4 RraRrr Rm FR 3Rf?R SoOFT (Slr Ardeshlr Dalai) %■ ■3R2RT5I-. R #?)r I IFT Rno5 % 3i14R* 4)^ 50 055 3#i, 1954 4 5)RiFr f%5i 1 ift 555 4 of 5)RRr f%5r 551 f%

?5 ychK F)4) OiRr 51)% FI^t5 FfF055f 50 3TRI50I5 555)5 % FT%, 49T 55) 3154) gFSTT % Rir 59155 ^ 51 FI% 551 -d^m % R5I-FFR 51) 505 j%5T 5T FI% I FFI% FIT5 # FTT5 FR5iR % FO^ 5Fr5 % 3n5R^ :35)5i %t ^ ^ %)l ^ RRIFT % 5^(455 4 5F ,«h5l 55T f% u44 (Defence Industries), '<t4’H44 451 u44' (Public Utility Services) 55T R4 3R5 55)4) 55 FI^)55R’5 (Nationalisation) 1%5T 5T5T 5IRr 5) TI^)5 5Fr5 % ^ I Ff^)5

'hk41«4 3d} %)

5^ R^

'^1

28 sftfsir^Tur

HsrM ^ g>r 'iwm 'Snf^ ^ ^ 7n?i OTîf^nrf{Private Entrepreneurs) SRT ’ft ’y?iut ^ % I

1946 ft ’TM tl<«ER SRT ftlJcFT fftjftJFT «<jll&=hK (Planning Advisory Council) ftt(|cjvlftl«h JMfbH (Public Enterprise) lift fftftt '3itsFT (Private Enterprise) ^ 41 ^4 ftftTT IfttifRa cRft

’nrfthir 3Tft5ra?4jT

% fel iTFirf ft ftrpm iiir m fft? ^5^

I gîlT ijf 5)51 vH tichrli ft fft) §Ps4i ^ ft vTFT 'BilylPi'^) ftlfft 55

¥851 %ftST Uftlftf 55 arsTR lift ¥m 55R lEHT «JT 5F Fra-^dT-inf^ % ¥¥5 ?¥ft 55 'jRdrfnFf 55T fft) ftftftPT5) ftrtrT 55 ¥85 ¥^ 5ft 'ht’ii. ftlT yiyi ft5T5ftf cRT ^Tf^«t)d5 55515 5551 ft I % 55^f¥ 55ftl5 lift ylriftlRifli ft 55Tft ftl îjftft ^ fft5TRTlft fftft5R55) 5T815 5ftftHft (Policy of Discriminating Protection) 3I55Pft 5ftf sflT ¥rft¥ftl5) ft5 (Public Sector) ^ «iscl

fl 5F¥f ^ ^fttf¥ 1ft5n 5511

^ ^ ^ cf (Merits and Demerits of Private Sector)y5 (Merits)—

ft fftftt ft5 ft vH-D'fa vjyshHl Slf^ltB TJr¥TF ftfT ¥55 ft ¥15 55ft 5)lft ft I iE¥¥l¥5 ¥¥1155 ft fttftf ft I ftf. tRlT ft Hdl^dK, '55 ¥5) fftjfl ¥55515555lft ft 555 5)Tft ft, ¥ft ilftlRlcf fft¥5T TulftlJ afk ¥’^ft5 ^55¥ ft %¥ ft ¥5ft ¥^l55)¥5 ftt ’3115?55)¥1 5ftf ft’ (The Private enterprise will have their full

scope so long as they work with honesty and wider cause of national development does not necessitate their nationalisation.)

(0 ¥¥1155

—Dr. Radhakrishnan

^ ft flftictiHn (Flexibility), ¥5513^^yI¥T (Adaptability) ¥¥1 ¥hr (Resiliency) ftift ft I iB¥Ff¥5 yRIwIri ft ftfft 5lft 3Tft5) ft '3i^dK ¥5rftl ftfftft

RiRjuf (Forms and Processes) ftt 1151 RlR^d ¥fft ft ^ ^ ft I

¥^ 5ft55-¥R (High Standard Living)—tftftt ^ ft 3F¥ft¥ ¥¥1155) 5J5¥5 ¥?7155-¥15¥ (Minimum cost of Production) 5T ¥¥555 55ft 55 35¥T «h<ai ft I 55¥^5¥'T vpi^n^THvi ftt ¥¥ft ftf5¥f 5T 55f5T 5151 ft 5^ ¥m ft5lft 5F¥ fttft ft I ?¥t ¥555 ftt55-¥lT ft51 ¥¥¥T ft I ■3TftR55 ¥51 ftsfl ftf ft ¥552 ^frll ft fft ftfft ft5ft55-F¥T ft51 ¥¥lft ft fftftt ft¥ (Private Sector) 55 3^(Schumpeter) ft “¥Tft ^ftt 3fn:ft515 ft 557%, 1^ ¥51 4ld<5)K ?¥nfft ft

ft ftt 'Jjft5lft fttftt ¥5i ftt ftrfft¥ ftll”

(»)

(ifi)

ftt ft5 ft ftt? 5F ftftt ¥i5fft 5ftf ft ftt 3Tfft5)fsl¥: yftt¥¥555

¥153®! (Demerits)5||Rf4) ¥J¥515¥T-fftft 55 ¥5ft 5¥1 515 îfftcR ft I 5? ¥15ltft5) fttr

ift'HHUiftf 5ft 315ftt ft I ?¥ ft -SFdftl ftt fttr 555ft Sift ¥¥T fttraft?!ftft chiftl Ridn ft I Rlftl fttft ¥1 5ft ft I (Rich become richer and poor still poorer.)

¥I5|P515)' «t)<74(I®I 5ft ¥ft81T-5ft5i ¥¥555, <4141^ ¥51 ¥TFft -Jlilft ¥15 5ft ■3TR15)¥5 5)lft 55 iJ5¥T 5¥¥1 ft I ¥515 ft 5)¥55 IT fttft SZfH ftt 5ftt fft5, ¥1¥1 ft 1 ¥15 ¥?ft?5

ftf ’5551 ft ft fft¥l¥ ftf ymRtft 55 ¥¥n¥5-5)lft'ft 'ftl.¥5-¥rar¥5 ft’tftll ¥5¥?55)

(1)

ftt 5ftf-¥t yftl; ft -Slf^ Sift ^ ftt fftf5 ft, ft ¥Tfe5if¥51

(n-)

29

^ 11 ^ “1^ aftr ^ ^jhImh w«it tr ^^ ^ ■afJr ^ ■al^chdi ^ I ^jR^.^îft’ -afrr 3^ sffr t*ft^ WZIT 'Elff ^ ^ anw TfffT ll” (A plethora of yachts and beauty pralours,

John Strachey

(iff) SfPRhf ^ ?ff^—5^^ % aRpfcI êtl’lHicl ^ STfW 11 % 'siftchf^ y(ri<riPlcil cTSIT ^3=?^ cf>I '30l«h< cPT ^ 11 ^ TfWRfvjCHKshai (Marginal Productivity) ^ «iti«i< *ivi^{l ^ vjfl^ I

(if) ^ sfit^TT—'S’l^Tf^raff cfh ’ft vticit ft 1 'shhI'wi ariftfcR^ cCT ^npT 5jTft ft V«td'^ ^ fttft I ditiK“td: 'dHÎ'Wi ^ *tfwwh "TT fqgiH'i ^

ITTR ’T?HT ft I «ft jdiMPicbdl (Consumer's Sovereignty) ^ PR

ftmi ftl

irnftR arsfarawT ^ r;^

while men and women lack for food and shelter.)

2. ♦ii'f'tiPi'b (Public Sector)

tll'^'j|P(«t) gjT 3rzf (Meaning of Public Sector)—Pic») ^ ^ ^ ft fvR^ aRnfcT 3et1‘it ÎT UHfhfti' (viql'if) ^ RcR?IT, RTplR, PlU'5|''l W?IT ftgicR TTR ^ pftf Tpft ft I

^ 'Jl'Tt'la ^ vJ^fttf "^clR Jllft ft pft dl4viPi«t) >31R ^ dicj'JiPich >3H5h‘l (Public Enterprise)

^ wm ft)TR, tR xjfhqrlT (Roy, Chowdhury and Chak

Pl*difâ Sl^ ft ^t" ft—

“fll4viP|ch ^S’RR RcRR «Fr ftR WT ft ^ t1t«hK ^ SRT PiMpsid 'R d^^lRld fttR ft #T ^TRilT ^ ^ Rft WTR Wftf ftlift ft 3I2RT a^T '^fRiR ^ ft fttft ftl”

('State Enterprise in business denotes an undertaking which is controlled and operated by the governrnent as its sole owner or major shareholder.') —Roy, Chowdhury & Chakravarty

ST. ftt. ailT. ?Rf (T. R. Sharma) % ddlJdK-“di4'dP|sh aiR ft# ftRT ft tlT 5JI # TTR cRI RlPfR ?t artRr fvR=tft SR=tI cHRFTT tl-Jtqilq SRT d'llfdd # vP# ftf aRR ft #ftf # TTR ^ afftR ftfl”

pr SPER ft ^ TTR SRT ueil'il ^ ^32# # 3RFTT cRT d'dltn ft pft <M«l?hT ayl'l R fltdilfl iJSR «f35ft ft I ftft W #fRR ^ # titchit ^ d'IRlPl«hlft ^ aRI <|-j|(#tJ dVstift 3R# ft I ftft wiPiw rRT 1I«F5T ^ ftT vjfttftf ^ R ddi’jfl'ht''! (Nationalisation

or Socialisation of Industries) ’ft ft I

d'<;ft ft tR) WRT RRI TUft 3ft ft I tJF oiiq^qcij îff % vjsftftf 3>r Rlf#3 aft?fttlRR TTR^perftfttlftR’ftimftftE ^ ?RT RTPlR TTR % ?R ft ftf #T TTR t3H#

^ «hl4 Pb# fftjft ftt^l 3ft #T ft I pft M«bK ijyl# 351 RlPlrd ffti# ft# RftRf # ft # ^ cRRftf ft TTR iJREI ^STI# aiSRT aR?n# RT ft aPlft FR ft ft ftl

aylîl 3?! d’qidd

ty) ft till'dPi'h 3ft 'jft’TRT\3H«5*travar

3Icf 3# I # ft) giRrl:Reft ^3tRf (Free Enterprises) ’R anyiltd ## 11 SI3), RT ^ ftftftift ftft ^ iJUR ftft f ftt B# ftsft ft B3r TTR SRT B3T aiR Riftft ft3)lftf SRI

30 yiidl^ aR/RWFW

ugifir TJ9 ^vM, %T rWr Rl'Jl'jft 3TT^ ^ ^ ST«R?n ?R=IT^ll(oi<ff ^ $§ff # Ml4'JlPi'4) ^ (Public Sector) W -3^7 4t (4«tK gOT I

?Il4'j|Pl* ^ ^ ^ (Arguments for Public Sector)

3f«RT

yi4uip|4) ^ 4j ^rnr (Advantages of Public Sector)fcRITW ’I^T ^ % vjyl'if ^ Rithltt 4)^ SRT (4)«tl 'jtPTT I

SRT ^ 3f)^lPpf) ftpFRI ^ ^JcT % Rtî-rl ^ f^FTffer ^% t1<^K

t-1. ^ flîla (Attainment of Socialistic Objectives)—TT^tU 3T8T5IT 7TRT^T«B

%cr ff ^^pfltrf^ cfit ^4ilf*lcb f^cRRT ^ ^ 7SIH ^ ^ ^!THT 7nf|>7 cwl'PB >i«Vnfri

-3^%. %4t % 'fiPf ^ 1 TReFR TI^RT ^ «bl4 %, 'iti'hi

?rnT 'tiHl'ii I

^ vTnr

(f) tiHi'Jiiiiil ^ aifnl,

(ii) 'ntf i3ii)^ «fr wiHii,

(iii) ^RTT-ti*^'dt 'Sy)3q1*( ^ WHRT (Establishment of Heavy Industries)—SIFT: ^ ^TsTT RIT %

RF# 3RRT ^'4)'hI^ ^ Niul'll ^ teilHIl SRIcIT {q<hl« ^ 7FIHT

UIF^ fvR^r ^ srfcR)^ Pif^Tjn ^ ^ stiuiln^ria I W31^ «tR Rfr 5'41Pi'4Rm \iy)‘T, FFTlrT vjyl'i aRFtr Rft ttiNi \jy)^ ivR% 3tc<ilych «I?r aiFRÎîrlT Ftffr I aRFir 'ivqttidu (q^l^sinl C^) auq^qebqi Ftrft ^ iqqim ^ ?)% 'IT^! RRFR: TI^RT %rfr 5iT RR TIRiR ^ ^ (qqim tl5) ait7EIR ^ qFcIT ll

?ET TTFFIT ^ FFI ^ 7^ I fM

(Establishment of Defence Industries)—3. Ê7?n TIR^ i3?ltn ^ 7«jrRT

TF^RT TFB^f % aFTTRl '77 t^T FjcfR titqiK '2171 ^ aiTcRÎcE vjyVit cET 7RIT7FT f^FT vtlcIT ll M cWT ^ TF^RFET^ ^ ^ -SFlTRf tR :3nrIT

aft/oyg'WI 31

J

ih^bt>ohtf hiii>ih re

i hm JrSoli laj J^raf'^ ima ^ ^ likhik ii^ ^ms % jj?pjhir|t?^ jjriy iiyi£i ^ 11 jgji j^ ^ Mie iisii

bJB 2^ ^ ^ ^ |i,iftP--(ageiuEAPv ibdos) Mli <te^^ll^fll» ■L

^tebtbl^;^ H.IDIj kU>lhU icfet-pv ^ xug >Hb>>i ^ b^MlfcA

ia2ki I ^ yyi JbS>l^■t^^^j t J£ Ms Ui^ iiyi ^ l2iS ^ (SJnau0jdj95U3'4

aiBAUj) j|>hj<teb?v U\l>hT^ ! I ^ ^ 1 ^lnle-»hi^ i^|e‘ £!i4|iM iife imii ih 'ii£ % 4 ifebSMe jj*. ^ jkma<bi^<feiK ^ 16^—(saajnosaa [BJnjBf^ }0 uoijBAjasuo^) itsvB (uhiia tbi^tSiK -g

noSij— (')! japOT Xjjsnpui jo 4uauido[aAap aqi >(3343 oj os pire Dijqnd aqi isuieSe 90]id dn 93Joj 01 aj^t? si uiaauoa opsiiodououi Apjcd 10

3i}Siiodouour E ji inoqijM 'asncoaq pajisap si uoijBjado oijqnj) i^htin ’gtaottv

iifc J^t3£ 4i ^ Pljht^ ^ ifiii ir,>mmMf>

pfel^^h ik^ ^ ^ 11 ibc^life uuibB |jHb>t4 ^ ^ (noSid) 'Ityi 11 luo^p ija ibt^

>tbn>U> lr,h:^blj |||tb>t* ih VlifebjUb?^ |g (41.U> lobjis life ll>>lr^l^>kk: 5^ | iiijl ^|Lt hllA^h (M | IMa Ji Plj|f;»4

|Uvij ^ i.mcN (pn^ j^—{Xôdouo>^{ jo jojjuo^) jnk^hi^ >i<fehîtb}4 -g

iifcS ^ Ifihljft Jib JifeJtjfe iteii Ijpii4t.|khp.

I| ipibP U£ ^ M£ Dicb>p Uibib lt>4bho

J^bt£ % I ^ 4'%i^ J^'iiibfi jpi^jkK-1^ ^ 4^ 1111^ ih:^ MS -.ptvihw ^ life ^jftîb liJk % 4 ln>|ib pi I pi Ife^ pi^lAP' |p.Hb ^ I I.IAH4-l.t4>^ II>4bhr. p pif 1^ ‘jpsiiA pjc-ptkK' ^ pi jk Ji id^-jiRte p u|p>|pîbk JpdsJ ^ iil6 ifeh pi f 4 J^ J| lpRI.4tr.qj ip hp-htg- ^ ^ ^ ^ IPljjbl^R

I ^ JJdi ^ ^ IPljlpl^K ^ Jk 4 lllji ISp life Ift^hho Pl.ppjho ^ £JS $ Jiijp ki pi l| IP<kP kC llii^ J^ iiJS >ltb>P P_b<k Jk I Iklk; lb% ^ PJ tbP[l^plP Pi .klAibp nbPi t4^>h I (asudjajug [Bpiamuio^) hhcv ibbrjifjib ^ ^ | pje

jii2 infeia jfeji kEip jibkjy i jji^ jp |}lP 2^-(sa3iAjas .^H'ln ^liqiicl spiAOJj ox) klt>R yrJphJPtA •!•

1^ MiilihB^ Pl^lkP fefei Jii2 >lÂii ^ 16^ ^tpK p jkjfik ^ fehkle I pi k Ikh P

^ ^ P J1S| ipk I lliih ikStl (?a«ss) J>£ ^ kli Ji2i Pptkb ki i^ klk J^ I iPifcfr Ji Jp Muk ^blifr klAlbP lîii iil^ ^ (sinousjdjaiug aiBAug) ipjgih£> p^ ^ Jph IP=bb?!bltf> p pi ifelpe jpi ^ kjfefi Ifijhij yPS ip ^ kip ii.gh IPP^ Jikfe life Injttlj p JpiS-kiK' Pl^^l^lf (bps

1^ (Xiddng aupaia)lh»^bho

14 jjip P ^ kli PK P kpk Jpkili-k*iS >nbiB -.Jite !jj4ti pubS- )4hpi aupe hl^ pp p p PJ 4 Uili ik

jj P ipk Ji îkk ^ pb Jhm ih jkii p

2p

fep P UJtfcBP kSiEfepie bjJHK

plf life PPIbP

_prb(^ ip pfeb DîKtcv ^ ji.mp- ^ >iib>p pj ^ ikji ill jife pife kî l %

^ rTt HPT ^ ^ ■!? ^ #? ;jw qqtq

?pjyf ^ ^ flH Tf w^\8. yi^[^4) ftqinr ^ y'^wi {Balance in Regional Development)—!^^ 'sy'l'mfn'il ^RT

^ ^ vjyl'i ^«iiRin f^ vll^ ^ ^Tlyil'i'^ §'hi5«n (Industrial Units),WT:pqi^4I ^ ^ Bnftrr ^ ^ 11 qft^ qpff-qpff q?

I ^ ^ ^ # arf^ j^chRtd ^ ^ t ^ qpT anfife ^ll 'mft TJliWf ^ fiRBI¥ 517T fell ^ ^ ^ ^

^ ^r^fer ^ ^ fqchRfd qjf 01=1 tit Pidai ^ I9. qit tl^nPki (End of Concentration) tlt'hiî d’î'ni ^ -Si'Ti'fci aal'il ^ R«w^t

qr ’^qi aftr ^ qi^feli ^fe5®r (Regional Concentration) qq qq^ t?dl tRlT^jpftf 'SftT ^^jqfrfqt % Fiq ^ an^fe araqr qw qq ^^^tqqjqq q^ ^ qrar i?q qqqr ^ ^ anfife, TDpfffei ^ qiqifeq sifer qq qq qqiqr ^nqi % i

10. wiRltq t?q ’JJ'f ffelR (Price Stability and Full Employment)—^! (l q5! qq^H

q^ ^7^ qqr ^ feRTiT iq% % fer 'ft qqWr ^ TRqqft qqraq qq fetqq^ ftqr 11 q!- '^•i« (keynes) ^ qqi^qrr, “qrqq!! qqrqq %qq!! ^ qtqf ^ qqrqR^ qqr q^jaf! ^ 5^ qHrft-qp!) afR 3inF^?tinnj ^ qq% ^ fee aTTq?qqi ^

q cZjrqTT-qiF q an^ qr^l” (Public operation of industries is

necessary to mitigate the evils of unemployment and lessen the fluctuations of prices so that trade cycle may not occur in the economy)

11. qisftqqWT «<qilO qUH (Public Enterprises in a Developing Economy)—'Syl'il ^ TT^tqqR'q q^l aqqlfef 3nMq> fctthiti (Planned Economic Development) ^ qqjfel qq TpE ^nq?qq) afq qiqr 'dldl % I aT^-fc|«hftid 71^ ^ qsftq Tiqr 7T7qq% tsuftw TPIT Pm-^yi qj ’Siqpfq cIRT ^ l fen ^STtfajqTqr

qqiFTqpf 3nqr7^ qqr qqfq i ?q odl'if ^tqrqni 3RqJ^ qrqr ^ qiTf^Tqi fqpiul'i (initial investment) qv7% ^ aucjStdqidl ?ttfrI q7=g qq*f ui^'h'Tf ^ qif^q fepq t ^ li fe!t 7n?7ft(Capital Investment) ^7% ^ ^17^ ffqT7 q^ ^ I 3171: ^ ^ ^ ’It dl't'olPlch ^

qit fjfr-fetqtq % fet TRqr tfit qîr 11

qiTrftq 3i«[cc«ete<su 7^ 7^

TTlfe

—Keynes.

qq feqTT q^ ^ tpetit % i

?q TOR tiicf'flPi'n ^ (Public Sector) ^ ^ 'SqTT Bit rfe fe vu^ f i ^saVil^ TRqqtt tiqicn % ai%Er Tuq ¥ fei% q7i% qn^feq qq^r ^ aiftiqq§T ^ uid'JiPi'n ^ if ^ M qq 7^ liClMIdK

^l<f'»lf^«t) ^ -ST^rar ^kq>itt ti’cfraH ^ ^ (Arguments AgainstPublic Sector)

aroqT

^ ^ (Drawbacks of Public Sector)tiicI'flPi'h ^ % feqffer qtq1. «hi4^;ji(!iai qq apqq,

STt/aiqW 33

aTsferawi ^ 2. ^1^4 cFT ’W,

3.

4. 'Siql'ti ch4'^lCl,

6. TTfcffIjcF sTR CRT 'SHW cT?IT,V

6. CRT

(i) îI^-^?RRrT ^ (Lack of Effidertcy)—y<q>l(l qiiqf^ql ^ «IIK1

(Red tapism) siqVil ^ ^ ^ % \ ^ ^ xi^qiqq, BT^-ftshq

•STTf^ Pi4q ?nPT ’TT 5^^ f^ ^ 'Ssil'rT ^ cIT^ ^4qi(l ^niqqi^l

Tft^R 5iT ocHiqq Iqtii f I ??r yq>K tt^qiiO ^ ^T^?ra?(rflcfcqinq) ^ ^JlTcff 11

(ii) 'nlRg*l ^3T^ ^ ^^ (Fear of Risk-taking)—WT -iflRaM ^TRT ^ ^ 1ÎFRT vdfe*! \36(4 ^ TTJFftf^ qfîH ^ îPiqjitcR ^ f I ti'JtÎciq) ^cff STTT ^q?! inqiflK 'Stidlqqi vOffr ^ I >3^: tiicf'Jif^ch ^ ^tlyd CcT 3(1^

^ ^ TTRFT ^ t, ^ ^ I

TI^ 1^5

{in) ti-flcblq oil^tqidiqqiqiq (Government's Dictatorship)—^ ^ \iaVi) cRT IqcMtl 3RT% ^ tRqiit ^ ^ =1^ cRT% W -STcRTT îTfTT t cWTI^ ^RcRlfT

qyl'il ^ flq-ij-cqqtqi ^tcfj gr^T; qrHiqq FTFRT valbfqi % \ tjsftiff

^ fRqiR CRT t^cRlftiqiK % ^ ^ 'Tf^ ^ I

(jv) oiql'q qi4qi(l (Unsuitable Personnel)-<i^qn{) ■.4u\'i) ^ 4^wt •3i4\‘q cqf^q) STTT f^RT ^TldT ^ I RTîlfr cRiftrrf) cqq^ncb fTSTT yq'tjq] ^ | % -STT^.xr.r^. (I.A.S) 3PRFfT f I S|q^«fT ■sfrr qrr (qo^cn 3TJ*Tcr ?trfT I <j<<(($(dl 1(Foresight) clit 3^4) ’TT^fT ^nrft 11 ^ >313^ tMqlfnsi ^flI, TH4 uJTqqtfqq) fTR cRi -SHM ?)WT 11

chK“l vHdT

(i') aifiRjqi HH ^ ojiiiq (Lack of Technological Knowledge)—titqjid ijqql' ^ !l4ST

aftR 3TRTT I, cqnit5IT^:

rT«IT aicRn^T tgr ^ 4t >3T3^ ^ ^1 ■3TM3^f^4t^qtliqT 4 nichd ^ ^ +4I’(^ ^3^ cq^qiql

^ ^ fi^ I ( -SRfto, 31441 cWT 3T^ fil3Ri%cT ^ 4 3i4i I aftr: |?T^?Tf 4 ?T4f oei)'! cZrf^rFlrT oulq^frlqT SRT fl’qilwn cqdf^yci ^ (

TTTR dfchrftRm

(w) trw 35r 3RI^ (Lack of Incentive)-R<cRTfl ^3g4t t SfcRI 4 ^TvrT ^ ^pTR W ■ 11 tpR ST^rFTrT ZTT otlNT^ FTf4 ^ ^T^T rlOT FmT-gri^ c^T % 51%

«Rt4 qitdT ^ I '3T%R rTT^ cRRt4 ^4 ^TT 4 31? q«fr&'^4q) ^TR ^(dl % I TTT5)T4

3^ tiviviai 3TST^ 'STFnR^TcTr qTT ^ titqild ^Tf^qiifl ^ 4cR rTHTT ÎcfcO ^ ^T3fl

'Snf^ ’TT 3r14 5nTT3r ^ i 1441 %jn 14% 413rt ^tr 3e^ 3rTt ar^Rcr 3m’TTfl cl4 dt5 dtqii^l vFR 4 qiiq d4I ^ qqifli I sftr ■•Iq^ (Koontz and Gable) % RdTJfTR, "TTWt ^ ^ -affilW ^ ^ ^%ll’'

34

VKffNr aTjfssraâir XT? ^

(Conclusion)-yi4'j|f^ ^ ^ if 1^ ^ cRKT ^ QffmR IR1 >3T%E MR[^n<4T If ^ w aif^ g|5 ^ i

#T ^ 3nM im 11^Jiififf xrt wrPng^ IR ^ W «chfl!

^ Ff)F I FT ^tRf ^ «IRr^ ^ ^jyl'if ^ tiiJ-JiRl^ ^ ^ 3PtT

3TRr§gcF ^ %\

TTFTt

^ BFJR ^r«R’ 11

3T|qi(q«fi ^ %

iJ^njjT ?Rn 3IRIR1JW (Basic Industry) g5t FUFTT«hcqi’'i«Mfl TT^ (Welfare State) ^ % Ri>i ^ StW'ctggiT? ^ gjf crit Rni ^) ^ i3?iWf ^ qg#rajT

tttqiK

^ g5t t cRTT ^ 'jUtiiyU'Jl % %tT ^ Ft «i4'flRlsh ^ ^ ORnfcr ?Rtifâ

yittM I 'fT’I, (Pigou) ^ Hdi^tiK—

“yTFf ’R ^ "S^R JflRr XJcBiRIcBR «l5f tf TTf ^ RRFltt 'SUR ^ oi'Tt'id

ttyiRld 5RRr RlftR I” (A part from a few special exceptions, the proposal for public operation is a live one only in industries in which the typical producing unit is large and which tend

—Pigoutowards monopoly.)

f^Tifr ^ -3^ ^ t (Private Sector and PublicSector are Complementary to Each Other)

^ ht#Ri^ ^ t 5^-^ % RFT 'Sram ^ yg tf iJncir I srdaRiFfT 4j f^ ^ RF-oift^tq (Co-existence) 3TTg?g^ 11 1^1^ ^ tRIT ^ Rg,

% yl^41^11 .Rtf Rfcch 11 (Private Sector and Public Sector are not competitive but complementary to each other.) 9f^ ^ dRr RfRIvlR ^ «ftl4 Rtf <4f4) ^ ««hcft% I ?R XRiR TfiT filRRIR RSTRRtfR ^RrIT RtT % fiPR RRT % I ^ % ^TlRfi* RPBRT

11%q Rfsft #T tiiefeiPich TTgi Rm t^RPR- rrr rrrt 'Sngm 11RRcffR Rlf^TF RR RlffR RR (Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and

Industry) ^ RR> RRT ti^tlfyn RR^ gR RRl^FHR % 'h5l RT—

‘t?T if RRT tll4dPTR; ^ t aRinft ?tt RRf I RXgR; FT^ ^ Rtf 11 ^ ^ RR RR I % fM RRfR RTf ’jt RRT f^TRfR FRRT ftRRT Rlft^l FT TR5 ^RT Prafy ft# Rqft 3RfRR I #1 TRR # r|, ^RT% RT FR^T RRRT RFIT 11 FT #ftR RTRRf R^ ^ §R WR Wire # #ft ^TRRT 11 ^ R#RT R#R if, Rll R5 Rt^vlftRI # 3TRRT ft#, R^ ft#f#T «RR^ RiT ftRfR RRRT

3^ F3?#R,-ftRf3?R ^ '3TRI#r tf R^FR rIrT I ^RT ft#3R tftl fvR# ^ #RRRT fsKRlR RfftfttT R tf R# R5 tii4'JtP|ch tT RT ft# I tii4vift«h ^ # 'SiftRT (qtRci RRT âjRf^RR ttRT RfRT I

RegR: RHR ^ RnfifRT ftRRR R# ^ ^ ft# #T tii4’flPl«h It# RiT ttRT 'STTR^RRi 11 FT^ RiTFT ftiRlftiR t~

F## RT TTlRlftlRi ftu-FR (Social Control Over Industries}—>31 iRfm SlftR # '^^^RRiTR, RRilfÎRirT cTRT «1I4KR?-3lftrRR 3TTR?RRi ^ I FT^ FTT RTRlftlRT-RflMcF R?^3# (Socio-economic Objectives)

# ft«hiti

f I ft# ^ Rif fttdR ^ ft# RiT# ^ ftvIRT Rlft^

1.RIF# ## # ftR'ftd Ri# ^ ft# ^ RiT

aieftTRWr 35

lltihisîlS 9C

uaaMiaq uoipuiisip aqj ,{uiouc»a pauueid b uj) j Viajib iu>tte bUb ^ îbCto % y|C |

^ Me ^ ith ^ 11 iife biab ii^ ^ ^ cfe|j^^bl^^[, >m£iMi ^ (uoissriuuio^ SumuBy) iktrlb | g ii,thî; ^ ^-ash

K<S ^ ^ ^ I it k.totJ-fuOlSnpUO-^1

kli>i>ib ^ ^ hbc' {uoqejodjOD juBuidopAoa

hM life MSm(jneuajdajiug) ^jiigg 1^ '| 1JM£; ^ ^ Dijih»^ lr^bg^ ^tK; ^ pbBt>-(diqsjnauajdjaiuq SuisBfl pBOjg) >IMI^ jtfe hfac. x

1^ IPtbt> iife HbPJb b|yib^bK th

^ llifeis yi£l % iim life ifel^ Plh^ j^^tl^> b|^l^ lil2 .feiS bb^p(jopag Djiqnj-iun^-aiBAuj) ^ ilifeE I ^ Itt ^ >tbl<fe iJdi

ifeh life JJSfe(8iy b|y»lvbK ^ ^ Mife ilM M i ^ UeS >n»^ yt life >lbitoIfe^fehobie 11 iiel lll>»i^ ifelîe lltt life ^ ^fiy-(saDJnosaH

IBuaSeuBuiouqoax }o uoqBsqtqopq) ibXb uittbjb ^ ÛKiii» h^yahbr; |^y.tbD -9

I ^ IMifeB life Ibi^ bikpjlr Jitfe |I 4^ >1^ ^ feil^-iii ^ ifel;4i£^ lye ^ yfei^ lie'll 4iie % % ^ m Jt|fepj^ life MJife yikie iiM 4ife ItMife- ^ .ÎM^ (SuitPD) j-fisfe-ihiii ib iiibl^ Îjlplje I ^ 4^ hit ife 4^ (8«!abs) bbb (saoinoray jBpuBuy p suoijBsqiqopj) iu>tti uihUjit 4^ |khiiB bîi^ -g

l4jrifeR iife Milife 41i ^ 4a Mifej 4^ ifi 1^

^ Jilfe Ig ^ life

(asudiaiug luiof) hbC'-ubl^p bia ^ ^ |k'kj >nb>i4 Mfe ’ lit 4^ Inbbkj cbHikift it (i.ibc- inKbp] ih (sasno^ jBUjsnpui

S'fl) it ‘14t%R iife 18^ 4^ ifefeiihui ifei54ie ^ mg ifeitjiiiî>ig tfeEt—(]Oj)uo3 ^qi^bci JO uoTsuBdxg) i|te kbnk mu ^ t4e t>b^p Pjr}:^^' ^ |nK»p ijia>>k i^| ^ ita PjirK ^ t4S hb>h.^l.i9i I ^ Ifek 4t Pîtf-lPa (}uaiiiisaAui ajBAuj) ;qpkji^ 4^ ^l^nîcb ^ pSb—(luamisaAut oibaijj o} ;uaiuaSBjnoDU3) P9i(Pi^K 4m it|buji^ -g

I lk<bP m Ibt^ Pltbl^ B|P tbmtt> 1^ IPb,lb h>lp>h^h»K 1^ tlS l^pPJ il^ il^

ik^ life iti2i> Mii life jjmiii 4^ Ml % HifeiH i4ie ith %iii % | umie it life tptbbfebllo 4^ PbRp rPtP' 14^ IPkH? b(yb..h>K t^>h | 4ii ktlk b|ffej M ^ tbUjiAjîP pphi^ yp$ I ^ j^ttb 4^ (saDJnosay jepuBuy) lUbiP b|p.i^ tl^Vh ^ (/Cqnqv iBijagBUBjq) mt^ bt9»hkbK M % 4jfel^ 11 lb>J|lfetiib Ifetle hlkyi 4Jb 4^ 4Ji4fe <bljlAbm 14^ itAlj-fXmouojq jo qjMoig pidsy) Bttb^ tyj life ir>>bhoJ»tb Z

,,14 life InXfche lifel^kbUJ tbl^lklP ^ l^lb^^ jm (JOjaaq 4UIO/) ktt-Pb^>p hi^ lf>>tbb|fr|> iblsj,, '>IP^ÎPk ^ P|kji» Ub I .^411? 4tfe (podxg) pjbij ‘(saiJjsnpui jo jesjadsiQ iBUoiSey) if.>iPK life Ji,yae ‘ibg» hbicb 4ife 4t^ Piê ^ |P<bk Ufe ^ Pjiii ijfe

2^

t4<4 ^ pj»l»ri [If. mittSjSK by»lbi

'MKfily STSfsraWT ^the public and (he private sector is one of relative importance. The tw’o sectors are and mustPlanning Commission of India.function as part of a single organism.)

liKd ^ 'jpi'ni (Role of the Public and

Private Sectors in Economic Development of India)

^ vJil^shfna ^ ^ anfelct) y'lld % ^ (Public Sector) ^ 'titnirrar tTFr^TJ^ ^ ^ ^ 'iiPl«ilil f I ^ 'RRidEconomy) ^ ^ 'OF ^l^tm I ^ fl ^ t3«F Slfft

^ ^ af^ ^ ^ ^ I

(Mixed

^ 'tii^nPicn

2n ^ ^ I (Private Sector) cJit ft TOPTcH sft I Ulf^ % ^ ^ aiiq^q=nanÎR^ cETT% ^ tuâfftch ^ ^ tyiHH ^ anqû^ndi Hdtjtt ^ ^Pft 1

1948 ^ tttH>l< % aTlsnPich ftf^ (Industrial Policy) ^ ul't'îi “fl I 'll la^ y|t(VJ7 ^ JfJSJ' ^ t(|c[v;)P)c/> ^ ^ \Jl'*I ^'OT) ft 1951 ^ ‘'Jy'l'l Rienid fauH'tvJlRlPltJh’ (Industries (Development and Regulation) Act) enNi I -SilylPist) ftf^, 1948 3fR

(f^chiu Piq*ia) -SityPiUH, 1951 % tii4’Jtla^ d?n Pi’41 ^41 3ri%-3Pl% ■siul Pidd ^

fvR^ 'ETR «h('1l *n I

- 30 ■31^, 1956 ^ *rror ^RdiRggW ^ PtHl'tîd ft? t Wl

(5j) % *11^1 fqetiiti ^ tvF^^rft îtniK ’TT fHt (Industries Whose FutureDevelopment will be the Exclusive Responsibility of the Stated) I W ^ 17 ât^T f I diydl'i-Ptdf'Jl, ai^-STF? PihPi (Atomic Energy) 'TT^R<fiR dir Cl«hlPictjR Tf'il I .

(u) % uTdiK ^ îftcq fW (Industries Which will beProgressively State-owned)-?^ M ■£! 12 OTPT I ^ |-^T?frft #111?, l§Td,

TdT, ^t^41Pldh, ?I?di uiai^tla ■3nf^ I ??! #ft ^ ■# vsyl'H ^ ^ etiKOiÛTlI: dtdiR jfirr lit^ 'ITI^ ayiPl ??r #ft ^ f^# ^ (Private Sector) # f4'hi?l d>?% diT 3Td^ 1^1 viiN'ii I

^ ?f# vjirhr Pfl't'hi *n^ Iq<nifl WRFdtr: Pf# #r dr 'jh^'R(Remaining Industries Whose Future Development will be Left on Private Sector)—%% a<ctiK dit ft fR #tt ^ viul'if f «hk<si4 tyilna di# # ^dlTddT fWt 1

ddH ft ?I^, ?RdiR f umiuid,tisiddi ■snf^ g(^# ^ Iq«iK dir -srrsdRR f i

?n#rPtdi dir vjP’t-1947 dTwd^

fddt^vu g5t ‘i4l 1 ??r •fllrl ^ di-Ti'

(X)

??T #ft ^ \j?ftft dir #jit ?t^ f ^ ^ ?TT?rT, ■srr^

v|'qq4Tq #dRT# ^Five Year Plans)—1952 f ul'Jt'ii-Jd diT ■STRT’T §’3m dHMqiil dhl'd # FdlRdT ^ (Public Sector) ^ fcicniti d? ■Slfedi dcT l^dt vTlf cTdr I

fddffdf IciPimVi (Investement) diT dT—rjdi i3#I-^ diT fvtti4 ’lift vjylq

’31'dfd tii<4'JiPi<t) #? f^t# (Public and Private Sector Under

d) di4'aPld)

RTd^ sit I feftd #rd#I dtdRT

fjmk arelWdw 37

^ 1 ^ '-hiJstiHl (Development Programmes) ^ ^ ^

im ^ ^13T!fera?sjr ^

*TTff ^tr 'HiyK'ô 3liWr (Heavy and Basic Industries) ^ ^3?TR^ 1IR**T 5l% *f rPI vn^ 11 ^ oyl'il' ^ ^SIFRI % ^ ’TT IqPiql^ ^ '3nW9^Rj^ 11 ’T^ ^ 'hit’^Fl% fetflq jftvRraf^ PiyfRn cR^ # -SlftlcfifSTfT; ^ feqi vir ^1«RT I ^tfRl 4^=1'Hq ^TtvRT #yjiR) -aftr ’If I fqctJiti % f^Tiff^-WtlH ’îi^ ^ ■ 'JiIoR'W <htjOH''i(Taxation) ^ v)hn cBFT ^ tFFT ’M I W Rixfld-^sri) ^ fîvff ^ ^ tii«fviRit») ^ ^ 6«t(’fl<'J| ’FIT Riti^ f^ ^ ^ g^lcT ^ ^-firpFil’T ^ «FFfT ’TTtt ^ ^ I

TT: y&«tjcn ^HTFr TSr I ^ TFBF ^ f fiK ’ffvRT % ^y\Pl'^> ^ ’f nicf-jiRlch ■sffr f^Tlff % SiU'Îwci R[«hin «Rr ^^TTfr f^FIT I?^FFr

Hxiqcffii % 'ST'd^rt fc|PiMl‘i (Total Investment) ^ îicfvtPich ^ %3T?T # ^ ^ tFIT Rrjff ^ t ^FFif 11 iRuilHWI^ TFFT T^g#! $ HF^T

Tf ^ filf^Ftf’i if ^ JBT FOT’T ^ sm «ir, -SIR ^ fli^ ^ w I ^ m^JtRrar ^ im FIR ^ ^ 1

Pivfl tiîêlf •flfrl—1960 % WT? ^ ti<«hK 511 f^Rff ^ % 'S^jf’ff % SI^«Ffr FtR w I *i6uji>ift« '4q>iRttt)K trar aRi<4lû ^mrc ^n^frr, evuH BPif^ -slfT^ ^ ’Fft Ri4)iU;it( ^ ’RiRM SIR

I,

t, f^ Mf ^ % ^32ifTf % 5iFf qr cft w 11fleT % ^fîfRrai f«FRTH ^ ’rf^ F ^ î’lf STFlf ^ nSMT îlTT d<«hK SR SIcTld

sr ^ RfW FFIT R ^%cj5f ?T % 5^, ^ «IT7 ^ ^ ’IR nf^ ^ f^cbRid |Sin 1979-80.^r rifFR 1.5%^ 1? ’I? ^1

% I ^fteRFlf^ % TrzR 14 ^ sflylRich ^ gif vl^ >4f«rHRFcTT

^ ^ f^RR-1965 % 1975 RB cj5f 6Flftl if ^ % tjqfrf cFT >3l1lRfpr (Take-over) cjit^ ^ cBT f=RfTR f^FIT WI IÎ IFHIT ît’TR TefFT, ^fFT, ^ ^'IfT1^ #7 ^ ^ RB ?Sr ’TT’T ■HFBTT % ?I# ^ ?I?I7 W I SITSTT ^T ifIT ^ TT^^ ^ vjsif’ff 5iT ^fr I«l«t)itt . ^'11 vii^d ^tll §3TT I 1120 <^3^5 'B'1% % IqRiqlji

«BR^ % ^*id if tlf’T WR «fR% % W15 ’If «Bf^-i3lif’T ?T RR ^cbtiM ddidl «I?fr R TFT^ I 5I^''i ^ ^ fSHIrT ^ <&rl ^ I <b4Si-P)t?if ^ -iiftch RiTRR IRlfiRT ^ ^ I W 51^ nr^>lPf«b^ % WT TT^ ^ ^ ^FT ^ ^ % % fll% %r 5R T|Tr 116|Vll<J

% ît. ^ ^ ^ t “vR w4dl^'h^ ^ sfk R’TJ^ «BIIT cRfriT ^ ^ % RIF if f^RlfJFB ^ffR ^cRT clF Rifft’jff ^ % «lFrIT Ri?s FFTT sffr ’TRilf’T STT^fcB f^cBRi ^ 3ltf% iTFr^TJJ’f ^Tf«4f ^ ^\j|l IRltl ^ ui'^wild'h ^ cff chi4'5)!infll fttgi4i % ^f7 R rTHT I Î? WIW ^ cFB flicfviPich ijqir (Public Enterprise) RR îff îIT% RT vTT^ tFI cig? If iTFff felPijR ârm ’iff Iftr m reî

ul4'Jli^'t) ^ ^ iPFlf «^f RT’RFFBfTT 5)1 cRITT StHKT RlrTT W OT^ ot41’I(Under-utilisation of Productive Capacity) 11 ^ SljRld T’Rff’T, Sffr

sjcf^ CRT i3?4KHT ’^ÎctTil (Quality of Product) «B’lf ^ =BR^ iM ^# vatHK-l 5lHdl «BI ’J’f T'Fif’T Tff ^ IFTT 11

38 sjtfsjzfm

13:3 ^St^Tf 3ir ^ 3?3T W I tticf-nR^- % STîjSl^rf # rHW

^ cb(4t 3lf^ I ÎFROft^v J'^ff 3STT 'TT 3Tf^ vflT tl'«l>inl rWT

iftw JTW^ # gsTTT % wnf% 3ri% 'Jll'i<»i=hdliigsjf aftr yiHifI # sJcMRchctl îT OTJjW, fT3T ^TT*?"

*f tTTF-W ^ Wnft % iTrtt ^31^ c{^ cFI 33^-^ Wm ^ ^ if ^SIR^7% ^ I

f^njt % ^STO^ftll 3>nf—3T^ f^Rf^’iif ^ ^ ^ ^ %

?>74 %3r 1977-78 ^ i?I^3ff^ ^ # 3],400 i?T 91 3>fl? cKI

?TZr 1^31, 1270 1TSJFT 3fk 3ft f^Plis ct,«Hpiql' ^ 31^ if -STîfR % % 3ifr 3?t ■31313’fr

% 3T3 13,043.79 3ift5 33^ ^ fc|Pl4lJ| 3T 381.36 3ift? 3'^% 3tT ?lT*r 3i3I3T I 3F 3 3lf|tT % fâFRT if f^rff ^ 3^1 clchR^)«h 3ff, 3^6 ijftW f^^^Tft ^ I 3n3$33>

ft ^31137 % % «<ehK 33% 3t33PT % 37^^ 3131333

^ % ’33T3 3fr fecj 3T^ (Inflation) 3ft 'g^lft vnidl, 3t f%ft ^ 3T33T fc%t%3

351% % 3riÎ3> 3ff 3iT tlShell I

33 1%3H 3% I 3f% f^Pl«j1'l 3it «l«ii&'l

■’ % t1l4'Jit%«h f%3ft %% %r 3Ft3^ flefl f I(Managerial Efficiency) % ^13 fîsnid f 3333 3313

t^sft sflT 5113 351% % f%3T 3T 3%3T % I yfci4lPini % rlT3 (Element

% f^,f%5fl ^ 313%t 33^=33513 ^515131 tnst-JiPish %3 33 1357T33,of Competition) ^ 33T%Sr 33% % f^; 133. %% % 313 f%lft \333t (Private Enterprises) %

^1% 31 33)% f; 5% 3TlvI %3) 3T%5lf%3) 333f (Public Enterprises) % f 1 3?f3T%jT{%3) %3 % 33% fl3) 333 3ff 33 if % (%% fe t%3l% 33333 % %3 i^ 3% f%%t 333353 333 35%% ( tii«fvtPl«h ^ % vjaHi 3)1 M«i’^ f%v% %3 3% %% 37 f^31 3fT ««hcH % I ?3WT 3T%j%13) IJERf % HsRT 351 5it35%%tsBr3 Oi«SviPich feel % ft311 31%%%^ %3 % lJ33f % ^ ff7% (Share) 333 =1331 3% %^1% % % t |3 ^ % ^613 37 f%315 3%% ^

?3% 53 333f % ont^lRlw %t 31331 % 3%% I 1

dl3)d(l5(<h 33151 351 '317S77T 3373 ^^% % ^ ^ ^ 3^73’^% f%37%t f 1 rtlsho^3% P3I%t 337% % f%flT 3? '3TI35335 % f%5 31%5lf%35 ■sftT ^5%; 3f3f %3 3sE ^3% %t ijf%351 3% 33% sftT tcSliJT %%) 3% %91 3% 372^373731 <E1 351313553 ft 33531 % I

3l?fsR72rT tn4'rri^«h ^ ^ (Preformance of Public

Sector in Indian Economy)

3K3 if 3T%5ri%35 %3 % 312fs7ct731 % 3?t3'J% 7373 UrTl -357 f%131 % I 1951-52 % ^% 5lfl %35r 5 333 %, f^3% ^51 fqPi<il3 3% 3% 313 9 35%? 753% %t, 3fl ’SlTvl ?33)t %<»4l 3?357 200 % % >3lf%35 ft 3%t 11

%3 351 3?r3 f^*-lif«15ri 31%! % 73^ fl vTTcH I—

1. 7n%5lf%37 ^sl 3)T US 7l'^3 5573133 % 3t33T3 (Contribution of Public Sector to Net Domestic Product)—71^^ 5373133 % 7n%3rf%35 %3 351 3?73'5% 3t33I3 7?1 %l 1960-61 3% shlnnl 37 717357% %3 351 1960-61 % ^ Tl^t^ otMi';'! % 3t33R 10.7% 31 37^ 3TR 3? 3?^ 71333 24.3 3{%W Ff 331 li

2. ^jft-^RW % 3t33I3 (Contribution to Capital Formation)—717351% %3 351 713% '3lf%3) W73^ 3t33I3 ^ff-Pldf'^l % nwi'3 % % I 3F 7131 t%i3fRt57T nilcichl % 73^ %—

sjtfiitdrm 39

arsfosra^sn ^

«ti4'j|Pt4> ^ ^ aRlifiadldftl

1952-53 1955-561956-57 t 1960-61 1961-62 t 1965-66 1966-67 ^ 1968-69 1969-70 % 197S-74 1974-75 ^ 1976-77 1984-85 % 1987-88

59.0 •41.048.851.2

475 52.539.5 60.541,3 58.350-1 49.955.8 44.2

'46'41 ^ ^ ^ (Grces Capital Formation) ^^ ?nm 54.5% ^ Wl

3. ti t’s’ll ^ Iqîti (Development of Infrastructure)—‘3nf^-PiHf'J| fR^RT (Infrastructure) ^ ‘^TRlfvR)

(Social Overheads) «sc6 cW JIlfiNia %. ^TTCR; ti'^K(Communication); 14-4'41 3TWT7^ jyl'Pl ^ f4'^)iti 'Snfit TT 1%^ qxai I^ «f)Rf ^ ^'cFT ti4)wai

4. *10!^ afhitpRi (Strong Industrial Base)—31^ 4) Î«F^ W ^1^^ -T^ % êRT^cIT-lfri^ ^ ^ ^ gcT gjl ^ tll4vlf4'6^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ 'SftuIPj^b -41(4 y«ii4l ^ xiyVl=(i^Mi'i-Pi*if'J| '3T?f^) TT^f^ ^ ftfT ^ «i4'4p|«h ^ ^ ^ Itir«hK % ^41 (Key Industries) 'MiNjii, Rt?T ?FTR, diydR, ddyH-lHHl”!

-arrf^ ^ I^sbm ’fr I4*4';i(l ^ i hcrr ti 14*4Into ^ % ^?T if Hî^ 3^,41 Picfi3IRIR ^ % I ■

5. ^ ^ ^ 41'kh—^ WT■STfSTR^ fjyi ’JpfPTrT Basic and Capital Goods Industries) tr^ sRâff {^R,

Rim, qlM, 3^ ^ ^ ^ jbt w 11 ^^ vf# rff?T; ipitreiT, t^, ^ g?rEr ^ tii4viPicb ^ ^ rfi loo

41% «JT TRg TTfH#«fiw

arsfczjcTRiT ^ ^

^ li

%l

6. tii4'4pi<fc 5^^ 3^t oliM (Income of Public Sector)—tii4’4Pich ^ ^ \J4|Hf ^ f4rl?r if ^ 11 yi4’4pi^ % \5y*ii ^ «nffe (Annual Turnover) Rf1971-72 ^ 3.975 eft 3TR ^ »ft 3lftlcF ^ 11 ^

% 1% RTTcT if tii4viPich ^ ^ ^RUrRcfi fc|«ll( gOTT ^ I

7. Pl^ffl y1ctll64 (Export Promotion)—RKtT % Piyfd-oJl'Iit cRt alrtllfid ^7% if ^BT til4'4pich jmhI % 4l'i<;i'i Rdl % I TTjPlfteT ezjFTTT PpR (State Trading Corporation)3ftT IgPivi qq SIT5 îHi< Pi'iH (Minerals and Metals Tradeing Corporation) % tsRR ^ Tnft tTpff rf Pitjfd-ylwii&d ^ ti<io4ly chi4 f4)4i % I t41'a f$iPjis

(Hindustan Steal Lmited), RSfR ^ctt f^. (Hindustan Machine Tools Ltd.),

40 »?773f7 afifsam^

3^*fo!<<3Wr ^’TRfT %. (Bharat Electornics Ltd) ^ y<«ElO f ^ ^3?7T^^ ^f^cblf^’ ^ {^RffT ^ ^ (Foreigon Exchange) 577^ 11

8. T^jRTT (Contribution to Employment)—1977-78 ttt'hlO \5y*ii ^ 16.

4 wra 574^ g;rq- ^ ^ 7iraf% 1973-74 % bmt i3.4 hri ^ i'IF^ Pi'H (National Textile Corporation) ^ chR ^7T% «(i^ 2 FfR5 «E^^[Tft snftFT

Bff % I ■3TF51 til47nPl^ ^ ^ FRIRT 2 <Î4d cRIR cRF^ f I

9. (Profit)—tPE Fn^Trrf^ ^ % (J'tRi 'FT %, 1978-79 ^ «Etf 159sZJRRTTf^}^ \ja4l (f^ti^ «h4?l f^ci -sflT 4iHl ^ % 88 ^ J'titii =h*t/i;i^ ^ vjflf 69 % ^shtiM ’35R1TI y'li'i ^ TT^ (^ ^tiic^ %193 giftf ^ Tit 1 1984-85 ^ tllJ-dPidi ^ t iJURf ^ 956.12 57^? ^ FTIR|3TT I TRlRfr ^ RT Tra75T FTTR ^ ^ % FTHT TRT 1983-84 t 11.94 -Tlf^TfT% ^S5ET 1987-88 13.8 ^ W I

%■

10. ^ *(Vl<sR (Contribution to National Exchequer)—TTwjff^ TJSRT^ 91 ^<4^, pJIRTST (Dividend) ^tT

(Excise Duty) ^ TiT ^ 4l'i<;i't ^ f I<3<«tjK

11. THRSf \jhmVi (Capacity Utilisation)—<f>^ 'j—id ^?itndiWitvi^ (Integration) % «FR^ fli4'flPisti TSTPTT % PPtf^l (Manufacturing) ?^T[54I %Tfm4 ’TOfRT ^ %l

12. vicitjiT W (Growth of Ancillary Industries)—dicf-df^cn Sanl % ^<1(Bureau) %

^ alctni^ ^ TI% I !>(Conclusion)—B'T^rT fcRT'T % dl4’Jifd«n ^ ^

g?t aiHfcZfcR?n ^ ’jPtcM 57 515^ tll4'JlPl't) ^ ^ '31^ 5)ft5T ^ 15^^Ttit 5it ^[57T tlN'JlA'* ^ ^ 3n#55T t ^ f: dl4'4A«h ^ ^ Atît ^TRJ TRIT

1 di4'JiR=ft ^ ^ ^ gS(«l 717 Tl^ f—

• • ^14-4^51 ^ ^ -sifSichiRqT ^ 53crr ^jfnr i• t(i44p(5) ^ ^ «((i41 f4»'j^<34f ^ Ttel I

• dr^Mpl^j ^ ^ ^ ‘l.^rqûl ^f^57T 4t I

<lt4'Â«t! ^ ^^ ^ 3TR^ H&ru'iyl ^jft57r 3151 57T tl4)di I vi-idl 5?) tll*ll(4«b, 3nf^ 3flT TTlpftfiTî '51^1 fêiA, TR1% 571 47'4A=ti<'i[ Tt57% crai TI^5 355 571 ^JSBTRR^ TRTR Ad<''i 57tA 571 71551 tlA-JiAch ^ ^ (4tdld cRlT TRTFT 55155 ^ ^ Hidill }^5T 51 TREcH ^ I

1577?^ ^ feTIH ^F1 ^ ^ 3RA 515 ^ cfli^

ll^

/

■£5151 vJ5fT «fjAA ^ ^ 57? 5^ 55? ?Tl f^'.FF^ TTl45'A57 ^ Midcii 5>f di5lfii5) 3ft? anftfe '515 (Social and Economic Justice) f4eiA

^ (Joint Sector)

FIT ?T^RT ^ (Private Sector) ^ TiA-JiAch ^ (Public Sector)

57 4t5 tT5; 5J5il? ^ dl5l«ti<l % I Tt^Rl ^ ^ BTfrrf ^ cPfr ^ 5 ffr ^551 ?T?57r? 571 5)5? 3fr? 5 %5cf f%l?) ^ ^ 3lf^ TJ??^ tu4'flA«h ^ 5)5) ^ fi?HT ?)tTl 11

ttlUK''!

Wd75 37^55W7 41

am. SRT 5RT ^ ■Jiq ?m ^ jrer t M^ ^3m tBi ^3?^ ^ ^ #r ?mBR % ^ qgj ^ «i^<i(f ^nr I

^ ^(^‘Jl'i 26 iri^Tff- ^ ?Wt, s««hi ^Plqi 1I«F^ fli*ii'<<o: %-«<«m(Iyi^cjlO % fW Piq’^î ^ 'T^êr'T (Supervision) ^ Ptij!i«h h'jsw (Boardof Directors) SRT feÎT î^'ii f^ TT n<=hK ^ yRiPiRiry ^TFrT I

9^ T^ ^

1.6 %' qjf H&T«t (Importance of Agriculture inIndian Economy)

5fT#r t If ’TRrT wfi miR ^ 35111 ^ ^ 3Br ^ ijdtnmsiT ^ T5r I ^ ^rsfsarawT ?i5t % ^ 55^ ’It T5r 11 ^ 3t^, f^f^ jsr «BriM'tlIrt't) r«iit^cq, q'l'jj'ii'Sff cl5t n^hddi 5W1R Iflt ^ ^cRRT rpr 11 ^ cRT 3ra^ ^

^dtn ^ ^ ^ 70 Srf^Trl ^Jnrf! ^ ^^tte 3Ft ^ % i 'lP'5^ %5^ %5i5r «n— “^f^ cfit 31^ orilrai yisiftshai ^ 3)t 3fiq^qchnl t (qqficb) ^ ORTW T5cft

I rit 3R5m TT^ ^ ORT^BcT 35^ 11’' ff^ % Pl>i|fRd 3T5?if ^FT 'jjr ^ m ^ q'q<atlT3| % -smufrl Rtqiiq ^ ^ tÎRn ^ % 1 ^T5t^ ^

% ’TR2i*r I-n«t)ni

“Ecoi\omic regeneration attempted in successive Five-Year Plans has made agriculture a pride of national economy. This Sector, today provides employment to about 70 per«:ent of the labour force, contributes nearly 35 percent of net national product and accounts for a sizeable share of total value of country's exports. It supplies bulk of wage goods required by non-agricultural sector and raw material for a large section of industry.”

-India 1991 P. 445

1. 'Mt'iJ)ni«»)i ^ 3mm (Source of Livelihood)"^!^ ’IRtT

3nsm ^ I 5*1 R ^ ^ viititsqi w vimni 70% ’tft rPir §3jt^ I 'JUijqtf’Jinq) rTSI |r Fnfl 5^ 'jutiis^t ^ 3J5 i^pr sfidlRl*3mi qUqrini % »?) 70 cf^ %

fiR ^ if rpft înfsftvr -jhhW 3ir ti? 'Sigtriti m t ^ i3f«iT% I i^?cr ^ fqshfrin ^ if cBi4§jW jRFteiT ^ irpi m i^rir11 Ff ^ ^ ^ >313^ 15%#’lf3FTll^^tffr3I5 5%t’ff^|l

2. 31'sO'I smi ^ JJtsfl 3mm (Main Source of National Income)—FIl^ ^^ TT^ aim tBT ^ 3n3m 11 1950-51 t ^ tm t 3iwP^3i ^^ 3F#T -STPT if 3rm 51% TtfiRR «n I FT 'STjqm ^ sfR-tfft ^ iff I #3 1991-92 if ,^15 qfWT rPnm 35% 8ITI

FtR ^ ^ 31^ SIR if ffÎ % TfnKR -if mnf^ 715 -aT^RTT RpbRrt ^ ^ ^frt ^ ^ 11 ar^RcFr tt if ff^^ 31^ 'SM if ^ 'dl’I-iH rRiPT 3% 11 =ll3rlRl*rIT' rit 715 I f^ ^ % 3TT^

i«f7BI3T % 3ira-3ira’ 31^ 3071 if fRr w ifFT TIR ^ 3nrTT % I 7J5 5?r ^ gjT ^ ^*Ttt TBT 3Rlt TlfferT ■STlRfe Rlcbld îff ^ tnTJT | 3raT ^?T

if feftTtcF qg ^ ^ % RicFi3r 7j^ 5m?r 3ii’n7RTq li

TFT 3R% qfT

FIT |3n 11n'i*i'i

Rknc 311^ 3^ %,rPTlrfR

42 sfJifov^wr

>•.3. ^ (Importance for Industrial Development)—^!^

^ % -3^41 Pi«b i^chiy ^ *T5rrj4 TPRFT 11 f)^ ^ ^ -31^ 'iyl'il^ ^ 3n^S!^ wnff iiRT- ^ 11 ^ ^ ^gytil, ^ vJITPT, Njyl'i 3nf^ 3FT^ <*1=41 tllHijl % f^ 5cZRf ^ ^'TT ^ f^nfr «f>T^ t, =)lwRl«hai .rit ^ I % ^ ^ 3nf^ fs[«FRT ^ ^ 3TFT ^ ^pm 50% ^ ff^ ’TT WT 11

4. (ÎÎhT ^ *1)^ (Supplier of Food Grains)—^ ^ tl*^4 ^yi^lHl Slit ^ qurfl % I SRT FFjyf 'flititSMi 4) (cl>4 (91^ 4^'l4 vjtcistj

«h<li> vlT^ f cfSTT ^3ff % îm 'JHcl'iJ îTRT 'Jllfll % I

5. 'ilfdR* oL|iHi^ *t5Tq (Importance in Internal Trade)—&Hi^ ^5T 4) 3iid!t=haim t ^ PFrtrjif ’jPraii I^ri# 11 ftA’ sift ttmt ^ <îm(l i^cf

3r7^ 3TF^rtsl«RI 'mff *1 aim «IiT% ^ cFFTT ^ I

ar^ssra^sn ^

itz

6. «jiHK (importance In International Trade)—mcT îf •t?W■£f ^ ’jPPFT f^RI^ 11 FTl^ ^ ^ f^Rlfrlf ^ cPm

50% IIFT fif^ Kiyf ^ ^ ?tcIT 11 FT H«l^, ^ ^ #31, ^3nf^ W fiprfrT ^ ‘jwdi'i f=I^Sfr 5^1 3ipjfd ch<^ % I FI# 3t(ciR=Kl^ Rpifd 5)1 20% *IT^ 3i1qlR|eh cR^-sff gn t ^ 3TTSIlft^ 11FT Tim FT# #T # # ff^ W FIR ll.

cMIHK

7. <Im|W #' yl'l<;i'l (Source of State Revenues)—TTF ^RcBltt # tMtd1>I PF^nj# mR5>T# % I FT# Oi(ciR«Kt HtiyT # cPt aimf PT ^>^chRio f#m vflcIT % I

11 TTHI ^TFT# 3Pr# 3TR 511 531#! 5fT ^TR cRR # FRFTRR # 5il#f TRFF

5iT -butlR (Main Support for Transport System)—|if# FI# 5ET 5^5 3TraR 11 ^Fl#r RR # flft’ Wzf xrgi ^?IR- ^ ^

FIR F # 'HR vTl# ^ I f#?f# FTT tlR^FT # #[#TR mi# #t 5il#r 3TR yi'ci## ll

8. 'ift^FT RSTFIT ^T # tRqg'i aRFIT

o9. mf#I5) 'jPr 5>r 'SHmIÎ (Use of Maximum Land)—^ # viHciaJ

F##nB mr ^ # 3ra#r ^ mn li ^ # Fimi t^nT5)| # % 14.3 «t>Rs %5#TT '*jRT 5iT vjiI^Rj if -jiicii

^ JFT mm 43.3% %110. #PR '^-mn5 (Low Capital-Output Ratio)-^ #t iRT HeR'^yf #I#mT

5? % I# FI# 'iciPit #f 3T#5IT 3l3Hia (Capital-Output Ratio) «l§a 5R11 F# 5T#f '#, f)f^ ISm # 1 55Ilf #f ^ 5## # tcR 3T#?TT^ 5^ 5R ^ mi# #r 3ITcR55RT ## % I m #?# mcT ## 3Tif#f#R ## # #R '3IRFI mFTJ# 11

^cl ’jf# 5)1 32.88 mt? ^5#5T

11. 9T?# mFTT#¥ # 5^#r (Relief From Urban Problems)—#^ 511 Ri«hi« #tTT % # f)f# # cl# ci#ff 5# R'fl'ut m 3n#faF (#5IRT # 3T#I5i STFIT FR ## I FI# Fr#5^<»T #t Ulirl R cFf# 'Sfrf 5TcTT5Fr FIT HFfW

## FIFT# 5# #5# # ^5 f### I## # HCINd

12. ##irt#5i ttMHdl 5IT MiR^qiK (Basis of Industrial Prosperity)—## 511 (#5IRT #tIT 1^ 31# 5Rcr 3T5# ## ^ 5# TFT Slf#! âal ^ ## # ####151

VMh -3T8^5FI7 43

^3ff ^.'=f ^!5f m11 5^ ^ Î*F=raT ^ ^ylPicf) y^^Hdl Pilâ 11

13. ^ tiH'^fll ^K^ri<< 3r4«)«*wi ^ % (Prospertity of Agricultureis the Prosperity of Indian Economy)—^ ^ ^?T 'fl'ltttSHl ^cfWT 70% ^TFI "F ■3TTf^ % ^ 50% »TPr ff^ ^3rqT^ W %,?iTT^ 7J^ 3IFT ÊT 35% ’TFT % URT ^ ^ ?*Tlt 50% 3?fFr ^

FB ^ ^ ’TT -arrarfeT t, -BB: ÊFI B IFEcTT I 'TrT#Tc|5f tiH-iai

’IT y«t)lS!l Sra^ f^ST 5TFFT ^ ^«E 'fliw #3ft %Rl<ai ?IT, “^rfcBT î 3T^ 41fi4) BTFT ^ % fs|«hiti % ^f^ctiVl % BB

^ 5Br«T m t' ff^ ^ int^ ^ Mr i whit ^r ttw: ^ ^ ^ I f^rrnEi 'f ?TFTr wt«t qq w4 it i”,

% Trat^B ’rfen ^srai^ wb ^ «efi *it, «Ft TB?t^5iraft«EHT ^ tfr an«r9H«EHT ^ i Brnw Btfr i cfr wrîiT Bftr tt^ ^twf3TTNB 11”

Wroftn aiJenqwi ^

itz

litiH-ini

^TR?r ^cHic;q>di (Agricultural Productivity in India)

virSKthOi qq '3I^f (Meaning of Agricultural Productivity)

'3rHi<;«hai ^ BTT?PT H?7KW tET% ^ SFBT H ^ % I 3B:^ ^ hnI -jjr^ qicfl HTTUB ^ 5i*icii BT^sTT 'ifri ^ ^ I >3CHK=hdl ?Tr HIH «Er TT^W ch<4l

i qjpif % yql'i HTWHt Hil iâ*Tl ^?BTTT qq inTra^ftctTH ^ TTIW HHW f«EHTw 11 irnir hr aiRf ^f gqfw ^ h% fîf^ wranf %' TR*f # ît wr tfe^ I-

% BTTSBvJcTIWdI

BRRWff^ ^ wTRîdT

5fB ^

^1 qRBHBR ^ HRKqKlT

yyew ^rPlcflf cif w^

BRTêfiHTBRReEdT

WHFfr ^

vJdti<;«hdl q5) q^lrrar (Trends in Agricultural Productivity)

'StMK'tidl (Productivity of Land)-Firt ^ ^ '*jf^ q5t HRTqcErTT^ TF?4 ^ vfT^ Tit HHI WHHI

3RR=EHT TPj4 fsRH cl5t BttWTT BRR^BT TTUT Icjchldd ^ qtt HRiq^BT ^ g^RT if 3|cr ti ?% tu^pei sttt thb WI trbt I-

1. ^5EH 11 TFJjf BTSiqr BTW ^

X

44

' Land Productivity In Selected Countries

(Annual Average for the Period) Yield per hectare (kgs)

1978 to 1984Commodity Country 1976 to 1978

1692 2944WorldRiceIndiaChina

1244 2213

2349 279352643384USA

3977 6912 ,Japan

20271781WorldWheat16671225India

ChinaFrance

Germany

. 244313725223434653524547

1321404WorldColton (Lint)154 499India

2043458China885 7292USSR

2585940Mexico

Source: Production year book, Vol. 38 Published by FAO of the United Nations: 1984

villi)cH dlRHthl fr ^ ^ 'JrHK'ncil ^ ^ gf

I rrarft m ^ % -apq ?I?r ^ 11^ 5eRT ^ ^ OTK«b’dl efWT 1/2 t 2/3 ^ ^

^ fW fc|'4)Rld ^?ff ^ 'dCHl'Sshfll ^ ^ 1/3 1/4 MPT % «RRT ^ I

if t Tsrfqr w I-

sfl 'jciK'hni

MTTiT if iSFIFT

GroupCommodity 1989-90 1990-911980-81 1988-89.1950-51 1960-61 1970-71

Foodgrains

(Total)

Cereals (Total) Pulses (Total) Rice (Total) Wheat

Oilseeds (Total)Sugarcane(tonnes/ha)Tea

13821023 1331 1349710 8725221493 1530 1573753 949 1142542598 549 576524 473441 539

1336 1689 1745 1751668 1013 11232121 22741307 1630 2244663 851

824 742 769481 507 579 532

58 61 65 6533 46 48971 1182 1491 1652 1704 N.A.876

500 N.A.298 400 N.A. 624 884Coffee

• Source: Economic Survey, 1991-92 Page S-18.

tjRcfPf arrJsTWWt 45

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3[^ vJ'rHK^

if ^ ^ I oiqi'-?!’, ifi, tfRra", iTR if Hcrff&^ % I 5I?r, Ia?i5i ^ ^•^Hd*{ t fTÎT 3RT i+iddf ^ ^ ^TSFT % I

2. 9f^ ^ftt») vicHKiîai (Productivity Per Worker)—^ ^ if >3CHli;«hdl

^3iiW 3r^T ^ ^ grRT Tf ^ 11 q^F arg^R % arj^fR ^ ^ if gf^ SfftcR ^stMi-jchfii ^ '3i1y|Pi«r) «^«ji'i'l' qff ^ 1/3 |r ^qff ^f 1/211 WT qf I ?m tor ^ rr ^ I tro^^3#T TOR ^ RR ^ %1 13^ -g^ if g% ?slfi|R '|Î RTtqPiql^ qgfT «fR 11 f^PR RfriW 5RT RR fifRT RT «chai t—

Productioa of Foodgrains

niTcftR ar^BRWT ^ TO

(MLlUon Toanes)

Cereals PulsesYear Total Foodgrains

1980-81 11119 130

1981-82 122 12 134

1982-83 117 12 129

1983-84 139 13 152

1984-85 134 12 146

1985-86 - 137 13 150

1986-87 132 11 144

1987-88 129 11 1401988-89 156 14 170

Source: Economic Survey, 1989-90

^ q>iO*l v«i<ql ^ ^ q>KV| (Causesof Low Productivity in Agriculture or Backwardness of Agriculture)

^1^ rTOR arTORWT ^ TO ^ R?dTO % i fTO ^ TOrr if rTOr rTOr^sit

qRT^RR feSR % fqcjiRia ^§Tf ^ gdR ^ «Br# RRgiftr % gsTOr to f^?TT if rr frît % aiTOi qFR’j’f rto Rsiq ^

^ Rigft ^ ^ toTO URR^RT TOIrirr

qfr RRRR ft Bn 11 TOg RR if fTO It TOPrTO RiTOrI % TORR^M fTO vJtMKchdl TOf RH R 11 TO% ftR RTTO I-

!

1. Rff^ ^ fTOrRT aRlftTR 5qR ^ t fTO Rl4^TO TOFTOIT Rl FRRT 70% R*! aiR ^fTO qr ftTO rtr Ii

^tuslT RT 'JiRj<t> RT (Pressure of Population on Agriculture)—RT?TO qRRRR RT hTO qfxRJ^ RTTO I % TOll l?T R TOFTOtT

2. RTOfR ITOflf (Inadequate Irrigation Facilities)—RTO ^ ft'uti ^ gfTOiaffRT toTO f«IRR qD If RR 11 FRRIT % R^TR TOTFff ^ Rc]^ ^ ^0%

11 ftRif toTO giTOraff t <srm fTOgjif ^ RT It ftraif q?r gfTOrq! vjHCtSM

acuci-i TO 'SRKRR ^ Rif R4ni ^ FlRcTT

46 Wtfhr 3T8M<^?R

(Uncertain and Uneven Rainfall)—'HKn ^ 'Snff 'ft ^TtferaWT ^

m Mr ^ ^ JRFlft ^FT Tf ^ I 'TRrT

3tftf$rRr3. oRRRyfifir ^‘tH^'1 ^TT

HT^JTT

ÎfcIT 11 ^ ^ ^ ^ îR'T 'FfW ÎTR t ^ ^ '3T^ ^ ^ ^

if ^ ll

’Tte

qiR'T VrtW

dHd f^FT ^ ^TTJfl'' ^ SHTR (Lack of Improved Seeds andFertilisers)—STrOfe^f ^ 'TTTrft^ ^'H«h 'ifN', ^ I % Htifyi

■qrar ^ ^3^ %Fr % ^ ^ 5nTf^ ll ff^ ^ dcMK^dlcFT Tf ll

*mfRr ^ ^T'Tl^ (Lack of Adequate Finance)—^ 9^9 ^T^FH

?T?IT >3dlK«hdl ^ ^ 9^^ 'FR'T'IKcfld ^<i|eh ?d% 9ft^ I I «l^ 3T9l 'jflqi ^ 3M9^^ ^ 9T| I ^ '*K'J( % % flltT >5"10i^«f dldif'JI ^ 9T^ 11

Pra|t d<b4\<6 ^ Snft*! (Use of Obsolete Technique)—'3Rtft9 ^ vitHm^hOi ^T?l 9ir i^sF TO'T ^ I 'Troff^ ^995 vi'Ni'^'l ^ '^silPl'h 'fllfluf i^«hftlO

O'h^'h 59 95^9 9ff 5R 91^ 11 -STM ’ft ‘iKolî ^953 Ir, ^Tft ticf 9951 59 99f9 59!^ 11 §««hi, 59 31915 11

tÎquiiuil 59 01915 (Lack of Marketing Facilities)—59ll l9T H5i«jf

^ fin fciH'î'i tl'ioo 59tfr 5t9^ 11 UEift 9359T frarfl ?9 I 9Rtft5 f95ft 5fr -I 5ir| flf^ g5R It 9T5T 11 ?9 9fl5f I 599 5rt 3n9Tft f95?r t 9m sftllT 5R| I afrr ?9 wm 59 t5rff 5ft 3I9l 'ot9T5f 59 9fr ^ 9llf ftcT 9151 11

tpflr otjo-yin 55t g,f^9l3ff 59 3FTT5 (Lack of the Facilities of Agricultural Research)—ITcT It ^ 5^ ^ ^f^ -SIJIRIR ^ ^ | 59’lr 99% gl I 551% l?T ^ 39555^51 % I 5? 99% 55t99R55 9%-I I 3T%%RT ?9 SIJIRIR 5%5T3ff 59 FPr f95ff 5ft It51 959T % 9% flcT 9T5T I T

^55ft 59 9t9TI5Tlt (Conservative Outlook of Farmers)—f>% ^ %*95995599 % fin ^ fn5i 'ft 59751% 11 3T%59?T f95i 59 % mR 97 995 ^ %95I7T 51% 11 f9% 3I%ft57T 31%59$T ^951 3T^%7T 99 3R%5r | %9% 597’9 I 9| och'tl'ft 3199% ^ %^% 7)% 9lt 1% 11

71^59% t?5 dl*ljl5) %7ft ^ 3F1T5 (Lack of Co-operative and Collective Farming)—'TRtf% 9ftfl5%5f ^ 71?59ft 1(5 Tn’jfl'E 1(5> 57519 It 7151% 11 ?715ff flgNcii % f>% ^ I 579159 1(5 57915599, 5%! I shtPfl«hi(l 9^57% %% 59 7n% I 7151 'iK%q ^95ff 5ft 5fl579 7% 799979 ^ 5579 59 717979 I, 97^^ g^lfm I % mil l?T I ?7RR1 %5117r 9% It 9151 11

4.

5.95fm %7ft5 g%513ff 59 31915 11 31%5991

397I9579793lf 7% % ^ %179 % %5, 1515, |557, 9*9 f5, 95if%

6.

7.7% I,% %5%7T 9%% ^ 751991

, 8.

9.

10.

*973% 3l4oiicim 47

11. ^ 51^^?TT (Lack of Safety of Crops)—tRITehlil’^^ ^ cRn5t 5l1^ ^ îlT^ fif^ ^ '3MI<;«bai ^ T? 11

*rRtT ^ 'fjR'T cPPTT 5% <3iyi"l irirT^ ^ ^nrlT ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 1^«TT ^ feq JRtf ^raFJT ^ ^ 11

12. 3ff^‘ gJT StZT 3IR1R (Small Size of HoIdings)-*rRtT ^ ^jfl^ cfirI OT tR

§rRTvj-MKchOl ^ «l4iqi ^ ^ ^ THticIT I ^ *f offcff cKT '3ffW

30^ 6.57 tTcRf I 3ftT OT*FT 55% ^ trgj ^ ^ l?t€f ^ I ^ <ER^^ «Bt4 ^ îT# W^TT^ vitH-H 5tfff f I

13. ^ (Nature of Soil)—^ '3T^^ q5t tf

WT ^ 'TFft ^ I tM ^l<«hrtl H^f'<1 '3TRR ’TFIT ^jfrai % I f*)di^l tl^H ^

^ OT^TFS? ÎtTi I 5Hl^ ^ ^ 3ily<?)i9T fcKtiii 3R% iMf ^^ ^ >111^ % -3?)^ Pic-il ^^ S^TT^^kIT 75 -jn^ % I

Sil^ ^hih ^rff ^ I HR«N*iwt=iHiswTs

14. ^ 'Jl'i'l PmU ÎhI (Agriculture is the Basis of Subsistence)—5^%?r if fRr 13?TTS^ RfT 75^ gir qcF 2^ cFRut ^15 ^ I fe. ^ ^ 71W ^ f^lTTH3Tq% JFT^ li ^ ^313^, ^ ^r ^

virHi'i'l 'jlTflT %, \3t)«hi elMK'ht'ti 3 7^-^^1‘i 5tfrr ^ I 2!^ ^

WT t HCT 75fft |l

•fllol ^ ^ ^ fa5l5 'jitTf) ^ 3Tt

wsiWnT

- 15. qRRT ^ (Cropping Pattern)-?*!!^ ^ ^f ’IIHTT ^ ^ ^ oftHiui 5fraT t, V 3RZPR iR 'T^ I 'iOHi<;mqi

’IRRf tUT OTT \nviqiy TJif ftcfl cj5t cTOT ^4<n«tiai % 'jnyi7 *77 PiyfRn f^FTT 'Ami |

^15 ^T^’TR W 'R^ «)si^ % ^ STFfS^raJ % %tiiyil

Tcii<7chdi ^ ^5iN (Measures to Increase Agricultural Protfuctivity)

^ tnf^ 3iRicf % aiftjcfj1. ^ if Rrarf gRturaff ?bi’R ^ 3^1WI ^’RfsET ^ 71% I

2. "R RrR^ % IsRlcf «FSIT U3FT ;jJT% ?nf|q 7nf% gR-^ 3T% «n# ^ %f 7t^ ^ 71% I

3. 2’’^%) 131^ f%7*T % %3r, HR tR 4c||$<j1' iRff^ iJM ^ tlSIT v3f^ 2?%TR cRlf «n% dlBlt I

4. %f ashilct) if gsjR f%^r îrt ^nfl21

5. ^^%f %1 tlufR ITRIT ^13W%, %%f, 75R anf^ ^ iRT cIR 71%1

6. ^R%r ,%f lH%t 'htlcil cBT ISRItT 2?^ %t

7. frf^T 137qT% % f%m %t 3R78JT .%f 3^7 aiflj^ iRl^jT f%R RHT Tuflq 7nf% c^lMlf) 7R IRZRST ^)^%f %1 sftT^T if ^ 71% I

«RI^ jfl% tuftq 7rTf% % ailc|!(ili* it?M,aH'7l«M

%f >111% Tjiflrcji“R7«fT

48 yiMh

8. ^ ^ ^ 3fk ^ ^ % ff^ % »Tn«ft^ arsJSfrfrt •qg ^

oc^q^l

^ ^ 3n% wRîffif ^ wRRffl ft I

9. «5«w{l ^ti^jt^ch ^ ^ 3ri^ Mlanei fS^r înr îTfln:^ i

10. ^ ^ ^ ^ -sftr fî^ •jfRT cRIT ^5^fSJR^ ^Tft»ipft % ari^ aiftpH ^ qft^ ^rfh ^jtht grflT^ i

11. aflsifpict) ^ ^ tl'Jinn ^ affT arfeii arwi' ’ircf^ êrjcf ^ fejjT ^ ,x •

12. 9)^1' ^ ‘il'JlH ^ SriW f«f>^ îTHT wif^ I

itz

1.7 3TT?H (Agricultural Inputs)

^ ^ if 'j'Ml?^' vi?Hi';9>c1l «hiMil ?rai aTT^Flt v3?n^ cl?) c1=h'll«b 'R ^ ti ^ few % ff^ a?RRf Mf^ jiM I ^ ff^ ^ ^

^ ^nifir ^ ^ ^ch(^l % I 3TRr^ ^ arr^Rr ^ tuy^l % ^ ^ (^<ji

^jTRTT 11 fH^ 5®T WT % i^FT ^ IfTtf^rt jIM %—«lTr UR ^ a4<«h, ^tR,^ ^ ?ROT ^ T^PPT, ff^ *T#ff) XR U'f^, ^FHF #?T fmT ^f=R^ fcfSR'n' 9ÎT %—

1. ff^ ijPr ^ (Area of Agricultural Land)-FT1^ ^ ^f 5?! ^32,87,263 ^ RRll4ldl 11 ^ Wm 143 ^7 xM ^TTcftI'ît ^ cET UWr 43.3% 11 ?7Rf ^ XHT '7HT aiXiRT gSR «Bt4 % cRff^

?i?t 'jf^ Tfrtîcr M li TR? aijiTR ^ aijHK arpipft ^ xRf xntIqcwti îiJshhI % HR''ii*itq<^H ?7r ^ ^ -31(11=6 ^ 15 RTU t^^XR ^ ^^ TRicft I cim -aifexF t aiflicF 4 uiu |g%xR ^ xEt XE3R anf^ ^ RXErn% I 3TcT: ^ % atHi'i'i rRn vjtHi'S'hoi «Et 9&i^ % fiR -31^ tub'll "R

#m2. 'd'^fl few ^ (High Yielding Variety Seeds)—\j*â feW ^ ^ an?Rr ^

4)x3lf # I #ET g;iT ^ rf -arf^ irrar *f srt xi?) ^ li w trxer ^ aiH-CI •I'^’i ^tfe (sRashiPn) ^ ^ 41-^ =Ef arRTT% R aiRjch RR ferr 11 MR'J|IHh:|hM w %jff ^ yxffTT fe? HjfcJXET sm ¥t^ feqr W 77^ |-

Area under high yielding varieties of seeds (Million, Hectares)

^ fexiT ^ T?r li ?%

1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92(Target)

Crop 1985-86 1986-87

23.5 24.0 22.1 25.4 26.2 28.1 30.0Paddy

(57.0) (58.4) (57.3) (60.8) (62.1)

Wheat 19.1 19.2 19.7 202 20.3 20.4 22.0

(83.0) (83.0) (85.4) (83.8) (86.4)

m<fhr sfife^cunii 49

'iTHtfly 3T«}sig?StT ^ 6.6 6.9 6.7 8.06.1 6.1Jowar 5.5.

(38.7) (41.8) (46.0)(37.6) (34.5)

5.9 5.6 5.1 6.05.0 5.3 • 4.0Bajar

(49.0)(46.8) (46.8) (45.4) (51.4)

2.6 3.01.8 2.5 2.3Maize 2.2 2.2

(38.8) (42.4) (39.0)(31.0) (37.0)

1.1 1.0Ragi

63.9Total 55.4 56.2 60.1 61.2 70.054.1

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92 P. 104

vinOcKi ^ % 1%

^ # ll ^ %^ li ^ gtj t ^ >3n^ 'fr ^ ^

^1 wm ^ ?=T ojR li it cnftqir srrr wsfen qn I- . '

fe*T % #3ff ^ 'fitraqR'3'^n

if «crf^ ^ tf (eTWT 87%) m #3ff qq Mfn fer

I

Distribution of certified/quality seeds (Million Tonnes)

Certified/Quality SeedYear Certified Seed

1989-90 3.9 5.70

1990-91 4.1 ■5.71

1991-92 4.9 N.A.

(Target)

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92 P. 104.

wdncT aiRi«w t t?r.t qqrfer \s~iaife ^ ^ 3nq§qqiqi3if qit SfH t |tr q|n qni | i 3TcT:3TTq?qqjrTT qTcT t % in ferPT 5fen t ■STTcRtjqi gsiTTfen qnt i qq> % -sijnR m -Bnq^nqicn n?) >3;^ ^ n? 3nq?qqi |

'Sn^ff qnntfq nfen ^ (1992-97) t 1000 En mt 120 'Sr^rffer ^iri^nW ifen (Seed Processing Plants) ?RTTr I

^fenqff qn fecnr (Expansion o irrigation Fadlities)-ti<«hK t ^ t

% fenR qr q|n >3ifeF) itr fer % 1 ?t fen qq

fen ^ ttqff ^ fern t qnfqf

f

If

3.

I-ti=hai

' Irrigated Area Under Different Crops (Million. Hectares)

1970-71 1980-81 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89

Rice 14.3 17.716.4 18.2 17.0 18.7

(38.4) (40.5) (43.0) (43.4) (43.4) (44.9)/

50 3jifc^in=ifT

I

15.6 175 17.7 17.9 18.7Wheat 9.9

(543) (69.7) (76.3) (773) (76.1) (78.1)

Total food grains 37.9 40.6 41.7 403 42.930.1

(333)(24.1) (29.4) (31.7) (32.7) (33.3)

Oilseeds' 2.3 • 3.4 3.3 4.3 4.41.1

(20.5)(14.3) (17.6) (183) (20.6)(7.4)

2.2 2.3 2.51.4 2.1 2.2Cotton

(32.2)(17.3) (27.1) (27.0) (30.9) (31.0)

3.02.5 2.8 2.91.9 2.4Sugarcane

(85.1)(80.8) (85.6) (82.1) (84.8)(72.4)

Note: Figures in Brackets represent percentages of irrigated area to total area underthe crop.

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92 P-S-23.

~di(^ ^ I % ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I -anft

^ ^ arrniftcT tfit q^tr 11 ^ wqr ^nil^'oi ^ qilT %—

Development of Irregatinoa Potential and its Utilisation (Million Hectares)

Target for 1991-92

Achievement upto Seventh

Flan end

ExpectedCumulative

Item

Achievementupto 1990-91

1. Major and Medium

irrigation:

Potential

Utilisation

2. Minor irrigation:

Potential

Utilisation

33.60 0.6432.91

27.89 28.60 0.64

46.83 49.16 2.33

43.53 45.56 2.06

3. Total:

79.74 82.76 2.99Potential

71.42 74.19 2.70Utilisation

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92 P-103.

t I ^ FTft ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ it ’TRTTI^filcr 5TW cTSIT ^3^1^ viH<)lji ^ -SRrr ^ tf>*T 3)^ % 1974—75 # S^T Hl<il(^rt‘q5*lH |q4)l^ ^jtsRT (Command Area Development Scheme) 91t*^ ^ ^nit

• f I mIvui *f |if^ ’jfir tJT Pichiti PlHf'Jl «R?2f ^ vffT ^311^ % rTlfe ^TT=tt^FTFT 'jfcf 3TT ^ I ??f WT 20 TTS^ff #T

2 TfSI TPST ^ if 207 HR! M ^FiTR ^ £f 157 HOW ftraii1990 rHF cA 3Tf^ SRT 113 W 1^^;

^ tl*ia^ 20 3ffT qisi^'fl ElRT 52 ^ STlftW^ tWiq'ti «ft I ^ 1990-91 % qitM ^ ’iilflq'l, qiîq^l 3ffT ^ «KT^ % 3RT% IF*TST: 5.5 WS 5.8 WTH 4t 0.33 ^ 3^^|f ^ I 1991-92 % 1^ #cr #1 ^ ^ ^

sIFTST: 9.5 einj '^«t3q<, 8.9 tq^Mt ^flT 1.0 ?TT^ fq^qt ^ ^

4. STT tr^ \i4^ (Fertilisers and Manures)—^ ^f vjwK'I 3?f755>clT 6l?I% % 1^ Q|i;1 cRT kql'i 3RJRT Oilq^qq i I titqiK % titnqPiqi Buif.% ydl^l 2Bt dirqlyq

i ti<qi< % yqitiT ^ HR''17iitqwH ^ ^ ^ otul'i ^ [qt-ît^ it Tir 11 ?% Rft ^ cTifâff SRT Fn?r ^ wtt I-

Fertilliser: Production, Imports and Subsidies '

mttflq 3T«Jara?arr ^ 11^ ^ frf^

itz

)

Subsides (^ Crore)

Year Production On Imported fertilisers

Imports On Domestic fertilisers

Total•(N+P)

(000 tonnes) (000 tonnes)

1980-81 3005 . 2759 335 170 505

1986-87 7070 2310 197 1700 1897

1987-88 7131 984 114 2050 2164

1988-89 8964 1608 201 3000 3201'

1989-90 8543 3114 771 3771 4542

1990-91 9044 2758 659 3730 4389

1991-92 10000® 2793® 1100® 2900® 4000®

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92.

Consumption of Chemical Fertilisers (Million Tonnes of Nutrients)

@ Provisional.

Year Nitrogenous Phosphatic Potassic Total NPK

1980-81 3.7 1.2 0.6 5.5

1986-87 5.7 2.1 0.9 8.7

1987-88' 5.7 2.2 0.9 8.8

52 >??7cjtzr 5T«fsjgTef[

1988-^9 7.3 2.7 1.1 11.1

3.0 1.2 11.61989-90 7.4

1990- 91 (Provisional)

1991- 99 (AnHcipatied)

8.0 3.3 1.3 12.6 %

3.6 13.68.5 1.5

Source: Economic Survey, 1991-92

sprf^ ^ HFTFTrrar 'TT 00 'J'HviscT ^ 1

tilt I ^ hI'I'II % ^Tl'Id I^dldf ^ fFjyf ^ ttdn # SiTcit ll

5. «h1«ni:(i<») (Pesticides)—vidcff ^ ^ octic^^ licbl^d chliduiui ^ Rui ^ T^T t <idNpi«ii

qr 31^1^ f^nfiwT ^ ^ frct vn% cEt ^ 0#^ I ^ 1991-92 ^ tm 22 TT^ ^0? ^ TpHl ^ Tf 25 .

«htcdi:il«b ««(••«^ Wm 820D0 ^ ^ 3IFTTSTT ^ ^ ll 1991-92 % 83,000 »fr. FFJFT 0CT ^ ll

^300^ rWT 'JM'hI'I ^ ^PtRTTT11 fcbdJdl ^ Ruiun)

1977 ^ ‘^0 lifdtliF'i d&i<4dl (Fertiliser Retention Price and Subsidy Scheme) SIR^

rTSJT Rdiilf?) ^ 71 00

^ sifycfco*?

FJPTTT cl?r Tlfr % I ^ 1990-91 % ^ttR =hlddl5!i«<il

Progress of Crop Insurance Scheme

Claims paid/

payable (? Crore)

No. of Area Sum PremiumNo.ofSeasonfarmerscovered

covered insured collectedStates/(Lakh

hectares)UTs

(Lakhs) Crore) Crore)

542.1 9.4 83.913 26.4 53.7Kharif 1985238.4 3.117 12.1 23.2 4.5Rabi 1985-86

39.6 856.2 15.0 167.019 77.4Kharif 19867.811.3 21.0 242.4 4.5Rabi 1986-87

Kharif 198718

19.1 277.446.3 84.1 1140.222

32.4 475.4 8.8 12.121 21.3Rabi 1987-88 Kharif 1968 Rabi 1988-89 Kharif 1989 Rabi 1989-90

52.4 547.9 8.8 29.513 29.6164.9 3.98.8 102 3.198ZJ.9 14.5 34.417 42.3 66.5

6.6 151.6 2.8 2.917 9.6'34.119.4 515.1 7.6 99.3Kharif 1990

Rabi 1990-91 Kharif 1991

17189.916 7.8 10.4 3.3 3.1646.717 22.4 43.7 9.5 N.A.

Source: Economic Survey 1991-92 P. 107.

mTfhr 53

^ y^fa 3ir 'TT ^ 11% ^ ^ if 1?^ dfW,

1985 ^ ^fjHW ^TfJRT UJO" oiyi-^ yj^tnl ^ ^ c[5t ^ ^ I ^ .^ 3ftT ^’’T qlvfl"^! ^ I ?^f mI-jhi ^ NjiTi^ti % ?nft Rjflii *n%'jfl^ ^ ^ ^5«bl^l ^'T ?R?JT3ff, TTPfW sfSRf qiPlIvqqi ft 3'T^cfW q)<HlT ^ ^ ^ 5T^ ^ 11 Trflr ^ WT yRdRd ^WT ^ WTraT I, 10,000 ^ 11 if|, SJR #T ^fRTT %^ ^ iftPm ^Ml^d Tlf^ ^RT 2 5ff^ #T cRIT ^Rlf ^ ^ 1 gtcRlrr 11Tci^ci Cfitifl ^THT ql'Jt'ii % -ST-cnffT ?<'jii^ % 51% q^q d<q)i< '3%! fl'qBlrT Tl^ d<«hK ^ %tTl 2:l ^ ^RT^qra % 5f5 t%% ^ 11 ^ '5^ tq Wm

55 50 irf%?Tcr "m ^ jm srt ^ftr ^ % 555 ^ sncn ^ 1 315% !JR«T % ^ 5jr^r cfl5)f!i5 4t f%¥Fif % ^ITOR’

qj+lfl %f5T (Crop Insurance)—^1%^ VU^tnq) 1%q5T3Tf % q^Ji

ijiftfry 3i%sira¥SJT 5it 5^ 1^ ^

6.

%t5T5)W% 1 ql'fl'fl 5% IT# ^ rnfcI55 5RT ^5^5 f%5T 35 5555 %—

'Jl'li

Disbursements of Agricultural Credit (^ Crore)

Item 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91 1991-92

Cooperative 3674 3902 4328 4613 4814 3187 6656

Commercial

Banks/Regional

Rural Banks

Short-term and

Term Loans 3131 3809 4009 4241 7515® 7181® 8799®

Grand Total 6805 7711 8337 8854 12399 10368 15455

Source; Economic Survey 1991-92 P-106

7. f%rT (Agricultural Finance)—^ ^RIT ^ IRl 3ITOH^3IT55555TT 11 %t ^«hl 30151? 5^ 11 ^55% 5% ^ fiRT^ 35535555 5555 l-(i) 3ieM5ilefl’I

# %)3r, I5R 551 5?R5T55R ?5T^ 35f% sE5 55%, 5^3% % ITTr HT%, ^ ^ 3Fq ^ ^ ^cKT% 55T 5^ I55t 251 ^ 5R% 5> 3T?9et>l^d ^ 35555555 H^rfl ^ I %% 5i*'i 15 *5? % 5)5 3I5fe % %tr ^ j 55555^^5^-5S55>I^ ^ 5T5: 15 RTF % 3lfll5i 5 5% % 2RR 3I5f% % fl5» 5TT% ^ I %% 35555555 ^>55% 5)1 55%, 5^ 13%?% 55 B'RiWf5Tt Q(1'S% % ^ 11 (iii) ^551#5 ^ 3ir5: 5f5 5% % 3ritrtR 3T5ftl'^ 1^ vn% ^1 %% 5[vff 55 i3^55 ^ ’jPr ydtiHI, 5T ^ ?5T%t ^5TT5vR5, ^5% ^vff ^chin 551 3t1%5) 51% |)f% B'5R55f 5% tg^ctii ^c5 ^ I

^ ftrT JRIR 55% % |fe5%5 % FR% %5T % 3T%t %t 3T55fel %5 (%5% tf55f, 355%, 55%55T 1%5 TJ? ft5^ W5T ^^55%) 55T55T I 55Tf%

@ Provisional.

(

% d'lfifl %551W

54 575^5 Sjefoij^pur

(’J^ %K, Unfl'Jl rTOT tig'hiCl tiWflqf) ^ *TTS^%r tR inif^ SIR ^ 11 qR«iT«?w<î fear ^ imf^ ’ft

I fiift diRicbi sm vj^ to 3TT I-vi40«Kl dl(ci«hl ft ^ ^ ft tt'lfSd W *<5'^ ^fd^-rK «(tidT ^ ft I ftrT % ft dd'dd ^ '<«h<sHdl ÎTft % ft 1982 ft ffft’ ^ ^TftW (NABARD) ^ ??7BFIT 5^^ ^T^ft sft I ?ft

filrT ^ ft '3T^ ^ ^ *i5Hd*^ y+ieiai dRi ÎRIT ft I W f>fft f^5r^rT ^?ft ft?S773ft ^ ^tidl ftl

8. ’jfft ’?ft 'ST^ ftilH®! (Land and Water Conservation)—îf^ % ft dOli'S’i dtMKdidl ^ «l^Tft ^ ^R<i«fiVi ft tf<cni< ft ’jft’ ^ vfcT ?R?PT ^% M ft ^MnNi ft I ?ft tiefyd"*) 45^ q'qqcflfl ft 5fR**r %qT ’FT ?IT rFITT?g7^ ?pft ft Iftchid 'T7 'Fjfts SJR W ft I ??r cRFfsOT^ ^J5T ^3^^ 5^ IRilT ft—(0 ’jjft ^ ^ (if) |ft cFIT^ ^ 3ft Blft WRT, (iii) ’jfft ^ ^ 3ft 33Tft W3T, (io) ^ ^ 3T toft 3)T ft<t)ld (i>) 3ilftfft3i yfftiMi SRT ’J^ ^ vJHvir5> sftfttf ^ 33Tft m3T, (fi) 3T?

3ft Iwici 'T^ fftEF3’3 «3H ■3Tlfft I

ftrspi 3i tftnr gftftr ft33ft{^r ftt^jRi ft snr arfttfftfd ^3i fttor 5it*’t jftt ■>Fft to3;r ^3^^ wrftt ft ^ 3>i ftT«m ft i 5H ft 3)r 3iift 3rf^f^ *TRrft^ R)<i<n 1^3 ’jift d'lO'l (All India Soil and Land UseSurvey Organization) SRT [^31 3131 ft 1 71^13 ^3T 3T ’jfft % 'is^l'l % 3*3^ft 3t33T 33lft 33T ^ 3)I3ff^33 3iTft % >3^3 ft TI^ftt3 ’|tft i333t3 l?3 ft^RPI fttft (National Land use and Conservation Board) 3ft ^31331 3ft 3ftf ft I

9. 333333 (Agricultural Implements)—|)fft 3^3? 33 33 3r3T33 3333(13^31 ^ 34lft ft FIH ft 1 ?3 33357'ftf 3ft WFlcTT3ft 33333131 ^ 3^ ft ftt 333 toft ft I 1983-84. ft ^ to 33 333to t 5Fff3 ^ 33fcI3 333 ft.fft3 3^ 'hi4sh*i cFIK fftl3T 331! ?3 33ft?3 ft tnfl4l 41'flu ft 331 ftST ft 687 ^33) ft3T ft^T (Farmers Agro Service Centres) iftft5fT ^ft ft I ^ ft’^ ft 3T333 ft w'i*i‘i 4 cinS 3^ sft fttl tfldlTt febtll-ll 3ft

33Tft vTT ^ ft 1

10. ft3^ (Dry Land Farming)—?3ft ft?T ft ’jfft 33 ^1333 70% ’3333f 3T '333lfftf ft I ?3 ’33 ft Ri'ui4 ftt ^{ft3T3 ti'R'l 3ftf ft 3TI3T ft I ^ ft3 ft toft 3ft ft3?r 313^ 3ft fST 3T to T53T 3531 ftl iftt 3333 |ft ft3 v3r3 ft I ?3 ^ ft 33333 33 3?333>dT ?3ft 313 ft 1ft ftft ftlT ftdi'd IfttiHl ^[RT Iftm 331 13?333 33ft ^^hVi ft fcf^ ftf 4<jf'^ ftt 3131 ft I

3131R ft ?3. ft 133113 3ft ymlftshai ft ft I W 31lftF3 ft 31^ t(tol313’3uti^K 3T Vl'’li(ft ld<»)itl (Integrated Farming System Development

Watershed Basis) 3T ft? Iftn vTlftll I 1983 ft 1=153 ft31 ftf tl&idni ft fft3FrT3 ft3 hRmI'Aî (Watershed Management Project) ftl 3ft ft i 1990-91

3?I33T ft ft 3=1413 ^ ft fft3 '^=6l^<l -3?! [4«hiti ft^jT31 [Integrated ■ Watershed Development Project (Hills)) 3TT*3 ftl 3ft ft I

ft 3h4I3 3T8fsig?«rr ftl 3ffti 1^3 fftr

ft?

ft ^ ffft 333131

onft 3151 ft to ftF ftl

3r«%33w 55

11. (Agricultural Education and Research)—^ *f ^ ^

f^TOT, irflrem trai •ai^frapf ^ feraim tpr ’ft ^3^ sfraPtcbdi ^ ’Fft 11 5H ^ ^ 26 f ^ ^ ^ \i’=d ^RIT 'Si^ti'yii ^

tjfqyi'^ <3Hcistj t[Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)] ^ t<4iH'ii

^ tR fcichiti ^ ‘frar w ^ îht

% I 46 ^=#1 ^Rsoraff ^ RiwR % ^ 11 ft^ ^?sfm\ ^ 'T^f^siiH, ’im, j’ff 'trr ^ ^ ^r ’ftar^HsjR Jift gf^RjR 5Rr 7^ li

’JUdld 3T?farawT ^

:?( aRft ^ ’TRrfftt ai^HEIR «^t ’Rft % I

12. ti6'wft (Co-operative Movement)—’TTTrT ft fjfft ftyiTfl «lftI fti ff^ ^ aiRiR ^ stzT I, 'Siftifim qy 3Rftrfe?r I,

rTZfT ffft ^3?TT^ ft ^Rlt d4>*jl'*l' ^TRlftf ÊT uftftT ^ 11 FT ^ ^RRITSff w 5)Tft ^ ft?r ft tipchiRai % I^chiti y? y?r i^yr ’rtt 11

30 1990 ^ ft 3.50 a^diltl RiftfcRff 5nft ^ 4ffvFR^ ^ BFRT ft©Tr ?Fm 16 cpflF rRTT ^ Êlftsttcl fjft ?nm 62,500 «Eft| ^«ft I F^ -aiftcE ggiR «ifr «6«tuft «fîa<u sntft^ t îrst yfftftifi,

ft BFîlft ■STpftt^ c^t Mift cfit,n yijftt wT, ^ ym w«jt ^ ^ftftftraT -snl^ i ft§T

yehK FSlftlT vTT R«RTT %—

Growth of Cooperative

1960-61 1970-71 1980-Sl 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89

No. of Societies (Lakh)

Memhership (Lakh)

Share Capital

(? Crore)

3.32 3.20 3.26 3.42 3.48 3.50

352 644 1176 1465 1504 1600

222 851 2088 4425 4,877 5242

Working Capital

(^ Crore) 1312 6810 25,119 47,550 53,880 62,500

Source: India 1991 P-495.

1.8 ^ (Cropping Pattern)

yRicf % ^ ft -sTTsm ffft ftfty ’jfft TT ftftft onft yiftt yjuftf % iiijyB ft 11 ^ ?R?fft, ’jfft IT ftt liHft fshrt^-t^dft ’TFT ft fttftt 'Flft'ft, Fft ^ yvSftt %^ yiF ft 5fRT ^ ||

f%ftt ft§T 3i€rar s(ft?r ft ^ m ft yffticfti ft*nr I Fff, f^ ft ft’ FF ti ^ f^rsFT ft ynft ft Ift F=rft ft yfftifti yftf fftyr vfi FFKrr ft viftft ^ iÔT yF ’iHft ft ftfft ft •arm tr ^ yfftiftf [ftyr ttt fti 5m f^tiiiioTTT ftftisrft yy cF8R ft }ft yroRiyift ft§T ft f«htiM

ft fctglft

56 ’TRfty 3Tttft<iWT

^ t, ^3^ ^ ^ % qiPi'jq rTOT îmk «R5 ’ '^'

^TF f^TjKyin ^ =j5f.^jnrfl' tST SRT tpifl# ^ ^ ^ qciwii |l^JErtt ft^JRtiKI ^ (qai'iT % ÎrTTJ^ q^tunl ^ RWT qqcii ^ ««h<ii %, naij^K

chl*iq vif^ql % ^

^ ^ ftsrfftcT ^ •3j^ f!??f qr qqqsr iraqr 'im i

VTT?fRi 3TsJara¥sn ^ 'I3;3 ^

% qiM t qft^Rfq qff ^ ^ ^raicTT liq>?w

'RHiff ^ ^ ^ (Factors Affecting the Crop Pattern)

ibîTll ^ ^ ^ u'HiPld qiT% flcq t 3Tlf^ tiHiI^ch ^qFr'j'jif 11 Iîthi w M«t5K I^qi qqr %—

ffl ’JPT q?) %FT, 'Jtdqiy, ^

^ ftrid4i qFfr ^

qqjR ^ Vifl'Ti'i qq virsm FlrlT ^ I TirT i^R?^

yi|>Rl4i rRq’ (Natural Factors)—yiîrlsfi rR^ ^ 3RF W cTiqqR ^ ttpHlrtd f^RIT ^jnrTT ^ I &*tl\ ^ y«t5K

1.

^ I ETcf -Jttiiqiy ^(geht ^ qRRT % I ^KO ^ 9cFR-jieiqiy ?)^ ^ ERRrrr

;3Tf^ %, ^ EFT itm I jfk ^ I ^ ETTERT ERR?tcn % I ^ ERRW ERRRT ERT vjiMKi FFRI^ if -SlftlER Ft^ t, ^ qEFR tf

dlf^tqi Ft^ %, ERT '3rqRq vitK' 3^ q ftfK ^ SltEjqj ^dl ^ I

2. ^)rT ^ oii«i< (Size of Farms)—1^ q5f qq -STTERR wVi FlrlT % ^ ^TftjERfRST3Fqf ERI NirMiqi ^ I ^l«hR q^WT vHcTT % ^-sl^ îRER. oiai^-ifEI?t 3T^?{T ciimiRcfi EfRT# er) ^ 3R”T ER^ ^ f Epfffe aqmRcR^ f^quH ^ ^3% taiai*^ ^ 3f^?TT -STTET 3ir<T Ftrfl ^ I

3. qi) thl*trl (Price of Agricultural Products)—diyit'în: ^qch ESR qRRlt^ -Sf^cb HM ^ vS'iMi Htl"; ^ Fit'll 3!ftjER aTTET 3TRT Ft^ d^l t^RERT wm t ■SfftlER ^ 11 ER^ TT er^ ER^^Tf % ^ EtR%^)RER arfliEF qr fÊR% ^ ^ ^retr ere^ ^ i

(Availability of Agricultural Irrputs)—^ % Rji'f ^t Erar Ri’î^

4. ETRrfr e^ \iHv1«Mai^ RTEf OJT^fEj^ EJ^, tJttJqPfcb ^TF E?q ^tRT a^K ^ 41-4 vS^tiaM

% 3R^ ETTERr OTcREI I, ^ ^ ^ ^qER oijiHiRcb rRERTf EiRfETT vJET' qRRfr E^ Ffliqi{^ t ^ -Slf^' -BM 3Rr #ft, Tf ERRf ^ ^ 11

5. EfWiluf* ER^ (Social Factors)—'bttE^ ^ 5TE5q 5?) wqjfjjgr ■ftfif-Rqi’J), 41*all3?! qEf ^ g?r er}) ERR ElEFftER cR|- ^MH|4 % 5jf^ eM eRT ^ ^ 5nTri^ EfRcTT% I ’TTEEftEI ^RER ff^-Rqlvll q H<*q<iqi4l ftqitf ^ vl«bSl |3TT %, 5t?lRi4 gg cj?)

rpi ERFftER % 3^ syiiflH 11 oit ^ sTFEf % I, ^ f^«n^[qyi ^ '1471 «ydi % ERnqr qRRfi % 3tm ^ qEjfqr qREiEfq 533 11 317174714 F^T ^ £f c^ ■snRfq? R«iRi ^ -bt^ 11

g5) Ef))^ tfr qFf % XR^6. tiouiO Eft% (Goverrrment Policy)—I^Rft ^ ETEîlT^ 3T^ qj) y^lRld EREcff ^ I EREFiff aidTl) 35) fEpRRT EjtORTT'BTf «l«lRtsbdl 3FFT

EFE%, ^ qjERTf qr ere ertiere Efsn ^ er) ^r gaRr ere^ ^ rf qRRff % ^3^ qqif^ 3REft 11 -BTEf: Eq^ t ^ EREFTT fif^ ^ d*<l'E4 ^f) xftf^ 3imi(fl %, REIERTfif^ qJETEit ^ 'irHKd x^ EEfWT xR ^RTTEf xj^ % |

iTTEtjk snfsmtn S7

7. ^ ^■TT ^ I; ^ ^ «*q*f

^ ’5’f 'fll’lehl^ % ^ <OI*1lf«|et) ^ % mflfiT %

^ '3TW.^JÎ ft?TT 'f ?iwff ^ TT ^ 3T^ STW ^ I rWT ^ 4>«<!ii ^ 5f% ^ •T^lTcPT 'jTR'Elfr ^tl4l 'iinft % I

8. (Crop Insurance)—^Rra" q'l'fl'fl 5?! 3lf?lcli 3VT^^ '*«« ■% ^ ft^sini SRH’ 3IT flcfirft % I 'ftfln ^1% «^r Îîyi 7T fîHR>3rrarff ^ ^ ^ >3rT^ i f^rt t ^ 3rg^ aiPji$7jddi ^313^Mil

9. tn^fl yqi^ (Government Efforts)—^TWltt yuitiT % *tit4*i % ’ft 'otiflf % ^ft(«i(^Mni 5?R ^ ^ % I ^ ^ iro y<t»^ fiK^ UT ^—(i) ^3^^ lîW ^ #jff ^ «<e«i(l H'jlPtiqf % ’TIWT % «ETniT, (ii) TRiraf^ R*ii<irfl ^ "TT iJnctstf ^(mi, (iii) ^ ’T’^SR^ i^=fNiHflsi) ch<Mi, (iu) vjcHt<;7 ^ RlWT 3]c|WI '3041 of ^ 3^ Roll'll I

urmfly sT^sra^ ^ ITR (ôwledge About Cropping Pattern)-ÎRror W rWRio'fl î’i«tiTft ^ I xfR

■fir RRiJl^btui%■

MiniMin

sRHT frar f«btii*i7 ^5)f IPTT^

^Kd 41^1 ^ (Cropping Pattern in India)

'ITTrT titioii ^ ^ ^F^ cRZI ^—

1. (^ SIR’, tiRfltiT, 95^, sirsRT, ^«rR 'SnR) ^% oFm tIFI if %St viT^ % \ IB TRER IBR ^ if BTRI ^ BlgoB % |

2. 'itoia 'htiof {Riot^'l, BiBIB, ^ 3nR’) ^ oFPFI t^cE-^«j|^ BFT if WttJtBI# I» '?Bif % ’ft tlBfB Bit %St ^ if ^ BT# % (^ ^BB BWr 10% ^) BRIB, ^ ^ BT^ BtB^ ^ ^ %if ^ BTtff ^1

5% ^BWI

Gross Area Under Major Crops (Million Hectares)

Group/Commodity 1950-51 1960-61 1970-71 1980-81 1989-90 1990-91

Foodgrains (Total) Cereals (Total) Pulses (Total)Rice (Total)WheatKoresh Grains Oilseeds (Total) Sugarcane CottonJute and Mesta Plantation Crops

97.3 115.6 124.3 126.7 126.8 127.578.2 92.0 101.8 104.2 103.3 103.1X9.1 23.6 22.6 22.5 23.4 22.430.8 34.1 37.6 40.1 42.2 42.69.8 12.9- 18.2 22.3 23.5 24.0

37.6 46X1 46,6 42.9 41.7 41.810.7 13.8 16.6 17.6 22.8 24.01.7 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.4 3.75.9 7.6 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.40.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.9 1.00.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.9 NA.

Source: Economic Survey 1991-91 P.S-17.

58 ’TRiffB

wr '3rf^ c^ iiRf % i <3iyi"t '+iti'?i1 ^ ^ ^ ^TiTfft^ aid«iett«(i ^^ ^ Tiwr 30% 77 ^ ^ ^ Tmf)' ■a^ ^

TTra” Ti^dl ■*? ^T7?r % ^]H7r *l6Tq'^ 7*IH ^ ^ TM % I «giy Hitl'Jl'l %^ % Wm 18% ^ 77 75t ^ 75t TUcff 11

Ttt ■SnpT ^ ^SIR, IIRTT TfSTT 7777 ^Tlf^ e^t ^cft 1§11I 42t1CTl ^ ^71 ^ % 7T777 26% TFT 77 ^ ^ |lOf^slT^ ’RTcff ^ J^c7f7, ^'fiti rf*JT ^ ^ 7i7^ 7HT 'JiidT % I 7^ 7F% 7f77 ^?7% ^ ^ 7^ 7ft7cf7 7# '3TT7T 11 7T77 ^ ^ ^ TTTtT^

flifdchl UTT 77^ TF TlTiTT ^ I

3.

4.’Tte

5

6.

1.9 ?ftrf jftiPa (Green Revolution)

?ft<r ihlPrf ^ 'STTynr (Meaning of Green Revolution)

chiPd 77 5T?f ^ 'i^l'S'l TTF^tTi ^ ÛTT^ 7^ '|)f^ \3f7177 ^ I ¥% sRlf^ ^ f^^WdlQ t-(i) Ni<si37 ^ cl7F?l7) gSHTTr (if) ^J77R77T7’^ 77". iPtTT TT^fr % (^^1 UT, “?ftrf 7#7 75T ÎTT?T7 7? Tff % llclf 7?t *)ss|-5lTiTTITTr TTtI', a*ii?l, ITT, 77TI7 §cyiR \JH<il‘ll % 7TT7R FT7T TtT^ 7?) 'flli) 77^ ?7 TITU^ ^ 7^ % ^3c7T77 TTfTT TTTTT ^) % I” ITT iFlf% 77 gT3T 3FUT7 7#I 7 ^3^

7T^, 77531) 77 77)7 %, ^77? ^)7 ^ TIT 3Tf^ TTTi 377T27 7i7 TTTTTT %l

*IR7T ^ fftcT tbiPri ^ f^TiRT (Evolution of Green Revolution in India)

TT77 ^ ^ ^ 77f^ ÎT^ ^ 7TT79777IT 1943 ^ 3Tg77 «fr T^t, ^ TTTTT ^ -317771TfT ^)T ^ 37^ ITT 'JtiHI TIT I TTT^TTT 7T)^ % 717 7TT77T % ITT fell ^ Tt^Ti7177 -JTT^, t^TT^ Tigd'TH TTTTTSff 77 ^[TTTT, I^97f=lTT?I7f 77TTTT, T#T ^37717^% 7^ 77 77?f7, \j4<^ ^ 177177 |77l1^ 11 TITT iftTT 7#T % ^l7*-T 77^ TTJffr 7EIR *p5|t ^ TTTTT THJT JflTT^ TiT feTT ^ 7T77TT ^ ‘T7 7T7TT 31^ l^dn’77 TTTT f^TT 1^T7T^ -hâk ^ 7^ ?lPi«h % §T^tT§TT^ 77T% ^ 77T ^PlTil 77 % TlTfti aiyi-^' ^ ^ ^ 3|idlPl^< 77!^ 77 777 RhflMl 77 % I îlTÎ-jfl 77 71 71^ 1967-68 ^ TTfTgTT §37 I

iftcT ffiif^ ^ gM TTtT 3IT7T H'ilH (Main Elements of Green Revolution

or New Strategy in Agriculture)

T^tr ^ 75) g^ dTiridiq tttt I-1. 717117(^7) <ai^ ^ TTTtr ^ tftW gfe (Rapid Increase in the Consumption of

Chemical Fertilisers)—T^tT ^ ^FcTTTM ITl^ ^T ^ titiNpi^b 731^ % -jh'hI'It gfe gt l l 1960-61 t 17177 TT^ ^77T 1-9 HbclllllH Tf^ |7%7T 7T^ 1990-91 if 88.1 %7Tt7TT T^ if 11 |7 131^ 77 ^ TTTtT ^ |71317f^ if 3 7T113 TT ^ 7^ 126 TTT13 TT if W 11

2. T^TW f^TT ^ ^ TTIT ^ gfe (Increase in the Consumption of Improved

Seeds)—T^fr iff^ ^ -3mirT TT TT >3^771. filTT % %T ^fsfr 77 f«I777T fifTTT

if TftsT gfe 717% % if gfe I IT

TwTTT

/

l^71cj^7 37«)57gi»J7 59

3T?ferafSIT ^ 3IT TfT ^ ql*4iR4T ^ -BTOT ^ I '3lRiR«Kl ^>qil «f^ ^3^ I^FT^ #3r Pi<iRia TT ^jw®r «FTrT ^ 7% 11 5Jn?ff % ^ ^t3^ ^ ^ # <Br^ ^ §^ 11 1966-67 =f 1^ #3ff cBT JRItt 19 w •

’jRr qr ^ qrw m 1991-92 'î ^ ^ 700 w^ w li

3. Rrai^ g_I«|fej(3Tf ^ fqwi< {Expansion of Irrigation Facilities)—^ ^ Ri'«ii^^Ri'=TT'3Tf % Riwk qr qqfqi qqy t \ qwR«i?iq RfRjcr ^

11 1950-51 ^ 2.3 qift? qT Rf?nf ^ gftgiq1990-91 q? gRiejiq 8.28 qr ^ I

4. qJHef q5i<(«i*l (Multi-Crop Programme)—q? «FRfe>q 1967-68 ^ HTP^ t^qi qqiqr 1 is^^qq o'h'll'ti qq fttbra qj^qr ^ 'qqi q4 ^ ijcF qrqr ^ ^65% ^ c8l4q)q % 3T^ -OT ^ % I

5. qJT qqWt^T'q (Mechanisation of Agriculture)—'qq vjqqjFqf % qqW q^r ti<=hK SRI ylixiiS'i STT Tfl ^ l 'HRflFqÊrt f I 1956 if fqR ^ ^ ^ 21,000 |q37 nqi 1.70 w qiq M qq qqk t%qi

qjM qr qrq% i985 #.?q^ Tn^rr a^m: 6.0 Fjpq qqr 66.0 crra^ 8ft 16. ff^ ^

q%?Fq ^ % 13?^ % RrRpq Fqiqf qr ff^r ^ aft 3iq%^ qfr nqxjirii ^ qra qrqr 8et it 11 w wi ^ ftnqR 637

fiqqit q>t ^ ^ ttqifri ^ 1 ^

7. q(tw (Soil Testing)-’j1^ qftOT «hl4rfiq % OPrPfq ^ % Rlf^R- qrqf t ’jf^^ ^ BRFrt qqtqwr-aff # qftsrr ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^?if4q qq qqr tRT ^ -amiR qr ^t f^qrqf qfr few q> 4fer qq larq qq^RST qpT^ qq 1

ift

8ff I

^ qqiqi qq q%l qcfqR WT *f FfR ^ aft wmwTrqq

(Establishment of Agro Service Centres)—^qqff qftwmi

q^ tl ^ ^WIHH

feRIT Tjq (Agricultural Education and Research)—HlehR % ffe ^^ # fewT qq ii^ti'tji’i ^ ^feqrîf qq fciqiRr qq fewR qR% % feq ’ft qqqft qqcq fe^ ti ^ qq q^

8.

I960 ^ qRRRR ^ WlftW feqi W 8IT | 5?l qqqt 26

qftr feqr W 751 11 t feq, “’TTRltq ffe qfeq^” (NationalCouncil for Agricultural Research) qft WTqqT qft qf 11 57T qRq|[ % ^ ^ feRlW qq^ qr 46 oi^figR ^ r81t qqtqsTrW'^ff qft

qR tI ti 571% aRTiqi ^ 'SijTFSfR q7 ’ft quqft

qft li7<TTqqT

fefew tfwi'ilT qft 78IiqqT (Establishment of Specific Institutions)—TR^BR % qft TPRqisff ^ 5^ qR% 7R1T ^ ^ Sif^'hifytn feqsRI qR% ^ 7t fe’TW 7R8]T^8^t 78nqqr qft 11 qutftq ^ feqq, ’TTRftq ^ Rm, Ti^ftq 4tqf Rtqq, Ti^tq

feqnTT Rfqq, urtH feîftqR^ Rprt anfe % qnr >ic^y4ly li10. qqifqt ^ inftq (Increase In the Use of Pesticides)—qRRff q>t

gTW % feq qftsqiîq) qqr^qf ^ tpftq q7 arRiqi % feqi qqi 11 q4 1990-91 qq qqjftq 82,000 Rr. zq |3jt Ii

9.

60 q77(??q ajef^m^

11. HJtUrl (Crop Insurance)—3^ yi^frl<t> tlVicl ^ ^ 1 31^, 1985^ 41'Jt'ii ^ 11 41-Jin ^ ^■jfl ^ 14wi< ^ T?r % 1 1985^ 1991 ?IcF ^51 294 îra’ % 519 ?IT^ tcl^m ^ ^ iR 6591

Tiftr ^ 41*11 cb<l<Il I

12. (Agricultural Finance)—^R5)R % ^14 Rin ^ 3TRr?Jl«Ii^3ff cj^ ^?IT

j^RTPif JFT ^ tfJRf % 5fl^ t 5^ 4> ^ tm aw tl ^3^^^ F^îfr nRiRi4i, ^RiT upfH «f^ 4) «f>r4^ «Fr ftwK I^rit

^ 7?r ll 1990-91 ■£(■ ^ ^ WR t 10,368 cR^f ^ ^ ^^ f^RT RfT I cRIT 1991-92 t frR 15,455 ^ ^Rl ^ R5TW |l

*m4ly anfaraWT ^

#7

13. ?ftcT $bif^ ^ a’^TR (Effect of Green Revolution)—^Rd «hlPcl ^ yaidl ^

afMRFiM’ ^ uJjj(41 aaf^ ^ i RicF^ta aif^ % as^r^ ^f4 vSrar^#T % ’ft arffeRp ^ ^ I 1990-91 ^ ^ yiyiH ^cMWH 1,760 ?rR5 f^.asw

â 13111 1991-92 % ?iiaa ^ 1,820 ?rni f^r. wi w 11 ?fta sEiRa t ^ ’Tift aiai ^ (giyiîl ail unqin cFRi .ascfi at vi«it4i 3nar ^ ?h ^ ^

^Ta’R 3iic*iRi4i ^ âa ^ 1(

$|]|P^ ^ ^jPrT ^nrPJT^ (Defects and Problems of Green Revolution)

?Rcr fhiPfl ^ rlFT f^-yfaR-i Ridja ^ iff aitl rtPia> ’ft % I ^f4idftR ’ft fa ^r at asa ast t-(i) aai ^ aaf^ fRr ^ sfta ^51 âf ^ âft ^? (2) ^11 &Rn sbiPd % aâ dHtqi3ff aft apa {^^rai?

af% a$a ai aâ’f ^ at aiRnn qdi41 a4t—(3t) fRa snif^ 5^ ^ ^ ^ ®naRi, aai ^ iftfta 11 wnRai aia^ aaaa ^ aiaia fanft % afaiaa t?T ^ Tia^ aft aiaa aiaa ar fa aiiRa ^ a^ aai a’aa asr 11 (a) laiaFaf ^ aaia, ^Rapii, afRi^, aar a^ aai aRiaai^ ^ ^ 3Tafa aa^ 4 IqqiRta ^ ait ft 3Tftrai fqqiKin ft% aa 3Taa7 aaa f3tt 11 fa gaar farft f, tfea fa a#a ^ a%ar 3^^ 'jf aft gf 11 ^ teraf % aaijaa, ffta a#a t

Fr% ail ’la I-

^ ’ft ^ftfta ^ li

aiiRa «ft yRhqi ^ a4$T at aa

■a ^ ^ efftaaift aa aaitfraaaiR a?Ra% I (2) fita stiiPd 3ii'4Ici'i ^ spft ^q«h 3ifSiai a’ft f^pfa fiaai 3TRjc}i fftt 1 (3) fRaa#a ^ niarat ait ’âi aia a? aaift t, Riti^ urapat % aa aa;^ 11 (4) apfla ^ ff tflaaift .aa% sifft ât ^ aaa^ aa aara afar 1 (5) ’uar 3iRiaia7 fîai^ % aia Htt-att lia t, ^ra^ a? 3TTgR[ai aflqif ait aata aft aa aa>ai 1 (6) ffta shiPn ait aaiaai ^ af3iaiaiR aiaaw ^ aaaaaFT% aai aia^-^taTfr aa^ ^ aaraai 3T^«iifa 3if^ ffft 11

ait a^’ftrai ait aia aa aai^ f 1 (7) fâa ^ ^taf aitfiaRa

ail tasi—fRa swPo ai apaa ^ ftaarr % araa afit 3TaaT ^ftaaift 4iî‘?l, fa aR^ ^ Riîaf aa ttê aa aff f 1 ^ toft aa aa I f4i aii^Pi* a?ftaf ai aata ^ ^ ^ ^^taartf ^^’ft 1 fa% f4afta lqai4i aa aa f ^ fa^ ^ftaaift aft ’^^’ft, af^ ftaaR at araaf ff ^ ft ftfr aaf% aâ fear ^ ftaff, a4aiif, «fl3aT$iai aaif^ ^ aafa aai a^-aia# aa^fea ^ 314-114 ai^ ^ aaaa ftaaR ^ aft 3iaaT aapa ff^ 1

6i

^ chiMil lft*TT ^ lî?n

fqa<'J|

^ ^ iilrfllfta eJiT^

W ^ra5^ 11

Hrifll** 3TJfera?sn ^ ufrfir 1^5 ^

% 73^ ^ «fiT *Rl %RbtM ^ ^ ^Rrtt ^f^ 5^1% uql'i % ÎW-^fra" c^li'iiifish c;qi5^ ^ y<it<i 'R '^t ^ 3iHr <nf^ I

^ swPtiMt (Revolutions in Allied Fields)

!• 'TfJ-yicH (Animal Husbandry)—af)T ift^TRT f^«i^f, *rjf^ 3i)T 3F^ ij|*ft'J| ^ îw ?rmT imR iTRr ^ ^ qr 11 q|j-qRH,

^ ^ ^?fanr<qr q?T^ '*5^^ 3ro tTRn 11 ^ ^^-\3H*ll'l % 3T^ nSMIc;! q?) ’ff nj^Rn 2FRTT

qq n«H?f ’1^ 1989-90 ^f 358 3Rsf ^ ^ W I, % 1426 3R^ ^^ ^ ^ ^fWT 25% % 1 q^y^RR îqRT ^ 5^ ^3^^ q^nq^3?TRq q>T% ^ Tffiqqr ^ -sflr ^jqcft ^rtti ^ qjRTf ^ i

2. (Dairy Development)—tqff SRJRJT, îf tF^j qi?n tvRFf ^ ^dKIdt

■3)^ t, qiT Fj7«F Ovi'iK #T -Jifalt-w 3nq iRR ^ I sfiqtsTq qîq^ «fir qfr ^qfl f^^hKi î4st5*i I, 9ir tqft tiPiIci4l'

d'lRia TfpfK jqr tstqR^ -sDr 3Tffr qqqten'Sif ^ 4tq ritPTcT qqqi % I 1970 ^ 3TTR*r lîiqT qqr qf ^t4fbH ’Sn^rawr -aiq^ ^rfft *1 ^ i ?q qjiiisiq * aprpfq 170 5^13lqf Tf -64,000 t 3Tfticp tqtt dêhift df4f^4T qf^ q5t q4) I errqq 76.6 113i*ifii qTat^’i 727 ^ qF^ vJtHK'i 3iqrTT Wifna ^ % I 3iq^qT, 1991 ^ ^fTFT ?q y^4)lRdl# % qfHqftq 140 qt 5Tq(f aftr ^ % i3Fq q|fr t ?I^ # qfrrf^93.5 di<9 #3T ^ iqttqr afrr ylaRd so #7t ^ qRR *f i^r i 24 ^?rrt, i99iq^ 4i!4n ^ q^l qt ^ ^ 3rfti<bi3i ;jiirnf %

^ vjjiq^jijctiai qqiqr qR f^ qqr ^ I

If fW etq gq wTiqq

155 ^ftZT JRj 3RRqRTif

3. »ftq gnk (Fisheries)-f^ qqf % l3T # Fftq ^RT^q qfq % 4t >311^

q?r 11 q^ 1990-91 % ^fqq jffq ^Rrqq q^' 1950-51 *f fq s qr^ 1^. qq ^% q^qR 38 qra f^r. sq % RTT qr q|q w 11 4tq qtffq ql qt^, firlsf) gqr ’Srifq?

O'jT'ik lqr qRl % F^qi q^rq'jyf % qq ^ ^4tqqT f^Ri qqr 11 w

wnqq

qRiqq^ f^rafq snq q4 1990-91 ^r 890.40 qRt? qq^ sfr sftr q4 1991-92 ^ ^frrq ?q%q?^ 1,000 qRt? qq^ ^ vTT^ ^ 11

1.10 Piql'qq ^ f^qpRT (Agricultural Development During

Planning Period)

1 3i^vi, 1951 ^ qRq ^ 3iiRl«h Pi4l'»i'i ^ 3n'iNi qqr 1 3r4) qq? iRq qqq4fq ql^niif Fyif FT ^'h) I qqr 3iio4f qtvRT spild ^ 11 ftqfqq q^cT ^f % fqchid q^ Fw qisftqiqT

q4t 11 41vhnk qqfcT qq f^rq^r i^FT qqqr I—

62 mcff^

€9 iMbhojitf

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li^ M ii2iy j|k ihifiJ^ \UWh M loiJtfe ^ ->\U\rU> ^ 2 llJJi SE Mi ^ HP^Îh IJtJi

ilic^ bis Mb %fZ MtMi life 1^ Ikk'li? Ji^ lb jMi2|aSfe Mfey ^ ^ IMiHb bi I j^ ftitby ^ b^ l^lMrlb (<ii) 'lHiifh JfeH i^-yb yil IM iMb%j^ ^ Bitboj (wi) ‘ikiib hjy $ ^ Mh Jf jh<iij?l=b Mfey life

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11^ ib lisy j|k jiE % biifeyuîjK iM yi 2E % ni^îh ii^ hj^ ijtfeMjkS I ibk iby iib b^sy ^ lb Mfey $

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mb^yE IJb ^ 1^ lilk ^ ^ Iblb

l|I :yl ibbiMijint' 1^ ^ kbihip^ ^ blbib

IM k^l^Pj I Ibb y li2 'y i ><*^^ ^ b2 ’y 9 iit yb I ibk li 1;2 y 99^tto»)b ^ kb y 5S bblK>F' kb ju.lblg) ^ ybto ^ l^.^^|b h'i^b^hlln^h JftlbK k^

I yt yy tîbK ^ M>q> hbHihF' jy by % y^ (?«) i Ikk ity life ib jhqaj^nfc >ir;iE yk (i) I %k yy kib^ ^ iîkb kb. ifehiho i^ jieibyE

1^ îi^y iby nfe ybfi % lya im ii£% My uml(?'.0 i ibbiby life lb yife jiii?hfi bMifeyK life yk yfe y^ ^life iibS ^ jifeyi $ y|i (.‘.0 1 lyt ijL lucbijbiK ^ 1^ >ii^y ^ jitibyE îfey (.0-ibk ifey km y&y ib jhiife kty ^ Iktîb bi llfek lai hy ^ jktbj?itb kitby y^ (b s|>tb ise kkkJi) Mb%Lf life %ha. 0961 yil li^ 1^ l^■^^1^ Jii I ydt 1^ iPibyblK bajbt> 1^ t^ltby

23^

yi& yi y^KIJfe IMfeiyUC b(l»lk ^ y<E Jj IklMb bjbbbh kbK-qC-TOÎ (UB]d JEa^ Saij isilj) lk^t^^h bjjibbh khiR 'I

% cRTT ^ ^ ylrtiiBn «R^ I W ^ 'hiJsh*? ^ ^22% -m ^ ^ \ ^ 3ra^ Tf ^ ^ ^ 1

6. 4Tjqcff«l ql'nil (Sixth Five Year Plan) 1980-85—W qtvi'ii if f^^RT ÎT^-(i) ^ if 3T^ fRF ^ WffH |t %, Tjt ^PlfecT 5RRTI

(if) ^ ^ i^qiPqci qx*)) l {Hi) ^*1 nq>41«h ^ -STI^rRr

?^?n -inq)! vlW ^TRT^ ^ sg’î'ii I (iv)^

«3«aiq W8IT 'TT^ ql'î'ii^ ^ 3FnT% ’TT ^ I (v) fiRR'*! ^ ^RTT^ff

^ ^ wfpRlT, ^ ^ 1 ^ %FTT if

f^qjitl "TT ?rWT 11 SRT I yqi^ff ^ ’Tft'’IFTFrM

^ vjîqn 150 f^. Z^ ^ ^FITI

3T«toU<dWn ^ •H^ ^ ^

<IT5JT

7. ÎTcI^ w'^qtfTq ^Tf^JRT (Seventh Five Year Plan) 1985-90—?R %>nT ^ fcRFRT

^ ^f^«h xjîqnf ^% ^ ftsrffel |-(i)5FRTTI (ill) ^ M

'lycrt®! 1 (io) Z—RT cfTRT I (u) f% ^ if ^ 51?r 4% qri^f^F

I (fj) fM SIR ’T ’rmr ^ w &m aranndToff if fti'qi^ % hiy-T ZTvJSJ ^RHT (vRA -S^ff cl5i % RRIR

% ^fvfr W?TT HT^ % IRTPr ^ yl«iiBa

R?JT (Siyi-MT % 'iwi'S'i if 3.7% qil^f«h ZT 5RT «IRHT I ^ ^f^SlT’3ff cFT fqWK «IRZT ?12IT ^TRTf oBf -Slfij^RnT Icbtlll7 cRi 9|xlHl I

(vii) ^ RRTSpff ^ vsqql‘1 tR szfR ^ I (viii) ’RFRlf ^ 5f^ if ^THTI ?R

qlvm Jf qg «K(,;5 ^ ^ fsRBRT «hl45bHf ^ 10,523 cfRtf Wf W STRRJR

f^ WI arfilftcRT 8,906 ?lRi? Wl llFfM f^RFRT cFI^feqf % ^ R?IT 16,979

^Rff ^ TO f^PFTO ^ i % yftt§T i' aiîHf gif ^ zenzz «r?gR 1706 w ft", zq ^ w 1 ^fit,

TORT, irii7i5'1 'Snf^ % Z<TO^ if 'ft Oiii?iMiq) |

[TORT

8. 3nz4f 4tvRT (Eighth Five Year Plan) 1992-97—oiio41 Hqqcflq 4tTOT 1 31^,

1992 gfr yTR*r fr i w gtsrzr gft ^ fiif^R^ro zrf^ 7,98,000 toI? to%^ ^ Tilt ^pft I t 3,61,000 TOt? TO% «l4vlP)cp. ^ % f|iq ^ 4,37,000TOt? 4RgZT if 18.65% TO filTOT *^RT Rbqi 'Jilt'll I OTTZ^f 4tvRT if 4) fqthitl 'vjflqi (qfqeJlq)<«l gjt yfgficjidl

^r TRfr % rn% iiriT ^ ^ toiMrtt tot ^frr ftgfcT % f^r?^ TT^ I ?feT sBlfxT ^ TOf gfr t3T ^ 3R?T TOf if TRR TO% 4) t, ^ft ZT'ftzgr zztf z^-yf^TO cRF tI’ ^, snz^f ^tror ^ orgf^ % <Ji<h gtroif ^ 3TTiMt I ^ if ^ Wrt ^ I,

ZZnZZ qifA TO^l J]'j)l5^ %, iqq)RI ’TT fcl^ vftT ^ gftTO'RT ^ g4t

ZTgcRTI ff^ZTOFS

11 iz HST gft szjR if gR ariljRR5T TOf if TOgfRT ggf ^ I 6ftT ftrai^^ zR^gRT ■gfiWT I, ■# irait gjT tot

gzgr dif^d ^tgr i fawe-t zznzz if TOi ^fk zz^ zttto TOî'jyf fîsfr gsrgit «Rn^ ^ z2^ k ^ TOR

64 TO#g -STefTOFSTT

•srgjfir ^1.11 (Land Reforms)

'irHKS'bai ^ ^ ^ ’TT %—rRF?)^ ^13^5 tiVai'ia

^ ^ srrft^ ^ 3TM11 ^^«jin?f■53^ I n**"Cl'll) ycchi *f ^mn1 ^ ytjVi rTOT 3?TT3^î3cfS ■ff ^ % wiPlcci % «Fr sfiiPirt flim ^JiTcTT 11 ^ tiiHiRflcf) •^rni’^ FITW ^ ^ ^jTHT -STfiRr ^TRS^ ^ 1

’Tte

ÎRd" ^ (Land Reforms in India)

fild-^dl 5Tf^ ^ ’TRW ^ ari^JcFWT eft §fhpftw «ft I TWrFWWT SUf^ % ^TRTWK ’TRW TR5>R ^ ^ gSTR «ti) fell ^ W^rW'jyf «Ii5W 33ITT I ■STW W^ ?W TRW^ «EN?r WWf^ cl?r wr ^ 11 ^ ?TT^ t^ 3TTWT l-I. *R2R«if W 'd^l'tJKf WJT 11. TOd<*i!0

^f gwR, III. ^ ^ -aife^BWW #WT WIT PlaRur, iv. v. tM, vi. ’j_-3R-STR^tWW, VII. ’^ % ^ rRIT 'dl<gi I |W

WtZR^ ttW 'Snff^nf WiT (Abolition of Intermediaries and Zamindars)—TWW-WWI^nPW % WWW ’TRW *f rftW 5WR ^ gHWblO WWT IRraW ^ff-W’ffeltt IRIT, tWdWT|t WWT WWT W^WWrff WWT I ^ rft^ WWT^ WTTRW WW 3?7R^fiWT % fqqjiti ^ WlWWi WWT ttiHifiich -STtMW) ’WTW % % 'HjRlW ?iT, 3TW: WRJiR

Tnrrw 'R^ ^ t^Rfw îwr i

t«t0'5|fll Srf^ % WSWI^ TpjW tit«hKl SRT ?W TRWWT ^ 3T^ PRIR r;w Wit^ WRT

Wq 11 ?W WRRT WW% ^m 1943 ^ WSRT ^T WlftW WWII 1955 WWiwwr w’ft TRwf if ^ w wr % i iw -srfferf^ % srsftw isiww^ 55.7 ms ’jf^, ^r^tw fwwif fîwftw wr ^ I wwr ^nff^ ^^ WT ^ 670 3Rlf <R filWWW j^TTT WT ^Jil % 1 fW 9W1«1 % wftwWTWWT WW’TW^ WIT TRWf % TftWT TRW’^ TWlftW ^ WWT % I

qjl^TRjrt) uiqt«ii ^ (Improvement in Tenancy System)—W’ffWift’ WWT ^WWWlînUT-STf ^ STRPfw ctiiW'hiO «qWFTT tTcJi WTWRW WWT WW ^ I ill#'! ^ fW

shl^n^Mtl ^ 3rf^ %TTWT ^ 'TfWr WT WWT' fW^ WRT^ ’ft îTW'hlfl ’J^-TWPft ^ ?wjr ifw 3WT WT ft’fr ^ ^ I 5W wir^wwiiff ^Ff srrft îRRwwiwr^fr cFt ^ cr^

% f^ WTIfFlff % SIRT WT WOT ^WT WfWT «JT I ?W WW WilOTt ^ W5 '3TRRWW)^ WWT 1^ RT “<qtyT ^t|K fejT- vIR I |W ^yit) ^ fnMfdltgn STlftW ¥—

1. «*IH WiT (Regulation of Rent)—TRWiR % vi'lM ^ Pi^ftn <R^ WWT

WiRWWJRf wit ^TWT RWR WR^ ^ frlW 3RRWWJ aTWTWT Witi im 'fWW#! WtvRT ^ W? f^mfftW ^)WT WWI ftRft ’ft TFRWWiR 5RT ^WilWT WWI WWR SJOT % 20% % 25% ^ w#f im wit|i^ I WTW ^f trrf^ toti wrwiRf % ^ TTsifif WWR

2. ^ (Security of Tenure)—3FRWW)Rf ^ ^TWT WR% % W^ ^RRWT

wit Wf f^ vIW WW; ^«F WiRWWWT WWR WiP'W^ ^WWR cR T?r WW WWi w% ’jPr 0t?% ^ ^ WRW W# WT TRÎ

«RRqTif wf^WT fcRROr ftOT RWiR f-

I.

df% TRfjTWW

II.

VR^ Sjsfsf^^ 65

3. ^ ^ 3rt^R>R (Right of Ownership, to Tenants)—3T^ TI^«hli(d«bK ’J^^^TFfr ^ PiyfRa ^

TT «HI 'JiRi'hK !ir<T ^ tttftai 11 ^

III. ^ 'iHRj*dH Îkr ^ PrafTR (Ceiling of Holdmgs)-W ^^ wn 11 Fn^- ^ 'f ^ T?cR aftr 3ifeBf?r % tht ^ % t%q xrj

fRT ^ ^ ^ ^ <2ItT ^ ^ -srf^ ^ ^ I %% a^FTT ^ tiSniRT # ^ ^T^l ^ ?3TT ^ Rf 31^1 |

^ffR RiufRfl ^ vfi^ '31^1^ ^ ^jRi^'i'l ^ siKcftt<lMlf^«|2 "^N ^ t<JlH*il ^ W ^1^ 3ffT OiRl'ft ^ 3rit[^ ^ff’it ^ ftvFIR ^RtETT^ '5’Hd«M I

g5f ^ I^TF cq<R?nFT 3?^?zr ^ ciit' Tjf t fe

enrwr TT# TTsi ?iwff % ^ ^ #ht % ^ ■str^ sif^Pi-UH qi^r■ ^ M 11 ■arf&Rppff ^ >3T#i 3161 ^ 15.74 Hra ^ 3iî^ ^

^ ^ 11 FT^ ^ 9.56 ms ^ TTRF SRT 3rT% 3TftnFR # efr^ % HHIt 6.79 ^na ’jft ^ ^Ri^'i ^ RlnRa filRT ^ 5[cRI ^ IFit 3T^ 11.54 ms 5jRt^ fTOf ^ Ft ^ I ^FT^f t 6.13 ?na ^3i^qRlci 3ITf^/^t>j)|fc| % ^ I

IV. ^'»)«|'<{1 {Consolidation of Holdings)—qchsc^f trsp yf^qi % juRI^ SRT iRi iJ-WI*fl% FIT-^ fT iM % ^ ^ Ffr %T*T % #( ^ 3TR)R- % t^cR ?ir îlcf ^ f I Fit # ff^r ^ % aiRRf 5iTRlWîl 1^ d«il % ^ ^ tJFT Sjqrdt ^ 3iR)cha*{ ^JFTTFT ^ ti4«!t F1^ ^ I FI^^ ini'id ^ ’^^■ 3TFft % I 3R 45 RjRi^t F <RT «R^ ’JTI

^ ^ I ^ dd)fit'll ^ ^ ^ ?rWT V« *rpi 11

V. îgdiiO l^tR (Co-operative Farming)-ÎF3>lff itcfT 3TT5TTT d^dld % t%ai^ ^ 3iraR qr ^rnj^ m % iM ^ 11 fi^ Fnft fro 3Tw-3Rqi ^ irt-^ RiVi<+)< 3)T tith^ ^ 3TrnT-3Rnr, aR 3jri^ qq sm tr vsaR^ «rtRRR 3TTfe TTcR ^ 50^ I ^nf% ft F53Tf % SR cF% ^ Rld=dddT URT^ TT^ ddl vidtKd ^ Rldid ^ vsRin ITM ^ I «5cfci(| ^tcit ^

fttrt 'fit «r^ f^raiTT %\ 30 1990 «6l’ fî^^ ?rwr 3.50 ws îFRiff ttPiIM cr 7^ I i ft TrMmf ^ trt 62,500 'htls IT c^ 'fFfsftvT ^ TRT F^^ TRFTf ^ TfaTT 16 cRtF ^ I

flFlHdT

'SCHI'S'l

dFIddr

ePTRT

VI. (Bhoodan Movement)—^FPT 3nRt7R ^ 3TT?nT % aPSF ^ FFT5>7% % 11 ^ cbl4!t)H 3TraFf fNf^ ’Tit SRT 18 3lfta, 1951 'Kt 3TRT !T^ ^ tRT7[fcf ‘1 FF’T f^qr qqi 5JTI FT 'tiiJ'HH diT TTIdipRi 'ZIPI dddl ^ 7«IPT=TT qiiqi 11 FT 'f)l4**f % 3J7fR #qt % qTTT 3TFtr 3ir'l!id'hdl %^ ^ I, % 74^ % FTW 5H ^ t FT IRF FFT # Rf *ft l^^BsT ^t ^ ^Ptî '^qchl 4r f^qr ^FifTT 11 îqi4 RuTî *n% % 5 tRi?ifBRtd 5R4> t^Ht if 4k% ^ WIT TRfqr m 1 31^ tR) 16.77

. vrra ^ t ^ qi4 I 3fk Fi^f t ^ i/3 ’tpi ^ jr ^r ^mR^ kldl ^ I 3R RF 3ii'4ld't 9TFR 3TPt tJTf wi'ii FT^ ^■RdRIl 3ildl4 f^dldl iti4 ^ t'i'f'lld ^ ^61 11

66 mwts ajsf^mm

VII. ^ ^ (Record of Ownership of Land)—^<«hR % aT?fBra?S>t ^^ ysi-ij \dftq ^rai-vnl<3i ^ ^ % dil^ ^ 'is<ms

' ^ ^ I ^ Tr3?ff. ^ IH ^ ’JJT ^ ^ 11 BWT % ^^t TTSI^ fen-ftf3T I ^ ^ 5FI =rTT 20-^^ sn^ 5iFfeq % 3iri%

^ ?BT ^ ^1

<t)i4s»>*lT ^ (Evaluation of Land Reforms)Tf ^ gSlR *|4*4( ^ ^ ^3c?nf ^

€n ^ chiJrtiîT «fit ^ cfiiyit 4)41 ^ I =M<''( §'t«f711 «;i»d'4idt % 11^, 'm ^TTRi 3ft ^ ggrr |q f ^

^ ^ t, % ^ ^ t (5bMi'«t«J'i ^ mR'JmM ^Rlt^vFRF ^

î” 9 315^, 1992 *f 'Snutf^ 5^ ^p5i41 % ^r ?ft ’ft.4t. Hlf^l^l TI^ % Ut^’ÎT «lft % % ^^ ^[f^ ^yi< «hl4fbHl ^ ^J5r !4i<jfH«hcii % ÎRI ’JTf 3TT^ ^ aif^ ^ ^ ^ ^ qr w -aiftRR szjpt ^n^’ii i ^trh % fiB 5IUr

^r ??T 4t^ % ’T?^ «(ii43pff % îir-qi ^3ft 3n44t i

Tigiftf

«Bt ^5TT ^ 5fR«T feqi Wn'+i'Ttdi

1.12 f^’nrT (Agricultural Marketing)fe|H''M ^ 3I?f (Meaning of Marketing)—ft’PFT ^ -STT^Ft ^?ft UfsBUI % %

v3^RET ^ ^ ^ fnyfRd fîUI 30^

^ ?raf ^f 3n?iT 11 ??i iri&TJir ^r ai^ anUfe ^ MiciNin, ■h'jsk'ji,%|uft<J'J[ ^ inTFftcR'T airft i

f^'FH ^ '3Rf (Meaning of Agricultural Marketing)—fepT^R ^ aiTSFr

ufsBUT ^ I 'sm adilif ^ 14P)ltd ten ^nm % i niwtd ^ fift’ actRf nit ^^ctil % Biut % tj’nitenaff % Biuf ^ ng^rmi % i irir fif^ te’nn, f«nFR ^ Iiifiiui îFT % teran d^^'y ^ te’^H % i

14*1 "JR ^ [qfiiyi teteiR (Peculiarities of Agricultural Marketing)—te’TR^ dr4i4! ^ tew ■# ?)tiT % I fw ii^ tew nmpn entail tref ^âif4) tew f^w ter 11 tew «St anrft ^ f4f^ teten^ ^ ^ft apu nâff tr^ ^,3ff

% gâff afR âff gn terw teni wn I nut 11 n? tRi ^ uten I 14d4> rrw acHK'hl

^ nnlt arnff i ^ tetenf ter iRnr I-1. aiRi varHit;)' cjft ^WT ^ ^t'TRf ^ aii«nK xR nw aif4^ ten % i ?n ^br**!

^*'SK'j| *?4 uicfRnrf *R aten^ arttei wm antft % i2. aiteicR ^ utnte ^ tef) tef) I te ^ tetei rm mn nff fte an mBtn i

?n ?BR*n irww nr aiten wnr nfm li3. aifti^rR tew ntte ^ f % ?n teite te’ annft

rm cRB teB nR Rf t-i '5^- înw 4 ter teiw nr te 114. teittei \3<mi4i ci5t 5^ ^ adii4t ^ ^tem nni ntetem ^ alter annsnîtn

■ M li

aiW

aterarsn 67

5. ^ WT qq ^ ^ ^ t crar^Ht y^fa %^fteRR ?t^ 11 ?T^ ^f, ^ cff ‘JtHKj'l ^ ^PT *f '»i'ii«iW yRqcti■3nrTT I 3ffT >jf^ tf I

6. -3^7% cTHT ^ qaHi qiî ^ rff ^ v3?n^ ^ HRT 9it’ q4i«h( ^T ^^Tf^ tl«hdi t, ^ I

. 7. *ITTfT ftf2FRT?ft7r ^ff ^ vjcmis ^ q^ ^§fT *rFT STTT 3T’^% FT-^WPT% firq T?i ^ ^3rmT l.i fH ihfr, ^ ^ ^ q^ M %^ ^ 'Sn^TPn ^j^rar %, «jhh q4 'trf^r^ ^ ^ ■^tIT i

^►TK?T ^ IqH'*!^ ^ q^HN cqqî (Present System of Agricultural

Marketing in India)

«icf*tH *rR?T, # ^ ftpr^nr «{5t arawr I-

1. ^ ^ (Sales in Villages)-FTI^ ^ ^ 3PPfr 3^ cRT q^ ^ ^TR^fN) ^ fr tiiîO, ^niR^f rTUT ^ 3nf^ ^ %sr ^ ^ I ■31%^ *iKcJl<< «i4l«i

^ Sl^qR ^ >313317, RTcT tf f^RR -313^ JRT wm 35% ’IFT ^f ^ ^ ^ ^ I <iiciNia qcf 7R53 ^ tii’y'fl ^ f^«hl3 ^ qilT’’! ^ 3FT ^31T 7fl ll

2. ^ (Sales in Fares)-R73 ^ ^ ^ 11 q# 5f^ TlWT 1700^ 7R^ t t TPm 40% # 7P#5R ^ f I ^RR ?q M *f>3ppft- Tsm qq ^ qpT tq #■ 11

3. Hpsq) A (Sales in Mandies)—%3Rt ^ qtR vj>h>ji ^ qRT^^1 ^ cRT }Sr% ’TT3 qiciNifl ^ HUR ^ -STT^ v*h>ji *iPsql' ^ ni'hl

11 Ffl^ ^ *f qcfqpT RR ^ ^ IRR ^ hPs^T 'TFft îRft f^raf^ 3f^5R THTT -HPiqPMd qteff 1

4. «6<i5i0 TfftrfrRf ^ qiCSpT ^ (Sales Through Co-operative Societies)—f^'RR ^ ^ rf 3&«t5Ttt tifnlatTl' ^ Pi<^< q?rf) ^ 7^ 11 tiftla«iT -STT^ 7R7^% q^T^ ^7% 3% «r|) ‘tRdql # ^ ^^1^37 ^ ^ t ^ fcigRinR ^ I, 3% 7R7^ =f 3q?^t 3R3r ^ arm T7 qfe vfrar 11

5. TTT^lf) 3R (Government Purchases)—33 ^ TlTîR ^ 3?TRf 33 3R3)7 7^ % I 7R337 STTT 7313) 37 iRT 3)) 731331 ^ vOc)) |r af)7 f^fll*l ?3 ^ 37 ^ 713)^ f\

*rT7rf ^ ^Rl f%3'33 H^fa ^ qtq (Defects of Agriculture Marketing System in India)

iraf^ R7RRTT 3Tf^ % 3331^ ^1 ^ ff^ f?l3^

7337551 ar^f ■‘fr ai^ ^ 11 ^ ^ 3337 I-

1. al'q 'uRt^qi ^3 (Low Marketable Surplus)—31771 ^ 0ifii«hi3T ^

an337 3|rr 1JI21 |l 531^ ^ ^f wm 66% 3flt 5 q3;f # 3)3 t 331 3717 51^ ^r 81.2% sj)^ M I i^333 311337 5 q31f t 3)3 11 ^3 ^ 37 |?73) fTRT 3R 313133 33 31^ ^ ^ 33% 333(3 % ^ 33(31 ?)71T % 1 aiTT; ^3%) % 313 ^1333

'MHdlq 31^51137*3 ^

•3r^

^ ai% |3T7 |q I, cRil^ ?7r313731

68 ajsfonmen

srat 11tTcF 313^ ^ sT^mr, ^ ^f ^ ^ ^3?TR^ im I, ;jw 25% % 30% ’m# f^qnpi ^ttr^T 3Tlfi^ «FT 11 T^ ^HFR ^ t ^ ^ 10% ^ 311jTT% ^ f^H“H 3|fcl^cb ^ 30% 3TT >Jt|t|*ri I

vfsfii ■Q;a ^

2. HHTPrT ^ 'nRjîni (Dominance of Middlemen)—>lT7cft^ f^«R 3f)? 3(Pa*< *3W*il«wt % If)! cRT g3Tr ^ I ^ 5?FM, 3n^cff 3iif^ 31^ ^ ujRnqi% 3n?r 13it % 3Tf^?T cTTiT FR ??q% 5;^ 11 FT% cbK'JI ^ 3Tt7 irf ^ ^«bl ^3W ^ ?i*T ^ 3lf^ 3?^ ^îFTT Hsai % I, 3ife^ Hlltfl*) iii*fl'*i ^?r*I tiMa ^ 3i3«k vsHhIswi ^ «Iir ^ 3^ ^tbini ^ 58% ’TFT ^ TlcT ^ I ?¥Tf tf^ ^ TTft^ JFT JTcT % % ^ ^ T>q^ tf^ 66.8%, ^f| M t 68.5%, qg ti^ft if 65.6% ^ WTm Tir^ ^ ^ I

Tmqcl

3. f^'Uildl'il^f Tqthq (Forced Sale)—’TTTrT if 3Tf^J5)TR %TTR îfR ^1 yd^ '*ti>n cht^^ ^ ^ «Ft ^ Tmq rT^T 3Tq% W T13% «t5t ?FTcn ^ff ^ ^ ^

^ Iflqii, 4t^, ^K' q5t o4«R*n rT?JT 31^^ 1^ £FT q5f 3tiq^q«bni qftff ^ fraT ^ uls«R 3iraS(Mqicii3Tf «Bf 3?^ ^ fll^ '3^ SITT ^ 5tcTr I 3TrT: «*<q q^ qT^TR *l(q

’IT drîqd ^ Iqq?i ^l*!! HSUl |i 1

4. *lP>d41 ^ '<^lc> (Fraudulent Practices in Mandies)—’ITTtft^ ‘iPsqT if 3T^TRiR ^ ’TSfrRT uqfwfl ^ I 3iPiqp5ia mPsmI if 31^«h q'jiicf ''»>i4<d ^^ TTSJT ^ 3TtT ’TT^ ^ t\ ^3^% W TF^ ^ 11 3m: % aiimR4f q?T if ’Tiq Hq qR^ 11 5TI^ TTTq-TmiRR-^fTT ^ if ’ft qtl§T ftjqr ’JimT % I hR'îFiww ^ flRf «BT wihii cFFTT

ti

R«B q’fcqiMI

qft TFTrqrq {Problems of Transportation}—’TTTcfiq fthtnnf % ’ITTT qiONia5. qifliqiti

% Tmi^ w ’ft srm im 11 ^ % 3?Rjci;f$i qf^ ^ qramm % Tnrmf qq 3r’TTq % I qf^ ^(ji'iiil, \3m ^ 5iTr qm qft qf^^qt tpr n^qiMi TTf qmiqmq>r 13^ qp 3TRiqT qfTTTT % I ^ qiirq fqqj 3rT^ qrqf if It qm 3^ ’tt ^ M Rtq?T Ir vfT^ li

6. ^’’ftqJT’q sftr a*ii'flq><“i qq qnrrq (Lack of Proper Grading and Standardisation)—’Tim ^ 14>tti'i qqi It TFFT if 3T^ UqiR qft qt^ I '^—if^ qmi?q ibtifll qit «hi<i4 mrq ITT qm ^ TTiq^Fft tta^ if 3mq?f ts^ ^ 3TF7TT ifq 1 ^ ^ if feBiq q^ It 'mm ^ qi| %Tif ^ 1^ ^ qr qqi f^ qjT if^ TTOT ^ ^ qr ^qft ^ ^ I q^m qqq^ TRq% it^ #T ^ qit 3mir-3mq q|f qR .qr^ #t qf^ ^mff qit qqi tstw Rmr ^ 11 qftqFRq^ qqqf qq ^’Itqmq q qqrffqR'q q|t It ’trtt cmr q% 3Rlt qq^r qq

<Eq Pm ’imi li7. qRld qtqrqt' twr h^sk^ÎT ^ snnq (Lack of Proper Storage Facilities)—’TTTcffq

%qTqf % qm ^ qtqnff 3Tqqr qq ^T^rq I rIt % 3iq^ qm ^ linPiq?

afB^qqw 69 '

% grfetT w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 7®^ IW ^f>R5f ^ »IFT ^W^F, 7fl?PT 5^ % W>r ^ ^

'inTfT % 1 '3tlta« 'nTTft^ y»4\"» ^ 31^^ ^ iro io%^ wr^ ^ ^ ^ ^Titfr %i

8. 7F13^ ^ 3jMm .(Lack of Oiganisation Among Cultivators)—<^mR'») %fTf^ 75TT ^hrtlq t^flul W TTR^ % iJtqf^ ^TNlfT ^ ’jyf ^^ TPlfew 11 ^ cTT^ I5t€f-5f^ 5chi§ql ^ Ri-HiRtn f I -STcT: 3=1^ 5i7^^ ST%r cfliHiRq'l' ^ ^ 'iiW'Tl cFRfr ^ I RsT^ ^ ^ fttff ^ <f$|iiH^ 11 911^ 3Tra^T % W I % ^ flW 3TTfifcB 9lf^Mf qi 5)fm I Ivra^ 3^ q|fT q?^ î

9. q^rf'cT otiqisT t^q ^^qRft ^ snrra (Lack of Sufficient Data and Information)—*nTrT*f 3nft ^ ^ Tijf^ ^raTsrr gq inpra- ^ qw I feqrqf gjf ^ gT^-aff^ q^-frFT qiq mi ^rm g^r ^ ^ ^tgi 7m q^ ^gqi ^ qfr «Mtgp g wnm q^ ^ ^ t, 3#^ ^ ^ cbr^ ^ qqgq^ m q^f qsr qi^ I

10. Ritfl*) ÎqyT'flf ^ xflHiq (Lack of Credit Facilities)—tjq TRÎR I^«m g>r 31^ qqi ^jjqrRqf i^g q?rq^ % ^ q^ ^ q^ 11 ^q<sf c^ rffg % onimiRqf% 3(q^ g^ 3i\qs‘t't’dt3^t ^ ^ sqg ^ qgR ^qr qfgr % i qftgpTTgqqariqiRjff git 3rqfr gqg >3^ qr Rigsi ^ git 11

qnttg anSsqgw qgjfii T^ ^pfq

%■

gNt ^ ^ ^ SRT '331^ gi3*r (Steps Taken by theGovernment)

fft qg |mif gq qff 3Tgf t Rigro girt % Rn? g? 3ng9ggi I firm t 3(i'q?q«h 'fliM rigi f=btin'i ^ ggi ^9171 q^nggi ^ q^ g^r ^§icr ift ggigrgig I 9n^t 3TTgtq t girg t îRr Itqgq g5t gtg'j’f sTg^gr git ggi q*^ qq^gi ggigi % i

qggi^ qrqftg tf|^ qffq qfirft, 1931 % 3ff7 gfg qRrft, 1931 t ^ qrqr t|;f^ itqgq sggTgi ^ q? gg fegi 1 qftgiqqgqq qrgqr t qqg % fciqgq t ggR % 1^ Rpq gigq ggitj t-

1. ftpri^gq gigrr (Regulated Market)—ftgRiq RigRgq gigir ^^ qgraf ^ Rrafrgiggf’git ^nqqi ^ gqg gigir srf^jftgq q^qgq qsqq 11933 t qiq t^qq

■ w I ?q% q^giq 1935 tqgrqtgtqrqf^qgri^qqqg

Fnqqr gq q^^tgg qqrqi ^ giRi ?qt ggR jRqr I ?iife 313^ f)Rrw“igtgr

7n?t TTJgf tgqqq

?q q^g^ t 3Tf^Piq*i qiRq gr ^ qgr ttgf^gq gigit ^ qi?q gf i96i t ^ 1000 sft, 31 qi^, 1991 TRR 6640 ^ ^gt li RigRgq qf^ t qg? qft^

^ niflPiRi fit ^ 1 q^ qit%?tfft % îqt feqnf, qqqrftgf, flt«hK

gq gjpt qqg ^ ftqgq qr Rig=qg ggqT ^tqi !■ ggig qgr snqrfWf gif qigqr t gr^tq tqr qfqi ^ 1 qftfit &ki gigir t gT^ git gitqg, gi^rftgf git gif, ttg gif RiRt, ^qqiq ^qf^3^ t qqg 11 ?t% gi?ft ^^t^gi gqqit gqi ^ gqft 11 ?q qgqr gigiff git ftgP

qgr ^nt ^ 3TTft Rif^gq git % \ qftgTqgtgq ftgfîq“igtgi-stn

70 wgitg sjsfsij^^

^ snw yqlria xsiÎrin tini'fl «FT% «iMr<^ vifim cqcj^l CJXH % 1 ^ ^Pirff % fqtftffln ^ f«htil'll ^ ^Jiqil ^

3j3T ftw 3TTWr I W |sl4t(M fewi-if ^ ^mratTT^ff % ?ft^ cfjT -31^^^ 'TRn I ^ siMlO ^ feRif^ ^ ^

^ tfcfc'ij gjl(y/3# ^ f^tOK, ^-tfhr ^ # y*ii'llcb<ui rrai ^T3ITTti*<i'-ill IfCTsTf w t«iwK I

2. fty'H (Cooperative Marketing Societies)—’TRW ^ f^PFRI %

^ wit ^ 5fR% ^ wwT waRxff wit wm wr% % 3t^ Mwsff mf wwiftfiprww tilHEfl4t wit wiw ww gsnw, feir wwt i ?w sr^ % wpwrfw ^ww? ftwwR w^wnft^TFR (iPirrlwl WW Pinfî WR^ ^ WÎT -STRit WWW WiT f^H'^M ajTWrtt t^W WWM wnfe ^ SRT W «KT% WfWirft f^TWW tiftKt ^ ^RT WR^ f I ftwWR % ^ *f W5Wirft WfttrlWf wit ^ftWR f^RRR «(4rfl WT % 1 W^Wilft WfttrRff îRT Wf f^WWR t^jWI WTWT %, WF 3^ W ^ <gisji''il' WWi TftftW |i, 'SRW |)f^ WcWT^ ^ viti<ail «jPi«M R’RW % IRmuH wfwirft wft%wf twr ^ wwr TRft wl^swf *f cBPf ^ f i 3^ ^ wr^’ît ^ fcfWiW, f^TtR'W cRIT wnWTW-ftwfW ^ WiRf ^ ?it^ TWT WT W^WtW ^ ^ %?HW T^rftWRWTW ^-STTW^ftW ‘ll4)R:'n "ftslijM SffW) ?f%WT f^. (NAFED) ^ wiHii Wit ■’nft 11 TW ypitriwl % RR2RT ^ 1990-91 WWT 5,600 W)^ WWTT^WR f^WWR %WT Wl

3. nl4l*lT wit (Storage and Warehousing Facilities) —'H''S13WWtWFTt % -SRITW wit ^ WR% ^ ’TRcflR UPftw tiftici % ^5nW wit

1956 <|i^W WfWiitt Richltl 3W WfWR ‘I'^Sfl ^ TWRRT Wit W^T I ?Wwit Wf I ?W 5RT Trtt TFWf *f TPST WtWIR

^^t wr 3wir 11 TRW wtwiw Pm ww%-aTW% TRwf wit ^ I)

4. ■^’’ftWRW Snrrft^T’W (Grading and Standardisation)—|)f^ WWW wit ^’’ft % W^HRf«PTlÎW 3W ^RWIT WWrftWRW WR% ^ 3TTW§WWRfT wit TPft f«[WWR tlPilciyl' WW fl3<ii«il % T^tWIR %WT |l ^ WR% WT fWWI wit W^Rtt WWW WW wfep ^ ftw WWRtT |l WRrf % t^t^fr ajiHit ^ ftetiRifl WR% % WF ’tt WTWSWWi % WT3^ ^41^11 i|'J| WW WRItffWRW feWT WT^ I WFtW wit ^13^ §3 WRW TRWiR % 1937 ^

W?TTWW W’ffWRW '3TWRT Wftri^nr? (Agriculture Produce grading and Marking Act, 1937) WRT Pm I wfe^TWR 1962 % WRRfw f^wfw W?t Wl%WR^f 40 WT^^ WW 4HfWW tîWT WRT 3iPiqi4 ^ I 3ilaR«Ki WTRlftW? «WTWR %’ft ^T ^ 142 WT3^ ^ ft'iflWW Wfr SRRSR ^ wf ll

WT3^ ^ tftwfftW WRft.WWT 3'’^WtTT Wft PiuPno WRft ^ ftST ft i-tOq IRRT^ (AGMARK) TTWR^TMlft TWlfftW Wft W^ ft I 3lIaR«Kl TRWt ft WlftflTWi cj'iHiqi MRWITWrft WWft WR Tftt ft I

HHffhl 3T^5Ia|T^ witwfftft 35 ^

ti6IWW) ftt IqqiRinwftww

*TRWR^ sRiftr ftfwR Rpr wit twtwwt Ri‘i*il ^ trim'll

’T^ ^ “jqwi

5. WRfwiftwf WR uftr^TW (Training of Personnel)—fftwftww WTWRf WWT RfWiltf fftWWR Wfftfftwf ft Wilft WRft WT^ Wiftwrftwf wit W%?TW WWR WRft % TTTWiR ft fftWWR ^fR

WWW %Wf^TWW iftftWTWW Twrftw f^RTT'ft Rltiqi ^RT RlRl-^ TRW fftpRR ftwf ft Wf^ ^ WTcTT ftl

m<fhi 3jsfm7*n 71

6. WFlfR 'Sftr {Market Research and Survey)-^rf^

11 m Piîîra^ PiyPHd î^t- ^ ^ cnn% % ^rWT 'T^SR ^ w^ g^3Tf % fM ^T?a«r «f>TcTT I W ^3^ 'TI^ ^gr# ^ ^ ^ 5ET% ^ ^ wm 11- /

7. <4ldlMm IR tided g,fd6i|i4 (Facilities of Transportation and Communication)—^}^

IdH'^ld % d*ddij ^ 4Taidia ^ flîdiei ^ fTiydf ^ ^

'iKolq uidl'^ BRJ dWd % tjaid f^^T f% % diaiMin TT ^ tTSIT

TR^ W# % ^ xrri^l ^ ^ 3iFTT m fe WTH ff^«R53Tf % qfaidin

He-hiRdi d^^dd î^wTwqrsra’feyrwi^'^rRT îfc^ftcRT # ^ I ^ didNia ^ dial'll «Ff hmImi Ridiid g-STT % I TRT d'fehiO'

tjcf dechiCl tf1^(rl4l' i ditdn # jii4l«i didNld ^ Wydf ^ fifcFRT ^ -iilsji*

arTr tjfr TFT |i

8. ^ •jeq ^ (Stabilisation in the Prices of Agricultural Produce)—|)f^

*J5«iT ^ l^tdl crr% % ^ d<4)K yldd4 NacHidl ^ ti*i4'i =^t11 ^F ytW 'FfTcT cfyR ^ # ^Fr?5t I FT% %?Tpft ^

“llHiRdf % »lid'll ^ «ldldl vjTT I yF 5il4 FTRcT 3n4W (Commission

for Agricultural Costs and Prices) ^ h<i*i4 FT feTT ^jfMT 11 FFTT^f FF

*JW F54t 4t d*l4d ^ 3PT FlFT ^ cff dt'hit WT tidtld FT \iCii<;T FF

FFr% T^ ^ TR^TT-anFTff 4} FR^t ITWT iftfep ir ^ ff ^ ffW fr^ Ii

9. f^d ^ (Facilities of Agricultural Finance)—TJTFFT

FTFT TfFT ^THTR ?Rif FT Fi«r ISFepy FRl^ fetT ^ 4} '3f%F SPM felt 11 FTT d^q-y ^ in4H tfet, TiF^Fift tFit ffi tifff^ ttpi' TiPtfeif Fit I Tmr FF^ FFFf FF FFfFT fecTR feFT W 11

10. SidlRn dTc tR FlF-cffe (Standard Weights and Measures)—FTF-tffTT % TPF^ 'Sf Ft^Ftrft FiPidRiddi-STf Fit ^ dv(A ^ fetr 1939 ’^.FT^t ^ 5FF}tF)T'F ^ (SRjRlFMFFTFT WI 1958 ^ ^ FlF-rftTT Fit ^f|F? STFI# 'BTFFPft F^t fe^ 1 1962^ -aif^FPt FiT ferr fft 11 ftt ott# ^ tififtf % f'^rt ff fjf} afiFR trct fi fft

I Trar FTT HR=y if Ft% FT# >ilftFi^ddlif tIFFF ^ F# 11

yitflld atJosjenOT #t

f;f ^ ^ rp# oi^ddM sftr TT^?Fr Riîfiidy # T*nFFI FitTtTFFT

^ fet TTT# TR ^ FF ?tFT '3T1F5FF) ^ I IdH“MdidiMia

FidNid

dMK

F5F FR% FR# |l ?Ffe

% fed I'll Fit 3ffeF)

Fit F#TFTFFT

1.13 (Agricultural Price Policy)

ffSr 13?^ #fe % OTTSTF ^ ^ 11 l^nfe srrr ffe thcft# ff ^ ftyffer feFT ^ncrr % I 'BT^ BnRidi dWjBTf t# ^FT# Fit #fe ^ îfe FT^^ ^3F% FRR siTT spnfer ferr ^ i ft^# # stfifF' ?ttftt, tstfiff # ft^ fcifeR Tny# # ^TFIrT, ^ WFT yR Fit FTFTTT WRT rTFT TSFTTFF % feq '3TIF?F^ BRF ^ ^ FT TFT# % I ?F Ft^BTf FiT #F ci5t TTPffeFi ?ifei41 # sirTT PitifRd feFT FTTFT ^ I

Fit cTTFTI FTTTOrSKd 3c7TFd

72 *?77#F 37tf#FTFT

^ cnzi t fiR ^ ’j^ ^ ■?F«r^^ jiT^„ ^ ^ '^Î'iH ^nw ^ ^ I

^1^5^ ^3ff 5^t WT ^ ’jf^ lira: ^diy-iK ^ 11 ?t 1^5; ^3?rfOT sJTT ^ Fl^^ ^ ff^ ^ ^3^ HTCRt W 3raW

feyr cWT affr ^ ^ ■3)iciR«hi ^«bisyi 'ji'iiJl i yqirff ^ ^ -srf^ îr^ ^ jwki

■£[ ^ 'iTM %, f^TF ’TT '3?n^ ^ tfl*it'n WHcT 3Tflj^ 3n^ ^ I >itMi<;’i ^ rtl'in ’îf^'h^ % cRR^ «IRR ^ ^3^ \i':MI<H «Br ^Tfeli ^ y? ^5FTI% 3Tf^ W if ^ W 1^ 5fR% % ^ ^RHI '4^1

^TRH ^ ^RT % «*y'y if <l<shK ^ 3Tf^ Ml^l “Jlldl ^ I ?R5>R ‘JW 4110if ^ ^ TT5I3 ■3fR ?fl ^ SIW I % ^ ^3^ ^ ^FT irfr URT ^^ fRlT ^ ^ ^ ^ MRT ^FRfr I ^ ^ 3RR :3f^ tJ^ TT ^RT ^ 13^ I

^ ^JFRT (Cost of Production)-ff^ ^RT ^ f^rafftw ^ WPJ11 >3cMKH ^ WRT TF^lt HTT

i^cf ’JjST -aTRR ^ ^ ^ tl >313^14! ^ fraK «R^ WT ^5RFR if Wtilc^ ^RT vRU I cRT ^ R^nf fooi RFfr Ry fiTO ^ t

?IIRr, fjRRf ^3^ nRqi^ ^ ^RRff 3PT Rf W ^ yei'^'^lq 41'«<oi, rRT iRZRf % TIRT iT^ R^f ^ elFTcT ■3TTfe) % 7RRI ^

^ ^ RlaRl W ÎF ^ RT % f^ vswitt’i ci?r WRT ^ ^)cFT \3^ R^ff R?^T Fraiff ^ 3fRT 'R^ % ^ '^5)1% ^ f I

'm^diy arsfaram ^ ■ffîfir 13^

sfilRT

fen ^n ti«hfli 1^—iTHT % RK fen^T % 3nrr RniRT

MOtKd

fenrfe Rg’sff n5f wm |)f^ ^tlRf

n^ feFT mfef ^ «liw[c|«h ÎFR(#^^ ’STSRTT fli'iowfe li ?n RRR 5nfer fen ^mn felT t^r yttoq

joikT ^ (Price of Agricultural Products)—nft 3iiRf«h RtîRTf ^ STRIT

qr ^ ^ ^ feff Rg ^ ’fw Rfe nfn n ^ nr^fen sifenff t srt feiffe fer 11 ^ RF sr nf rrit % fe feft nr Rg n^fntn n ’jf^ fei^ff Ff4t i iffn n ^ rr îfepn n?n n? ^ ^rRun? Ft%^ nriffn nnr ^ qR?r I aik 'jfif 3Rff %rRn’i^nR^’R#riiF an^ I nsjT nz ^Rtt

Iran ^ ?t nn;^ I wff^ ft nâff n5f #t ntl<«hK 3) t^3T iTFt3^

^ I Rgaff ^ TTRiET ^T nF n^nrar nmn ’jfif ^4ly<K ^ 11 ^ Rgarf w feiffe 3R^ wi nF fer t % tii4'flPi>t> femn srt# % fei ancRw nrar ^ nm 3R fen i

(4'*»>'4 (Conclusion)—f^RB^ ^ ^ ^ nF 3iFr an o«hfli % % Rgaff 3n PiyfRo3)T^ WT fer R3f qr ’fr fenr w. fen armr mfe-

1. ff^ ^ cpm Rife ^ % qtn arm HBTFfT RTR FT Tî ^ affrnftqRT fennf ^ FT^ qft^ ^ nfer qfciqra am^n fer an^ ajt nn ^Rjif nnif fr arsRT

aTq% qftqrr ^ 3if aftr qfen nn q^ran rb antpn i

2. nrgarf nn ft t^br Rrnffe fen aran mFT( Rboiol- nit atfen arfen w ^ nRTFT nri^ ^ fe? afeiFn ftt nrf^ nf^ feft rr RqiFT nnr fer I ^ FT nnft nir FT arMnr ft ’jrr fen an

3. f)Rr Fg ^ FT TRTR feiffe %ft anft F%ft Rb nftt wnt ^ FqrFT ^ Ttfeife fen an nî

ft nrrft 11 ftnr ^ F mfer ftftf ft $iFft ft^tTFIFTT

VTfef 37«fsrgfen 73

4. Pi^fRd ^ ^ 517% grt ^rar -4171^ ^ 4r sir %TST 5THT 7nf%7 ti^ ^ t fiRRf # ^ ^ ?t rWT ^ t^ff ^f%RHf ^FT ^ ^ ?tl

5. W 3^ f%i% 517% % l^tll'll % 3Rr ^ îlfl'^ch sftT 517%

% ’3f% msm CRT ^ ^cMKchdl gfl% ^ ^ % 3%f^ ^ ^1

357 3% 3^71% 773% % 777«RR % TIHlRTf % I%?7R7 ’T’^SIT 3% R7I78T7 3%

^ 711% 7jf% 3% %# 3)rm % TjTqiTR 337 ti 511% 7% itt % ^1773% ^ ^ 5ii 7%! %«<“! 357 7^ 331% ^ 7773)17 % «l4'JlPl«h f^TR^T uîiijfl 3% 3133137 7TT% i%f$377

37 % 37g% 3377^3 37717% 517 77^ I %77 ^r71?3, %t%t 5|% 3737 TR^-aflf 3% 33% 4t% ^ % '

77771)77 % 3713777 =%% 33 TT^FTT %37 % 37^3 %97 % 77773%!) 377ft% fqchiTl 337 ft%9% 3^ 3% 333 ^ R73 3f 3773533) | % %97 % # f3 37^3% 3)7 337133 3fr% % %q 33177 %% 53% |

«nTfft3 3T%oE[373T ^3^ T^ ^

1.14 3i%\^ 1992 (New Agricultural Policy, 1992)

11 33*37, 1992 ^ %51 ^ 3%t3 %%% ^ 3^3 3% ^ff^nfSTl 5171 t41f>Ici3313 ^ 37%l ?77 3rWT 377 %% 331713 3% 3%5737% %51 %T7 337 11 177 %%% 37 33%% fiR 5%5r 4f 77537 % 57?I3f%3f 3% t^TF ^77% 511% 7FI 37313 11 77713 % 33f % 373 %(% ^ ’3T%13 M %1T 51T%3f I

•%% ^ 3^%93 (Objectives of Policy)—^f% 3^ 5% 371713 v|lo$ % 3^ %t% ^ 3575 3?%53 %3 3337 3771% ^—

(1) 'J% %tf% ^ 3?%?3 33) ^ 3773^773 3% 5F3 %37 ^ %77% 3)7773^ f>f% ^33 5%333T33 3)7 %t77 3 7533 77*313*7^ 'j%33 7717 3131 ^7% 33 3Pf 33 7% I (2) ^ %FR7% %%% 317^713 3% 5? I (3) 37 -'377371 (4) ^ 3% 3?%3 33 35% 5313 37731 7H% ^ %F777 37 %* ■*% 3%%% ^ 3%%3W«3 5f 7% I

%t% ^ 5^ f%5l371T% (Salient Features of Policy)—%t% ^ 5^ f%%3777% f%*3

idl'ôl 31%*% % %5% % i%%9r 3% ylwil^d

33777^-

(1) f%)77P% 7^ 7773777 3) Pi <4 *14 7737 715773 35# % 5^ ^ 571%371 (2) ^ f%%ST % 77*337 % 3% 31%37 % 773T3 3373 ^ 5ri%i% | (3) 33%3 7%3T ^ '3r7T%77 7773717 51775% îftiiigui % 31*77% % %7n3f 3% ^5%371 7773 377 %3T 3t3r I (4) 3^3)1% 777373% 377 737s3■Slfe^) 33137 51T%3T 3%7 41*1143) ^ni'i 31%3T% %% 5lT%% \ (5) ^ 3%3R 31%%*'^ %3 3) Pit)-* §3713 î-flPtl^d ^ I ?77%3 % a%7 3Tf%gF ^ f%%?T 7137 ^ 7733 7733 ^ 71^ I (6) ^ <%t 5f%37r f%9rrf%%37 7I«F 7%%T 7^ 511%*% | %%%■ 377 3I77lf%37 37I3f*333 TFR 777^ 73T%t3 mRR3P13%

3ft7 '3713?33)3T'3% 5^ 1313 % 7713)7 3%*% I (?) ^)f% % 3ii^Pi* 33)41*1' % 3373 3% wltTlif^d t%)37 5n%*3 331 ^ 77*3*3 % 13737 %%l3 '«flQd3 ^ ^ 377% ^ 33777 %% 577%% (s) 37 ■3773Tftr7

*% 7137 ?77 %3 % f%5% 131%*% 3% >377% -371% % yl«ii(|7T f%737 5ll%*ir | (9) 7T737R 377 3F 33T77 7%*n %% f%>77R 3#'% l%37% 31^ ff% 37 -3773%^ ^1%3 733 ?7*7T 71^ I (lO) ff% %3 % 7333775? 5f%3T73% JFl %F777 377% %

«373R '377^773 3% €>3) }%)3r 51T%*|T 777%«3T33) *%% 7137

3

3*773)7

74 377(%3 3J«fs!mtn

^ «Fr mW fexjT xjTTî (ii) ti<ch(< ?^r TO ^ aro =15^ ^XTwrvH^yyi-T xjxf fciTOT TOJrof xft ^§t % 'Tpfr ci5f ciiwf^^ «*iwi3Tf % ^ffyj y'siy ^ i ^twr

^ Xlil’ TOffiRB 'ff'TFlT^ ^ eill«l^lRtb TOITO ^ ^ xITORtTOT ^ I (l2) 'JhVi

^ ^ftroift, 3t?'i-<l''i‘iK '^tr «jj4i't'j| ^TTPJT-sff ^ ti*iitiM % Riî sii‘i'ii41, xnj^WiTO^, xjgifcR^ HICH, xWT Ri<7^^?IT 'i'Ml?'! «l«iifâ '^l^'ll I (is) M^'fl

xn# TO^, Wf, TOFff ^f a#r ^ xiTjff -grof ^f mPt ^ xnt'fttff rf«IT f^ff ctl# ^Rj|4l' qcf % sicMKH ^ ylrtllBa 'flip'll I (h) ^cff^ ^ -axlyi'f^ >3!Rrai ?rPTO to# ^ cWT to## ^ R#xr STO 3If)'II I. (15) ^ % TO «l# ^ ^ ^ TO# # RrW XJXI#XR ?TO OlliJjn I (16) W «I# cTSJT Ri'Rin ^ TO ^ y^T# ^ 3tRTTO

f^ xJTl^t

#7

y. 1. TO#y -BTxfSTTO % XI¥^ yX yxFTST T#t

^ # qftroi ^ti#Tiy; 2. tl^tw

y. 3. TO# % # yîRici TO% d'l# yy Ritot 1

%rn^ ajifsmffi 75

^rRf?r (Summary)

^ ^ yjii^ ^ ^ r»ttiii SRT *15^1 'iiH'tl jfffsRif ÎHrar 11 iii4l''i ^qtoi cR^'fqPinq 'TT OiiyiRti I

tf ^ 5BT ?? W ll

• .K«fai=fwi ^ TJ5® f^r5fen^-(i) (2) ^ rro\ (3)^ HfeRUI I

• <3T«f?TR^ ^ ^ qft^rrsTT-’TTT^ ’TRW # HJQ’ '3TT^ ^RR^TT# ^’3l«^q'1 ^ OT TRRJTT'Srf ^ îRlcI thK'ill ?TRT >3^ ^PTRIR W fsfiUI 'jncFT

• 'S|«f:jii*^ ^ *rTTcff^ 3Rf§TR^ ^ ^ ÎNcF % I 'STRpffr Iq«*)i«'l'^<a

3j€feicR?iT ^ ^ tjcf ^ UWT 5^) tn: ipffTcn^ 3ibt

11 RRT ^ »TRf) ^RTRRT'Sff !RgcT

• ^4—RlRStT 3l4«jqt<j| 'cTT ^ ^

^RiRRiK «fir f I ’i^lqK. -sftr ^rtrsht # -sf^ wra( ^w li

liqRoT

^ PiMiRba t-(i) RT^jfPrai #7 Prjff ^'«f3r?rF-^>iRflcq; (2) «f5r «l)fw JTTRft ^ ti<<?)i{l -317^ SRI d'dMH: (S) v3'J'Ml=WI'3ff

TPJfIT (4)^ ^ ^Rî (6) Pr4t ^ ^(s) -jiiRfqv Plql’Jt'i; R?n {9) sqf^'ld l

d<'hl< SRI HJiyl 5iT ^ROT; (5) 3TRf ^)T ?R ^ 3RRIRcIT’3Tf RRFR SRI PrWI ^ t^RiRT; (?) k'chiRichu ’R PROT;

tf^d t—(1) 'RiSyi (2) tiHMqiqi SIsf^RRÎT

^ RRT; (3) ^3?7RR ^ îfMdl; (4) pRft ^ vJMPwPli

(5) i-isftlRjebK ^ ■; cRU (7) RRR) cI)T ^3M 5Rf)R I

:; (2) 3I%R7ITj (S) 4)^;

^ RR; (6) pRft ^ ^ W ’RT;• (4} '^Îdfll 5Rr SRTRI;m (7) RRiiJfnff a^fM i

• t*4^ di4«jqî HKd—^TTRT ^ ^ ÎRTT

^ 11 1948, 1956, 1973 ,1977 cim 1980 ^ 3il4lPld> 4)M ^ ^ Pifim3isfaicR?ir ^

i^ 'MJW ^ f I ImRoTT

• iTUrflil'H'Tl'fd -anfifcl) aRIRTT

(3) ^ (Pt'fll-RS-di^’JtPiq) ^) I 'jflK'h r^Rii'JiS ^ dflid'i %

t vrei li• Pf4l ^ ^ ^ f^«ii 'jiTi'fci f^Rff >3ejl‘i ^ cqqdN ^ tqiftn, Piq'^î ftJsfRi

Prsf) viHshPiql' % ?RT ^ TfcIT tl

cRT v4qi5<“i 11 ftf^cT -SRfsRIRIT %

cfPr ^ *f t#r 7?4f |-{i) IM (2) dicf'JiPich trar

*IIWf

76 m(ik 3jifsmm

• ^ % t-(l) m ■3Tfto, (2) >3T1^(3) gnmil c^r ligi%, (4) yIa<JlPmi, (5) ■ji'ifa*! ^ ftp'll'j| 5)1 (e) 5)1?5R, (7) TRR ^ ^ (s) ftqI'Jt't gg ■31WI ??T ^ ^ g°T-^ ’ft 11

• ^l4’j|ft5) 5? ^ ^ |ytti<* ’Si'xi'fa 5ft s55?SIT ^rar71^ ^ ?mf ft Tfftt 11

• ^ cfft 35?! fftftgrTR ft. ft-(l) WHMdl-ft ^ Sllftr, (2) ’Tift OTftTwimi, (3) 'JTif’i ^ 751551, {4) ^Rftrftftft ftîft gra 5)T5t, (5)57 (6) yiÎa«h yiynl ^ ^§5, {7) timI^ ctht, (s) gifti^ ftragrr ft(9) ft«i)T{'J| 5ft WHiPft, {10) g75-75T!ft^ i^ft ft^niR 7T5t (11) fft^gft 7R55ft wn

• TPftjlftRE W 5557 (l) 55 '3T’1T5, (2) ÎRs*! TTSlft 55 ’T5,:, (4) 3lfttR 5)45lft, (5) U|[4R|5) sTR 55 -37515 55T (6) ftT^

srftaraTsn ^ u^fo 'îfg

75cP55T

55 315151

• Mt ft5 7iift3ifti5i ft5 ^ % 'pgi 11

• ’TlTlftg ft 71lft5pr5) ft5 55 5?t5 Pl‘*tif4)a Tl^ftf ft ,7W ^ 51151 |— (l) TllftilPPR ft5 55 71^5 137TI55 ft 5ftl5R, (2) ^-fft5K ft ftftRR,(S) 3nftf5)-ftRK 7P5=sft 711551 55 Iq«Ol«, (4) -fthftfft5) 311517, (5) 5575^^ ftftf ft 7T755ft ft5 55 5R5R, (6) «i4’flPi«h ft5 ^ ^515, (?) (s) ftuPllT ftftftRR, (9) 55155, (10) 7l^ft5 5ft5 ft 41‘KH, (ll) «l*<«4 I355t5 551 (l2) 7TF155)

55 ^555 I

• ’575 ft Hl4'4l^5) ft5 ^ 3lftcf) 5)ftl5T ft I 5lft ?5 «l)I*i4l 5ft ^ 517 fft5T ^nft 7ft tft;7pftF , 5? ft5 ^ 3R5T 5ft 71Rl(ftl5) 3ff7 35ftf51 ’^FT fftTllft ft 5?t5^ ’3fft55 3R1 511 715)511

(Exercise Questions)

1. ’5l4t5 3T?f?1175 qft’lRl ft 551 ?7r^ ft5 fftft55T 5ft I

2. ’57lft5 31?f$1175 % 31SFR ft fttft 5rft TIl’T 5ft }ftft551 5ft I

I ?715ft gg® tftft571lft 551 ft?

355 551 7R3lft ft? ?71^ g^-ftpft 5ft 144^11 I

ggig 551 ft? ’rrnftg iRft ft f^fttRi 5ft(4in 1

6. ’575 ft fftfim 3|i4«5515I ^ 55f 3155151 551 ft? ’575^ a||<94i c^t^l5 I

3.

4.

5.

3Hg5551

515 3ft7 7nilljl515 ft ft5 5^ 715?ft5T ft I" ’571^5 3T2fsr57517.ft TRft ft 5715ft [44^11 5ft I

8. ftrft ^ ft 3115 551 TFRlft ft? ?7lftt gg® fttft5513lf ftt «511?IT ftlf^ I

9. TllftjllftcF ft5 551 ft? ?7lftr Hgil f44l'lctl3ft ftt c<ni<ctî fttîg I

VUril^ 77

“f^Tjfr ^ sflX tll4'^Pl=b ^ ^ ^JFft % afri4l'[) -rfr «lfeh ^ I” 144’^^ =hlF4'^ 1 11. [ci«hiti '^f <si4'nPi'î ^ ^ ci?t.

12- »Tn^ ^«r

13. ^ 2^-4t4! ^ ciiiyn ihifini I

14. ’TRcft^ ^TsfcZJcREfT tFT ?TE3 chlDfi^ W^TT «Rn?^ f^ ’TTOT 'iCHKehcll

^ I?3Tsrai ^rrofr^T ^?fsy=imT ^ |i” ??r

15. '3?TR^f>rTT ^ ^TN ti*iwrl f ? ?% I}îl4ci =BT% cfT^ fcjf^T^ ^ ^5ti^

rTSfT «)ai§4 ^ ’TTOT ^ ^ ^ ^ cRR'T f?\

16. ff^r t aiTT ^ trii% t? ?w î5t1î

17. ‘t)tici ^ cHl -STsf cRIT ?% !IîI4a «R% ^1% 14^ 5"^ cbltîii rTZfT ^TTTcT

Hi«wi ^ ^ i^l^Jlv; 1

18. ' eRn shiPfl 5^11 ^? ’TOT ^ ?ftrT shiPd % 5^ ^ îtf^l

19. ‘Pl^l-JH 5?)Rr ^ ’TTR^’T ^ fqcftiti’ 14Tl T^5> Riî'-y I

20-. ’TOT ^ 'hi4sh4t «Fl -SlMTiRRtRE -^Riv> j j

21. ’TOT ^)f4' f^H'^ll 4> ^ ^ ’11^ ^11% cTT^ 5)1 ^’’Rt TOT Mdl^4 f% [

^ gir ^ ^67% ^ f^ TOCTT Sm TOT OTT^T 14;^ ’I^ f?

22. ^44 5ir ’jro t4RT Tranr PiyfRa f4i^ ÎTRIT ^5^ qill^ni I

»TOft^ STTferaWT ^ •JigifiT "TO l^lT ,

itztll4'>lPl'h ^ % tJ)l4-H’^'lTTO ^ cqi<sMl thlRti-i I

TOR

^fsnf j^w4) (Further Readings)

1. Bhartiya Arthvyavastha ke Disha, O.P. Sharma, RBSA Publishers.

2- Bhartiya Arthvyavastha, Sudama Singh, Radha Publications.

3. Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Vikas Avam Ayojan, A.N. Agrawal, New Age International (P) Ltd., 2006.

4. Vashvikaran aur Bhartiya Arthvyavastha, M.C. Khandela, Aavishkar, 2007.

5. Ikkisveen Sadi Mein Bharatiya Arthvyavastha, Bimal Jalan, Prabhat Prakashan.

78 3T2/5TOWT ..

«tR7T ■satn- II

(Industry in India)

^1T«RT (Structure)

2.1 >3^^ (Objectives)

2.2 UWHHI (Introduction)(Role of Industrialisation)

2.4 ^ (Relationship Between Agriculture and Industry)

2.5 PliilviHchM 3ft til Pi d) lc|«hltl (Industrial Development During Plarming Era)

2.6 tTR^ ^ afrsftPlcb fcIcRRT ^ (Problems of Industrial Development inIndia)

2.7 jft^ilPltf) (Industrial Sickness)

2.8 vJtlsbH : (Public Enterprises : An Iritroduction)

2.9 gwff «FT 3T«PrT >ilNijilc*idl ^lerai (Importance or Needor Rationale of Public Enterprises)

2.10 «l4vip|cb ^ dHWiQ 3I?Icrr (Problems or Criticisms of PublicEnterprises)

2.11 Hl4'4Rlcb viMshHl' ^ PlNlliH (Suggestions for Improving thePerformance of Public Enterprises)

2.12 ’TRd ^ tll4'dPl'*) 31'sFTf W R|«bld (Development of Public Enterprises in India)

2.13 HMviPlch \i4$hHf ^ viiH'tN'hni (Profitability in Public Enterprises)

2.14 Ri%41eh<''i (Privatisation)

2.15 'IRcfPr ^ 3TR tRSPl^ (Move Towards the Privatisation of Indian Economy or

Role of Public Enterprises in New Industrial Policy)

2.16 'TRW ^ til4'dPl«E 31*41' ^ ’iRM (Future of Public Enterprises in India)

2.17 : hR’M'j (Small Scale and Cottage Industries ; An Introduction)

2.3

T 'iu'l'il «ET 3|iq;(qchni 3ftR)<Sj(Importance or Need or Rationle of Small Scale and Cottage Industries in Indian Economy)

2.18

VHrOif STsjsTgfSff 79

^?TTtr if2.19 ^ ^ ^ ^HTFIR (Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

2.20 ^ ^ ^ ^PTFTT’STf % tiHiMM % g,9i«( (Suggestions to Solve the

Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

2.21 ^ og^lT vJul'Fl' % i^«hm ^ ^ <aWT STTT v33I^ ■*!% tRTT (Steps Taken by

Government to Encourage Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

2.22 ^ 1991 (Small Scale Industries Policy, 1991)

2.23 ’TTltl if ^ 'jyl'if îl f^îRT (Growth of Small Scale and Cottage .Industries in India)

2.24 3TT3^ WT^ffiT iJI'jhI if ^ ttcI (Small Scale and Cottage Industriesin Eighth Five Year Plan)

%■

TfePT (Industrial Policy : An Introduction)

2.26 3ilylp!th cii%^T«’'i ; TfePT (Industrial Licensing Policy : An Introduction)

2.27 '.t'hilytftKicH'b ajisK (Monopolies and Restrictive

Trade Practices Act)

• tlKl^l (Summary)

• (Exercise Questions)

• ^'<;'4 (Further Readings)

2.25

2.1 (Objectives)

W % q^rTT^ ^ ^-

• *nRr ^ ^ ’m'jif q>f if I• ^TTRI if til4'JiPl<t> \3H5h*iT % fîtl H&rq tjyitf qiT ^ I• ^ 'Syl'il ^ f^^RT, RFrq TRRqpff v3wl<3 qR% '• qq FrT?^1^ <Sf ozniÎT «JR% if I

2.2 (Introduction)

‘'3riyl'Il«n<"'i' $1^ vi411^1 % qqr %, i^Rf^JI ^sf % ftRf) qiT >3?ITqq .3RraT I^hH" ehtu 1 RRRT Fqq f^Rff qR

%, ■3Tcf; tllfriT ^ OT9RI fqsiM tjcf d4)*ilch c^f

if ife t ll

t1«hC1l, q? ffr ^ qR flchuiti5Ndl % OTqfPRfT W ^3RT qR% 'Jraqr vi44lf^dl

qRW 31^ ciit ^ iraiR 'jR'Hlf^d fifiqi W |l

'ft. qjpT % 'StûK, “'^tdf’ftqR^ ^ yRbui I, fvRrif cFraf if qftvcinfJFT ^ ^ qRcJrfR tif^Rld ^ I 5ff

f^Rft R^f=T RliPT q5f twin’ll, f^Rft «IMK qfel ^ I RF qqj ythK ^ ^jff qif qfR tjq sin^ «l5l 5%qT I"

'j'praRt^ qt5T cRTT ^Rff R#I ^ if %

so sjsfsmtjT

5ra5TT ^ ^ ^ 5:%srT I,^ cRT ÎFT I^<<jci Mt^ fti^T 'jfRlI ^ I *ii(il*Jl=h<'‘i ^ % NiCHlul ^ al«ll&r)Plflfll ^ I ^ ^ SIMK

«iiTH i( Tdtn

^ ^ ^ lêftltl ^ M ll<15N«h

'sfltil'n'D^''! ^ v«qîH (Stages of Industrialisation)

5^5r §rar 11 27? 175) ttcj^ t ^ I^<'tl< T?tft 11 ^ ^ 5)t oflyl'flquui g5t ftchlfla. vJ1=lWT ^ ^PWH^rar 11 ftnr wm q?? q?i^ m gr^rr ^ îfr ^ ^ spbr

'ft g7=TT 5TO Tjff %UT ^ I^ ?t5iT g3R5I 'TfrIT tl ^ 'Siqt<ti^ 55)R %—

^TSPT 5RR8n (First Stage)—W 'Siqt«Ji ^ 5^7, ’Tg =7 ^PT 3nf^ fiRTJTaff 2I)t ayHcii7?^ 11 ^ 2lft ^3rftl57fST. 3praT grof ^f ^ T^ I rnsr ^ tl?NrfT% fiK^TT îTRtr ^1 ?7T 3T=R?TT ^ 'sTlwlPiq) fiPFRT ^FPPT % q<iq< ?t^ 11

RT 315^577 ^ tf •Jiqt<qi3ff

Mfqî (Second Stage)—?fr ’3T2R2IT ^ ^ )3q|<l ^^nftrT ?t%^ ^ ^ «i«if*iq)% ^ <Ft 5?^ 5ft trtHdl 173^ ^ rWr ^Tgsff ^ «&iqai 'JTff cRg-sft 5)T

orHii;'! eiT^ ^sutF, sng vrat^TSwIvT5F% ^ I 375^51 ^ 5737 ^ ^ OHÎqni 57g3ft 5)1rrar 5T 'HiyiRd 3y)'if ^ f^5)F5T ?tdl % I

(Third Stage)—??r '3I5WT ^ 5^3ff ticf %5T'3Tf 5T >SMiq*i 3TT”T ^'MqiefJi ^ ^Rqî, qiniqm tjcf «q&i

gtft27 3RF2IT5iM5? f^«bld rrar I'jflRiqR'i ^ ÎPTH I W oTqM ^ HJfFl'ii 7^5 TJvStTRr ^TFif-fliqid ^ \J?n5'r

'3TT5?5gj 115T 37R15) 5itT f|2TT 5ITctr

^ ^jfPra 'Rg-sif % ^ Hitqq %11 WT -3nR«n ^ 'JM'Hl5dl 5^3ff ^ ^3?M ^ SgOcJT 5Ft sjpft I tWr ?5’

% inzT 5:1 5T 37gqTW W Wm I, fs^ 375^ tf 5f 37gw 2.5:1 ^ I ^21? 3|iq)!q«f) 2lff

, I % 5? ^ ^ gsR ^ 27 ^ ^ ai^RsjTaff 5ff 2^ 375^7 11

'ft 3775)7 577 ttq)ai

gtflTT 375F7T t 27? gTgqicT ^72TR (la) ^ 37Tfn

sit. 5ftdt*r <Ml<ft (Prof. Colin Clark) % 375^3ff ^ 5ft ^ 5)?f % ^5^ sPiiff:WI275) 5 grft275) (Primary, Secondary and Tertiary) TJ^ftit 2^7 FITW ^ 5n2it % I.77727^75),

37lR(cb f^5)R7 5)7 WT 3727^277 'f ■dOiiqi ^ ^27^ ^21i*f|q timif 557 77?IT7 577777 % \ feft27 37277*77^ W72fl27 7772727! % 777*7-77727 37T27R7 ^ ‘>^ 77?777 577777 I 772775R^ 2gt R27ft7 3n 577^ ll

^ '^RI'61 (Role of Industrialisation)2.3

Itsmfcf ^

|-7ft5

^tdt’fttFT'T 'll Igr ^ 371^fe a'llrl 1^27 77*5227777 5)t ^'jfl *77277 577 ^755777% ^7*!) f^chRlTi l$7 37757 ?77f^ Rl«*)Ria «t)57ll^ I cwff^ 73lit*7 % ^ *f 3775277 11 ft?5 ^ 3iRichRia l?7 27? 37^*77*7 ^ I f% 3*7% 377Rf5) 37*7% 2f)7 2(5) It T77777

*7?^ ^ %*27 37557 TS^S fet)277 577 7757777 |-

RI27)T77 % I9T1. 7775K ^ gfe (Increase in National Product)—vil?7I527 ^ 3725R12F gfe ?t7ft 11 ?77% ’7fM7*7727^5 775777 tl'^557g37f 2J5 l57a| ^

W{ci}ii 372f<>V5f*77 81

(GNP), ^ (NNP) ^ i3^R (Per Capita Product), t M # ^ ll

2. v3rHi<n ^ (Diversification of Production)—3ul«(«h ^% ^ jviici ^ ftcft ^ ^ ^ ^ aM FT^t11 ^ if cmr ^'Sff, ^ ^

3. "SIRr ^ (Increase in National Income)—^l«ERT % aft'J|PR«fM^ if ^ ^^'3Tf ^ vJcTTF^ ^ ^3fr Sfpf) ^ rRIT nSCHII’I W Iqfq4lc{n''r Ft^ ^ IFR ysicTii hR'jum ??F Ftrll I îlR if ^ ^ F^ft % \ FFI^ ^ if■STPT if jril'il ^ Ml'iqM 28% ^ 5«Fr 11

4. a^ oq(^ 3TPT ^ (Increase in per Capita Income)—TI^PT SrPT ^ Ff%qr ^F wmiRi* I af^ ajf^ 3m if ’fr #fr (qf^^ aiftpF ffe F ^) I OTF fsR^ ^ ^$ff if a1^ i3TPr ^ I, ^ t 3Tfij«Ff?r

qtrar li

«mTr if ■3?fm

aiFF if mffwTIFn

■Ra'fntfW

^Sff ^ S«<til

5. rfta 'Snftfe f^qjRT (Rapid Economic Growth)—'if RFPPf) FtFT % I -snar f^cr ^ ^ ^ ^ tpr

fe ^ ^ I 'jfiEilPics ftpRRr ^ %t,^ if ;3Trflfe feFRT q?r, fMi aifaTRrsFTHÎîtgi^Mt rror aFPif =f)f f^rafe 11

6. Piafd OTrTT ^ lîtl (Improvement in Export Potential)-^ if f^prfcT 5PRTTar Mr aiRT 11 fh Far % aam % #^ i^=biy ’ft 3^ M

FF a>Fr vTT tichoi ^ ftp ^fiylPich ft f^FifftF TP^ ft Pi^fof ft ^ FT 6. 2% Flf^ Tft ft vra% ftlcPTFSftrT ft?ff ft FF FT ^FTl 3.6% Frf% Tftt ft I

9^ arftF (Attainment of Self-Reliance)—FftFR JF ft ft) T?^ FijaFT fD FR TlFiFI 1 FTf% ^ cRR®! ft— (i) af^

TP? Fft arPT^FFiFlft FFftf ^TftPp WF ft FgfipT afidttftF) ftiFiRT % {ftFT ’JTT FiT TRT TP=’TF Fftf ft I (ii) ■3T€felcR?TT ^ fcrfft^ ftftf ^ fcTFiRI ^cp FT Plftl

^ fftqr ftftf FiT ftf filFiRT

8. ^ScFTFFRTT ft (Improvement in Produclivity)-^!? tr^ F<ftTPF TRZT ft ftpftF" '3lft5fT ocMK«h<ii F^F Ffift ft I Fftf «RIT’F ft ^

fiftr ^ F^, ^sn ■aMftPP ftiFim Fft ft ^rftiFr rfttr fttftf ft ttot aftdlPiF) fepirr I^ Fim ft TP^ftT ,^3taTF, TTEjftF- STPr TPfT alft FIFI ft ftftf ft FR FHT TF^F fRF ftl

9. FT FIT ft Fiftf (Reduces Pressure Upon Agriculture)—^tjtfftFJ fttcpRT ftfft ft |rfft FT Wf FfTtft ftl,

10. fttspiTT ^ Franff ft' (Increase in Employment Opportunities)—'3fl4j|fftchf^FFTI «PT FFI FPFRT FFrF^ft TTPr FF ft % FTtft ft?T ft ftiPTR ^ OlFHft ft -ffe Ffftt ft 3ffT Fit ftMT ft fttft Fft ftvPlTT fftcRTT ft I

7.

ftl 3RI: Fftf ftlFRoT TP^

FiT FFTF FiF Ff vlFfT ft FFfffti îfft ^ vRftSFT FlftFf ft'JnTPSfT

82 >FT(j?F 3jsfsm^

11. ^ firaro (infrastructural Development)—'wlulP'i'h fêwti %%, 5t%—yiniyid, tfiPT,gf^'3Tf %

'JtiR I

12. 3IRrtt5> oJTPnr %' (Increase in Internal Trade)—'jiltTiRith ^JiT ^f^RTclT^ %IT'3?f W tîyr 'Jiidl %, ftfFy % ^ ^ 'Jii'dR^h

if ^ ^ ll13. ^ ^yiT (Improvement in the Standard of Living)—-SiWlRi^ Rl«hm c^f

% v)"td f«KFI ^ ^ ^ «hTii ?tr(T tt ^ ^ iTPlRcFf ^ ^ if -gsiTT ^ %l

14. vuifift* y*ifd ^ (Barometer of Economic Progress)—f=r>^ ^ ^ vuififct)iR^ ^ 'SFif^ ^ mmi % ^ Rttfr ^ 11 ■qfe %?r ^ ^

Hl^S TT Ici^hRid ^ ^ Hi-^dl ^fTO tR t ^ SURfcfi ^^ ’ft Ici<^Rid ^ iTPIT ^jfRTT % I

ajimt

ttfrUdl

î5T,“Î’fl Tl"? ^ 'JjjTT ‘R^ t, ^ I #yt#BFr, cfF ^«lrfT f iTSlffifNiFr, ^t^flT % >3^ v3'?4R4 rRTT vi^tri«h di^dl 3IHf tlltn1 ^ (diHviQ y^qt'i I"

2.4 vJ^jW ^ (Relationship Between Agriculture and Industry)

ifr ^ ^ ^ #jRT % ^ 5®i air ^ gdR i rt^BT fîwif tra; -anyiT’j^ ii5T

•3rf&«F % arSRT sdtiT ^ R)«hld 1 ^ f^tSRt ^ iR t f^ ^3sifT ^ fcfcHRT arf^%, aRl: |?ft yi«lR(chdl vfpfl îfl^t, 3Rf^ ^ ap?T fcTSPft cBT RT % f^ ail fcl<51d atRi^

'jyf aRT: aft bnSipRhdT ^ 'jTpft yift't I RF? saiR ^—#ntjftaiT>T ait aroRiaKlT ^ ^ If^r ^ da> (Arguments in Favour of Preference

to Industrialisation)—!, ^ tFRFT fpft fepBftRT tsft '^f ^RRSIT «Br ’^«B ^grf ^ VFT '3?ftiT^ if RiR 53TT I, 3Trf: fqchidîld ^?ff ^ ’ft 'Jul'lt ^ uldPf'tKfl ^t ^Tpft ?lrf|R t

2: vjdtjil tiff ir% ^RW \J?ll';^l ^ ^rRT ^ «FF^r 3lfll^ % 1

3. ^3?i1% fra ^3yhit ^ RFft ^ Rnj, ii^f l^rara if i4. 'iTiulPit?! vidK-i ^ 'Srrapft % uttiqi ^ «r?raT ^tt ^rajrfr ^ ^«ii^ ^ fraft

3irapft % ii^f iizrar ^ RRn ^f 3if% ^ 5131 ’jf^rar ^ li5. 55ilPi«ti d=b4l«(il y'lld ^ MRi ^yfRlth ^ ^ f^RT vIR rft diHqiM^

>31^511^ ff^ ^ irafiT ^ % I

6. ^fijtRra? Ri«hiti ^ % ^ if ^ ftiiH c^t R ^ if

7. FR tow grra? # #ijtto ipif^ m gran 11 rarai tot ^ w?, ii9ffiff qg rawRwf # ff^ gir ift ^sntgf qr ft Mr Tfra qfwr %\

8. 3ilu1Pi«tj tora ^ ^ ^ ftgpiR % 'Sigwft ^ ^f|[ ftcft f, Sj^Sllgid îf^ ^)3icT: Rîft ^ fcigira git nrsrftgrar ^t 'jfrft grfft^t

{HTldl % ItTfranT WftMdT

vra??g 3f2feRwr 83

^ !fnyPl*dl ^ ^ ^ ^ (Arguments in Favour of Preference toAgriculture)—^ tcTSR ^ t ^ ^ ^ ^ ^fitff 5nRR I-

1. ^f?r ^ 7155^ JcMkH ^ <i«iiq 3TFT ^ h)'I<;h Ii

2. Tfriff ^ QRT nmul 3iRR cRitl f^RJ^ î^THT ^ ^ 7RR 'F^f

*rRfT tf 3sitn

’Tte

%l

3. vjsil'IT ^ fqcftm % fcltj sf) îfrr c}>r fcRiRr 3IRPtT ^TRR^ t 'wlRb ■3T%F vjiil'IT %

-arram tir^ ^ ^ ^ I i

4. ^ R)=hi« % ^ % Pi^foT ^ ■si'jiMi 3iT ««hdi %, «wT[^ siijikT ^^ f I

5- % fcicbid TT fsrPPTT yîiwl ^JT l^^ld ’ft ^ I

■airr: % Rthid ITraft^jcTT ^ ’jfpft «rrf^ I

(^•>4)4 (Conclusion)—vjy<l«Ki 3TSZI?R % FlrTT ^ ofleilPich (^chi« ^fWTF M5ci4t*it ■=Tft «1^ ■'JT^ ^ I ■^Rt ^ ’T7 f^Pfr f I ^PT % ^37itR

?Br 7m ^ -sfR- t f^ ff^r w Trm ^ li Mt ’ft ^ % TRgi??R ^Nf ^ Rithid 17^ ^Tft ^ f I cn77Tftf«BcTT 7ft ^ ^ f% ’ft ftST THft

^ ^ ^ ?ftft ^ tT^fda f^'hld fttRIT ^jnft I ft ^ TTfft f f«R% 71?!^

It ft ^ <7^ It ^ ^ ftt7F7^

T7^ TPs; ^ It I, m TraRfT I >75 ^ ^15>7TT(Blades) I, 71?!^ ft q* TR? 3prft ani^ TRTqroft’ qft ?7r 577 TRkH 11

ftfer 315157 TTM ft5^ ft 55) 5T7 575T OT, “fftRT ffft ft[5n7f t #lfffft5> inrift 5|f5ft STT tfchrfl I, 5511% ftftt 5ft ft -SRFT 5|t ^>51 3(1 7(5575 11 555 % '3t’7T5ft q^ 'jft<l viHfrI 5|f 557 7r«brfT 11 ?7rfftq anfife fftfttjR ft Itftt ftftf 5ft vjffttT 75R fit5T 55T % I” '

2.5 Pi^'I'U'Wvt ft ^ftsitfW fft^TTT (Industrial Development During Planning

Era)I

?5T7r ftST ’TRcT 757(^75 gifftl 715) 55T%t fft75?T J-aH 5T I %5?r 53ftftt57TT 575-311 %, |t ^3515 75rfft7( It 5lft ftl 5753fS % fftq -gft 57 It '^fft7 7F5T 5375 5TI ftST ft gfttftf551 ti-gRia fft55I7T 5lt It 5T5T SIT I 757F57rr infftf % ^7^ 5?5T^ ^SZTcift^cl sfttflfft^ tbiPTJ % . tJdHid 5ft 31571 31153555711 315’Ter %t3fT7ltfttl7I5ft3157nF 71171 555#! fttvRlft 'jft |l ^ I 7(51 3n5ftf 5l3RT (Plftl ft 11 ft?T ft 1 SlftTl, 1951 .ft 311^ ftl%3Rl cRT 3n7*5 |31TI?7r 3T5Rt ft qft-qft 35^^55 ^fttlt 5ft 751551 5ft 5%, 571% vjqtftf 551 1^55171 f%51 55T, T^sflRR) 5375R5 55I5T W 7TS7T Tjsfftlf ft ’Uft 515T ft fft fftft3T f%5T 5511 fefftR 5t3T513rt ft 3Rlft7T #d)Pl55fftHTTl «BI 555 ?7l aSHR 7?!-

qSR ft55ftT5 41-5-HI (First Five Year Plan): 1951-56-W fttiRr 55T ?plR«7 I 3(171 1951 55t fft5T 5qi.l ^ fttvRT 75 ft |5fft^ft55171 57 3551^71 ft, IftRl ^SRTl

84 >?77ft5 3f*/H7g7W

^ ^ qn4l ^ I q'l'JHiqil^ % 3RPf^ aftylPich ^ ^ t«<i4'lf^qk 293 qk? |OT I l^nk t 60 qk? ■??. OT^'Jlkqj ^ ^f gSiT ^ 233 qkf^ ^ T?r I 5^ 4)'fl'ii qJM ^ OfTi'fa qgcT # .qFrq’jk id4)^(1 ^ ?*rPRr ^ ’pft I }vR% ^ f^pqff \j4{q) i?iK<3Mi, i^*3«ii'i f^'^WH ^fk (HMT), 'I'tHlri'i, ^'’ilji'Tt qikkfkqq kq^ktter qq#, '?f^5qq t^sk 5-5trar ^ -snfe qgiq 11 ksff ^ %v3?fkf ^ k ql-Jiii q^t ■3Tqf&' kîffk ^T5qt % ^ §^', f^nk «ii5Rif4)^,

■qsfkff nqr 'sti'JiK 3Tik ^ 3?nqq 11 qkqiqiB % ^Rnk ^laiPi«b kq>Ri q5t qr 7% qif^ Tfti

tiitfhr Mqq*4fq qkRT (Second Five Year Plan)- 1956-61—?^ qqq^k qt^jRT ^ ar?k?Jggkf qrf 5^ ^ t qmqtTT ^ qk a?iT ^ tk qr ^q^ tkr wt fck ti)45)P)cb ^ if 1094 q^ q. ^ qrk qq wq«TR m qiwftq. WJ 1815 qjfk

g'STT I qqqr k«KRr qiT qr 6.6% qk i 41 q5M % ^rrkq qkqfkqi ^ kk ^q ?PTiq % 4k k^TM 'hKiaiil—f^T?n^ Tk <i'*t4)'?ti qif 4fq q4t i §'fl4l -arkftqq kq#, qrtt hÛhO, afFqrr T^nqq qqr qqr, q^q,, 4kf, kk’q qqr qiPR qnk 'jwl*iT^ k q>iq5t vjhRf #T qkr yiifed, ft-Jiwl ^ qkff, sk^rf 'snk ^ jîq*! 4 5151 ^ ^ §î 'sTIylFi'ft 'J^nqq qq 3ft 1955-56 if 139 srr, i960-6i if qqq^194.^ qqr I

wrq k qiik

%•

3IT I ??T 41'»i'ii qjM 4 ns41'i qq ^k^r kqjw

ijfflq qkRT (Third Five Year Plan): 1961-66—Iraq q) qqq4k 4)'4'ii’3?f ^qrqj I cEk qif

I’qqifiq qkqi *f ’ja k>qT w I ?H 41'jhi % 3Rkq 4k k §tHid k qk iq?iM «BRigk—kqjRf q5t ^ 4k45T kiqT qqi i ?k ql^Ri *r 4k^ nkt ^ q4kf % qqnqq qq qrRUHi, ft'jwM *T5fk ^ 4k q4k ^sqTrqq 5«hi44f q5t wh-h,MI w k^FTT qqw k -skrk 3,000 qk? ^ qjk qq qreq ktr w kpk 4 qi44k^ ^ ^ 1726 qk? qqr k4t ^ 1274 qks ik qk i 'Sikfkrr ^ Ik k kq^nrk ki? 425 qkf 7>. k kq W Uiq^JR TST qqi 1 fW ql3RT 3iqk *f 3?i41Pj«h 3?nqq ^ 70 ala?id (14% qikq;) ^ qq ^ w mi 4kqT jqf’w kq^ 42 nksm (8.4% qikqi) ^ qik q?t m qqit I w qkRT % qpxkq ^ qikikpr kqkqqi'^qm k^

qinr q?r 4t ^ktkqi kqqq k ^ q^r ’jtt mk 'T qq? qrar qki ^ k ijrqkqqrr k q4t 1 mft qq kmnrqqi vjtfkf

rfm 'l^l'id q^qff k \j«1qT k kqq^ qq4 Frkqkq> 4^" k '34kf k 41k qqr 'jqkqqr q^k k gqkf k tkFRT qq qq4 kk ^ ^ 4kT w I

4k qrkk ql'Jldk' (Tliree Annual Plans): 1966-69—<jflk qqqkq ql^RT q?) Oiqk ^RT qRRylriqi ^jqpq ^ i ^ 1962 4 4k qq nrk qr

Rmr 1965-66 qq qkR ^ 35^ 11 ?q Rtk kkk qRRqkqf kqqm gg4 krakq k^RT Rm (i -sk^, loee) qr qR«^ qff kl qq 1 ?4 4k q4 q?qig; Rm 1 qkqr, i969 kt qn^r kqr m ^rqq 1 4k qqf % w 3rit 4 4k qrkq? k^Riq qrT«r kr qk I ?q qkpqqff ^ 5Rk Rft qqqr Tk-

kkkqi kqqRT qfr 'Hiyufî’di qt qk

qqk qq4 k4qrfr kgq q?M kf Frrqqr,

neiqcii kf qqff qq Rftqqr ^ qkqr 4 kkqkqr k ^skk k kqq^r

1965

akkqw 8S

4lfy<t5 ‘li'juisff tf vaqi'H ^ y'lR^ (qiOs ^.)«?mr 'if ■saPi

3fl&1Pich i3?IT^fl'llid 'isi’l'll’ TipfK ^ IR SEJJT

'Ji'ii

if ^tTT WJ’Tte0.2%1966-67 514.00 44.00

1.0%1967-68 520.19 43.55

6.2%1968-69 539.30 41.40

(Fourth Five Year Plan): 1969-74—^ftvRT ^^ ^ ^ ^ itm "m-

1. ^ ^ '5?ly|Pi'h ^ ^ ^ 'FFIT, 2. ^HctT cET vahmIm

^T=TT, 3. Wm" sFT ^ % fcIHTT «FRT, 4. c^f ÎHI- eEFTT tr# ^ %

5TIÎR ^*11^, 5. ^ ^ ''J^ cht’ii I

??r qlvui % .Jl'TI'fn ^Flfer ûl'il ^ ^ fifcETfl ^ 5,298 <E^^ 5>r ^ W W t 3,048 ■?>. tilcfjtPl4) ^ ^ M 2,250 ^% I ^ qg qpiH ^fr ^ giiWr I ?^T 41'j|'ll if 'ii)ulP'|ch T3?4T^ 8% qiRfch ^ ^PIT qi 9^

^g^.5% ffe ^-SFcT t\ 'TPitl ^ qq ?FrTcT, ’Tift *TSft^ cim fjffPrqf?>r ^'I'MiH't if -Sl^RT 1 "Jlgl cRq^ ^ qj’fl, 13;^ ?lf^^ 'll41, ^[4«h &sdra qq niviisi"(l, <jioNifl ^ ^rraq) ^ 3541 fTsn ?tott cRr \jii41ji

arqyRif

tllHH

4t5[4r tjtyrn (Fifth Five Year Plan): 1974-79—W 41>jHI if 3nqn^ (cft?Tqq fPTTq, q§ftq Pi*if”i, vSvff qq §if^, yig qq ^^rtvfqq^ qqr?f, ^rq qq anf^) % fciqiRT qr qfcT 'SjftPE ^ qqri -aiRiRyd Prqfdl'^t^ qifhff qqr qq^lqqr q^ârf gq qi^ '«ii7i qsjhit % f^*i« qr 4t qqfqt q?t ^qr qqr r ^ qt^jRi ^ -SRqtq

cEPfeqff qr ?n^#iq) ^ 4 10,201 qiftf qqr Rrsfr ^ 4 viwr 7,000 gqff^ ■q^l 1 q):jRT if #q|^ «)q 4 7% qif^q? ffe ?ET ?T«q RrafRq %qT W | lai^HX^ qsjT ^ % ’ijqf, 4 % |f^ qqpq qF qt^ -arr^ q ^ qq?r qqr«iiwfy«h q5f qr Hqqq 5% giRfe

qqq^fq qhJRT (Sixth Five Year Plan): 1980-85-5^ qlvlHI 4 ^qrf^rT ?iqqr %ai^^vRiq qqqk, qqqtqqr, qsqqrff tot 3tRto qâff % qqnqq 4 '3?4i<'*ai if êir tot

vJdyR^n ^(^yrarf ^ Rtoit qif 3^ t^yfRci fcEqi tot i qtTOT if toto 22,000 cRffe % ^ qjT TOETH RIT 'TOT f^raif 13,000 q^T? «l4'jlf4ch ^ if 9,000 qRf?^ % ^rq Tii' q41 qi^jrRfq) ^ qq qi^qf^qr aiq 15,200 qrfiF wf tft i qlTOT «i?r aiqf^ if 8% qrf^fcF TO qjfq RufRci f4><ji TOT qr 'Ji«if4i qirqf^qT 4iq?i 5.5% qiRfch 1 5^1

toRt if qsftq RptK, qqr, tot tof^ % ^ 4 qwro 4 ■wgiRfe ^ ^ 'tt?3 irTtl qq TOhff TOT Tigz, «to, #if, qgr?qf TOfe TOtif if arrsTTcftq Ff qr^fi f?i^

86

qiK''i ^ ?il^ ^ c*)4i, îciNifl ^ ■tiiy'tT ^ 3|'HI^, ^nTBTT^

?mi arq^^T ^ anfîS7^'^4Tm <A'n'fl (Seventh Five Year Plan) ; 1985-90—tunJi ‘Tl’fl'ii ailylf'ich

^ iTOT fîufRd ^^-(0 ^ ’TOfqr rrar tjRrt ^ qrq^gaff (ii) dc841=^1 ^rrt, ^ ^ qR«icfd rw ^j^nqîcTT ^ % sqprr

«t^ 3i4H|cb< RiyqH ?PPn W aiRl«bdq viqiil'l {Hi) ^ âMPTf qq fc|«hitl qirqT f^R% ^Rl WT arf^ (iu) ^yl'i! qq {c(chm (^1^% vinHi?! q?! RRfrT ti'-Hiqiiq aqtji

(u) yiiljil qq ftqiRi Ri^d ^ aiRra ^ ^ «f>*^ct,|lddK, qPTl-tiqFfPF aqf^, (ui) ^ vjyVil cRT i^q)ld tl-fl'iR % nltnl ^ fq«wtl ^ arRjcF

^l«FfT ^ I

^ ih4sn*il ^ t^>i)fRd Rb^T^ #iRT TT% qq ?nm i4% ’tr

w rWT qfjRT q?r arqRr t 8.7% rRNf ^ qq ^ RrerfR^ f^ qqr 1 w ar^Rr w8.5% eiiRl'b Tff I w aRffer ^ vPPTT H'ft ^3iiWf fqsfiitt q?t qr ti'xfl^’iv)^ 'f qiwiq*

Tti

^|d4Y q^jcl^Tq qt^RT (Eighth Five Year Plan) r"1992-97—'t Rrt ^ f^yfftrr fell t-(i) ^ ^r armR^ gRrmaff ^ 5f% ^ wir Rf^ anRfeRlcbld ^ qRf ^ ^ f^RT ^ (li) F^TtPR 8RtlT qJT ^5T?r 1^4 IPTl^t aH41‘l qjRT, (lii) ni^'JtPtqj

^ ^ arR^R 'itjt'H RMT ^ =frt Rfe afratRra? Riqiid «i?r iilsbqi ^ Ri^ ^ q?rqniqi vTT (iu) tii4vtR«h 5^^ ^ 34^)4! (Public SectorijRtcbt cb^- #7 arf^Ri iPTR^n^

Undertakings) % arsff rf Pi’jfl ^ d<JT fcRftq 7it<naTf ^ Ri'tlqiCl % fcR aiinf^n qit'ii, (r?)qvjtqTRT aTR?q^df ^ sni'ii, {m) GDP ^ 13.6% rOT

armRf gdp^ 8.4% cri (wo^t^ ^ wr arr^ *rR (1-4-92 % 30-9-94) 9%smr ^HT trar ^ gr^ aiTt vfPT {1-10-94 ^ 31-3-97)90 cins

cT^ 100 WS fRRTT ^ 'JifriR«Ki aURTT îRT, (viii) 7.5% qiI4q)qr 5JTR ^FRTI

^ Rittjm ^ qRqcf^ (Structural Changes inIndustrial Development During Planning Era)

Pt%jR qiM ^ Rffl Tnff quq#T3^ ymPTchfli qift I ^ TT^t yqi4t % ’lR''IFTFrM ^T % 'flldlPiqi

^ ^ ^ I ?7f qqf^ qq t^Pnqr ftR tot

tTT'I'dPl'fi qJT lq«iK (Expansion of Public Sector)—uB^RT qjTcT vJHclRtT tu^viPi^ ^ ^ 3?fhfr eR f^R)RT tR RitdK 7^ I 1950-51 ^ nilt'JiPi'h ^ ^

qf^ 3yPl i^R^ 29 chtls Tj. ^ Ic(Rl4lRtd dt I 1990 ^ U5 d'tsflT ^TOT 244 TjEfPTt TPB q^^T pit'll 99,315 «8tls 7>. q?! RiRiqlPhd dt I ■?% Rft dllciqii SRT TW %qT 3TT 7RRT t~

9T7R

I-1.

'STs/iSVq'W 87

’RTTrr if -3^ Public Sector Enterprises During Planning Period

No. of Public TatalPeriodInvestment (? Crores)

Enterprises

At the commencement of First- Five Year Plan 295

{1-4-51)

Second " . (1-4-56)

(M-61)

(1-4-69)

(1-4-74)

(1-4-80)

" '■ ” Seventh " (1-4-85)

At the End of Seventh Five Year Plan (31-3-90)

21 81

Third 47 998

Fourth 84 3,897

Fifth 122 6,237

Sixth 179 18,150

42,673

99,315

215

244

Source: India 1991 P. 602

^ (Improvement in Industrial Production)—^ 'Siqfkf ^ 'SfrulPicfi uotidi ^ ^#jRT ^ ^ ^ 13 yiT, ^ ydlK-H Ff 17 chMM% ^ 19 46 J'FT, 241 yiT,■"TSM % ;3cqK=T ^ 5.5 3®IT cWT ^ 9.5 3«TT ffe ^ 11

2.

^ f^RfcT ^ (Improvement in the Export of IndustrialProduct)—'

3.

TjRT w ^ 3iri

Firt f^rafrT 3^ M t ff^i qr 'Bmnftcr % D ^ ^ cim 'jfldlPi*' qpr wrt w mi 1990-91 *f ^ t 23,740 q5t

mr PRf?r w I sfr ^ ^ 72.9% 11 ■sm ft ^ ^fTTHu, 'SH'ht'Ji, TRiKlftch qmsf, f^-itiril^ rnTt .

qiT wqifflfl mfq 30^ ^1i

sftgtpR) (qcfciti (Balanced Industrial Growth)—'4.

tl«f '3?lulPt«h if) ifl^TFT 11 P)41^14 ^ Ffl^ ^*f •3?lylPl<h f«R5RT vTWT qff % m TTST vi) t3ii)7T ^ if), % ^ m^ I f^RltvFI «FTFr # tST ^ iTltf 1)4 \iu1'i), <4)fti I^rW, 34<«h',^sl<tiN4, Tm HihjjI, mFT snf^ Tjsifif) ^ qqfqi ^=Fpr % i

tiWticH'ft ^ fttnn (Expansion of Infrastructural Facilities)-'«fii -arftpF irriq TRmnPPF qr qfi 11 PwRpr % vtf ^^ arraR^ji qq ?pm •strr m, 1990-91 t 211.73 qq qitqm,264.6 STTsT fiS.qi. f^vf^, 33.02 f^.eq 51.77 P). ZH sftfilW ^ 511

Wl ^ SRT 318.40 f^. FT qm vTFTjf) 5R#iqf SRT 152.55 FT qB ^ BIT t ^ *f 62,366 fe.^. ^ qpf, 59.4 BT5 FT iffcIFT ^T^cn, 19.7 1^.

TT?«F qr^, 1.47 BIS’ Sl5iq<; 20 TT^tq^ «fcF FBm f I

5.

ocqiqq

88 VHrfh] SJifssmtJI

«TtT?TyfrIWim (Import Substitution)~PiqM'i^nn6.^ ^ ^ -SMIcT ^

’STFIT % I ^ ^ ^ STRT^ 'h<*ll Msai *IT, 31? ^ 'i'I'J3{W(d ^ >3ft«(^?chctf ^ ^ «(fo) 3?^ % W rft FT fttjffl ?>T%c^t 1^s#, 111?^ % 33® ^-(giyR, ^'jUPiqR'i ^ '?n?H, ^15? ^T^RFFT,

«l|fiici 3771^ I

7. ?)I y-^dH (Regional Balance of Industries)—MMl'JU'hifi ^ '^lulPl'î^chiy «f5t tpF 'BRT '3«*t''if <{il 11% 3T^ 'TPif ^ 3flq)Plc») ftmiti I'l'JM ?T, ^ HIS^H ^fî?r w t % ^ ^ Tnfr wff ■? 3i)sJ)P)ch i^cwfi w 9?iriT i tj)4’JiPicb^ 3731 T!!q % ^ Trsgf TTci ^ If -^sttPIcT W I, ^ %

xj()u)P|i4i ^ ^.R^liait ?)T ftwK (Expartision of Facilities of Industrial8.

?5t ^ 11 ^ 95t3’ TRmq w WTofrafPra? to? ^ (IDBI), sfflfiPra; f^Tf f^ (IFCI), TFsif ^ Ptrl t^

w PiPftRt Pm (laci), -3fre ?II?t (lin),

Pl#? TR?IT3Tf ^ yyiMii

(SFCs),-PuffT sRF (EXIM Bank) 3?!^ I'}ii<iia

9. y'îW ^ [q4iiti (Evolution of Joint Sector)—Pi41'jii 3i%F iJyl'i^ ^ ?enPcT 11 TRîR (%? IRW7 ?T TRT TR?>T7 ?T rlSJT pR?)gtriW cfiT Tig?^ 41'kh ^ li ’TR^ 3RfajcRsn m q«F mr mRt I crai 3rP D?fc7 i3T^^ (Evolutionary Stage) ^ I, o«jiD ?W ^ ^ inrfW TRTFfPT % I

10. f^dl*! ^ % vi*(Pl (Progress in Research and TechnologyFront)-R4i'^H 'FRT P Rsiin dcb^lî ^ ^ 3TT?n^ ffe I STF? ^

P «tsnPl?) tr? 3ilulPi<h 'Ji^tt'yi'i (Council of. Scientific and IndustrialResearch=CSIR) ^ 4g<?=( P 3T^ «hl4 ?>T ^ I 3)3«'yi*i gRyj-Sp ^RWR RT^JlPrai TTcf PFsfr, ?Hf ^ P g3TT % I d^4l=hl slH, 3?^ ^ mFT crai%F, 3T^ d*41«b, 3RlP?T 373TR?JR, 3'mW n3>41'* 3nP ^ ^ P ^117? cRT pR? P Rmrm?) ^ i

11. d'ii'0?>l tf&yVl (Foreign Technical Collaboration)—?jrw P oilalPichR*iy ?tJ 331 dHciPy iy^îl P ti&4lT ^ FFT t l ^ P 31%f>

^ ^7?, ?7FT, '<4(§4T, mr, 3$?1? 377fcr ^ y'llJdH ^ TTf?JT3 ygiii'i ?R 11 P '3i4R«hi, vrtiHH, nipi, miF 3T7p;37^ ^ ^ TOT ■JlP I)

12. f^9ft tieiyni (Foreign Aid)—Piyl’Jii 'EM

ti6Nni

TlFm 3^ W7|c(=M« OT (IDA), 3^13? f&^TTT OT (ADA) OTT f^chPid TT^ P ?4J) 31^

cP 3^ Tirf^ SilqIPicft P(cD(« ^ ch(4«h4) OTI 4}'jj'1(37f ^ 3?I 3fT ?7^ I(IMF), Pi?? % (World Bank),

VHdliJ ajWoVdfy/ 89.

1990 ^ ^ 83,929 ■^. ^ ?fr m«h

^ 73,725 (87.8%) ^ ^ 7430 cRif T!. (8.9%) WÎOcll % M ^frRIT 2774 (3.3%) -31^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^^T^ 1990 t 53,419?tHtf ■?>. (66.6%) Tlf^ SFT ;3q^ 3fT 5^ |l

13. ^ viejlj(T ^ f^«iK (Expansion of Small and Cottage Industr-

ies)-^^f%3n ^ ^ ^ ^ TStiWi gjT ^ ate §31T %l 1951 tISFT?^ ^ ^TMT HR 16,000 ?ft ^ 1990-91 rf WJm 20 ^ ^ 11 1951^ ^<4)1541 CRT ooti'S'i 500 SJT vft 1990-91 ^ «)&sht 1,16,500

(233 3^) it 3^ 11

-3^

2.6 )Hi<<a ^ '3ft6i1Pr'4> ^ ^PTPIT^ (Problems of Industrial Developmentin India)

quPr f^r#3FT giM ^ 3fldlPl4> ^ ^ oilitlldld 3% I cM OTT^ at)dlRi4> gfil 3iran fraii |3it % rrail^ w ^ ^ ar4t ^ ^ îtht gicft % i oDJiPich fiigro-

^ *Tr*f ^ 31^ ^ wtsttt[sERT ^ 113^ 3^ t"

I

1. OTcIT ^ 3^*1 mh4)'1 (Under Utilisation of Capacity)—^! ^ 3ily\Pt«h 1«RtRT g?!

sfisitPirf) STOT w fit girq^t 33n I 3fnRT iRFR qfi qr T?i 11 ^ % iîf^ ^ ^ #gir>RE, «tott gq

fnqpT t ^ gp giq ^ qifTT 11 % mt 1985-86 ^f 55 ^ '^mw % 8 3ifRr ^ qi% f^ ?tot gq 60% ^ # crr ^mt^ m ?it I pft 3fk 15 ^ STOT gq 90% t ^ 3if?RR fjqgW f%gT w m 3fR ^3y1‘i ffr ^ hI^ q^, g? \3h4I'i 100% ^ ’ft 3T^T^ I 'Economic Times Research Bureau' SRt 1983-84 31. =3dtqf gq (fBUT W % im 8

^ gr^ q^ f^R^f gg gqgtq 7o% ^ 90% ^ rot gr, 3Fg gift ggbff g? isqgpi mm % gp ^ gigr wi

g5t qfir 3TPt- g? gr

I.pi 313RR ^ 313^11 gi% ^ *f piftcT §RfTr gg gggfq feir gn^ frar gig, gfgrgq p ftigqq gg gipg gi gm grr^ fit giif siidRcki(^PiuIm ■ft vjfgigq git 30% % 40% giF g$igi ^R ^ gr^ ^ 3i%fi ggR’T ti ^ ^ jiig ggp

R^Bfn % 1 %lRfil gt pgtR

fn*^ gggg (O f^gft Rsiftgr ^ tîggR git'll, (U) rtr gg 3Tfî«R 3C3*ii'i, (ifi) gitdf^gi

giR ^ giR prr, (iv) gi^ rrt git f^rafp ijltf r ^ - qiRT, (v) p rrott^, (hi) Rvgf p 9Tf^ ^ i^gPid 'jf^ R ft?r giRT, (DJI) ^ giift 315(4 Cl fRR giRI%gqigit^ ^Richl‘j| ^ ?TRcg p Mti'iâ p giR pgfR gpr 1

PPR Piylijn ^ (Faulty Production Planning)-431^ Rgfdgf *f pPT, % ^ 3iIuiJ'i>4) Rfgrg 3ig^ pup %jRT git r^ rp gr 3ftT r^ r^ (igiPdd R^ p gifff I Rrstg Rg ^ Riit pg^ % rotot # p rrt 11% % i^rafftR RRR gr R Rt srg^ rp gir fgrgRr pgiPf.'jRpgTfftf^TR^ PigiRct

2.

90 mik arr/OTgfsg

"TT “Jiqnilnvi \5?n^ ^ ^ 'ITtff | «*i^4i % ti‘-‘iiRia ejiRW STÎT ^—

(0 Pi41^*1, (if) chfi'll^^T, (iff) 'TT f^Ttfhr vSHflstI ^ ^ tJHI

OV) ^FPT -R 3Trfe fraiT ^ ^ iTRr, {v) ^ 'yHWiq (ui) ^ Tr^T 5^^ ^ W^T 1

«nTrr ^f

3. "ii^sid ^ (Increase in Capital-Output Ratio)—‘ikcFIî -SilulPi'îPt«WU ^ ^ ^ ^ I ^ -Sl^Hia W M^hK T^T

sfznr 41 «i'11-5.5, 41 ■ji*11-7.5, ^41 m 41^*ii-6.7, 4151*11-11.5, hT’m4T 41'ji'ii

8.7, 15^f 41^1^ cPT^ 8 «id4l 4l'Ji'ii ^PHH 8 I IJîR 4l'Jl*ll rlî 'a^'JId

■^r wm^ ^ ^ Tî w 313^ ^ ^ sn^ I snft^ ^ ^Sljqicr «ip -Slftrai ll 'Slfiig? m 3^ ■?!? I t ^

4) %tr f4Pl41Dld ^ =f 6|§rr >3Tftl=F |% 3f4t 11 fH ^ -aifijcf)

^ % ynnf^rT tfiTC^r ^ IRHR |-(z; §'M§4f 'i^'41'ifl ÎFRT *f ^fe,[Hi) irsiR rRFfte ^ ^ TI (iv) «RTcIT 33 ^

'I'RTRT, (u) Suuk*^ 3^3“^ ^ ^3^ ^ni'id 1

4. tub'll Pi «|} ^ 33 PluîM*i<») Pi«u<;t (Disappointing Performance of Public Sector)—P4l'fl'i 33?r ^ 42 34f ^ di4'flP'h ^ ^ 3lfl3 ^ Î 3Pg ?3^ ^ Olfuchui ?ebl§4) 33 33§f3 -SR^RT PmSTI^RiF T?T 11 Ppft ^ vjyW 351 ^ 3?n33, fqshq, cTPT, SPRIT ^ v3h41'I 33T y«l'-iMtht<J 3>l4^STcidl '3R?pd'

PuRll'Jl'I'h ^ 1 tli4'flPl'h. ^ ^ 31^ J«Vl flPf ^ Tt ^ TRTT i^RT yyîi m ^ 7?r I, 33^1 35 3353 % 353 ^FT 11

5. TtvpITT ^ 'sT'idO 33 '3iM<<f'd fqqiiu (Inadequate Generation of Employmervt Opportunities)—P41'»1'T 333 ^ HKrfly >341‘if 33 3ff Pl333 |, M33 ^(3)5*1^3^ 35fl 35 T5I I % ^ *f Tl^PtTT % 3T33f 33 3T^f^ 14333 3ff ^•313T % I 33i % 3153IT 1980 ^ #3tPl3i ^ t 4?r 351 ^ ^ Slf^cT 33 ^3cl2% 3T3 33T 5^ 3TI 1980 % 3?31^ ^ 13 ^TfTRT ^ 3T33T3 ^ ^ ^ qT^f^ I 3314 ?nft 333^13 4l>Ji*ii3ff 4 O'ji'ik ^ ’3T3TRf 4 34 ^ ^4 #33T t4i3T W I 33714 4?! cRT- 3fi3TT^ q3 qrft 3iit3, 53 3S3 34 ^ 3574 4 351337 3^ ^ 3I3T 41 1333 JST «hR^l ^jff 9373 337413)

973143)37 437 757 % I^ ^4*1111 337

6. 337133 ^ 3W 3733 (High Cost of Production)—3T7c43 3il41Pi=t) 143773 34 tI3) 35T3'5’f 33737177^ 9ft3T37339 393l33T’3ff 34 37^371 437'37l 377 3714^ ^37737 3537 ^ I

13^ 37773 13 9^;'|-(f) ^ 9UR 33)4137 34 0T33T3T, (ii) 3757^ 7^ 433 ?^1

.371 4 147377 (Hi) «7f4«^ ^ Pl*3 7373733737, (fy) ST37T7 377 -3733 34313, (v) U3'y3)l3 P<l^«i 33777 377 373 5f371

7. s3?lsfrt4«t) -377^^33 (Sectoral Impalances)—143lPl3 3771^3) 33 =t)l4st>*l"f 33 41 VI*1134 % 313 4t 4?T 4 d'rjpifl ^flylPpT) 1437777 3ff ^ 3737 ^ I ^

^7333 3^7 ^ 37f3T ^ 573% sNI 4 33f3T 1437777 5f ^377 11 177377 5@3 75773 ^ ^ 4 'j4 77541'! 3 1477 3737 7737 577377^ ^1437^ 377 '3733137 143)177 11

3541T^|147537445t4 3|77 •3T%37 3r41 %»771377

1437777

91

oRi-^tn (Regional Imbalances)—WTîR ■Siti'^Tt'i ^ ^ ^ 3T%F SraRT n«iiR tST f^«BRT

8.

^ 'irai ^ I R^RR?, hI^’JÎ «RM, cJftcRT^ ?Pir 5^RM, ^ U^5Tf *f ^ ^4)1^*<1 ^ fr 44% 'Jil^^Ji felcT ^ i^-i^ ^ ^ \3'Ni<;«h ^Jjft W 42% ’TFT I«lP)4lPtfl

% I ^Rlf^ ^ ^ t f% ti<chR ^ yqitfl ^ 'Tft'TFRÎ^ -Sl^ ^ v5ilsj1Pi«b ilr§«hi5Hi

■3.II., TR^SIFT, iT.a., ^ Tl^ ^r ’ft -5^ 'jrft I rRUftr] ’ft diftftftftf) ft >3TlcIcF)jftrT ft I TFJftf ft 3ftil1Pl=h fq^lfl SR^T

^ ^StFRIT ft TpqTTSft ^ ft 3Ic2TRT cfFT ft I

'flleilPl'fi (Industrial Sickness)—OiltilPich ^ ÎRT-WT ft?! ft ftftftftraib”'‘'J|dI ^ 'tRTFI! ftt STFRcT ’F’ftT ft t ft?T ^ -JlftF sfleilRicfi ?«his4l 'SPlft ^ WI ^R 5Rft ft ■3RFTft ft I 31 Rift, 1990 ^ ^ ft ^

ft^ 2,21,097 ftt IftlR qr 9352.53 qft!? 7i. ^R! W RÎRIT ft? I

ofleilPii* esaiffl ftft (Industrial Strikes and Lockouts)—RRfftR ofldlftlchPl«hitl ^ Rfrirjft IFRRT ssoiri Rft diiniq*^ Tftf ft 1 Rftf Olft^ qiRftf ft OTTR }ftR 'sflylPi'h ft &saiti TR! aicii'N-ftl RRRIT Rftt ft I 1990-91 ft W ^!R^22.83 m feqftf qft Fifft fttft 5!! OT^RR ft I

îran’JJT RIT SPRlfRI t^RJRf (insufficient Growth of Infrastructure)—ft?Tft OTRIR’JjT gifttnoft ft qftRT fftHRT ftfft ft RJcT^ ftf ndf^l Rftf RHT ^ RRirfl I ft5T ft

ft RIRT ft fft f^lcRT ftRT RllftT I

• 9.

10.

11.

SPb‘1, tl'q^’l, îjfl-tji-i, 'H'JSKÎ on^ ^jlqyioff qil Olft ftt 51RT fqcfiRlRKuqRT,

2.7 vifi«tlPi<^) ^îrli (Industrial Sickness)

O'^ldl RiT 31€f Tr«f Rft’TRTT (Meaning and Definition of Industrial Sickness)—'^dliftch VJ|dlft) RRR RT iJTr RRft ft ORRft ^ ft I fjlft ?lftf ft, RRT fttft oftftfftcF ^ Oiqft ^RRlft ft) R^J!^, RTR ft) SIR, PIrK aiR, Sr?mtR qft ^sRR RR=ft) HR, RR i^cf ^R)! 3îaiR i^Mfpa RRR rt «hfft ft OfRRzf T?cf) ft ft ftft ft! ofiftftiR) ft 5RnftRTRT ^ ft I ?ft fftR WT qftRlfftl ft^lT RRT ft-

fftift lift 'U'i'* ftftRT ft 'll JflK, “)ftft ?Rilf ft) ftftftRi ^R RRR Riftft cfftft^ ft qR! Rft ft RR fTftr RRlft ftof)TORftonftRTftftRftftft^ft)?W RRTRRT ft fjRlft IRft fftftR ftft ft 2ETft) OTT RRT ft I" •

O'^ldl ftfftRR, RilRJ? ft 'SIJRR, “tJRI oftftftlRl RR ?^lft RF ?R)lft ft ftfRcRI RcRTRR Rilft fft^ ft) RRR) (fftRRR ft RTF?) ft RR ft ftlft «BR ft RIR 6 Rftft ft) OTRfft ft ^ft) ft RR! iJRi 'ictK'l FRilft RR ft RR Rift Rftft I

RR Sft. fftjft ftlR Rftf ft d'lidK RR>R Fifft 133Tft RR Tft) ft f^Rlft ft ftRRT Rift OTT ift ftr

'jUrIPiR) O'îdi ft (Symptoms of Industrial Sickness) —'3Hll«Kl OIRRR ft ’STTRTT RT RF «t)Fi RT RRiRT ^ fft oDftftiRi RRcf! Ri) ftRift ft 'SilylPiqi FRR^ ft fftR ?RR Rift vFtft

RftftfftR)

rrr5) ^RwRRFR

92 RRftR 37«/ajg^

f -STraiT "TT '^ylPl=R îdl ^ W fl'iiMi ^ «chdl t-(0 ^ f^'R’^ PTT^ 'H’fr, (n) cRnfsft^ ^ Pk-ti^ 55^, (iit) «K^ tllHyl cBT sf^, Pl*lh WJ, 5«il«Pl=h

37^ Onf^ ^ ^‘laii ^7% (iv) vjrvicf ^?3>, 'STPraiT3nf^ % ^'iciM (z;) '3icrM'»)Hil'i ^'’it % ^'ifli'i ^ îs( tiiy'if "TT Pi4<,dl, (ui) =h''^yimij ^ q’li^ 773^' ^ (rfi) 'hP|«7 ftftf TRIT 3i*Hltt TT^T al*ii ^ 3T9RRt

^ 7m ’TT ^ ^ qRT, {viU]

7#flftPRi t'lJIcTT ^ 4)i{*iT (Causes of Industrial Sickness)—'sTlulPia) t>‘''iai ^ «bK«u

5^31 FT # ^ mf ^ «fer ^rr |-L TTir TilFT (External Causes)—TIW «hK''iT % airSTT TJT «hK''ii % I ^ TfPTT

t TIFT I3FFT ^ ll FT T7 TT^ TT ^ ^ I FT^T % ^MTT PPT TOT t-

1. ’ffr TRfl (Decline in Demand)—'qr %TT3ff c^ m Jf T«iFfr m % an an^ I Tit tf ftî^ tttif ^f an Tnrft t #t tti% ttpt^ afialPiai T?t i^«ifrr ttto ^ TFETfr % i

2. TMK TTT ^ (Decline in Market Share)—TRit-TRft Tftil s<(d4tp«i( ^«j5t m nn m ^ trr m ^

TTT ^nm 11 TF ^ a?) til Pi 4) Fmr T5t TiT t tit;^ Ii

^ 'tjfSn^ (Difficulty in the Availability of Inputs)—tiin'Jl, yPl45, 9Tf^, i^, na)4l«b

anfir tt^ Tm tt tru Tnfn mr ^ qi^ f nt qftmRTFTTTIT^t TFIRT FFITT ^ ^ ^ imift 1'^ TT* Fmf t TTlt ant cFTfft |l FTI% nttrimFr ’ft altifri^ T^rm nft arr^ ^ Tranfr 11

4. TIT ^ ai(ii«t) TTT (Excessive Burden of Taxes)—nfe aisiTT fÎTftFTH^ tt Tift tt tit fttt aifîgi ^ % Tranr t 'jrr tqn Ti^ Tit ’ft afratftT) F’rm ,T?r ftnRr ^ tiaioi ^ i

5. aimfen Timift (Excessive Government Controls and Restrictions)—nf^ TfitT aiw FTnf tt ar^ n^fr^r qg P)g^ wn ^ ^ ^ T3T FTnf ^ %q FT y^grff 'jn tittt Tnm t ^ Tit ^ afititPin T^rm ^ %lf^ TFr=T ^ TTOit ^ I

6. yi^f^<F l^qRlTf (Natural Calamities)—yiyla«h [t|ym4l' ^ TTf, ’JTI’T,a<M"i ^ TTTITft % I

n. aimftTi tut®! (internal Causes)-aTFTlftn TUTTf T an9IT ^ T’ft TIRTt ^ % Tp qn Tim ^ 3ftt tttt’ Ft^ % i ngriTitg mnt ^sim qg TTT^ F^ wrrt ^ ^HdT Pun ^n nriTn % i ft^ ^ tut^ f^nrTOT l-(i) yT'ydflq cij9iddi qT arym tt am (2) FIT ^ (3) qqftmf gfi aiPjchai (4) ailu1Pi«b TmT ^ '^ng ^ (5) Tmftn % ^rm ^ (6) arntriqg ar^q^TTi gnfgift^ gir ^ng (7) fcnftg ^ f^rgirT' P ^ (8) g gspygif % T7ZI f^rmr tM (9) ’jg^rn ami gft Tm nr ^ i^t g^ggi

TTTT a ■aifm

qg Tiraig^ ^frit TTmaff gir gir-wR fItt iFscITTT

SRI 'SOHiRa TTgarf

amgr

3. angirt gft aycisMui

’ll '3ilulPi«h TTTTn ^ feRrarm anPt ^ giRT

afR PR'd'Ji git aiPigi inn^

TTTtPg 3?«/ar«7W7 93

■*( •3#*? g5T (10) ^ ^ 3T^?ra 3wvr^[ #?T (11) ^«Fl^ cRT JtiHql'l 3nf^ I

■tf 4yit^ ^ -ara^-stvoi ^ 11^ Tjcf aiWR ^ 'Jf^ ti M ■if ^R?r 3TT wmi %

^ «fif ^ cT^ qiTiJci hR''(H SIM «fiT% ^ 'JRTO^^ f|si%

****1^1 ^ ^Rîih (Consequences of Industrial Sickness)—IS^T

^T^TcfT clit TRWr ^ BTcJRT 'l*->fl<fli ^n«I f^nTT W I %jRT^ irreii if %frr ^ III’^fT iRîiHf tt iiw?t smt irit ti ^ 3^ iRîih

ychK

1. awcil (Decline in Liquidity)—BilsjlPlch ^# ip^

^ÎdM if ^ chR)-!!^ cFT ^1

2. ?TilrP ^ 31^ mhhVi (Under Utilisation of Capacity)—B?ldlR|eb ^

?«Rlf Brrff ^TOTT ^ 'Jjf ^41'l ^ BTtwf llcft' ^ I ^ BTTFft ^TOIT^ «fi*T 5iT 3R?t % 'Jn\<y\ ^ îRf ^ i

^''Idl ^ ftiif tii*iil^«h ^3r3^ ^ l-(i) ^ ^ (it) srfil^ ^ ttH

(iff) ^ ^sl)l§4l ^ ^ TT ^ tjultil53 333, (tt') ^ S'hi^T 5?r t1<chK 5RT 3lflni^d f%5T BfRTT I ^ ?353

m 31^ 33M qr 3?3I 11

4. fqrfl<4 gsqf^TFr (Financial Dangers)-3fRifPr5T ■31^ c^t 33F5T 33 ^ t?cFRfrfRl d*iWi 11 ?3^ Rr#3 guiRuim RfT 353T t-(0 tf?^ ^5 RtrfRT ^^'Sff îf

*rTtf eiRr, (fi) 533 tjq RiRrqRr qr yfri«êi iniR (Ui) BilylRich 331733 33n35)3T33 yia«^5n 3373 (iu) ?3)Tt % RlRi3l4dlBff, ■^3313T'3Tf cRIT ^33Tff ^ 3Ttf glRf I

5. -ÊtlRii* a'lRi ^ 3T4j«j) (Hindrance in Industrial Progress)—BftlffRlcE

allylRi* ^^533 TI5 ipiRr ^ 3pf q5? 3373 3iw 'fe 1 3lt ^ ^ îrlRra? cfr 3333 3?rfr I 33T 13 3T cR^ ;35j%31^ 3t 35 3333 ^T % BnRfq; R[5Tt3 i^f qqRl ^ 5575 ^^ 53 R1533 35i 5537 tl

Bi1ej1Rl3) 3™I3T 55t '^5)^ ^ 3373 (Measures to Check Industrial Sickness)—Bft^lPRFi 31337 t?5i ^?ff 333JT ^ f^tl«hi sfly 7(3 yi|i4l .'331^713 B13r3 ■3n3?355 ^ I ?3 33377 5^ 53 53% % RITJ ti<«hK % 333-333 3T Bl%55 3313 ^1 ?3% % ^3 3373 f%i3 3537 W—

1. 3™! 15>l?3t 53 '9|Rhi5''I (Take-over of Sick Units)—3tlulRl5) (Rl5i73 7(cf ^333) -31^1^133, 1951 ^ Bprnfd 3753T % 1982 357 80 '3M ?57f|3f 53 3537 BT3% 513 % ^1 1982 ^ 513 55 5)337 3113 34) 53fRl7-37^7353 % ?3

I

Til?

^ 3^ ||3™737 a3P3

'jflylRl3)3)337 %

I-CK337

33737 373^ ^ ^ | ^cRif .375% R)qRia Trq Bn5?357 sjqf gq

3. ^'*iR«fI3 (Social Evils)—

3^357

o™Kl7

% ^33 35 -313^«<«hK

577 33T3R 3^ f%573 35757133737

94 3735?3 372/555737

2. ^ ^ ^ (Tax Exemptions on Merger of SickUnits)-1977 *f STFRiT^4)1^ ^ -3^1^ ^ «Tci'7iq'i ch<??l % fTt 3% cRT ^ ^ lH7i*?l I

^ eqq^l

3. ftrflil JJTPfMW (BIFR),^ ^?JTW (Establishment of Board forIndustrial and Financial Reconstruction)—« <=m < % 1985 ^ b'’'! 3ilylPi«h .(ft^ in^tJR) qiftrT fiPlT 3ft7 % aRPfrT 3Rgff, 1987 tsfliJiPleb tT^ |^T^)iJ ^ (Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction

#1 ^ % 15 -qf, 1987 % >3mT UR^T fen ll WBIFR) g5tsft^ vjflulPich §«hl5«il 4iT ncT d'll^, vil^hi ’3TS2RRT cRTT ??!wnr t t fer 3iR?3RE gsim ^nir5iFf#nwliw^^ fe=T fenif ^ # ftfer ^ ^ siFnF -aifeER t-(z) ^ nfe nrr aiq^flsrici % fe? vaHy«Kt WT (if) fefr tfit fe^ -am ^ rthi tTcfeRmaRRtr ^ffePR ^ IRR niRT, (in') fefr FElf ^ ^RFR 5)RT, (iv) ^?«EI^ W aRRlT fefe ti5Nni vjMWsel q^iti, (u) ^ ^Sspy ^ IRFITnfe ^ % nsRT ^ ^ «'qM«h n?! Pl<j,Rtd «h<H, (uf) ©‘'■minit nit ^ nR% ^ fei am ^tf arm^nn) anR nmi i yit*-'H % ^nir -femr,

FlRnT

1991 •% am Hm anf.Trn.arTT. nir 1547 nmi irm ^ ^ ^ 1 ?a=f ,■% 410 nr#^gRT^cRfe^TTtrtinnf fe? ntr 1117 t t 191 nR^ wfn

fen n ^ ^ M # zaiR'Ji nil tfe nn ^ fe ^ mfet an^n nirfe^ fe feti

4. fet^ SRI ai^tjjqn nit f^?I (RBI's Directives to Scheduled Banks)—nRcTnm nRcftn fei^ sri athfeini nmiT nit fRRnrflWR

tfef fe afeF fet fe^ 11 n^ 1991-92 ^ amfe anft fe^ fe ^ nsrn^ Pr5i(i fen uniR (f) <Eifeftcr ^jft ^R 5^^nfn ^fer % amfe nfeEfem jnnfn «nRj

^ ^ femm ^ ^nR nr (fem fe^) fer irr nR% fe fenni arw^ % fen ifef ^ nnrs ^t fet 11 (if) tnif nit nniF fet I fe nRfemi ^ nr nn

nm ^ fen niRnr amn nR% 'fe afen annRiRni anrn nR% %. fen an%feaniRni tm fe nnr^ i (fif

nmf ^f fet ^ fe %, fen nrnnf ^ armfeii niRnt % Rnm an^f ?niif fe nfinm nife % fen ^ nr fei y«tN iR^n nR% % fen nnrn sfe I {iv) anR fe ^im nff ^ feRnn % nR^ ^ afer n’R/ninfe -sfeitPtni ?niRnf % ^ j^^nfe ^fei % amfe fefen ^fenaff ^ fen nit % n^n^^n^ mfetn «ini % nnn^ ^ n^ftnn feni nni % i (u) ^ ai^ afei/Rn nRnftr §«hi§nf % fen ^fei feiR nnn ^ ns gfefeicr nRnr fer ^ fe snfeit nn aT?m aifen^n ^ i (uf) Rn iniRnf ^ nm nR nit nR nife % fen tnif afR n?nfe nit ns fenm fer nm % fe % j^^nfe ^fer ^ amfe aife srt «rfe alR femaif nit n? feiRT fen nnr I fe ^ janfe ^fer % amnfe arfe sri ^^tfn fe^ fe nm af?R:/ijyfe: sfei^t/anf sfefe qRnfei nn 11 (uff) nfenfep ^ % awff nit ’ft ^.anf.nm.aTR. ^ ^nrfeniR ^r nfe ^ fen ^ aflylPi* njifet (fefer n^nj) ^fefem, i985 ^ nsifen nn^ ^ nR% nan ^ ns^ f fefe^F nni nR fer

n*n^ ^ sfnif ^

%i

ij77#r afs/sjgm 95

5. (Other Measures)—tcTSHTf % 'sJiîPith t3*''iai ^

- % f^ f^-t^ ^jqFT 11 t ^ ag^ gsira ^ aâr t-(i) ^ wif% «h4’mR4l', yq-yctiT ^Pff alf ^ ^Mnft ar fc[?nT «ii[^ i (U) ^ §«hi§4T trep c^ a?f ftfrt ^ ^rrfliT rrrf% asft^ ^ 'f«n*llch<’'l, '3TTgPl«hlcf)<«i trg yfcRîm ^ Ri^“vJtiqi(t<<S Oa aTt<T

awfrr ^ gci5i-1^rarar îar i {ir) aft

a? Ris ft ft? ftft Fpft ^ aroicTT 5ft Raft aa? ^ ft fta ^3^ aaâ^F

■ana tS aafa

%■

3tT aft I (iii) aft ^ afta ft ft ^^-ftfta ftt aaîr ftaj ftar ^ a«ar aft I af%fr laa^ ftt

araar aaraaj arRSPfr f ft aa arftaft ft aft aiftraa aaftift 5ft ^jnft giftg i (u) fta tftf aa ftfta arar-ft srt fftrra 5ft

a^ 5RaaT aar I, aaR qa; ft^ wiHii ftt arft aiffti ft arft aft ?a>i^ ft aa^, ftiraa aa

aftaift aT ftratr as afttarra ft ftftftar

tfftf ft gft ft 9353 aft? ^ 5Fr aaaar 5pa ft ^ % fttrft ^ ft aaaar tft ^ aa 17.4 af^^ra aaar I, aaaa 2.2 ?rra’ ftftRiai ?aa?af ft {240 aft? aaft ft aaaar fa? ara aft ftft 125571 ^ iftta ?aii?af ft ftfaj^ ft -a^ I ftr ftaaa -sTaT-aaT aft t) -sraa^ a?T ar 1 aR ftft ?«hisft ft, ft firaaR aft ^ ftaaa srar-aar aft't, ft fftaa ft Rrar ^na ft R'a, tft aâftr ?aafft ft ■aiaas ara 17,298 aft? aaft.ar ft ^ aanar fta? ftftft aa 9.4 aRrîa aaar ar 1 ?ft ffta arRiarr sri ftr fftir arr a^ I-

a^'aar (industrial Sickness in India)—ai^f 1990 ft 3Ra ft aifftftaiaaaa 9.2 aftRia ftr 3ifrft

Industrial Sickness

Number of Units Amount Outstanding (? Crore)

End End- End-March

End- End- End-Dec. Dec. Dec. Dec. March1987 1988 1990 1987 1988 1990

1. SSI Sick Units2. Non SSI Sick Units3. Non SSI Weak Units

204259 240573 218828* 1797.312801.791657.30

2141.00 2426.941119 1241 1455 3887.30 4538.82

2386.77720 770 814 2177.00

Total 206098 242534 221097* 6256.40 7705.30 9352.53

*The figure does not include-Sick SSI Units which are not traceable/not in existence.• »Source : Economic Survey, 1991-92 P. 92. ''

2.8 TnftJfRrft) vJHJDa : sRria (Public Enterprises : An Inttoduction)V

arftjftpB aaaia ft 5iT?ia ftft 'araaftiai ^raai ftftffta ftâr ft % RiaaJT taiRâ, ya-a tpf ftaiaia aiaar (ftfta TRaar ai ttr hicftt ar larfta aar ai ftt^ aiftafftp ftâi) ft ^rfta ftar ft I arftaRia?'3itR ft aia ft ft aHT arai ft i arftftia)

aatfar ft aaftft aaaar, aiaaft awi, ftai aaapr, afta,viHsfia ft Rp=t aaar aRaiRia âa w ft—

ft 3ftaaiaa

96 VTfta

^6 IhibbspitP

^ f-Llil^ ife(i ih ^ l^lfe ife|^-(J3M0d3tuiou033 JO uoiiei}uaouo3 uodn >(03il3 v) ih ^ bîfc tbjîio

l=hP itfe JPhtlftP htsPhF' ^ pir; p >|t<>K Ji^ IPhlt?^ p^ I 4 piD }^ life JHÎfele ills it>ljhlr|fe^^ py p lily pl£i p ^ il£IPhlla^ P ki 11 Iklifi Ife^ klfelS life<teijirj>m-(sai}UBdsin leuoiSa^ oAouiay ox) ip^tte ^ p jtc'iPUhPtP •£

|| Ml!^ ikiy Ife 11^ $ feifei ^ IPt-lhB iolM^ life Me Ifep I MIL ppw1»-^ pib ?Û.P p pMfeb&felie h|j>Pih hK>» lUS % pil2lk lii 11 ipPl;ÎPbl^P Jj PjIK p hib. tfciyikIP ^ lb^bh^ {aOJJSnf JEpOS) bib, tbltjlblft

I Mi Jiy It^biap Jj P^lt^^lK ^ bib. M lr.lbiatb ^lyihlP ty ^ MILibsy liifeB •Hi t'ij-he j<e ikMi kl (4 4iyi Mfefe&Me ife^ pkk Ml -| Mlc ikibj^ ^ kk p jkkiM 11 MIL My idfehk life puna pk $ 16^l>ig jhtbhtv tbijU']3iP—fsaojnosaM jo uotjbdoijv Jadoaj) b^bhfi j<fe ûmap

-| llifeli kp bJkL k£li % pilaiJi ki 11 ij^v^hj lP^>l^^^ ^ PitfeN cyyiiL piySik ^ MySk $ ^ hi 11 pfe p'&irib jflibiah ^ puby ife^yiie $ py l.^fae tbijp'jam

■f

kiie pL yy mufi

•s

•I

(sssudiajug sijqnj jo sifeuoijfe^ jo p33NIbbtc- biatt life Ihtkhfv 6*ZaouBjJodrai) ibh^to

1% MIL

My life pife% p ^ yih, p pukk py lus piikk kS (<!) % Mi lofeity M >n»>p ib p| iftitbiyip Ik ^ Mi ii2» life ^k it Ih ki 0") %IptbP li ha P'yp^jl^ I^pS IbblC' Ib^P ^b^j^^JalP ^ lbfelc> IPP blj.lhp lbbtf> litb>P Mil IbblP )itb)P bljt.|tb>P kPibP M h^bK bJyitP bbPi (m) | Mg >ilte»P ijnb>p ^ (i)—(sasiJdiajua anqnj jo sopsuaioBjeq^) hiPh(fey p ^wmhP' tfaijibîk

14 Mi •% Ik kih %'lllk b)j.lbi mhj-P Jk >l'fc>P tt. HfePiy ^ ^ )bct5hf> tfeljlPblho Ibblf- ^

blfcllc> ^ lk<bhg> Q5^j^^J>lP ly g IPtbP ilL lilfe ik Ih >lhille ^ Pbhbtf> ^ Jtf>lhlklJh Pbl>he

,.l| pk klfefi

bHihe ijMj );> b'kic> ^ ijttbhe ^bNU^NP pS Piy | ptb pihh j; \ê ^'b^^

feh <it^h by $ mkiL p % % pikik-Mkik :km msiie ^ hitehk ifeyicyk,, >,.l g ^ llt>lbty Cbj^llp- k 'thljlpljf' pyibP

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Jbîh -kb’kh-

)Hb)P

Hbljpy lb^|j.|U>b§IP.Vi—

Ji|i -Hb-kb-

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|Pbibb kb l>blb ‘kli-l g mil Ib^ PyibP Jk hbjby ^ hk % PP?b Ik

|j.lb) ptfeb 1)19 ^ )Hb)P M I % PICbPJK ^ ikb kiSlle % P^he biyjrl) Jj klkfelE,, •I14^ kim

^THrf if '3?fr»T \Pl«bl ^ I ^ 'SiTi'fd <('^<4 3ir (qnt’^ >3037 %

^ 3Tf^ ^ cfr arftrai ^ ^ ^ -arf^ •>rftw tf irti^ ^‘it'i >«qt)t (Equal Opportunities for All)-^^ %r vtiwtl

HFr'TJ^f dl'H ^ 3Rr ^PTR’ ^ ^ % ti*iH ST^RTT 3RHîTRT 3fT% ?, ^ clf ^5^ ’ft ^nfft, St4, '3M cpf, fr, ^ ft it I

ft^'Sft fftrR'T ^fftit ^^ 5?5HTT I Hftt srsff ^ %«TT TTcf ’Tfra’ ft 5Fft if qr fti-jliRfq} R«i<tii {Economic Stability)—tii4'flP'h viul'i qi-tOq ftt^jRT onftftT ^

t{«i Piq-qî ft 3iTft 'ft I PT ftf?7T3ft ft HnqiftgjTift wi % ^ qr ciM ft PmtlH'qq Fflt^lo qirft ft ^ qiJol fftft ^nft ft 1oui<K*ja ^ (Development of Infrastructure}—ui'Jjtfn'h ftiRT 3TmR^ ft fftRW qr ^ ftqi ^ ftt ft ^3iM ftt f^nqqr q^ft ft?T ft 'SraU'^d ftft ^miqRi, fftlR tiq^d, ftfftq, tira’ §lftRT 3T]^ ft fftRRTt{ft fcitdi< ftf snsriftcbdi ft sfift ft IPrart^RT >J|4“)qt«qi ft dUq^qdi ^ ft oul'il qq fftpnr fftftfer 3(4^q<<(f 'SrsfsTR’f ft'3TTq?qqi ft I fflftftftq, tjcf RiPqlqi’ ftt ?iq ft

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5.

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6.

fttft ft fftfftftqUrqiqq-l

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7.

(Necessary for Planned Economyt-fnftjTfftqTqqi^ ft

>3Miq«h qqftf ft Mfft

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fttft ft fft Flft fttft F^nqqr ftt qnft ft i

oiiqifqqvcii

^q>tTijqiKir*iq) q? ft^ (Check on Monopolistic Tendencies)—d^dPlcb

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10.qqqqft qft

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-srftq? fnftftftqjn.

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qiqr ftiftr ft qqr FT ijqqftf ftt ftt fti

«<qiK

tl.tqiifi fttfft fftqrPqq qJTlft qq qis^PT (Means of Achieving Government Policies)—qwft qqqiftf ftt ^qiqqi qq 5155 q?qqf[ ftt tirt q^qrqqr qqqqft fttf^ftt qft tftqif^TT qqqr ft ft qqqpft ft ftq qqft$ftr ftr mqft sq ft (jq q^r qqftt ft i ft%ft qft ftt ft ^sqqqft ft qiwT ft -jq fftqr qq fPBqr ft, ft ft ft-ft^m ft qfttjcF ft siRiqi qiqq?

12.

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98 qqftq artfsn^m

66 IMhtsfiie

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p Ihyiitpe SDd ihh SDI 'SVI ■■kll lb»bho liifeB p ih^hF' iii (i)-^ Mt ikiifeIt-ifiti p }K>lh^hli lÛJ p JbttfhP f^lwP ^ PP»(!;K p fvlaK-fUQUEJ^

-lUIUlpV PUB ÛÛI^8BUBp^^ JO Uiaiqojj) IKthft IJ'^-.b-.ft JiJillti hh J3±kh 'Z

p pih ii pi m- ^ ^^P ihli l^tC' Jj ^ Ifrtbte b..bK P bOl.B p Jhtbbfv ^bbJ^^y>lft UM1I»> Jj

1^ ÎbS^jS J^ l^|?h|| ISRIk-^ ^ MiC

pit life ^ a^h hJ^ ^ pife k-bB life h<bhf^ ^blj^^bm pil-^ (<1?)I ^ (inw) pttp^ it^ iôih ‘(imi) apji^ ^ kph kimSp ‘(laa) sppi

Milk ‘(iHHa) spjl^j 4^ MHh-#^ I IMIiil ilpj i;£lt 1<M phi^pife pi ifeh kplt % 9561 ‘hJiptyte ph^tb h(jjMk hl^ p pih feikh JIMhaihf' ^^j^^]5l^» pii-phaife |}ia>m 0?.0 (lD3l) iikp ip} iPippppik ‘(19^ ihJ| hpilb, ‘(Vl) h>-^ll^>bh ktiS^Ji ‘(IV) ikS^Ji ikll '(DID) Mtl^ ikp JfliilJlli ‘(Dll)’ itip ihp kEp '(DDNO) ItpilE' % pi | pUt

Jill kkkP Ibhlfe^ p kl>lj Ol^ll>;b» p tii>Oh4 hJ^ P pik r^bl-i l<fe htbh^ pai-kkp (1.0 I pie (iKiS)

appe ‘pp.p pi£ ‘Mlhii ^ IMils MpJ Jf ka p kllpi MsicbUilkuh fc.Ob» <bli ^ >ltb)l> bi..bK hCbhtN ibljlAblb ibBS—t.OI>l» b)J»lktj (j)

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jp lit p îp mbUi pjf; IbH^ Dk^bK ^ >l<bK jpj p 0<£lk>lht> jpie

p ^-bK p kPbk pa ib4hk jfitoah pa p jc^ ikippi,, 'iinEie ^ aife ^lllh^l^bb -js—(ajnjDnjjg ibuoiiesiuSiq JO uisiqojj) l^>»kB p httiK tbtriiboi>i»

illfeli kiy .|;ib>bk up ^ pi I pi£i hpi ii MtaJilfek p pMka ki% 4 iktEklie ik iil^ ^ pkk phB p klhk p ikik Bl pki 14 pile p ppaa ikkleptJlk ^ jtlk pbi ^ laib kicb^ Bi 14 ^ ilk kM Iklk piB ikh p Mpi klkhk ^ ih pk p kl9tj§ pile, ip 4 lltE p lkl>?; pi9; kiai^S Ilk p9ihe tbljlr]>lk 4 Milk

b|fri> ikiij itiki Ilk lP9>kSkllg p IPt^rrPljJtnihuitb

•I

(sasudj3}ug P

suispi4u3 JO sraajqojj) ibbtc' |htkhf^ oi'Z2p

ipie Ik>tb u.hih>»ljK Ilk JOlbilg. kh ll‘>ib b^jtimK P JPJblj ‘ikllk kphk' ttPibiîc. Ilk juhtmb p ^ 'ib>ib Ilk jlipe bi>mitc. p pa 4 I64 ‘'>‘>9:' ill»U>E.btc P >lbUpgN 'lU> Jn't'blb. Hk t-bb kh l}'Û>k ‘lb>ib klQjÎtpk ^ kilk

3. Pinf"! ^ ^ (Problem of Project and Planning)—?^ vJ'Tstjjff %^ if 6||OT W ^ ^ I ^ 'E^pft if ■STrR W% if iff jfflRT ^ %, ^3^ 'SRE 5^ % Wf ^ ^ ^ ifiiluHii)' PiyfRd t ^ ^ ^’t# li hfrt f^Rrff^?ipra % ^ sritra; arrcfr li

4. fqrflti ti*it<ii4 (Financial Problems)—(0 «icf'»iPi'») '5H£h4l ^ '3jiqi(«4«h\3Hd®«T 5RRT ?RcER ^ ^ I ti<«hK ^ cqqî 3n% fcRfPl ^ftlRI3Tf

^ irm t 11 f?r JEROT ?R 3qsRf If ^ ^ 7^ % l (u) ^ ^3Wff^ ^rar 3fr ^ ’nw 11 (fio ^ -sm ^pfr ^tt tijjiqa f^pF^

3pR?JV 'SW'lt4) Weft % \

5. ^Rq'ITtj ^^qct (Personnel Problems)—«i«f'nPieh ^TJEiff ^ qi4diRqT ^3?F3 FfSt 11 ^ RWT f-fO ^fP^,

^T?f T^cf «h4qiRirf W -SHTPr ^ 7?W I, (ii) ?R v3'Hst)4f if «h4niR4f ^^ftcE '3TPfPr ^ RTSpr ^ ^ Weft 11 ?^T eM<’'i -aiftefi ^ WPT (13> RtRT

^ 1 (iii) ^ ^^raiiff if TOI; WT «HT T?en % 1 (n?) viNshnl ^ if 144) >iefti*i) % «h4qiR4f 3?RT if ftTW, WH 'STlt'SlRleq ^ *rPRT W -SHTPr W Wen %i

STReT if 3?fpT

ft' ffHtqi (Problem Relating to Audit)—«i4’Jt(4=h '3Htt)4l ^ •ST^Wn TPT: ?3 dH5h4T % 44)«q4 5m ^ fifPTT WW % eWT nTTef % *i5i4egi nffSPE

. - i^cf ftPFwir ^ 5m ?R ft itm b?f fearift a& wftf 11 ^ lirainr ftf cift wftr ti ft ft afÔT cift ^ inTR§fte?c!i w snnw

w ww li

6. 3f^?T®r ^

7. Wl'lef, W*T ^ 'ti*<i'4) mnw (Problem Relating to Cost Profit andPrice)—(j) flief'flft'h 3Wftf êST ftff^ % ft ^ ReT t-tr«E iJei ^ 'SIJRR^qgnff ^ ■appft (No profit No Loss) ^ ■STORqr fftyfRei ÊWT wfltr ^ ^ irT % ^TJHR m ^ ‘Pl4)f4d W^’ (Planned Profit) t ■SITOK qr ftraffte\ fttW WW t 3Tei-. ^ 3qTEftf ft c^t ^ftttft 11 (ii) ?q ^Vsfcftf qft 3eqT?iT ti'qlen’1 WW fft4f 3Wft # jjWTT ft sIgeT ^Rrai % I (iii) ^ 3HSh4l ^ 1441 \iqsb4l 3ft ejem ft 3^ -3443) PieiiflMieheii'H<;N«hel(

ll8. WR3T (Problem of Control and Public Accounta

bility)—(t) 3qsfiftf ft 3RW eET tR WIT FtW 11 ^ ft vjqSFT ^qftr TjJ313ftf ^ ft I H«4l3 RppWn ?»T ^qiEftf M3WJT 3ft 3^ 3ReTT ft I (ii) ?3

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9- aq»*n<til RW3f3 3it ^Tft3) flicf'JiPi'h

3e3%l 33 3T3e3?T WT ft >3Rj«hiR4l' 1(3 el3lfttfftl33f 33 35e3 331 TfW ft sfrl

WR3T (Problem of Technical Collaboration)—^Rlft ft?T ft 333)3 fftftsft el3)ftl3ft ti^ql'i ft rnifftfl f^ft 3ft ft I ^3353? ft

100 W3fJ3 5lft533W

lOI llgi&tsfgle bfpilh

^ k(«hCN ^ UtteSk (in) I Vi^lh (klt^ ^ lUhlb^ hitlj

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•BsiueSao J® ôj o? s® suotisaSSng) btaS ^ hub»B ^ hwiK ^ i

m<fea iiE ifei^

>|tbK kil^ Jt ili ^ 4^ jblBfi id I ^ blfel^ imS ^ 4^1 InEj?life

lyakP <b)tfc kbty(lt> Jik JK'l>>^hk. 4^ Jh^hp. lUS ^ ilt(MlP ijtli ki

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'lib 4js MGiS ^ I 4^' ^ ll^lfe>4k Ih 1^ % klfelH' Ikhlfe 't

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11^ life>itb>i» p|h^ ^ ^ Hh(g ^ luuiftSiMtfc (tbkP yitfe kfefriiif life jifibhp

01- l.ltJil^ ^ k(MlP 1 Mt Ifei^ k£k life l>(bllg' imS ifel-pillSJi 4561 'I

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(sasudrajira ^Ficinj fo 33UBittioj»j a^j SuiAaidini

JO) suoijsagSng) biis^ bi^ ^ iihtfe ^ Ubihaij ^ jh^hv^ irz

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14 44ik 44ib lltiwkj 4 4^ bbUSfe feb kPIffe 4 llttb.hS^ kdijy 0?)I 4 :ip>cto k-K>P Ih4kb >(kil> ifeb blk^ life kin4 Ub^hP bl^ ^ lkhl»» ^fe htjihP (l)-4 >itbK bi44 bikVkk E>^R tvip 4^ {ktwhP id-(suiaiqoJd Jaipo) l£^ '01

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kttihP

Ifek

2^

b(iSfe 4 mut

# I (iv) ^ % fir? ^ ^ 'i<s^ f«K*<ivfT^ ^nft’? 1 (u) '311'tiR^ ' ^ (Core Sector) % f^ RiÎh ^ ^sjmr ^ virfftfiflr? fW t?cR g^)iT % vjyi'i % ?nff §«hi54l ^ ?rara^ Ri^h ^ I

^f ^ ?nfî

2. ^ ^ ^ ■530^ (Suggestions as to the Management andAdministration)—fli44Ri«h vSHth*!) ^ U«J"6I tr^ 3I«R*nfin? f^ gSTR ^ ^-(0 ^ ^3Wif % «T|ld* if fe# iff iRff,

5121^ a'?iraf^ vjifychif) ^ Ri^cRi tfrpff ?nft’? 1 («) inrsw ^ ^nff?iit 5)r yfdRiRjc:j «n%t? 1 (in) *f'jsn tjff ^TTR^f % fir? t?«F ?Rr?«j>iT yPifn ^ -sraiT % ira^ %m 1 ?w tiSMrt «tiîR)^ trirnn, crarfRir ifHi?«f fttf [ci^l«(5i Piy,«Ki f^ >311^ ^nf^ l (fr) fif 'S4fh*tl 3^ 8^-3 ^ URTTO^Jiff ^ ?gcRRiT7?R ^ ^ '5iTf|i?i fiB# iff WIT m ^ fe^rrviflilT ^rftt? I

3. Pprf'rr ^(Jf PRhipT ^ ^ ^sii4 (Suggestions as to Project and Planning)—hRuI'JI’II RIhH % ^»qRya ^$)(c| ^ vj^rarff j^f ?i't»clril ^ fir? -îiqiiqct) (i) f^?ftiff jffjRT'Jlif 3lRn*f ^ ^ ^ (Feasibility) JUT "Hiff ?fiT^^ -araiJnT jbt finn Jfrnir ^nftt? 1 (jf) iff nftjfpjRr ciif ?^f|KT «r% % jffjptr -sTPfhr SRT ^ ^ 11^ ‘îwncnT ^srom fr^t w’ JFf tznn ^ ^ 'qrflt? 1(ill) ‘tRqf'Jt'll Rl*lRi % ^ i?jf rfJFft^ ^ SHlPT îJIT tJIRITTn%t?i

4. RiTfRi «J'qeqi ^ g,aiq (Suggestions as to Financial Management)—?^'3'TsPff ^ Ri^Rm FHTOiff % «T 'Jsqt’l ^ tjR|l?tjn «R?^ % fPîy ^ RrTgSTF^ f^ ^ |-(i) ^tfRr FJTT Rr#T WSRf %^ 3fpff I (I'l') tJTfspJ?

(Capital Structure) tr? ^CT-FHdT ^JJ'nrT (Debt Equity Ratio) RryfRs f«B3IT 'ifFTT- qif^ I (nr) FFBTT JFf JI? IFITF «BFIT qil^q f% ?iT ^JTfirff % fir? onJRJRi

Frar ^ (ii>)atw qji jzra ^ ■!( TSrR^rf^ ^ ^^ 3frff I

5. tffqd'ITq ^siiq (Personnel Suggestions)—^RlJifftl V^-U ^ yW'-'U ^ 55^?F iranr t—(i) ?W w ^RiRqa ^fqqÎTq ^fffrRT RitjfRd ^ tjn^ 1 (ii) 5h4^Riif, 5iftj*K4T i?4 gff Rtjf^ 3i|«Bf Jfl^rdT x?g arîr^ ^ amnr ir gff sfpff 5nf|T?i(iii) ■3ffr FiRT ^ NiHthH 4 q5i4<a q54qiRqf ^ ^f ItffHfrf % iRPT ^jfT% qiR4 I (id) 4PT '3nft(<FT J^f % «f3I% ^ fir? îpf, iiRt t?? SIcRTT■STST^R ^ dqj^fqil' ^ 3TS2RR f^JIT tiTHT xnRi? I (i>) '^?ft f4^lfff^ ^

^ gT%t? % JB^grM qjf '3tRjjbiM ^ 'StRjjb t ajftuE cm4 jir^ ^ fljr? ^

ITRiT ^f gafn

i

^ am^ %

if #3Ri fraiTd*«l'y

RR if gq’ 4f JBT

Fimr

6. 3f^?rT ^ ^ gaiq (Suggestions as to Auditing)—(r) Fiff FTJfjfRnp ijacbHf% % fir? 4 qr 5 >31^ 4fsf q^f FirRT ^ tjrijf qiflq tT?iT ?ii4 %4f^ JFi -31^-31^11 ^ra ^ 'OTâf ^ '3i^?r’T ^ g)i4 ^^far ajHi'^n^t? i (li) ^

102 >R<f?a

Tf ^ -FT^, m ^ ^ ^ I (in)TTo? 'H'lslm vflud 3fRi §T^*M1’ ^ tuchR ^ 1

(iv) ^ qcf ^ ^ ^ 5fRr ^1%^? ^Pi^f^ ■?R ^ aTFjh" ^ *ii«4H % ^ îpfr I

*nTcr if ^?ftn

7. 3F^ ^SfR (Other Suggestions)—(i) uiJ'^Pich '3Hst)*il 3RT <R53ff ^sH-SiffCRT ’JjST pi^fRd ^ ^ sfff (Price Board) W ^ 1^ ^TRT i(if) ^sqspfff 5^r Tj^ ^ ^ ‘g^m ^ ^ ^HJR ^ TtsIT gjFH) (Hi) 5IFT tT^ ««hK f^yfRo «t5t 3Ipft yiR,i{

UMstiHr ^ ?rf^ ^ ôi*il gi I (fu) FT '3Hst3*if ^ ?R)tntii ^ FI^gipf ^SiddT rrZTT FT^ U<;R gif g^f dlHlf^'b ^gi'Sff gif ?2IR ^ «3«ht nhyi3TRr grf^,gg fcigiRT =hi4sh*if ^ 3PRt^ jtt% gT ggfgr ^ftr gngr ytfît ^ffr ft ^ ggf'cT tiFiftr FT^T«y «Fr4f 'TTI^ i (ui) ftrg FTsFff ^ PR'^t ^ ggf

Ff^ Tff I, F% gr F? ^ % TFFF if FîkrTT t ftgR^fjgr ^ngr gif^ l g? g^f di4'aPi«h ^ggig (Bureau of Public Enterprises BPE) ^ #7T ^ gifttr I .

ff gpi^ft ^

f I (v) gi^^tRigr F73igf # ^3«-gpr

BH-g ^ âig (Suggestion as to Holding Company)—tii4'SRl'*g*g=g if gcp gFg’jj’f g? w gwr g?r ft 'SgsFgf % gc^g;

^ (^—ttIf gg §tMid, yjlgîi, îg, ^^ff^rgg, g?ftg f^fgK 'srf^) # ggr-ggr q=<y(^ch*^^! T^f WIHII

v3«chl g?iggi ^ ^ if gii4 grtgr grf^ i grgiiT grr giF^ % ?fgT giftg ggr sFg g’if giFRtgf ^ g*Fg if Pi'^fy ^ grr ft g>*g^ gif ’jjf 3iRig5K #TT giflq I Fff % ^ g? ^.^rrg ggr | gwr ggr ^ggrffgjHpff ^ gcg gfg g4 gif grgftr % flrq Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)%gK fen 'jfRT gil^ ggr gMt cpgRraf ^ grf^ fegiFT grr ^rgfgig mou % ^ngrr F fen igigt i

8. ^ggr

ch<4l yil^^ ggr ^ ^ q)i4<n g^ giFPtgf srggr ggFffFT ^ggitf

2.12 *IRrT ^ ^l<('»lPl4> viHshHl ^ (Development of Public Enterprisesin India)

FTT^ ^ if «i4'JtPiy) vjHit)4l gg ^ ggf^ gggif ggg ?f ggr gr, ggiPf Fnrferr git^ ggr ft 'i41'i)’ gg fegn ^nigg g^ % «i<iq< gr i ggg ggg4fg gfeir gtgr (31-3-1951) ggr ftt^ ^ 5 gT^btfer 3ggig ^ Di-tA 29 <h<f? ?>.^ "jjlf ?rjff «ff 1 1948 ggr i956 ^jHrfgff gif

gR tii4'jjln«h

tyisii gif grgPfen ^f g4f i ft^ nM^ ft Fnnnf gg ^ g^ ^ f4«hiti §3n 11 €tgr 40 g4 gsgi^ 31-3-1991 gif ^ ^ gfeifei Figgif gif g^ 246 (ferif ^ 236 gg^ I n«n 10 gg^m gff I) ^ ^,1 ferif, 1,01,797 grfif ^^f fci4inri 'jjfi ^nff % I tii4'jiPi'h v3H!ft4i gif 40 ggf «^f ft fegn-gigr gif t^T*g ^ ^TRfeif if g^rfgr w ^-

>777^ 37«foggwn 103

I

if Growth of Public Enterprises in India

Plan No. of Enterprise

Capital Emp. (? Crores)

Year

5At the commencement of I Plan1950-51 29 ■End1955-56 21 81

1960-61 n 48 9531965-66 m 74 2,415

6,2371973-74 IV 1221978-79 V 176 . 15.6021984-85 VI 207 36,382

84,869101,797

1989-90 VII 233

1990-91 Gap Year 236

Source: Department of Public Enterprises : Annual Report 1990-91. I

^rf<l'nPra ^ ^ (Growth of Public Sector)—^ 40 ^ ^^ eqiHch IqôR g-3JT %| 31-3-1951 cfH ^ ^ 5

^cfTl 29 ?nfr ^ I 31-3-1991 ^ tST'^ Hlj'jlPl'ch ^ ^ 246^ ^ 236

^ fttdic (Growth of Corrunercial AclivUies)-yi«l'4pl^ oHshnl ^ qiPit^ 'iIciRlyMl ^ ^ 2rrf^ Iq«iK g-sn ^ i i96i ^1 ^

405 5Eft? jfr 1990-91 1,18,355 ft ^ 11

^ 3f?I5H (Increase in Net Domestic Product)—1950-51yisbHf «EI ^ ^ ^ IJffK (NDP) 3% 3f?TfR m # 1990-91

?fwr 25% ft ^ 11 iraiR- ^ ;3?n? ^ f^r % gt*f ^ '31^6 li

1.UHfO*!

3'RCT1,01,709 Êitf ^ ijift ^ 5^ «ft I

1

2.

3.

<141*1

^41 t4T«h if (Increase in Capital Stock and Capital Formation)^ in#jfPi=f) st^r ^ tpf i^ftw

’ft RTft ^ 11 1960-61 ft ^ 16,377 ?Eftf li. m 4t 1990-91ft 1,00,000 5Eftf ftt ■3Tfil5i ^ ^ ft I aftrSRT ft fIT 3Rfft ft qf ft?T ^ ^

?€re ft 26% ft 37% ft ^ ft I ^ fftqH ^ ftsr ft ftt qrftsifticF ^ qir ql<i4i*i oRq-fl qfrqijft TfT ft | ifqftf ftt^RT ft ^ ftPTftf ft qf ftt40% sn 4t ftRRT ^ 3prT Bq? 47% ftr ^ ft I

ft^FlTT ^ 3ra^ ft (Increase in Employment Oppurtunities)— ft tlftq ft ft IRR qiftr ft ^ ft Rfrqgft tft’TTftt ft I 1964-65 ft ??iJWft ft ftq^ 4 ftPff ftt fl'JiOR UTRT €n I 1990-91 ft qf ftSTT q^ 23.05 ^ ft ^ |l

Iftqfir W*TT

4.

<141*1

5.\

qnqifT HfrlFlPR ft' (Increase in Exports and Imports Substitution)-tnftjrfftqi 13Wit ■ftq 'jrHiKrt i?cf ftqr>ft qil tJTff tR) ^^ ft, qft fqft ft oiftqj

6.

ft# q^5# ÊT ^ # ft iftqqir fft i^MIrTOTsEfl u-MK-l104 nmhj 3f*ftqqw7

Profile of Centre's Public Enterprises

1989-90 1990-91■ Units 1980-81 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89

1. Number of running Public Enterprises 211 214 221 226 236Number 163 201 207 233

101797f Crore 29851 36382 42965 51835 55554 67629 848692. Capital Employed 18207

62360 69088 81271 106069 118355 •f Crore 28635 47272 54784 931373. Turnover

4. Gross Margin (Profit before depreciation interest and tax) 8230 9897 11134 13438 16412 18510? Crore 2401 5771 7386

2983 3376 4150 7151? Crore 983 2758 4866 57905. Depreciation* 2205

6. Gross profit before interest and tax 6984 8572 10622 11359? Crore 1418 4628 6521 85723565

3115 3420 3595 4167 5329 7539? Crore 1399 2086 25297. Interest2172 3101 3389 4405 5293 38208. Net Profit before tax ? Crore 19 1480 2099

1330 1452? Crore 1190 1000 1329 1411 15049. Tax 222 1239

1172 1771 2060 2994. 3789 236810. Net Profit after tax ? Crore -203 240 909

11. Internal Resources generated (Gross) 5068 60X4 6947 10774 11372? Crore 1225 3278 4251 8915

2.7 3.4 3.7 4.4 4.5 2.312. Net Profit (after tax) to capital employed

0.8 2.5Percent -1.1

• Includes deferred revenue expenditure. Source: Economic survey 19901-92 P. 20

Mfne

OiA

V

ctX'll TfcTT ?IT I 1965-66 ^ 5RT 'JMlRn ^^3ff %«ir3ff cRT Pi<<fcl35 oRt? 8IT 3it 1988-89 *f 5,123 ^ ll lri%5IfT ^^ ^ SWTf gJT ’IPT 3it 1970-71 if 12.3% 5JT, 1988-89'if27% ^ ^ 11

STMcT alrl^lHH % if TjqcBiff SRT ^ if inft W ^ 73R,4<;i«f, ifTff iT?ffT, ^FTTcT, 78TT ^TFTlIt, 'fl«s«ii<l fel^flfî^TT ^TT TfT Dn«hl ^TFTTcf stKll

^ gff ^ JR qit ||

7. ^ ^ f^<»)iti ^ (Helpful in the Development of Smalland Ancillary Industries)—1970 % ^ «i4'JtPi«h ^ i^Jffl&N«8 vatil'lf ^ fjJJRRT if -SRRf iTRJTJ^ f^'Hiql 11 tUcf-ilPlcb >39sbHl' %(Bureau of Public Ei\terprises) % ^ ^S'TsRff ^ fe?IT if f^Sfl vutl^ I tir^-JiPith ^’TsRTf SRI RT ^ '^^ff <BT \ioiK'i if^ %JII jfTilT ^ ^ if %JIT vfT ttctifli 11 -SlIoRtKi htJvJiPich vJH{h*il SRI ^ XRf ?r&N* Jjdfiff «l5f ^ \Jliq«q«n 0^)41 Chl yq-yc^lq ÎfRRT ^ ^q^REI chfl4l JjTlfff 11

8. R®! ^q>i^qT ^ ^ uePiiqj (Helpful in the Rehabilitation of Sick Units)—HT^JFliirai 'SHfhHl SRI R^RR J^f RRRIT ^ ^ ^ ifRS'jyf »jp|chi

3fRff I) ^ Jl^ fim SRI 3rT% F«I if flrai 3fT ^cBT I fRIT JRjrffT R WII aRf %Jir vfl ^ It

»Tn (Helpful in Reducing Regional

gsiîRîjiiîfj^finftt^ #sjffiraiDisparities)—tlRf'JiPiqi vjwff Jiff t<iiH'ii^ t gq ^ iir% vilT^ 11 ilRf, 1977 if %R, ^sim WÎT iRZI

^ 1*1 tffiff cRf Ply§i ^ ilPIT tilRIT 1^) if ^Rsliiff ^ PiPiqlPfla^R*T ^ 41% ifFT f^fipit^ra tlT 1 ui4'!lPiq> ^ ^ ^llif VTii'ê—

f^raif ipf qltfclO #TraRqiW

ftl5| ^ ^ 3)f iRfr |ltUlHII

10. (Profit Generation)—JraPi tSRsRlf 5^ ^m*ll cjR 5®I J3^JI*1^ % cRIT vPI^ -31^ BHlf^J^ qifqrqf J^f ^ ^Jrf q><*fl ?lfff %, dyif^ W

WI ^ f^ «lir^lP^=h Rff^ I fRR ;3il% SRI BWT JRf ^ vIPT 5ITRT ^ 11.1989-90 if 98 w4oi{ipB JJwff 1959.09 giflS fl. flf^T |t 3Rf% 131

^vipRh UqjRiff cfif 5740.82 JIvd? fl. «FI ^ ^TRI g3fl I 5RFR ijqupff ^ IRORI ^ ^RJfiR ^ 3781.73 ^Rt? ^ ^ ?rm UIRI |3IT1

I

I

I2.13 Î'f’JiPlth ^ (Profitability in Public Enterprises)

v3MJ4>*n ^ ^ 'hK''! ?raT ^£IRR*Rr (Causesand Remedial Measures of Losses/Low Profitability in Public Enterprises)

ai^f) lill4'jlft«b dHffiH 5lfir if StT 11 vit tjiTfh*? ^ if W ’ff tI I, ;3^ tTRURtR ftvft R'RKRf ^ ^RT ^ ■stc^’U Pi**i % 1 5SR S? Njortl % ^flT q4l %? ^ffl ^ vjinqi ef)K«( 11 ?Jlif ^ ^ 5f51S JBROT fipT WT |-

i

■f

106 *in<]l’i SJtfoetdtîii

1. PralT’T. ^ .ijltn'ju]’ (Defective Structure of Price Determination)—^5RT fefT vilcTT %, UTT

f^rafftci ^ vTW elfeR 3i1ylPich wra’ tpf (Bureau of Industrial CostsAnd Prices) 3171 fen vfTdT ^ I 571 srt PiyfRd 7FPT

Tpf 3iid?q«tiai'3ff # ’ft sjjR ft WT ^npn I ftft, nfeifeK sfe cr) ijn =iRft % fej '3TFr ^ ■3iiq:?qct)ai,' 7PTM ^ nfftT =pff =|5) îq^qqjdift, vjH.ftl'i t(ftfer'T % 3fft ft 'Stiq^qch qRqJd I fH 5t«f)rT 3171 'JcsiRdftnr^ 5>T TRftfeB ^TOi7 *77 IftyiRfl fen vmn ft, mfefeF 'Sinnc n? nftt i ?7inn nfew n3 ftftn ft ?n -jHPbft) ■sifttR ^ -srift vjcHi^f ^ TigRicT nrTi nff ft) qnn ■3ft7 giRr Tjspft q^ftt ft i

2- ctlPlfetf) ftl^l-Tli ^ Tffti (Dilution of Corrunercial Principles)—vJTSBftf ^nnRT7 ^ TirofeB fttfeft ^ <571 îrft gn ticr inm ^nmr fti w wi

^dchi dftiW’i tiHil^q) t^ft tMÎd«h Rt-si'dI "77 fen ôndT ft, cqiHK t(ft -jejI'i % n7 nftfi ^ iraiR 'SriRlft) arsnnn JRiwncft «Fr ^ sr vnftf fti

3. "n™! 5<7il§ftl' 5)T *n7 (Burden of Sick Units)—dtqiit ft îftcR TRif ?«FT?ftf ^3fRnjftt?r 5)7% nr nt 'Fft 3T-n 7ifeifft«F §q)i§ql % Tim fen fen ft ^rsnn 3% 7«i7pn WT ft Tnftjffei) ;3WT % M ft 7I3T ft I ?n'?5)fet nn erpni3 tritcPt feft Tmft nft TfesRI cFPR nftt %vjnsFT fftTRTTjRTF ferfft ft n?T 7ft ft I

4. nfeftjR RptH ft ftft (Delay in Project Completion)—Tnftnfel) '3H5h*il %ft HR: nn w ft fe ?w RrW nnft ftr ftfefr % 3137^ nftf ftt mm 1 ?7fe nfeiRTTren 3ift5) TPTTmft mmn ft) mftt ft, ftft—(i) mRifem mm^n feiffe tpr n7 mTTn nftt ftt mm, (ft) nfftfem nft mnn feftfei mnn ft 3ifsnR snftt ft 1

5. ftf^mffn TPTTTnft (Persormel Problems)—:% TPmm ft ftt 3Tftm dHWift mft tftR ft i wnft ft ^ 3373 TRTmft fen mFK ft-(i). gfeitfei ftferjfn g«RT mr shtr i (fi) ^fenr, nfenfeft ir 'SifeRifeff 3n«j§n5)m

ft 3ifen I (Hi) ^ nm?feR ttr n7 mft tpr mn n% mr Tmftf nft 7?m 1 (in) 71%^ 7717 (370151 fe nrnn Tfemn) n7 mn: ias n pcs 3iRichiR% %f fft^fe 3Tifft 1

6. mft ?lRr (Heavy Losses)—3Tft5) TTfeifeF 3'lfbH mft BTRt ft tRlft ft I 3TW3r %t isls«t)< 9R: TPft nwft ft n3 filft ^nTfe TPimr, nmsj tr fenmn % 3imcr %

feft fti

niTn ft nsfe

ft

57R7 ftl ?n §q)i§ql % 3TRniFn % ^17''! # 3TftcR TlfelfeF

TRiTn mmn7. %t

ft ?mfr 3TfeF t«ii41 ftjft vpft ft fe mrft 37fft-3pfi5)7'n %) 7R7m mmn ftfft viftf ft i(Problem of Over-Capitalisation)—37^5) Tnftnfen misfiftfTtHTm

?7r% nfeiFTTnM’ ?n nrnFft ft ’jjfr-mnR 3T3mn (Capital-output Ratio) 53 mmftmn nm ftt mftt ft i 5n mimft TPiTm fer mRftfft mmn ftfe ft—(0 nfftftmr feiW nft 3iûm ft 3TfeF mmr (a % fel 3715177 7R qidNIrt ^ 075757

757557, (iv) 37T5355)m ft 37^757 575m 577 felfe, (u) tl'q-q 577 37^51 iPicb ^575 377fft I

T775

sjTTffe S7£/aR7«n 107

*rRft if (Undxie Political Interference) —ti 14'fl W ’ft % ^ vJTICTf ^ TJef if TTjpftfft^) %II

'S('1Ni!‘4't> ^ ft tpTft ^ I HI^'‘ll*ttq«H ft ^ ft jft’jftl

ft iTlftl ■3Tf^J*|Rt|f tft <M4l(rl4) t ?FI7»r m ftt ftft ’Tfft t ft! qiPiP«4ch fft^rftt ft -SigM ^ ftft I

hR^si*i, vJiRitt) ?Prar, fli^ ftt îqii ^ '«Hiq (Lack of the Spirit of ^

Hard Work, Greater Efficiency and Enthusiasm)—«i4'flPiqi 5irftr ^ I Fift iftm, isiftra? ?praT ftl ’tprt ftr ^ fft^Tim- ll Ff ^3tfftTf if ^ ^ ftftr ftsi^ ftcR ’Tift ftf ’TPRT ft Êlft ^ |l'dtRjeblft ^ ^ inn^ (Dominance of Officers)—wftjffft^ inftft ft 'SftftSFlfftft <Bfmrra ^ w 11 ft ftftr "jft trcf ?qpT ftr ’iprt ft ^ =ftf giT qift li JFift'ft gift ^ T? WT I, fftinr 1ft RrftTft w wm li

8.

’ft?

• 9.

10.

ism)—Ijftft ftl Tfftt Êlft Tn«hH ^ 3rfft«Frfftftft 3Rr fft^ STTctT ft I ?Hft wft ft 'H'liqiiqq, ^ ^pff % | qil^ '3|Ift«hlO ft giTTft ’Sifftîft ft gm sfft ftjf ft ^rrft ft^ gr ’Sncft-^nft ft ftift ift^'j^’TftfftrgicTTftiîftiiRftffl-ftrftcTTftfft ?r«f ft ^ ft ftfr ^^TTÊlft ^<Rlft Tlftt WT gr Iftftf ^ ft Mlft ftl

12. titiiM-iV ^ ^r^-fqqlei (Under-utilisation of Resources)-TnftftftR Jtilft ^'Jlctj'Tt ^ ft fft vbsjlft ft ftpT TlTVftf W fftftftftr Ift^lT ^TlrTT ft, yHsjif’jH’ ijgft’T ^ ft qpTT ft I ^ ^?Tr3ff ft ft ft ijijpr ^rrft Rraft m so% ft40% ft ftl^ ft :3qftPT JR gift ft 1

13. flicf\iiPiq> fthft ^ g^gftW (Mis-use of Public Funds)—TlTftftft^) •Jafft ft ft ’jft cT’Ilft ’jgft ft, ^ 3FTcTT cBr EFT ftcIT ft I ^ ^ftiff ft ^ <3TfilcB ^ ^Rlft jflft

ft ftr W fftfftft’T «f)r hjjfqa viHqlq ^ ft grai ft, -SRf: hRîh 115 ft^ ft1ft vlRTT ft ?FT «Br fljRld UgftpT îft ft gpIT ft I ftriJT'Sft ift 51% ftr TTTtnT’JT HloRftf ftr 5)T-’fK ft ^ ft TTfif cRft qsftr ft t

51T ^shft ftr tjir gftcr ft 'dM'-ET ft IftTft «Rft gcj gtJHftftFI. sIThRi ftift ft 1551 tir, “Fiftirfft^ ^ ft ^ Rifpft ■snsmftf ft ftftft I 'JHshHl ft ’3lWl fftllT ft, -apiT 5ft FT5 '3PTOF ift ft tRJT «I§rr ft j^thH vSftRTcfgnfft iR ft fti”

irafft FiftrifftcF utnuftf ftr cTT’TiRrn’ fftjfr NjHshHl' ftt if arciRr Rrtîfrpr ftr ft, rraifft RPR 3Tft 115 iftt ft Re R1 ftr mM IR ^ -gifftti I ’TTTH ftft RllRFSlftr ftjr ft

5=T IR RFRr Hexq’^xf FTP! ft I Rift afiRitq ft dH-lT ft ftPH ^ fftft ft—

1. ffl'4'4ppE i3wft ftr FaNn cipT-^3îr ftr %iR ftf ftr Riftr 1 srtt rt ^gsfiftf ftrIR ’JFDftiT ftllR FPRRTT ft 'STFIR <1? ilftf fftlJT RTiR I

2. FlftftftlF ^3’Tsrpfr ftr FHRIT IR 5^ USjftsir FWli^«b Hftf ftt ’jf^ i^r ^ 5R1T fttcIT ft I SRf: Rlftr h'+imai W iRft HRiT Rift SIR IJWST tiHiRi^ cuwri iTT ftt

■ f^RR feir RTR RlfttJ I

11.

tiqxTini

108 wnlq

3. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^nff ^ ^ ^ «i5t virRfr% I ÎcT: 5*1 =*11 T^HTlf^ % I >3H5h*il % ^WT w ^ ^ ’^f s!jR If -m ^JTHT

4. *rTft ti'<^*ii^«h 'ieil'il ^ (Gestation Period) 'jy'l'il cS) 3^HTt HFT: ^ ^ I OTPfr ^ ^ ^c^FT (Early Return) J}?f ■3TTSn ^ ^3IT ticbfll ^ I

5. *f g5f ^feiT ’R Rt wr am cfr ^ I ^ ci>4’jiR4l' ^ ^TFT MiaNId el5t Îqyi4 «h<l*1l I

t TOfn

’Tte

2.14 Pi'jîX'’! (Privatisation)

«i4'nPi«h ^ ^ OTPt ^ vsyl*?! ^ f, f^*i4 \j<hii;'1 % 5fFT: ^4) tiiy*il FT TIWT cET WiIhcci Piqsiui ^tcTT % I ^ ^ \3y1‘i ^ vsyl'if ^ ef)?^ ^ i^*i4 vjrHi<;*i % FR: Tt4t TTFRf ^ Rlf^ tpf Piq-^Mi ^Tjff vjal'nIflqT % ?ra) ^t?(T 11 ^ ^J^fFT ^FFET t«liPtrF Sf^FT: F(«bK % FZT ^ ?tc[r ^ IR 3TSFT: Niyl'nfa^t ^ ?FTf ^ %, ti'y'W ^ ^ 'jrftF f I

fÎyft W 3I?f (Meaning of Private Sector)—^ 'jrHKi % TTFFit FiT wifn?^, y«(*-i| tjcf ^JlfP

t<ji4*ii %jit vjyl^Hniq)' SRT Fit viFfr tf tff ^ FiT IqPiql*! «ET^ f, T«FT ^FRF 5R^ FF TFIFFT FiT^ f, F?IT ^Fl% eTFT F ^

RF 'iTlt<;i4l ^ I FT^ ^«chi 3f?f ^1? ^ ^lul'isid j«FTT fîTfT ^ -SFFTT FiT^^ FFFF ^ 11 FtwfqFjdl ^ FF % TFFilT fâff FT FFfFT T^ I ^ FF

-aFFtt *(11041, f FTTT ■^r ^ TI%I

FTT FFFT iowh'f ^ FF FiFT ^ THEFT ^ FlfFl ^ \ial'il F^ FiF^ ^ f^FTEISTF^, TTFFFT FF ftFF^ TTTFTlf) PTF'S FF ftFF^ ^ 3TtftF^ f^j)T ^SFtFFfrJFf FRI ^FI COrTT % I

^ ^ 3'*^ (Merits of Private Sector)—Pi41 ^ % ar^FiT Ft^ (4*14 ^

JF FFFT t-1. Frf^ Fft«ni tr^ Flf^ 5TFTIT ^ TTTF’ FTPf ^ ^ tcP? FtrTnFF (It Encourages

to Work with Efficiency and Greater SkiU)—pToft ^ FiT TTFTPlFT FFTF’J’f TTTR FF I ^ vlFplFf FF «lftF?i, ^ ^ 3Tftl^ 5TFcTT FF F^^ Fft?R ^ TTTF FTHf FR% % %F FtrTTTFF Pltjldl tl FF^t arpRE ^ aiPHE ^TR «EFT% % aq^sfF ^ arftPETR.FiHf

FiF^ t affr «fftFT arfliFT % arf^ tiRyPi* ftft fr% ^ ^j^sf % arRHErnr cEnf FiTFT FIF^ 11

2. acMKFidl FF FTFTFF (Increase in Production and Productivity)—^^tETFT FTF^ t, FTHR fRfR

^ TRft TTTFFt FF arfij^TR viM^l'i TRF ^ FTTIT ^1 FTI% FFfFT ^ 'Îl4l' % Pfltiti TfTFT % ^ SFfTFF ^ 41 FTP#

IFiTFT

gsj4t FF fRhe Fpff t arRicF % îRitE ^tfctt % Fn4 FF FtFT ^ % FTFTFF fR’FTFTFM 'STFIFFiFTife ^ % l

3. TfTTR*ff FIT at^êlTR TTFFIf (Maximum Utilisation of Resources)—f^(4l ^ FF FF) FFtF'j4 TPT FF % FTT4 iiTFRM % TPff TTTTTFF! FF SlRlFFTF sjj^lddi % TTIF THFFlF to FTITF f I TTTTTFFf FFFTtt4tFPTai«fFff^to ^FTTF 11

«777#r aT^RFTFT 109

^?T[^ ^ Î'ld (Minimum Cost of Production)—«qqî ^

Ni'Mi'id ^ Tnft «fiT 3ifuq>a*i Ida«qqai ^ 'jHql'i ÎlcTT

I', nR'Jintqwq >jni';^ ^ vii'W 3n^ l 3?TR^ 3)f dMin ^ -311% ^3’T*ft=RTT'3ff ^ qtgi^ t(«f ^qit; yFqn •^(ru 'TT \5'M^ «hti4l jIT ^ |

’jif)’ Pidf"! ^ ^ (Higher Rate of Capital Formation)—Rpjff ^ ^ î^PTfoT ^ :?T ^ ’ft ^ ^ 11 ^ 31^ 3TPT cET 3rf^Rif?T ’TFT

5it%9T f rnf^ ^ ^ 3T’7% 3T«RTFT ^ ^ ^dRlPiq'lI^d ^ 3ftT STf^FE 3M «E’T1 TT^ I til*(T^ 'll'lRct) '(ft % 3iRjch qqi^ ^ q^Rl^l cET^ ^ Tllf^ % 3PT%

sf^ % fiFT .3Tf^ ^ 3Tf^ d*qra fjt? Tl% I ?TT# ^ Pt*ihl «l5t ^ ^ fttft

’TTTtr if -Jdtn 4.

5.

Il'jitRgq <JlRif^qadi TT?^ ^T% % x^rtiied (It Encourages to Bear Risk and Uncertainty)—Rrrft ^jul'i SFRÎT ^ ^ftferr 'JiPiRqaai TTF^ ciit

cRTq5|- ylrtliei f^Tlfll !■ I viul'inRl 3FFft vji^m ^0^ iRcIrfH ^FTT

^ ^yt Rl«h(^ 'Si^fl'uw 'IT Mqt'M ^3ItT ^ ^ 1 'J'^qji \5?TT? 3F?J c^t ^?RT

# 3Tftra % ;3TftlcE ftcF ^1 RFlfM ^ vffyR TrTT # ’ft TET^T ^ 11

3nftf^ fqqiid t?? TPjfe (Economic Development and Prosperity)—Rrjft vjyt’l ^ Tra% ^TFT ?TT Wqwi % STSfoRRyT ^ t^5>RT 3R5i?i ^stdl

^ m ^ 11 ^ 3T%^ ^ 3<I$FJ| I ^ ^3TTyR qr 3TTfe TT^ qrqr qft |i

yfdqlpRii (Free Competition)—t^T^t TpTpl ciR^yi cEl 1(5) 3R^ ’Tfryjj’t ?rPT q? t SlriqlP'iai ^ 3TTSTTT IT feqft ^ l flT “iqt«Ji ^ 3FT7?5)f,

fciiiai3ff TJcf \iHHl«Ki3ff, Tnft if 3TTW if yfaqlPim ^ ’TTq'ii qi^jt ^nift ^ I ?ifT ‘iN'ii ^ ^T % 3TTf^ Ri=hid 3RqRr Ttgiudl pTeicfl % l

6.

7.

8.

Pt^ft ^ ^ 3Tqyq (Demerits of Private Sector)-3J^cEf 3T4^llRy4f W f^tlKcbf % Rfjft

# 3T^ «qlckiq|' 5)t Ftt^fjyl'i ‘qqryr 5)t 5)^ 3TT?ft5qT ^ 11 '3^5)1 Chi’ll

qftqn qr fftlqn ^fFft % sFft ^ qfr q^jfxf qft q?iqr Pram % i fn myrm % 3fq5'q ^ SFER I-

I 1% ITT cqqW

3n^ £FT 9)1 fl<i)fi'‘i (Concentration of Income and Wealth)—Pfjft 215^91

t 3TRr XTcf ^FlPr ^ ^tPra #qf ^ ?T?I if ^ mrft 11 «Ffr TTPI #T 3iPFE ^ 3iT% I mn qM ^ 3ffT 3tPfe qft9 ^ li

mf-fl'uof (Class Disputes)—Prrft ^

mqryi % mira ^ qqf if f^qiRid ^ mrn l-qfPi Rq 31%, 35P19) rr^ >^StqPT 1 ?q qqf % 3iiHti P 39RI^ f t^RFET hRÎI^ 3f|eilP)«l) Tfq^, ^scim qq ?t^

1.

9)1 q5) q^rq'j'f qtq 9f ^ % ?tt2. mqfqT

tl

^ 3tRl9RFI mqiÎ9) qro ^trft (it does not EnsureMaximum Social Welfare)-?!! aRRSTT 5)1 q5) ’F’ftl ^ 9? t 3tPI5FFTTTFnf^ d’^Rd cA’, qiPq q#f ^ qpff 11 ?!t rnmyr if 5Tg3ft qzf ??TTqq^ cffqt ^ Riq Rbqi ^ndi ^ ^ Prq ^jq^rq 9R% ^ dn^f qq Titqf

3.

IfO q79J?q 37*/5q5!=qT

»TtTI hRîh ^ ?tcTT % y^ HFr ^ THFR cl5f Ri<7iiRi<ii3Tf ^ vjh^R'i

tR ^ ^ ^rff^ ^fRr 'iiH'f! 'SRRy^Rn’-sTf 5^ *ft’ ^ ^ i^ ^ TW ^ ^ (It does not Protect

Consumer's Sovereignity)—?^ % vjTm'Id viul'NRl ^ ^yr-SltcRT vJ'NliiH ctiRr yr?^ ^ fcfshq % 3iRjq)dH cTHT «IM ^ I ^ q^-STf■^-aff ^

5. f¥ ^ ^ HTP^ ^ (it does not Ensure RealEcortomic Development)—'Aylq'nfd Riff, aiTyR^, dlPlRicfi vjqlyl iffiiRrat^pr 5)RT ■îfr v=n<^ %5it Ryrtj, w'^k ^Rranj anf^ i^ tyraff ^ anny # ^sr cr anf% f^cR^r ^ ^ i'

6. \i(iRftj) u(R«<<ai ^ (Economic Inslabilit)' and Unemployment)—f^Tsf)gspT cqqtcjt ^ aiiRRb aiR«)<dT %dantT% cft vPT Rtcini % i «fqt<ji if qiîK ^ ^ ^ qiK>'i dldfqqi aÎPr?FT t rrai yâff

vjîqxR ^ ^ t (

7. yfrJÎPldl ^ qiK”! uis«tq (Wastages due to Competition)—Rr^t ayl'i sqqt«ji % aprPfrT yfciylPldl ’TPjt ancft % 1 ^ yRiqlPldl % 'fiR'T at^cl^ RdiqdR cR aiHojq t«t>tn atrar % l Rigni tj«f f^lEy yq^d ÎT ti’diyn ^RT fliy 11

4. f?r «qqwi

|lyff affr % arfspp sypr ^ ^'SMiqn

qy âff ^ ’ifif if «ft apyftRr

^ ^ !^ ^ ?n4vrf^ ^ ^t (Co-Existence of Private and Public Sector Enterprises is Essential

for the Real Economic Development of a Country)

RrO w=fjiRra3 ^ ^ otRi ^ 11 qiwf^qxii ^ yf t FT5>7 W-aiRd^ ti‘ii'1 RRBRT ’ft TI^ 4i Rrt aTRRf aM?y^ % l ’TRtt tqq)id^[|<n ^ff % rit y? ^ ’ft at^Rp RRy'j’f ^ arrar |i ’rnrfty attfarg^ ft ft ^ ^ Rrept # wm

yyr 11 arur ftR ^ ft ^ ^ fty ^ ariRfe gyfft ^ ftf^ yft rtrt «Rft ft aTFTT 'iew'iyf ybRR ^ 11

’TTft 'Tidily RFTy ^ fty aft ftft yft § tph fty y’ft ^jyPT, 'w ft OTftiyT5 Riftt fty ^ Iftft yft 11 ?Rft Rty ft fftft ft? ft ;3ifftff crt fftwr Rrfsft tr«*« STR ^ STIR ll

fftjft tjy diJ-dRiqi, ftft fty ft >su1'Ti ^ y?-aftftiTy ft^T ft r^Rpt arffiftp Fqqnti ft yfranr yypT yRdT % I ftrynr ’nff tiRqn yift yyr yryifttai ft jyl'if ftr Fnfftrr cRftr I, ftft y?a;, sfifttcf, fifty, ftyrr, ■qf Fyirr, y#T fftyfft qf wyfftp ^3fty arifft i ^ aftr fftft

u't’R'wi ^ ft) fyiFn yqft f i ttrett ftftf ft ftft ft Rftqt ft fftFiR ft fftq arraTT’ja '^raraft a? ffaro a^ft 11 Fift arwyr q^Rn: arr^ yftft ft wf ft qRiq '^yryqft qq qyiy fftrqy qjt Rnqrfftq ’ft qty ^ft «Rqft f i qr^qr ftr y? ’ft ftqqr ftyt I ift anRRs arqftnqTaff ftf ^^qqq fftyr qr qft qyr f?r ft qftt ftifty) qyr, wi^-* qy PHfty qqiyft aq

qdi

vRfty sjifsmefT 111

«imT 'if fT aw ^ 3T1^ FlfW xpi ^ «l4vlPl*^ ^ ^ ^qlipf giT ^HM f«IWr 3ri^«)l4 I' I

(^■41'hi''! ^ 3T?f ^ (Meaning and Forms of Privatisation)—Pi^ '3IT?Pt til4'JiPi'h ^ fl*^Fd4f ^ ^ FT ?^nmR(i ^ I ^ if ^ -SR cT«F fli4'flPi'h

N3H5h4f ^ vjawf ^ a%$T «fR% ^ ^ wff ^ tit«f)?r WIT 11 Pi'41'ht'Ji % 3T%F M ^ t 'Sify'^d f44joi WHT (To Appoint

Franchise Dealers), ¥*^Pl a^ TT ^ (To Give Assets on Lease), ti*^Ri ait TT ^(To Give Assets on Contract), ^Sawf ait f^Tjft ^ if 3ijj*ifa âr (To Permit New Enterprises In Private Sector), «i4'Jifnch ^jawt ^ a?r 'Pr^ ^

(Divestiture) 3llfe I ^ hi4'JtRi«t) 'Jaa^ff ait ?FFTT ^ Piaft JJaaFlt at 1%TT (girl'll Pl41a)t‘'laa ^nr# a^ra'j’f ^ 11

2.15 ^Kcfl*! ^ ^ 3flT 'ii«iqi 441 *1 'itlq'lPldfiidHshril ^ (Move Towards the Privatisation of

Indian Economy or Role of Public Enterprises in New Industrial Policy)

Pi^lcbpa ait 1977 ^ flr^ 1sft 1 ?# % wr ^ f^chRid aa f^chw^ftri if PrStaiTa ^ STTaaaajar ^ an% ^ntf 1 ^ âfi "a? ^n^âa %aT aar yi4'dPi4>

^ at a^?a % ^ if aaratwr t?a ri^triaa ait aaraar if îT^jiiâi % Pi'Jil'fK''! ^ afîai aTT**T ^ âit % 1

4ko ^ fra ^ % aaf if Pr^taraa aif aîar arp^ ^ Faâftaj âaiaf % al^ ■arraitfar if tfR-sift ^ a^ft wfr 11 PrsftaiTa ^ f^n t ^ 3??t ^ Pft aw f-

^ wft 11 aarn’ ^tpnra

^Rairtt ^ ^ aa ârora (De-Reservation of Industries for Publicr, 1056 if Biaaft ^ 17 v3sfPr wf^ a% ^ cWT

1.Sector)—'

Prift ^ air witt ar ^ ft vs^tat # Pr49T aR% t^t aijaPr aw ait init dti w 8 tjgpi ■ft 'FI aw wi^ 'ait #ti w Fiwfi ^ % 1^ %aw wîTtat ajT ^ -anwi aft gr^rr tia hihR* |fe ^ 'RFia^ li

Brantt, wwr ^ (Divestment of Government Equity)—'d(a>Hacfara hVh)1Ri41' ar îRfuir an^ air Ri'^fq ^tar ^ 1 'fli4'JiRiai ^ ^ safaf if rpft araaft war % ijar ara. ait aif, fsRfta aFarat, wr ^rgr wrarff ^ ^ air f^vfa ^rar w %i

Ri'J! ^ ait Mi'flttid ait ar^rpTWr (Preference to Participation of Private Sector)-'3RfaiaFaT % 31^ Tfra^ ^ ^ ^ #r arpT^ wftard ^wtRw aa Rcvtrr w I» fra ft if 'frw % tjTff ^ araara ^ -if f^fjft ^ ait anaf^rT f^tar f 1

2.

3.

'4141 Riqi diid’Ri'q aft ttHl'rt anar (Abolition of Industrial Licensing)—a4tWT ^ araai^ ^ stsar waa Fr4t 'Saaiaf ^ Pia aftdtPiai di^tffr

4.

snra a)<4 ^ aiRiqi4di aaira air ft aft f 1 fa^ aRara^raa ara aataaf^ aiw afa ^ arjaa araraa atr^ aar tjanaa aaar air PraiR aiF^ Farpa ffif I

112 vmk

*nT<r if TOtn^ 'R ft^SfT PRR5pr ?SRT (Removal of Investment Control on1969

5.

Big Business Houses)—'(MRTP Act) % ^ ^ TWf ^ (l985 t

«IHR «4)st&K

100 ^Rtr? ■?!.), % %, MRTP ^ ^ M 5BT OTI ^ ^t '37^ yw % yftC’-ti ^yr i^RiRT tr^ Rif«iuai ^

^ % 3FiPf?T 71? TfPlT TRIT ufcRR^ ?3r '>1% 11

^ (Policy Relating to Sick PublicEnterprises)—jjt (114^1 Pph vjM^hn shiyil TTpr ^ ^rof ^ fPIT t^l4) ITTf^TrfcT ^3^ 7^1 71^ TiWTT I, JTBT^ tlTT fcR^TT J^tPPtW

(BiFR) ^ #T% m Mtt w 117j? 4^ ^ ?7Fi?qf ^ j^h^hN <smr^ 'STPRTJ^ Pp^fq t

oi4'»iln'»> '4Stt>*tl ôf Public Enterprises)-•pj) ^ 7J5 Pi'4q I^RI ÎTU «i4''iPi«h ^TTR^Tf^ ^ 7H cii(4d4i ^ vsiaT3*iw if Tiri^ 4,^3WT ^ -sr^ ?rwt ^ yr<T ^ tiî

fll4'i(ft'f> 'SMthnl ^ P»o4i<n 4f ^fein ^ y41ti (Efforts to Improve the Performance of Public Enterprises)—tii4’flr4«h MMsuql ^ Pi'JHU'I ^ ^TJtT % 1^ Tj? yqi«14>7it ’rm % ?7T ^HSh'if 4? yq^y trI afir wtrrit irpt ^ ttsit

^ pP? Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) PfwfRo fiCTI 'fli4qj) MOU TTH? ^ Rgcb? yT 7^ î4411

6.

^ ^nr (Improvement in Management System7, “lqT«Tr

IMIFI

8.

2.1,6 ^ d'lsftHt ^ (Future of Public Enterprises in India)

*tnfT ^ ^ .4«hid ^ ^rai<{R^, ^rrtt TTRRRR^ 7f>l (4«hlt< TfR^ cRIT TPTRT 7J^ ^71 rfr vjytjtey

7RTi% % ^fech>[ t i%3n w m, ^ t^^THlRTf? antllT ctTflT ^ îT %, ?Tr *ftf% 4“ yRsRf’i SIRT T^PTlfitTF I’l ^Tlt, Piql^nn 5)RT ^ 43 7t4f ^ TTTTfjff^ NSHSbHf ^ *rpf ^ fcpfr qiyitf IJef «*IwiQ ORHdtfrfjHf % yr y?*iqrqcfc ftp? tft ^pn | tfRrt, tii4'»iPi«h '3yst)*il ^ 14^41 Pha ti%% ^ ^ 'Tf^ 71# 71# (g#lH TR7T tf 1,00,000 # :s^\ #T ?TT Tlfllyt TRcKR TKT yiRT grar Tpqm W7T ^ T?T # ’R aiTTRrtTf) # Wl4#, tii4'fll^«h 'iHsh‘1 vRTtraR®!% TTTRT ^ bl4#^'tj ^ Vl^«4# 7B?Tf^ I % VIRT # VJ -^Wif ^ ^ OTRT # 5^,1)

f^firoiRTF tRTqiSeJ),

# 7p}) f4i ?7T

# OTSITSfr 7# ^ ^ t >54 ^ % f#i>^ ■# I ?R TT^ giR#R'RT 7# -STRITI RRg irraR 314 71?

2.17 ^ 15^ ^sTl^ • 4f^7( (Small Scale and Cottage Industries : An

Introduction)

• 7?HH t ^ 714 ^3## Tm-wi 'jirar T?r 11 RtjpRnr yf^rruT# 3T5TnT TI5 ^4# (Small Scale Industries) % •3TRPI iRi ^ R#? t I KSfftaft

>f773?? STsfsir^T^ 113

# W 60 ^ ^ I ■3T3^ ^Jtftn (Ancillary, Industries)3iTf^ # ^ ^3iik I siT 5?, ^ch<% ^T#T q# % ftqk -artrar qrîci %^ if ^ ^ '55TI -sf ^ iftqT 75 ^ Psyffld 11 31^ ^ ^SlfP!(Tiny Industries) 5^1 ??IT W #^1 5 ^ qiT ^ T^ff 11

*ITT(T if â)n

(Cottage Industries) % aTTSTq ^ ^ I 1^ qq? iRqK % SRI'3TsniT afîqiiffflch cRpf ^ ^ aiHiidi ttrit ^ i ^ otRi ^ Pi^î

^ I wt arjRR,. “^fR TssiK % 51?^ ^ I ;j{t 3T$-ra-. qftqR ^ ^qr ijuklRlch JRRf^Miff^^ll” CRqq % ai^qR, “^fR ^32ftq ■qR3,^3^ I) arflRfif?! -^yRi

itii-ilq aiMiit ^ f I q? ^

qq Itqiqqrq^'H^qjRf5Tq:?Tq^|t^qrr^|| 5^ aqqtq (Fiscal Commission)

SRI It arffîq;3cTT?q

wnRlq;^ qM iJTRr qq^ I #T amr aiRiîsiiwqiq

% qrlRr, ^qrltq ftslt qqqfRIt qi^ qtilqacTiqq anqqr,lt^ 11”

2.18 '3j4=^qt<4i ^ viEjlÂ ^ H^rq vJiqqi 'Hiqinqchdi 3181 til

(Importance or Need or Rationale of Small Scale and Cottage

Industries in Indian Economy)

“’TRR qjT q^qFq ÎR a^Rff ^ Rrf^ 11”

qq ÎR qrjRr Fnft 3RRqqF?ir ^ q?fq^ aRr I f«R^ ^ *ft q|f ^ wf qqîti”

qq ÎR qsfNt It Seirf) ciRR qit qft arfti^^r qqq Îtqnnr <14 awqr4t IRr^

?qq^ srini ^ q?qT^ qRtflq arsfaiq^ ^ f^qiRf qii qqi q^rq’j^ q^^qs I fin arqftrif FiR ^ if ^ qq ÎR vsyl'lf qir 3RqRr cftsT qf^ R fciqiRT âiT tl 1948, 1956 q 1980R qt^RT aftdlRicb It1^ i' ei^ qq ^R OTtlf ^ feHRT RT qqfRi sqiq fen qqi % qqi fq ^jqRit qq ^§t ^ anfeK fesRi c|r qFcq^ ffe^qRt #fi q^ft 11 ?=fe qfi feq qqnr ^ feqr qq I-

1. IRpTR ^ f^?IM ajq^R (Vast Employment Oppumities)—fR SuRff cFT ?iqR q^rq’J^ ÎRT q? | fe ?qR TRrtr ^ felT?! aiq^T fenRiq It^ I qqlfe ^ a^Rff if qrq: SRT-aUR qq^ffe cKT tjrftq 'fefiqT jfTcfl 11 ^ aqRff if cRR ^PTiqR aiRj^ tiRil qft IRfir ^ arqqr qw 11

-q?RqT qRft

—RRtftq qRRT anqRr

afqiqnîqi tRrr Rra^ 11”

2, RiqRr ^ # tisiqt!) (Helpful in Export Promotion)—^ qq ÎR qrjRff SRI acHil^n qâff qq fqR ^ ^ Riqfd'i if q?rq^ ?qR 11 ?q uqtlt SRI ycMifei qjq itt q^Rqqi qâft ^ Fidt qfq qq qiPi, |?5^ qq

apf^ qq ^ R Riqfq feqi qnqr 11aftsiR qqtllHIl;

3. anqTcft qr qw fefen (Less Dependence of Imports)—^ qq ÎR qqRff qq^qira uiq; qq-qqpi qqqtfe ^ amm qq feqi anqr 11 ?q ^rot ?q vjqtqf ^ flraiRr

• % feq aTTqrqt qr feR q|f ^ qfqi I afR ^ ^ ^-qn fe?ft f^feiq iRrI gft qqq Itrff 11

114 sqfeq

iTiTcf if4. t?T ^ ^ '31^^ (Suitable to Economic Structure of the■ Country)-’Tnrr xi<f ^ ^ | SCT ^HTR I trai «PT 9Tf^ a^TcTT 11^ ^ vi4l'l ^ ^ 3nf^ if ^ 'wTftj ^gw ^ ?R ^ 31^ ^ 11

% vdtHI'S't ^ 3ng?gg) (Essentia) for the Production ofArtistic Goods)—thcniwth ^ f?I«F7gT, enittfl ^T^ff cfTcT ^

% 'jui'if g>r [q^wti teir sttw ■sngsggi% cwfl^ fggir Hitfl'fi g5t «&Nai % ^ feir ^ ti«hai i

6. WR ^ HHI'T f^rRW ^ (Helpful in the Equal Distribution of Income)-?^tjatgf % % %?r if wrg % fipRw if tieNoi I cFff% ?g

«Er fulfil^rn#f qRgiff % w ^ I qft'JiFTFiM wig ^ tn «bt^ ^ ^ w ^ ^ qmr 11

'%z5.

9ff ’ftw 3nf^ % vacHtQ'i

7. sfNftPraJ ti6N4> (Helpful in Industrial Decent-ralisation)—T^g ^^lT viul'i ^ ^ gil%-glt% iff, 3t^: s’i'hif ti^iuni ^ I

8. -djldlPig) yMWI3ff ^ (Free from Industrial Problems)-?!^ ^3?fprqrg: ^Rft 3flylpi«h ^RFIT'Sff % I

9. ^ vjdlqT ^ (Complimentary to Large Scale Industries)—^ tjg*TT?r «htl^ ^ I

5j^R sliRif gg fqgiiti ^qi% % ^ Ri«hiti % WTgsfgg) 11

10. gw d<**ft4)f Wg g5t gnggggwr (Need of Less capital and TechnicalKnowledge)—5g ^ gg? t Ri«hm % Rw ggff^ gw ’jjft gg ggpft^ siw ^ WTggggicrr Ffcft % ggf% ^ggir ^giw «w-g?jw ggpftg> % wraR TT f^ ^gigr li

11. sflg vswrgg (Quick Production)—slfWf gjf t«jiHii % 5^ gsgi^ ^ ^swigg gwf

ynif^d ft gngr 11 ^sijtnf if ftRf#r gg ^jgngg % *Rg ^ttrgrgi grrar li

12. T5#T-lIPfN ^fWRgr ^ ^rrag (Cottage industries—a Source of RuralProsperity)—^€tT vjyt'lf giT [q«hiti ITW: UPtWl if t^WT gTRlT 11 'Sul'H % SRI gmi'hiO, fwRii^ggf gg if gpt tiVlf ^ «i§a g^ nom if ^tgpTR Pradi

fjwt 3tTg if 1% 11 ?g ihrr ?g ^3#if ^ Rigwr if gpfH wggigft grf^ ^ li

13. 'jpft gg WlFRigJ gRggr ^ gfcRfigrar (Mobilisation of Capital and Entrepreneurial Skill)—gg ^jgpft % ftgwr % upftw ^ gff 'jjft gg wRigi gtww ^ ‘if^itFiddi giRT Ftcft I «i*fl'j| if ggg ^ ^nr swgr ggi RiFRig? gRggr fipft gft ^ I ?g vjgfgf % fcicnm % SRi ?g fMt ?wtii gg gtwgi ^ ^ggtg f^gr gg figwT %\

i

VUdh ^W»V4WJ7 115

qiTH ■Jf 14. ^ ^ 'JR ^ (Reduction in Pressure of Population inUrban Areas)—FI 'iCl'il' ^ STftt ^ ^ ^ ^ i«PTT^ ^TJIiWT I FT ÎFT: ^ # f^ im % I Fit ST^

^ FT ^ ^ ^ \

2.19 viîT ^ ^RFTT^ (Problems of Small Scale and Cottage

Industries)

^Rri^r fTg qg ^ Tsifr^T ^srsfanRsiT Ii rraif^r ^ gdkTTHRITSTf T( ^5?T '^Tf) 11 FT 'Sul'il ^ 5^ TTF^ FETT ^—

1. *iifl «*it<ii (Problem of Raw Materials)—FT >ayl'iT ^ *TtW % ?FFU^ (^‘*1 ti*iwi9ff 5ir ^TTFir ch<n 'jftt ^~(0 ft TJUbif ^ f^jw w ^ttct

’TIcIT I ?raf% ^ % ^3lfbT %FT ÊT W ^TTeT f I {ii) ^% ijdPT ^TPI# W fFT dtfr-«ft|r W ^ ^ I, 3TW: F^ FT^ 1^ ^TRre ^ 'TFIT 11 (iif) m FT ^ TTTR^ Wl 'F 'Fift 11.

2. fl<fc*fl«t) ^ ERFTT (Problems of Technique)—^ ssfr’ff % SRT d4)^«fcW 3^ fiEJTT ^ I, gE TTPT: g?Fft ^Rft-M ticf M ll FTW ^t ft) ^ TjqPnft ^ *T?ft^ ^ FltEFT ^ îlni ^ | ^ q^NdH

ft=M« ^ ^ 'J|H«fci{l ’ll gT’^ ^ ^ 3Rft I i

3. ftF ^ TT^TFIT (Problem of Finance)—3mif^ ftw FT OTlgf ^B^TFIT § I «ft) ^.3Rr ftrlW fthyiif FT û1'D ^ ET^T ^ ^ FcElq «ET^ ^ I FT3)T

-31 wn

gfMr^ ^TE ^ I ftj FT % ftcERT 3I%5E jfftRltf ftrT ^ 5pft % TE 3TTc!t ll

gJIFT

4. ft'TFT ^ (Problem of Marketing)—^ tft ^ *TEt3^^THFIT ftTFT «*1Wl ll FT 'TdPff «EI ^ ttHI IPIdH I FI T3EJ|<f cRT gftiiWr ^ ftcn ft^ iirarar ft trM ^ ^ ^ ftE^r I ?t l*nl% Tjsfpff eft yft4lPldl JET ^FTT 11

5. ^ ^Fnft ^ OTbit’t TrirruH^^*11^ ^ JET ti'ioi 'iii'j^Pieh % f^jjT jfrar I, %

^ I ^ -ST^ 11 Ew JTE eRtt I ft ^^jPrt 'I ^ft)FT sft TJef %«ir3ff «ETinM I ddllftd ^ ft>FT ar^STTfiT ftft | 3ftT FRI FqiFTtTFrt aiftPE ftft ll FTW JiE Iftr I ft? ^ girPr gl FiPff ^ gftqlftdi ^ ^33% ER -jnl 11

RIT (Competition from Large Scale Industries)—^fleh'flef) W v3h41'I

tTTW 3T ftjqr 3TTcIT 11 ^ ?J5ôfiFT

6, EenftcT «*RfT j| 3T^*ftÊ3 ^ (Problem of Under Utilisation of Capacity)-^ Fjk -arqft eTOT JET ^ FldPr 3ft ^ 3T^ ll ^ 39II3ff I ftft

3TFft «33r JET 50% ft 60% cTF ft FFfft JfR gift 11

116 VR#T SJt/e^cum

7. ^ (Inadequacy of Power)—^ viyViT ^ Srf^^ 'TT?ft 11 ^ 'Jsii'IT ^ ?PIcIT % ^ 7?wr ll

8. ^9M 5^^ «FT SPTTW (Lack of Efficient Management)—^ >sy1'^l ^^ ^ I W7«rM oyl'il ^ TT^TtR H<“H<Min ^ ^ It fî^TT ^TTcIT 7?tII 11

9. SRT’ft^JT’T ^ 'SIMM (Lack of Standardisation and Gradation)—?^vjal'fi ^ ^RrftcRT'T trcf q5t ^RfÎRt vJTOSI ^ It ÎTitt 11 HH!it<(W % \3«l*i

^ vjH<iVi 'lit ^ ’TT^ 11

10. ^ ^ amra (Lack of Research Facilities andData)—tiiunl ^ ^ «hK*'i ^ vj'dT*i 5I^7RTR 3^ ^ I,

w ’jTi fq^wti ^ It wt 11 ?7i% aiTTrar ^ 3rT% ^3l5t ’jyt It ^ t^RT ’TRft 11

11. tl’<i'Ti'J| ^ TRFTT (Problem of ConcentTation)-?!^ ÎtT vauVil «lt*l5Wjyf ^ I % ^R)«bl§T TTÎt I It iPsn It ^ I

^ I ^ ira>IT îfychui 715 'SHr *TfR13;, JJRRT, ?71^ gi§I ^ I

3tI«B 71^ ÎtT -STtI W ^ ftsit rRIT ^ HR! ^ Slrf^ % f^ ^ ^jttI % ^litlf qr fH? 3fR^ I ^ gi5T ^ Tnlf I li

12. ^ ;ji5<T ^ ltd'll? I (Led to Increased Congestion of MetropolitanCities)-;3lftRfif9T ^ ÎR ^ ST^ff qg ^ ^ 7f ̂ 11gi5I îm 31^ I 1% FT ^3ltlf Ît ^ -qM ^ 'jP rTOT ̂ W % % f^^ ^ It Mr 7FTT 11 715 ^3lftlf FI ^ ?TFf 3ltTRFm'Sff I ^ 3^ ^ It 'Fft 11

13. ^1^^ ijl |5f^ ^«i§«ii' (Bogus and Fictiotious Units)-^ yyVif cFf 7R5iR SRI3T|^ 9«FR ^ tl&Nfll 5RRT ^ 'jllcft I 5tl^—3tl<4in gvhr qiwfl fli*ijH^ 9to, R<4iqal F ST Ritttq <jRlyi, SRf I -aTTf^ I FT ^Ri’Mi'Sff STT TIRT ^331% % f^ 3Tlsi R3 FPIFl'f S?f ^1^*1 TTHFIT SR It Sfuft ^ I FÎFlt Rsill I TFft

SRTTS I FIS)! S^ 'uRorq sif ItrlT I FISTT J^PTIS SRTlf^ §«hi§qT ST SfrTT 11

14. TTSStR IJS TTS^SS ^ SPTIS (Lack of Co-operation and Co-ordination)—TT^S)t SFS'jl TTSTST Sf I FT -sfiy'lRl'l) §«hl§<il I TIFTlS TTS3S SS

TPRss Sir ^rm IfriT It % fhift sri: ^ an^ flcTf’sl t?tt -ilf 3r sirffi15. ^?T^RTT ^ÎTSSkTT S>t snft (L«s Efficiency and Productivity)-flj T?S ÎtT

3lfrsf ^ ss; TISTST SF It I Rf) FI 'ill'll ^ S>R%?MrTT S§ST SiS ltc?f % 1 St. 3ITt;s Risifl 3Rr artziss % ar^riR ft 'iH'il s?r ursTSSiriT st ^sil % 'jD'iT^ 3^ I aRSRT Hn^TRSS) 11

16. 'iflURi't) o*'‘iai Sit I 'ifldtRlSiStI, 1990 ^ 2,18,828 TI5 aflURl* FHIFT If ST 2426,94 ^ft? 3. SS S?S- SSilST SIT I

îTRT I satn

Msi-ych

3ft s# I It aitItRi* 3fe tcrilTRl^, SUITS’

I

TRTST (Problem of Industrial Sickness)—TI3 Sl ^Ht FSilFlt TT^SITT Sit TISTST st ^Sll Sit §«hi§<if ^ 3^ ^ aTcSRI S*ltT 11 31

«77T???S afs/oi/SW/ 117

. 2.20 ^ ^ ^ wsrrsif ^to Solve the Problems of Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

^ 1%*^ ^stiq (Suggestions

^ ^ wqi3ff 5R) ^ fmr ^ ^«c»)^ %—

1. uPiRiq) ^ f^q>10 (Development of Co-operative Societies)—^'JlfT'fr $ ^ if tieeM^ tiWaqT ^ «BJ ylwifô feÎT ^jfHT fnfcfj

^ tigqln % -SWFT ^ ^ %ur ^ 1 ^% HFZR ^ ^ 3T^ TRTFIT'Sff tE^ RM 35) fcRfl^ «‘iwi, ftTf^fill'd) mWT >311^ W »ft ■MRIH 3R% iRT PlMÎ

2. «<«i)iO <<vjiP^T ’ ^nr^nr (Co-ordination Among Government Agencies)—^'5<n< vsql^ff % IsfcERT ^ tl5Ndl 1I3R cTIrf) Rill'd tueuid % gjpif

^ !nTT^ f^FIT 5IHI cri% 31) i4'j|Pd41' ^ %3I M?inT f^RT I

3. vii^ti'lu'i «<4tqi (Improvement in Licensing System)—^ ^^)TtqiHH 3T 7^ rFIT <7ti5^ti ^ 3?) 3|3R!il 3i) 7R?r, 153

9H141 q-ii^ % fTtk* 7^3” 7J37 37 t(3) H’il-Tfl 3>r 333 f«b<Jl 3IHI I ?3 xsql'iT 35)^ ?3^ 53^^53, '3T13)R, M, 3333 ujqwi, 3333 33{^

37 3# ft3R 3)7 3331 3lf^3 I33)17

4. y^’-fcj'hlq q)i4st)*t (Management Development Programmes)—3^ tjtf^<^l< 3d)3f % 333135)3 ^37 t%?)3 7)7313 (Institute) 3))3)) 3pff 3 5^)

7«IT33T73

^ wTT 7T% IaFR3T

5. 3l^7FSJR ft3)l7T 33 IqwK (Expansion of Research and DevelopmentFacilities)—'?3 3d)3l % (cJÎTT 33 fcR^ri % 3F 333533) I % ^1%

33 ^3)171 33 ftwK f^)3T 33T ?3 3)!4tbHf % 3^313) 3)) ?3odl'i) cFE 3§3I3I ^314^ I

• *)n*<i'W

6. ,33 f^TTITT (Expansiorv of Financial Facilities)—71^ ^ ^f)7 7Sy)3) ^ f4«iK 3cf

533)3 nRÎrfd 3RR<jfa4l' ^ 733 3)) ^R^Rfd 3^ I7. >jriuiPi<»)

175)3 ^Rrar^f) 33 fq«iK fen 53131 31^3 Tnf^

^ 713731 37 (Control Upon the Problem of IndustrialTR’TnTSickness)—'sildlPict) o'''icii 3?) 713731 31) Rl3p»ld 357% % 7R3^ % ^113 R%5^T 713% ^-(0 ?3 5JlM 3% ÎtfyJllcf) 37 33171 (45% 5^1% ^ 31% 5J% ^ 3?% % '7)3)1 533 7%, (if) ^TOf 5«t)is4T % j^Pfnh (At tile Earlist Stage) 373 7131% ^7%, (Hi) 7)™T §=r)i54T ^ 53)%3f'3 3% yyRici 7P3=3 % «:t3) 31^ ^ % 537%)7% %7f) ?3% ^ 3^ 3)7% %

73373 713731 351 3R%I3) 31373T 37 #■•33171 %% ^1 73% 53% 33% 3^ % %33 5jJT

S1373T 3% '31%, (iv) 3f% %7f) ?3)I^ ^ 73373 3% 713731 3% 571 3^ %3T 5j3 TfcRTlT

7R3^ % dtud 3)33 331% 53jt% 31%^ |

118 »37(#3 3Ttfo!men

8. • I^RF5P*T, fq*ii'Jin ^ wftr (Emphasis *rTOT # gahion Quality Control, Gradation, Standardisation, Specialisation and Division of Labour)—%Fr 5FTFft«E^, -SW

3TfT: ^ «gil<t i3?TT^, vJtHi^dl, «hi4t^sjiddi tpj dmcNchdi ^ ijiM t ?T ^ -STW# 3TT% ^ 3TPtT -^nflq I

9- vig vieTlîT (Co-ordination Among Large Scale and SmallScale Industries)—Wt tjcf % 'Jul'if ^ fq^brn 3«ETT hTHT% % ^ deiqq) ^ yfriql'H ^ ^15 i3?jhT ^ viul’ff ^

tjiM ^ ^ 5iir4 fmr ^ ^ ijiirtf t tei^ ^ ^ ^liRt ^ 1

to. (Marketing Facilities)—^ vjul'H ^ v3Wi<0fen jfHT cTlt^ ?% ■SFRT ^TT^ %tl% ^ i=fi^ yqiK ^ ^FTFfT

. W hlW ^ chtu *1% fWI vjfqd ?! ^1% Ieqqî

2.21 ^ <^<ri< viqVn ^ ^ SRT 'ioi^ ^ (StepsTaken by Government to Encourage Small Scale and Cottage Industries)

*rRcT d<4)K % ^ Tjntift % Ici«hid ^ >3i^ f 1 ^ ^f- (

1. PijihT ^ Fimr (Establishment of Boards and Corporations)—?^ydl^f ^ «<«hK ^ 3f%B T^=f Pi'idl 3^ FIFRT 5^t % I %f^FFT 3«ER ^ ^ W3IT ^ t(=f 'iul'H ^ ^ 3f;T%t^-f^ iFBR ^ ^3[Ttf 3J^ 3R TI f I ^ ^ 3fti i^cf ^ TOT

f—(i) 3lfe^ ^^^T îbr ^ (1948), (li) 4>*41q ^ (1949), (iii) 'Jifia<?iJTW (1957), (v) ^

f^FFT (1954), (vi) TTg (1954), (fii) dlRq^ vRT ^ (1954), (i>iif) <|t41q^ yiiPT (1955) -srriti

2. Pilell yql'f 4i'4T ^ T^TFRI (Establishment of District Industries Centres)—^tj# \jy)4] % Rlqiid ^ 1978 if fjRTT viul'! (DICs) yFT’T f^qiF^TT I cKRfsbH ^ UpftvT TRf ^ ^qitna ûlRiqi Sîl^ql3Et ^ ^ TT^liFTT 11 W ^ ^ST ^ 422 ^TRldT yP^ TJliPT ^ f^ 431 fînf ^ ynq^^qchni^ ^ ^l

3. vf^ ftctiltr «M4d ^ FJTRT (Small Industries Development Organisation)—cf5 ^ viulJTl ^ Iqq)iti % vaul'i if yriVl RFkrt «*iod (SIDO) %yPT ^ tpF Rrpt ^ 3^ ^l4t % I f^'Hi^ TI5 viul'il ^ tqehid ^ qtni4

'hi4«>q( t(^ yjT dqicn, Piq'q”! «ht*ii ^ I 31? (4qiq 3T? cRpf27 ^ yifbT ^ lTf«lRf (SISTs), 31 5TT1IT yt«JPTf. 37 f^RlT ^ yftOT ^kf, TO yFTO-yf^FTT fqq)it< (PPDC), 2 ^ sf^RRI 4 ocIR-J 19Rjfî'sy ytik yfl?FT 4r5f ^ Rrtm yiM % 1

ajtfsq^m 119

4. ^Tfnrar (Financial Assistance)—'sal'i’l Oiiq^q^nni^ff% «fiFf % I cTcf^TR ^ >3«1‘l'i

«trta if ^?rPT

^ 3Tm5^nFcIT ^ ^ ^ ^FT 7^ ^-(f) % \«<qii<

(RBI) ft^nf % % 1 1990 ^ ■’TR^ ^JHT ?rP]; ^ 11 (ii) (SBI)^ tfcB ^ vaal'il ^ '3I^q)H!?i'i tl«r ^Rqqiic^li qxmi % I (iff) TT^f^ j

v3?ik i^ (NSIC)-^fF ^ F3iM ^Ff *ra^ tr^ JT?ff^ ^ W-ITT m > ■3i^ SOrtt % 1 (io) TfSI I^PP! (SICs) ^91 ^ Vl^l'H'l

TPff TFJff ^ 7RT fVpff ^ FIFRT # ^TT ^^ffT 11 % 1^ TR^^grT TFÎ ^ 'laVil 5?t fit’llq 3ng9g^?lT’3Tf git ’JTT gi7% ^ TRTF^ftg tFF^ ^ 1 (d) «4iHiRq5 t|^ (Commercial Banks) czrrqrttgi SRT ^qii^qT git uiyftq>nit 3TmR gr ^ 7!i?isg gmgT sfRrr % i itt w ^ Tnfr Tigg ggmf fiF ?g ^ Iqrflq 'STR^g^cTT'jff git gjT^ ^ ^sft tfgift gr

g TP^ gf I 31-3-1990 git TTRfgf^ ^ t îMiRg fgif gg Frg ^glPlg; ?giT^gt gr 15,550 «h<ls g. gg gr^ gr 1 (vi) RRtftg giftg fsTOTigit Fyimi (Establishment of Small Industries Development Bank of India)—vjyl'ii git f^rftg srrg^ggiriTait’ ^ ’jjr «f7^ ^ tr^ sri visigi w

Frggi f 1 ?g fg? ^ ^nggr 25-10-89 I ggr ?7Ff ^rggr gg4 1990 ^ prwt gp | i ?ggittpft 250 JFTtr ■??. Rfr g#^ gift %i

Tjyf gjgg tt^ ^ ^3iftn tog tgi (SIdbi) ^

fqq)t« ^ (IDBI) £[rt ggR

5. 7n?%g ^ ^ (Licensing Concessions)—TRgiR % STRit dR'tItl ^ftfrl fûffet «FT^ggg ?g t jft^t ^ ^t % i 1970 ^ ^ ^ îjpr ^ HRâffgg ^jgngg tor gg % ig ^ ^ •%? 57^ gg to w 11 togr, i987 ^ ^rt if g^g-ai! Tto 847

6. TRgnft g>g ^ grafiigKlT (Priority in Government Purchases)—TRgilft gig giT^■ggg ^ gR^^tgigr ^ vnrtr % 1 TRgiR g^^^ gii g^ gt ^g^r ?g ijgpftSKI 'b’Nif^n gTj'Sff if % ^ giRft % I ^rit gT^^ ^ trot 1956 if le ?ft, ggigR410 gR to w I i

7. ^ tjg 3Fg Rqi«^ (Tax arid Other Concessions)—TRgiR % ^ ijgtgf 5^t ^ gT^BTf^ gR % RfT % 1 ^ '3Rg ^73^ 'R% 3Mgr ^ api Rgig^ ’it ^t to t ^ *nfr t(g 91^ git gff ^ giMi

• 8. ’^g Uggffto' ^ sotorr (Organisation of Exhibitions)-7nrg-7Rg TT ^ ^^ iR^ftot gif '3it41'jit ftor gigr % gto 715 ^ vjal'it srt \j<NiRd gT^^rt git qto ^ TTigito ggigi gn 71% 1

9. oi1sit Ri«h ti&qiffl tiRiRiqT ^ F<7TggT (Establishment of Industrial Co- . Operatives)—TRgiR ■^lulRlh) ^ if titwCl -tol^tgt ^gtog Tigg if ^ # rPigg- 45,000' >3fiiitPlgi g^giift toito ^pfrg 111966 if ^tofto

m gR wirgi w %i gitf if ftoggiggig

gr ’fr % ^ to ^1WNdl

120 vmtv 3jtf5^c[^

tiftfaqf % ^ ^ ’nft ?Tri^ vjsfrtt ^ Pi*if^i*f WrarTT 5RFT ^ ^TT ^1

gipi trg ^ 3iniR f^4>iti ^R*TR ^ FTT’RI (National Institute forEnterpreneurship and Samll Business Development)—?^ ^^?nf, 1983 ^ ^ ^ I 5««t^ «Er ?t5 '3yPl4l ^ Hf^RT^T ^5RFT % I ^ tiVui ^ 3T?2En ’TtlW ^ ^ '»i<ni % W^IT

'hiJjdwi^ ^ 'JInI'A'I % I ^ ^ ’ft fq^hiti

9RcfT 11

<16^4 (National Av^'ards)—1983-84 ft ^ ft J^FER41'4HI ^ ’Fft ^ rflftp ^ Tsuftnff c}ft JTFJJcIT ylwi&i 3fT I ?^

% 3RFfa glft^ 3SRT ftt^ 5R*u spm: 25,000 20,000 ■?>. ^ 15,000 ^ srrt

feft 5fTft f I 1986-87 ft v3W ^ ’TM ^Rft % ffttr ^ sEft9T: 15,000w 10,000 feft ’ift |l(eis''M (Market Facilities)—^ ^ fcIfJiH FFTPIT ^<Rft ^ tfttr ti<chn ft 1949 ft ‘influ 'J«l‘iIndustries Emporim) ^ I ^ ^ftT 'jftfftt ^ «Ff ’TR^

t(ft ’TRrf ft WT?T ft fl$Ndl 5RWT ftl ?^1% 3T?rrar ?fr ftW ft ti6«hi(l ftrwT 5)T ftt W I ^ ?^ ft varHiol ft ftfWT ft tiei^tdl ^Rft

*nT?r ft ■33m

10.

11.

12.\' (Central Cottage

%l

^ftyT'3ft' 3>T ftWK (Expansion of Research Facilities)—^ ^13.ftt Tift |lviq)‘i) ft ft 3lftcF '3T^?F£fH ftcf 'rtt^RT ft^ ftt

jftfttPR) ftt lf*lERT (Establishment of Industrial Estates)—^ ft

fe|ct)id ftr fftSTT ftft ^ fttsMi ft -si'iylRi'h ftftift ftf wiH-ii •Mlcim ^fftjT-sft cRR ^Rft vidlftft ftt fftnft '3Rrar >1^ ITT f^ vflft 11

l]|ft)u| MRyl'dHlft (Rural Industrial Projects)-UlftH ftftf ft -sfhftRra?

yit*-*! ^Rft ^ «EPf 1961-62 ft ftnTl^) tittnit SRT SfTRR 5TI ?^

^l-dftd ft?r ft UlftH ftft ft 'jflsTlPi'* IraR.^Rft ft WR fftft

14.^RcfiR ^ «I5?R ^«4)Pl«t) «iRcf4f ftt train'll %l ^

ftf ’ift I Rptft ftjfft ’RR qft ^ Rftt

15.

3nft tifttR (National Equity Fund)—?R ftf^ ftl ft’^ 'ti^'hK SRT 10

RR6R cRir ’TRfft’T -SllulPl'h fftfJRlJfRl? 1?. ftt ^ ft TTW' ftt ’ift % RRfft ft^ cFT ^PTR ft'KH ^ I tjft 1I«FSI ’TRrfPl fftERl SRT ftRT vTlrlT

16. fl*im

li W ftf^ ft ft ftjftfcr li

rRF «Er ^ 'iMWscj «fRRr

dMtl'W ft ^ ^ trft ft fq«hm ft ffttr ^Rq^ ft -aift^jcE^R ^33lft 11 -aiR aTRRRJFrfT ?R RIR ftf ft fft ?R Rftt ftvHT’Sft Rft «bl4fft*il ftt RR ftft

RRR ft RPJ, fftRT vfTft Rlfft ?R^ ’J’f RTR RJ ftf RM -ft Rft I

>7R<ftJ7-37ft5!7ft3JT 121

'Sf 2.22 ^ 1991 (Small Scale Industries Policy, 1991)I

^ UT#T vitll'if ^ ^ ^ «RI^ % ^2^?^ ^ 6 3FR2T,

1991 ^ ^ 'f ^ ^ 5t?r Btw 2I5) ■Jpft I RT ^ fcRiqcTR |_

1. ^ v3'41'‘I ^ ^ Plq'5i'J| cTÎT ^)cBT3TT^ ^ 3^ ch^dl I

2. eI5 '3yl'i ^ ^ IdPiMdf cTUT yisfeqiaif ^ si'iin I

3. '31% ^ \51%fr ^ ^ Piîji ?f%T 2 eTT^ ^ ®r?r«R 5 ^RI’^RTI

4. Î'il # dîPtjd^ ^3ff ^«f “<NdiRl«h {&^3ff rIJ vsul'iT ^ M^'Hiyi ^ JjllPlol cET=ir I

5. ^ ^33% ^ ^ cqqgif^ch ?rai?R ^ %tT g[q % rpift^T geir? 'SflT %rR^ ^ TR’

6. ^ ^ ^ cif^fqch ^'>1

7. ?F3 'rfratf^rai §=hi54i % % §?ra yiriR % sihmi i

8. ^ ^ % 3ily|P|cb fcRjnr ^ %TT kicjJl^q 3TraR3jt fychid qlvfl'ii (Integrated

Infrastructural Development Scheme) RT”! 9R^ I

9. ^ 3yl'i Ri^hiti (SIDO) ^ ^ sflalPi«t^ ftîRT 'B?T (Technology

Development Cell) ??TlftcT tBRlT I .

10. BRRlff tjcf dlcf>jiP(q) ^ ^ tlttlldf, Rh'JH "^'jfRiMf rWTjfoichlui % TTRZPT ^ ^ tjqjrff ^ \3r<|(if ^ %WT ^ iflRUftw «R=n I

11. ^ 3ul'i fcRfJRT d'lod (SIDO) ^ fdqfd fq«hid ^5^ (Export Development Centre) Wrftw cRRT I

12. Tt^% ?RR1T 3i% (NEF) ^t^RI ^ -aRPfR HR4l'44r ^ ?%1I 5 rW '^. ^

10 ^ ^ ^ 10 ^ ^ 20 ^ ^

13. ■'^ mI'AMI (Single Window Scheme) % 3fRP% 'F%??tvT ^ ^

5 ill<3 ^ siijicht 10 ^59% cfitdl I

^'TTPR %îRT t fTRTR ^ %21%f 5E) 3% 31%cF^511%^ ^ RI% IRH ^vn% ^ ^ fell W 11

5RI %sifCJr ^ ^ %tT riiRf) c^l t«imT

31^^

2.23 ^KrT ^ ^ ^ ^ (Growth of Small Scale andCottage Industries in India)

FcRT^cJT 3nf% % JRtT ot^hK % ^ %chlH IR SlftR? sqRTf^^l ^ I Chid ^ Tnft ?Tt^jHT3ff ^ % %chm ^ sRT fer TjriT ^ I

di%=Hi 'sm ■pFs ^ TRiRn %-

122 sjifsminI

i

Expenditure on Development of Small Scale and Cottage Industries During Planning Era (T in Crores)

Five Year Plan Amount

43First Plan (1951*56)

Second Plan (1956-61)

Third Plan (1961-66)

Fourth Plan (1969-74)

Fifth Plan (1974-79)

Sixth Plan (1980-85)

Seventh Plan (1985*90)

187

241

251

510

1780

2752

^ aw ^ aftww Hg q# a^ (All RoundProgress) 11 W aafir ^ Pft IP8R ^ %qT 3fT

^ ^ TTSiT ^ 1950 q qra le.ooo «ft, 1990*91 q 19.38?Tra ^ gtA % (5.6 etra qftq) I?q srn ten qqr q?nqq vjt 1973-74 q is.eoo qrit? gr, 1990-91

1^5,340 qjit? ^ gtBT ll?q SRT f^jqi qqr vjtHKi PiqWt ^ q?iRq qq ?iqqq 50% ^ 1 1990-91 q ?q snr 124.30 ^ ft^niR aqiq qqrar qqr m 1

1990*91 ^ qq qiiWf w SRqw ProfcT riqqq 9100 ard?u gri

?q ^ aq>R q^gaff qqqq qaqJqffi qNf aqqr ^ qig^ ^ qtqjqqFig qq usW sm qt ^qi^ ^ qit qsiqqr ?qq?qf ^ m q q?rqgpf gPi?RT Piqnf) 5qcff % 1

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

qiqrqq f^Jjqi ^trar % îqq gpftqq6.

7.

2.24 qîqelTq ^ft^RT ^ acAq (Small Scale and CottageIndustries in Eighth Five Year Plan)

ans^f qqq^fq qlvRr ^ 1 qi^, 1992 qil aR^r ^ gq5t % qq(rir qziWf ^ feiqq m qp qftr qqr %i w qtvrqr ^ arsq if w tw qit qqr t upfWr^ if tjqfqf ^ f^qqq ^ qM qq ^rfRqitf q5f ^^ q^ wtgqr % qn if qqft q5f 3q ito if anfR qqpfi ^ q qiqfqr qk ftqi qqr I-

1. qnfkr qq Fig qqfnf ^ mwo'w qgfq qq qqqs qqi sngf^ Fig qqfm ^ m q (si'Hil^d feqr.qqqr qrfeq fwi qq^ &îq ^ feq qfsrqiq qqnft qqilt vit^ 1

^ ?Fr %ii qq ftot si?tfqqtqr

tjT^tzf 5fj(ajg?Sff |23

«

^ SRjfT PiyfRci yi^Ci fe^ 1^ f«RT T^hW ^ *r fr^pTR % Oiqti^ ^ ^ ^ I

3. %JFTT ^ 3T^ftl iii4l''l ^ ^ 3«BR % Jyl'i (ciqiRia ^ «qi^ ^—

(0 ^ «i*fl''i ^sfN" (Traditional and Village Industries)—??T ^ ^131^!, ^ «fiT 3iTtJ, c^TTf, ^ ftcbRI,'liRq^l ^ 3fHI, ^5R ^ 3jt§T 3T Tl^R 3nf^ «f>t îifn^jl ^RIT 11

TT f«F^ ^flT t^zlT vilet'll I

(«■) tntt gak (Heavy Iridustries)-rr5 3lkk ^BXftnf cpT ^ -skSTTfcT W ^ -I I TIPfK ik ^ ^ f^ ^ a^T JfiT m kEf)tf fÎcBim'

■*I3T t f&i Ukk ?Nt ^ ’^Tff vayl'i) % 3it -STTR ^ ^13

'3ak—^l<;l ^ tyn TT ik ^ri3 % firaiRT 3T -SlftlcF^ f^ =3(1^ 15trai% 5if(^ ^ Iviq siram TEi^ ijkk amiki^ ^ efTO IR 9TRr ^ 5TTrff I, >31cr: f^^JRT Tlkk M TT

fen ^jffeiT 1 (S) ^fer?i3; qqilqi—Mi^fnqj # fr33feff ^ jji41''i ^ î vjrMiî >TT ’ft ^ fen ^nftnr i (n) ^15 5Hicf sak—?n \i«i'll wiT niftk ft ftRiRT ^ ft urftk ftftf Rmrfep -snfft?? ony^qqidiftfyft ’jn «f)<^ ft 3iwTt fftfeft I k) srjftftt ^ftk—w ftknr ftuqiti fem vjffeiT fe ft Hfeftm Hfft-jftft ^krft tk ywr-3^ ^ yjk Tfkk ft^. ft ft 1

(tit) *ii^H vjftk (Medium Industries)—STraftf ftyyckk.ftftBT ft nOPT % feSRI IT ftft fell 'Jift'ii—(TF)?l^ Tk’^—ftfe’S ^^ ft qily^ 3 §fft yft 3TTy?y3KfT ftftf ^ -sift ft ftftf fttft mftk ftft ft ft nrftr vnftt 11 'Srt: ^ ftift’? ftEpftf Î’Rift TsjNnr ft irkk feiK 3ft 'SnnmfTT^ 3ft ^rrarft ft fen ^ crar ffeiR ft nmftf ft ft ftftimftk ftft ft Tsnfef fftft m Traft % i nft ftl nnr yrftftrr ftf ?nft ft Timft ft ft Mk fen 3n inRnr |i

(tu) f5ft :3ftk (Light lndustiies)-3nkff ftfen ft mftk ftft ft fen nakfeEfftnnRft ft ft snmr feft csnftfti ?nft ft fen ft nrfer fen (35) nm ■âk-nijft ^ nm i3?nfer 3Rft mft sakf an fetim mftk ^rm^nnntift ft 'jn aRft ft n?? ftnr 1 (^ 5^ ijak—mftH ftft ft gnj tjftk ft ft 3nnT ftnrnnk feft nft 11 ^ ftnninrft ft yimfen m iran 3Rft ft nmn feft ^nftft 1 (n) aft 3?fk-aft ijftn mm an naft feBin ftmanift arm mfm ft 1 fesft ft ant cwr anft ft aft argft ftft ^-am?r, qft, tin, aftft, ftk-mai? ft agn 'Sifen nk ft 1 m ^ ft arm ft aft nftkan aaiftna fena fear atfen 1 (a) nan ferfm amft—nan ferfn ft a?ft ^ 3TTa?aann3i! ft gjn ank ft fea a? 'snaâai ft fe nrftk ftft ft nan feftn wmft

cFft, naft ft araft, ncRftl ft afen '3nfe ft mafenr âkf ft •sna^q^Mift ft gn ink ft feg ft anaâar ^ftft ft Tamm ft umri ftaf ft ft nknfei fear an anftn 1

2.viCHiqqini

ftte

ft aaftft gan aa

ftfeagi?!wHiana|aiaa

Taianr mfen ftft ft ft nr naft 11

wa-ng ama ftam ftanna

aranr-

124 nikk djifsmtn

w I %f^ 'Jll3^ rTOT ^ % 3TT^ ^ ^

^Hlil^ll ^ t^-f^ ^ viql'H «f5t

«mw •fir(^)

t«TTW

If(vi) viS4l'‘Yl ^ îHli ^ ?^'5nTT^ tiîci'i % ^N‘<<b

HT^T ^ 3TRIR 5T?if ^ «h<Ni ■STT^ I -STW: W WTW sfIcT ’TT# SZIR ^ grr % ^JMTcT cfiT WRT ^ «HRT ’^tl

2.25 (Industrial Policy : An Introduction)t 3ITSPI aw<

;jfRl 11 ^ ^ ftzRf, 3TftfPi<f*i)’, l^-siTiT tpr snftw ^tri I Ivr^ srrr^ I TTcfj aMzr %1st % vi«i'il cf)T. PfWT, ti’^fd'i fen ^jnrn

^ I TR^cT nl I, Wfer ■Skflfe) 'RRcT ’ft ^ jIRT 1111 ?TFf ^r ^ snfer fen ^ |-(o afratfen

ft «<«hK ^ WT ^fefer FRIT TI2IT ’3l\yll'i«h feiRT ^ 5^ '3^|SRrpF “jiH*

ftr^RT nn felRT ^cFIT Ifft {»') ?TT ^fefer TRT.^ infftl ^ fel 1st ^ W dftl<jH, fftWT fen^fef IRiR fen -Jti^ni I

ftrtrT ^ *ietq (Importance of Industrial Policy)<HlclS^<*)dl Flftr

11 ^ ftmffe TT# TW fttftr ^ apTR ft ^ ftf 1st arqft îdlPi* wi fern t oi?ftfinRI "llf tFT <i«bai

D 'jiTcr 11 ’TRTT feitfer feiRT ^ ’nsznr ft 3mRfeftciT inrift ttfr «ETft %mft nr ^ranr 11 ^t ft *irt ft nFfer ftmtnr I nr^ ftlfen nryftt,wfen ftftnTTT iRr

I ’mn ftft feiRisfRr Isff ft fel ft! 3fidlRi4) fttftr ^ RFry aftr ft)

3tl^«h3nqSH=fRT^TRS^nfKiT TTci ft) fer irbtt hr fen ^n

iq 1*1(1 ft) HR 41'Jill ftyiT znrft ft ti5N«h, (li) fero ft cIH) ynzfefffejHT, «qieii TTft Piq^d ft fej fepT, fftSIH

(i*ai I-'^ P(f5qa ^Rft ft (iif) Hftft ft TH ftllciqi PiyfRa nRft ft TIFRnn, (in) 'JjftHT trej ftlRi* H^lft) cTsn Tjft HRfty Hyft)ft ^3nftn ft nH HiHy ^yifer ciRft ft wnni), (d) ftlftlfftn feTirr w few ft wr WHyFnfe yiTft ft TTFiyyi, {vi) Hftnfej ^ yft Rift) ^ ft fh Hryy ??nfe yJTft ft nFiyyi, (vH)ftfty ymft Hfft ft nfiyyi, {vUi) SilylPi* sifei ft ft^ftyymr ft) fiyft ft d&iq*, {ix) ftftwrf) ft) HiHT ft) Fd yiTft ft fl&N«h, (x) 'd'Mi'S'i Ry wnsyRT ysift ft wyyr, (xf) y^ly nHyft) ft n^fer HyRr yyr yfRjy fen ft yqife ynft ft wyyi, (xi'O fftyfn ysift yyr 'Snyrft) tt fefHi ynr «fnft yyr fesf) htht ft) feR) ft) ^ nFiy^ 1

HH ft ■SjlylPi* fttR) ft) (A Background of Industrial Policy in India)—1923yyr nftftf yy fesf) ^^nw ft hwt ft hh ftr ftft "jyyi ft)^ nff ^ i w yyiR 1923 mFFll ftST ft HTW ft) HTIH ftff^ (Laissez Faire) 3nRnf) snftf sf) felft ^pyftr >HNia yft Piqfdnr fef) TOT yn ftft nfeRT nif yr 1 1923 ft ftsf) nytnr ft) fesf) yfeffer ft yyift ft Ifty

■3T»fsTwm i2s

Tfm (Protection Policy) ^ ^ ^ ^ flfe?T ferff % ^ tft I feftÎqjfqjj* % 'TycfT^ ^ ^ 'iflqlPict) Piql'jfi ^ 'Hiq^qchdl ^ I 1944 *f ‘PRltyHrrar ^dPfdn (Planning And Reconstruction Division) WI4HI ^ ^ I 21 -31^,1945 ^ BT URT 'sflylPiq) (^<^1 W (Industrial PolicyStatement) JlTt) W amtil ^ ^ ^11% % «PIFr ■?% f^lBI5TT W^\

fB ijqiR “jqeiReb BT tqa'âi BlcPBBT 5rrf^ ^ cfiT 3iiq1'Jl'l ^PIT BBT BF BB SlBi3 f«KBT BBT BTBT

BTf^ % ^ BRB ^ BTffBBHP: % ?B fe?TT *f 5BTB 1 R,«*<sl<, 1947

B<chK Bif TW sflylPiqiBit bWbT ^Btt BT^B Blfe ^ # -sftBtRlBi fî« ^ cRT

3TB BBi W 1956 (Hi) #a

fiBTT it B^l BB 3TT 5B5t |-(0 #tj||>IBi 1948 (if) 3MftBi

BkTTBBB

', 1977 (u) #4IR|Bi 1980 (vi]f, 1973 (ji1991 I

^ 1948 B 1956 B^t 'jfldtRl^P ^ttf^ ?Bt 3TTBR^ ^ BRT BTBT 11 BrfBR mR^bI^bT % Bft^ ^ BtTB #dtRlB) 1991 cRt ^ 3TTBTT^ ^BlPlB) iBBT 3TT BBiBT 11 W 3mnB

'f FB ?nlt itMf BT Wm ferr bbt Ii

'3il6ilP|c|) 1948 (Industrial Policy, 1948)

6 3#^, 1948 ^ *il<alq BHB clcîeTld BlffB TJB qiPi'jq ^ ^BifB FT. SBIBTBBIB JQ# % ^BlRlcb ^ B^B=5ft MBB TIBT BTBiltf B Rljft BTPf ^ 31^-31^ RmfRB B^|

BF ^ RlRlrT 3r€faTBFBT ^ %(RT BT aTTBlftW dt I W ^ ^ ^ ^BT BBT % ^ ^f Rrit ^ BBT BT^bRIBI ^ BTB-BTB BiPt B^ I FB ^ BBW ^FT 4 BTBf *f BIBT BBT-

1. BBB Bi *f 5^ BTBlff ^ RtdK, BTBT^ §T^ ^ BTBTBB ^ RPTB’B, 3RB-?R^ BiT RldPi, ^ BIBTBIB BBT FIB) BR Bit BIT BBT I FB% BURpB 3ttT 5fB^ BBT ^BTBBT RIBFB ^ BIRrB 'BB % BTBBT ^ '#11 BBTl SiMbB BF ^B5t Btft BTBjR Tr#T ^TBT ît ^ ^ OBBSBB) ^ BBRt Bit 3iq^ 3tRibBT ^ ^ TPRtt ^ 1

2. feftB Bi^ 'I BfFT BB FBTfB, BifBBT, FBli BFTB BBIBT, B^. BFR BBHI, ^#BtB, BP;#T ^ B^ RlBf^ BBT BiRlsr ^ BUPfl Bit STlRlB felT BBT I 5B ^SBPff # RlBHH FBBF^ Bit Rrjft ^ ^ BIT BBT B^tB fBBF^ TF^B STB it BB^ ^

N

^dllB B^ BTB it BF it ÎBFBT cit B^t % BflBlit 10 BB) BBBiT B^tB^BB Bit RKBT BfltpIT I ’ ’ ' i

3. ^rflB B^f t B^ BF^ ^ ^ 3mJTT^ tr^ BBBIBBT BBtBt ^ ?nRlB BBT 'i ^ BqtBf ^ B®TT BBBB 20 tfT I |B^r Blft B?ftB RIbH, BSft^,

B^, 3T^ TBf, BFBB, BI5 ^ ^ BIBTBIB, BBB, laRl'd BBlB FBTif^ Bit ?nRrB fen bbt i ?b# bf pto fen bbt fb Bi ^ biM Bit feft ^ ^ it bit ^Blfer I BB^ BTBBT BBBIT RtBBB i^B ^B^=BB BI^ Bt% BBBB PfelB BîtB- 3nRfB) 'fHaq'l % 3gBTT Ft I

«IBBn

BBfB), feit,TBTBB,

126 VR7??B afg/a-VqiW/

4. ^ ^ t ^ WI F5 M ^ ^ ^flOT Wl ^ 1^ Îf ^ sraWT ^ ■>Fft ft) 3ITW?q9^ »!?% qr TT^ SRT otPt FnfttT ft)^ ^ ^ I

tnra if TOtn

^ftf^ ^ 3RT (Other Features of Policy)cWT d*4l<il sra^ H*4Rft HR1. ft%9ft '

iRT 5ft fte ^ ft^ "Eft cTOT OT*r ^ *r5tH 5ft ftî w ftftR ift ft) ■'PS) ft) 'TRft^ ftft ^5) T?Tr ft) ffe ft ^ tCT «|ctyi*51>j<it|) ft^PRftPlT 'Jii<)*ii I

ft 'H’liilft* 3?n^ ft^5BTftg5)^ftapTftk 55RI «‘1^5J ft *i5W ft) t<i\«M< ftpIT ?raT-5I? Ujciî ft) ft>

2. ft)iftPra>ft JTOI dsft'l'iyf H*5RI Tjg

ft) >4R)fi ^?R 3WT ^ftftft5ff ftt 117 vjf«ia Hr*T ftnift ft 5I5JR ftjft I

3. qft ^ftr ^5Vtn-W ftft ft 51? Tft^PT ^ TO ft) ^ 5Tft H5 5Ili)ftf 5RT ft) îtfstigwT ft TOH % i 3^1% ftîRT ft ftjft HRHT srn tieft'i fttr ftrîr^ 51^ 5I|TPJIT ft) Tfti

9)7ft 5J5 'iH'*i'l'K1lftf ft3i)tR ft)ft vnftfti

4. ft))^—«<<*)!< ft 5j5) ft) fcftft) aftftfJRlT TORt5b) ai^ftra 5ihr ft crarft ft 5i^ ftft ft

5. ^ tiWK ftft) 5R ^piJlft) -arRlftft ftRfft ^ ft ft)7 ftPiqV) 5f) sfcHlftHftRT 5J|I Tift tWT ^ ft ’jft ftftn 5J?t ^ ft ^ ftr 3IT Tlfti

ft)fir ft) Hft)wr-ft^ w ft 5B?r ^ Traxir I ft; i948 ft) ftft sri ^ ft fftftiw qft fttjpdd 3R)5qgT5JT ft) ftft Tift '>nftl TTRIR ft ^ ft ftlqlPl* 3RW ft -sriftfttfddi ft

ft) TRRT 5ETft TPfr ^ ft ftcff 5jft TTOT ^ ft Trafft’’! ftlClPieh ftq)ifl JBT ÎTTOTR ftiJT I ?TT ftfft ft 5(5}pn^ ^jft q? ft ft) Sftft ft ft^PTT 5j5) ftftftd ftt ijft |TORT’q

'aJWlPl^ 1956 (Industrial Policy, 1956)1948 ft) ftftPra; ftft ft) 5j)w ft ft^T ft 3nfift) IR ftftpR) HRftR ft 3ft5{)

RSR’jft nRq^H ftr ftq)i« gif I ?ft sRqtl’if ft «fR'’r ft?T ft TO pft ftftftjR ftft ft) ■aiR^TOdT SlgTO ft) i^rft Hft I ow)is5)i HMii*i’^^ft- ''iqi^win ft?^ ft ifti ftlwIRiq) ft)ft 5ft antlTOBdT

ft TRTOT ft ft)TOR ft 5B?T, *551 8 TOf ^ iTRtT ft 3R5RT'*I?R^ 'UlRf'h feHRT TO ? I RTO ft ^511 (ilqqM 5ni| ftH^R) 'SrftRPT ftlr IRftlcr ft finSRI qllqa tftft 51^95R ftroftfif ql-flu ^ ft % ft)7 tliqiP^q) TOT OuRfe ftlfcT 5Br *TT^ TORRTft TRM ft) TOFRI TO TO I, TO: W 5ie 5ft OT^TOBdl I fft Tfft) 5nft TOT 5ft SZJRft Taft §ft TO ^ ft)f^ ft) 51)5™ ft) i^rft I" so (flta. i956 ft) 5ft fthftPra; ftfftft) ftW 5ft Rfti

ft)dt(ft5|) ft)fiT, 1956 ft (Objectives of Industrial Policy] 1956)-1. 'SnfifiEft) (R TOT ftfTft’fteT'’! ft) ftft ft ftlflOl TTRTI 2. 'Tift TOtft TOT TO-J^ 5T;TTft ft TOtft 5I>T l^<?)i« TOÎ 3. TTlftftft?) ftri <BT fqchiti TO IfttbR I 4. TOT TOT ft) 5|)JT..TO5IT I 5. TiTOrft cjil vjtiOtu fftTOT ^^-ii I 6. fftft) '{sMRj'hH TOT ezrfIJTOT ft'?T5f) ft îfi]q) ft ft'ftriTO'JT 5ft ftcJRT I 7. TO ftTOR ft TOHT TOTOT ^RRTI

1ft ft ftm ft RM TOTOdlftf

ft ft)5R TOT ft gOTT 5ERT TOT arrorft«ItJR’'F

tirr^ 127

'SftlfH’lcB 1956 cl?r f^yf^TcTT^ (Salient Features of Industrial Policy, 1956)—1956% tST % ^Pff WRT-

(^) sm ^ 'T T*ll^'=6K

rWl 1^H% ftpfjRT ^ 'JJ’t 'JUttiNrcj a^hik ^ I ^ ^ 17 >3yT'if FSIR ^ I # :3sfFT TTcf 3T^-5TF5r i:(cr »nft ■'TSft^,

Sfitw, fm, ■SFT TSPr ^-fRT, #11, #Tr, ^ ?#?!,

}#R ft#i, Îjff 3i?r3T f#W ^ Hftq&’i, hR«)5*1, ^#BFT, c1IT-%TR ^ tiHH,

'irHKJ’i RtfRW -31# I

(H) larOu ■ # % vaeTl'i # #1% [qchiHW # ^ >3#it ^ F^TTT^ «i*tT^n: # FT ^ ^ >Ji(^jfl | 12^ # FT ^ STT^ qr^*ilPraH, #5nT, '>t#i, Pif# qqîrtf ^31^, 15T3, WFPT 33T #35 \J#T% ’3ii«(if*i* Hti'jf cRT victin'i, ^jRT îdi«Jifl qq Hfqi qioNia I )iRl«4 ^ W #^ >3#ff RurTl ti<«tii(l # ^ qil 'Jti^'fl, Pi'jfl # ^ ^ q)

^ 3n$n ^ 'Jit^*D)

(q) ^#r # ^r ^ #r ## qif tiit w sff M #t i ,?qqirf^FFRT BFTFW pFlfr # ^ ^ ^ #n fe=5 ^ M sf ^ TT^T # ^3qFff ^ F^TW qiT tl«hcil 11

2. Fi^ qq g#nf ^ ftqro-iq # qf ^ w f% qwr ^ qqq#Tt ^ ^ f# #1 #q qq^ «#\t \ ^ q#?! ^ R<«hm‘ ^ wRi

ti5Ndi ^ Jii^'fl dtJl ?# ■STT^Piqi d=h4i=h ^ If#T q^T yl«ii(^d f^‘j| 5l#JT I

3. q| ^ q«JT ^ ^ q#ff ^ wqq’-rff t qqi qgrq^#TqT q? q5f qwT qt qqr ^t^\^ % g#ff % Fr=gfliq qq q#qq Ri«hid qr #■ ^’fl' I #1) ft qqR ^ qtftqf % Ri«hid % f# ti^Rid >3qTq q#) i

4. PFift qq tiiiJ'JiPiqi % qqtqt '^' ?FFqq—qqft ^ qr«i#iqi ^ % '3#ff^ Ri«t>iti qit in«jft«hdi ft qT% =ft qtqqr q5t qft % q<aiRr qr^qr % q? ’ft f^jqr t % qrfqftlqi ftq qq fftqqq ftroft # «ft q^Wq qr qft ftKqr q#iT i ft fHt q#r

^ 'jqi ^ ¥3 ft qftft, qtraWf ^ wi ft qff i

^tfftqi ■m Ml qfftsi ftmqiR

■q^H fft

5. titjvn—W ft# ft fST ^ #itfftq) fqcftid ft ftftfq ^ ft# ^ oiniift

qq ftqf ^ sftlftPlqjqTftt%M’qqtlift#ftqf Ft^ tMr wife «<ehK

^qiRT qr 3riftcp sznq ftftt ^ aiftt qqi ?q ffe ft fftsi gq |i

6. fftft?ft ft# ft ftt ftiM ^ qq^ffet % q^rq qft FfttqiK feqt W 11 ?qft qiFT qqi I fe tnsfcK ftsft uEa’ôiftf # qfd'ôiftt ft -SRIT qff qqt qit qiFT ft M FTlft TC qitf gfMq qff ftqi I

7. qqjftfet qq qq^^fetq ftqift—?q ft# ft *ii«qq ft qrqqr ft qf qftfeR feqr I fe '3?|ylT*i«b fefjrq ft FRqf ftt qq rPF yi^ qff feqr qi d^di qq q^l f$T ft ql’q qq

siq^qqi qq qqifttfeqq qqqsi q ?f i ^ qwr ft§T ft wfttqit qq H«i-yftlq feqq qq ttfesiq qq Riwk feqr qrftqr isigqftt

128 wfq sitismm

HHT ^ cTm ^ % 1% ch4’mR4T -STf^J^FTR^f ^ ?S!TI$

rl?Tr y‘^H'jH«K 'Tlft^ri^ ftwim ÎT^ I

1956 ^ ^nft?TT (Evaluation of Industrial Policy, 1956)—4^, 1956 ^ 3TT^f5) 'sTia'lRi'f) 3PRT if aRtlibî ^ I RismI ^ ^ >Ji<â

tl4)171 ÎHT ^ cff RlSl4f % Stl«hl ^ ^TTwlU'tl

^lWrn^-(i) tii4^Pich ^ ^ RlthW TI«f f4«tK, (ii) ^T ? ^

fcRrTR, (ii'O ^ t(4 ^#rT >jyl‘ff W I«(«1K,

(u) d«b41«l)l yd'y4)li( tRt ^ RIwk, (vi) 3TFTTW iilcit«in't ^ fq«iK,

(vit) iciRiy Rf%r ^ FTTW, {viii) ^ \jf^ hiR^hRi^ «f)Ff 21)1 ??IT^ I

^ aRTO^RTf^—(0 tii'i'JiPieh ^ «Rt ^T?^, (ii) ^ Î)! ^3^,

(iii) 'iy14T ^ «nff3)T'T 3T?T^, (it>) ^lRf«h 5Tt^ 4) 47 ft4) M‘ii4 3T^R*J, (ui) ni^viPich

^ ^ vjyl'i qiTtfo thiMi^îCTOi 4T4I 4)^ ^ -SRRsf (

8. -iftaini* «?R«T ■tf 3?il4

%■

’ft ^ Ii

sffifrt^R) ^ft% Riqûi, 1973 (Industrial Policy Statement, 1973)

r, 1956 4it ^ 2 txqfl, 1973 ^ ^1(4) 4t^FIT ^ ^nit I ulq'^TT ^

1. ulq'Jii 4^ ^ tiyqn ^ 4)t 44t '3T4trTT'’IT f^4T 44TI tiyqn ^^ ^544 44 STTT ftm 44T 411 W 4t44I 44 ff 4? 41^ felT 44T I f4i ti<«t)K ^ 'jyl'l 4!^ ^R*f «i4'JtPi«h ^ 44 Rfjft ^ ^ ql'iSH 4)^ I 4% viul'D 4ft ^ ’ft ^ ^ % 4T4

2. 44)lftl4)TTR44) 44 5rfcl4^^nr44) dHshnl ^ ’jPl4>r-??f 4l4'J|| ff FT^ ^)4T 44T %444)4t 41 ’jftqil %4F' ^ PlRqd 44) tflRld Tl’ft

vf%—smm’JcT 4lit4, ’Tift RlPlij|J| 41% 44t4, Rnrfclt^l^t ^SlfPr, ’lift 4I^ 4lit43nf^ I

444)4 Fy«Ki ’ii'flqiO ^ 3n4R 4T ^ ^ 4)1 4T4RI4)4T ^n^’ft 44T feRJFR ^dt’ff^4T44T

3. 3r4 4)t R«<Ri 4<n4d—ulq'’li % 'STJFTT îr4 i, 195641^ RyRl 4ft It 44T% FIT Jtitl'ii I W WT di4'JiPi=t) OTfB4f, f^Tltt '344)’4t, 44^#fT 44t4t, f^ft 'j^t '3TT!^ % fR44ft It1%^ ^ 4ft| 4ft4tf4 4lf lt4T I

uRrlT titqjK ^ 1977 (New Industrial Policy] 1977 ofJanta Government)

1977 ^ ^ vital 41'^T .4)f tl<«hK 'STPft, ^TT% ^ 414 4? 3TT4?44i4T ^j’td ^TRit % 4^ft F744T FStPff % ^f >3141) Itf^ 3fk ^«6t'4 FI^ 4^1 4^ 4dlRl4) ^ # 4t4^ dohl^flH 4lit4 4=5ft «fr ^ '+)HMv1 ^ 23 feF41, 1977 471 ^ 4| I W afrat^RB Itf^ 4)f Riflqai^ SRBTT I—

1. W5 44 4?fPft ^ «"l«U6t—titqiK c|t Itf^ 4F fPft fe ^FT 4?5’3if ^ 44044 ^ 44 ^ # 4«f4 I 44 4gaTt 44, F?7T44 ?4 ^ STTI It ^ I 4^

xrmhj 129

saHf ^ g5t. wr iso % .^?raiT soo ti5t ^ ia(laR«w ‘iKftl<j aii«lPi«#) fesn? ^ srt OTWf ti*<iâiramîRff BRt t^T ^ aRTT fiPTm ^ ^ 5n%ft»

2. fl'ft*fl<»>—??r •fticT ^ ^ «<4M fiRîT -Jilt'll fe 3}5r ?ra> ?)■ ^ 35t >j|l«lPi<nIqtftitf *R airoifttl ^ I ^1? 'ft *41'flu 'T5T fe -jiRm ^ MiqPi<7>ni!ir<T jftit ft 3i5T 'TTOfftr cRfjftt^ 'iff f^ft?ff ft 3^ <FT oiiqio snftni

^ iram iliJiT âiftnii3. f^?ft fqPiql't—Pl'iijft IqP4i‘i f^PPH aiftlftiR (FERA) ^ uiqiiiil «Et ^?tlT ft pTI^

ftCT ’Jii4‘ii I 'ift ftiftftftr cTOT f^ft ^ ^ 'l4fftl9R'T *17sni TT'^fti ffcif ^ ft fiWR snftTrTt

4. Mutflq Wfftift «Ff ft^ff ft ftftiT ^ RTO «<j<ki

3>tft, nqi-fttfl ^rai iiq'uqilq ?Wl ^ ft «tilft 9Rft % fMt'I^ ft mIkiiRo ftSm snft'ir, ftl^R (qpiql'i TTOT ^jft 4) Piqffl' 'R HT^JT ^Ri<»)Piq'^"! T^ftf I

5. M«iY*if ^ Rift ?*inr fftttfrT—?R 'ftfft ft fl’TjRifl Ptqiiti % ^ t4lq>i^ftfiW 'PIT I tn«i>K ft R^qq %?JI 1^ 10 cira ft ^Rj«h 3Rft@iT gift nqT 5^ ft aiffejcR !3Rft®iT gift sisft % aiRT-^ ^31 RyfRd qRRr ft 'nft afrtftftra;^ fftft enwn'iff Rft snftft I

<111(1 ft 3Btn

WlftlTqqtAH

ft ^ RnjT ft R> ^ ftifft ftftt ffftf ^ ft gfftcTwtfftw TST 7T (Wl ffft 3?IT^ a?l4lPl« 13?II^ giT ^ ^TOU ^ aUtTR TT fftyfRd feiriiiiiiîiiraff^fttRiw ihbr gft ffftf tnffq % RR4f4diai7 ^ ^ftRT ufciqiei ITTR ff I ’

7. sifft^ ^ wfklft-HRBR iil?T aftr yq-y ^ ^q«i<flq)^'JI <11 vjtr ftft «l^ ^Jlft qjfr ftft qqiq^ «Bf fqqiftd Ri?n -Jii^qi q>4qiRqT ft CfRft 3WI ^ ^?l7l ddld-l ^ nfft a'liq qcH'^ ^ ?l^ I ?ll^ Rift titqiK «qi«rtq> ^ RcR *IT R^q uf^qi ft ‘eiPP^’ ^ -HfiCT wiW aftr wn 3rt 'jft ft ?iPra; 'rftRiT ^ ftffti ’r ^ ft>1\ i

8. ftfHTT ^ ««rtj- ft ftlRr-ofreifRpF |te ft ^ ftft ?i5 ftffft Rrafffti ^ Ri Ff ?î?ftf aff yiPftiM * fftq ^ ft'ra ara^ irr Rift wnft «nfftij 'irg 5'ra;i aiftTw^r ^Pri anuR tt ff fftmr «iift*ii qq'FR) ?Hftqr aitiiftrai -m q|?ii fti

6. ftrtft- fltqjK

flWK

irai59ff^ flfftrqi—«iq)K fli^ftRi'i uf4>qi ft anft qiftt ftift qroiaif qft?mn<T qiift qq irmT aftftf aft ft?T ^ ifta afliftPi*' Rgim ft gitrai Ri: flift ft i w

ft aJUIlRiq} ^qii^ql «lft WFRI, qiiqia Stt Rqffl ft ft rinftRiq sRrt ftf !raif?fRr qqiqi aniPiT i

10. ^ ftqrft ft uiftftf ftf 'i^-Tnrfft ?it -ftR ft B3 ^ isftft ftr aicuiftrai Rqi w ft. wmPf ?Rft gft ftRift ft uftftf qft ftf ftf fftm. w

ftiwftffirftqiSTwftfft) Pft ftft ft qft ftqift ft aftq ff Rift anftft-

9. di^ftRiq ftf

130 RTOftq srtfsimor

(i) 3nUR^ ^ OTtn, (ij) ^ tSURl 3ft ^ Tig vJOWf ^ fiRKRT ^ f^T?f, (lYO fiprft 3^ fleh'ftsh 3ft '3Tr3?33i?r ^ (iv)

ftl3> IqPi*ft'i ^3n3933i

%lMiiq^MWni“JlCHl

11. W<{v>)Pl3> 5^ 3ft ^ «i4^Pi<fi OTtnT ^ 3)Ff^ YTOT >jTR5lfftf3 ^^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ 3? fem 33T ^ % yn'Mltkii cR^sft 33 vstHmi*16>W

3Rft ^ ^13 'ft Wl4'>lftth ^ 33 >3^q\'l 1^31 'fli4‘ii 33T vjwl'fl (AncillaryIndustries) ^ Y3FT3T 'ft tii’J^fnen ft3 ft 3ft snftftt 1 tRqji{ Mul'fl ^ •jitlctfli 1^3 dlV1l33>dl % 3T3 ^Hlft 33 mB 3ftfttl

12. 3f wftf 3ft ^ft33-?H ftl^ ft 3? ¥PZ (ftOT W % 3ft 'Sfhftfft^ ERlftf5R3t3 3T '?3irftr3iRTt33) ^3 alciq'îw'n «4i3R

3ig?R .aftlPl^q (MRTP Act) 3ft 313?3T3ft % 3rtft3 ftf Md 1%3T 3nft3T I

ftrtrf ^ YPftW (Evaluation of Policy)—^ ft 3Tft3) 3Ft3^ qRqîT 3ft ylu''ii 3ft 'Rft 331 ft?T 35 vSftfe ttcf 3ft?ftfft3i ^333 ft 3ftt TOf ^ Bf3t3 3T vfTT ft3T 3311 RT'g Tff ftrtft 351 jnTRft l^3P33H *ft 3 ^ RPTT 37 % SPBI irmi ^ 333 ftf 3311 IT^BR 3F^ftcT 313 ftft[FTfft3> 333 333R T? 37ft I

^ fe# 'ft7^1 ttlRHi 5(3 RiwK 3*3

vjflsftffttfi ftrt^ tft^nftT, 1980 (Industrial Policy Statement, 1980)

1980 ft gtr 3tpT ^•iiq{ ^ 3937^ 3ifft3 3T3iTT J^'. HrfT ft 3rnft I 337 ft OTlft ftt 3733T . ft 1977 ft 373777 ti<4)K 573 tftfftcT oflulRw Tftfft 7373 fft3T I 33733^ ^

Sro 23 ^57l|, 1980 3ft 333 ft tftw T^t 3lft '33Bn: 1956 ^ ^ftftfft3> fttfft ^ ^ 51733 ^ orrft usii 3If7ft % ftf«K3 3^373 sRRîlfclMl ^ 3^3'( ft ^7J 34)3 3ft 3733737>Jn3T 3773933) ft I ?3 ift ^?^93 tft'3 5I3)7T fftf$33 fftift 3ft—dJlRla 373733 ?73c77 357 373^?^ 713373 ^737, Tr^*ft7 vioT'it ^ !JT3fft3>t71 57373 3v735 ^ftft ^ 377377 33737,'573733)37 ft 35(37, aiftl3) 3737 ft T73737T 339731 35T737, '53'ft3373Tf 3? Iftrff 3ft T?77 3>7[37 9737 'JliRf«b 33373 ^ l(1«iif^ <h(*ii vUiR I

37337

9)^ 5®T (Salient Features of Policy)

1. tll4vlPl<t) 3ft 'jjft<t)i—(i<«hR 3)7 3? HMCi ft737 fft) ?33)T 33^ 3ft 337973 ?3ytKR %3T 971ft fftl 53^ 9773 39 397I3T 977 t7^ 9737 ft 753353 9lftl35 3I3T ft ftvTnTT ft 97^ I ?97^ 1^ 57«ft35 (^7?ftp!3> ^357^ 357 075333 fft53T 977ft3T ^7T 97333^3)71^753 ^ '3737'ffr TSlTSft 35ft3t ^ 359^ 57337 357 fft35797 ^537 977ft3T I

2. 33373 ^ «lc(7l63~ftft ^ sft OTlftfe |fe ft |ft I, 33ft ftft WTT^937P79T 7ft5ft 9Tlftft fft5 397 ft3 ft 37ftl35lfft3) 3737 ft 9791335 ^ 97g ftft ^4)9 553)3 937^97 Iftift 971 97^ I ft 973*3 976733) 553)3f ^ 37T397f 357 397733 cRftft, 553^ 39373357 33ft3)9®7 359^ ^ 07ftl35 333)4) 337ftft, Stft Mul'H ft 3573 377ft 37^ 97354)35 357 53R 3ftft qft 3ft 533)ftq! 3ft 357ft 3)9ft 5B7 373979 5I3R 359^ 553)4) ^ ft^3ft33593 35) 57)9977^97 3)Xft I

3. 915 997ft3 ?3)T?3f-97g ^3)4) 357 3)9ft ^4) ^ ft 9r935R ft 3§?r ^ 37)li)fft355357?^ ft fftfftftW ^ 9ft3T ^ 3^ 977^ ^3ft ft 3?7^ 2 9779? ■53ft, (39^373 5 317?

tn^ 3ttfsf^^ 131

«ITT?r if '5’^%) ^ scbisq! if RlPfql'l 10 ^dW 20 ('^rf‘il'160 ^fnj -siH vjsji'if if I«iPi4)'i 15 ^rra" ^ «i6i«h< 25

75 W ■^) ^ tt 11 ^ -qg 31^ 17?M ^ IPfPT ^rT?7T sichl dfcWSJ^R^ §Tf^ îT Richiti ^ y^ll 1

4. 3fftra> gwi'<rT 1?^ ilv'I'IK-^ if ^ ^ I ??n%[ «ir^ w 1?^ ^jR?7i^ ^ ^flrarcf*T f^qr

31TPfr ^ if ■jiT^'M W2TT 5fe«FSI ^ ffl'iiqi'Jii^Mi aflaiPich 3r?^ STHrlT tFT ^ ^ ^ I

5. ^ iqchiti ITcBTT 'flip'll 'Jiti'^^n

tl*livi ^ ^1^ I ^(54f ^ FIFTir

^ 3?R ^ -Jiitl'Fl I

6. '3||fc^Pi'»> 'JSl'if if -STT^f^ ^ Pi'îRni ach-flcti ^ UpffT

•T7 Rl^ OTR R<JI viii)'ii 'Sffr XT^,Richm ^ alrfflf^d ftRT \nitl4i I

f^rafa if ^ M, a^-Bif Rrw i- g^nr tm crar ?ir^ ^ i ^ if ^Rmrff 2BI ^Prra t, ^'{cRl >5'RW t\^>*U \ ^ tRRf^raf ^ a«h4f«h ^3iiqm aff 5^«Rn 3?R aft •Jti^'fl fjR^ aRT fqchiti <Rr vjfiia ti'i*-!-ShtisT ^ I

7. aftiftPR) ^P^-^RadT m a;^ aftr «pt ficr it arf^ ?2tr M am am iRmsffa?r fsiRir air srr aM i am, fjft am srmî ait qsR wi air gma ^ i

8. ■H^^âtaa—ciT?^ ^ aft ii%m ait >3ilT >3TRiai ara aarm ia4t amm ^ ^maar, 5^pff lair?^ ^ aram ^ ftaiRr a^gait ^ aRTaa ^gT7*R mr% ^ Rfti m?ifrr sttam ^ gan f%^ mifft i ?«hiiaf maairtt r3% ^

Data Bank ait ^maat ^ ait .'Jiitl'ft I

?Tr gaiR f^m % ânaa Ttama

9. mR §aJiiaT asr iaiT?af srrr uaaiT Rftnm-tl^thK AWK

fR aicT air 5aR ai^ % sr^f Bai mâr rr Pt?if air Rarf^ fm?i’t R?^ ^na9a^ Rirffa ^T?imn gara ^ mit uaaiT Rr^l^ftaiT'a Rfi^ ^m?r ?aiit if air ferr arr^ i afe ^ 3rm gara m?fai ^ I ^ am gc^ if ih aiRia>iR4)' ait ater sft ftrit % ^tmr gf% ^fjT'âR f I'

aRf iRmr ^ ^trwR

10. viol'll ^ marf^ aiRRa ar a?r—^ftiitPtai fchi^f ait ti<î'< a^ft ama a^raargaia ait^ aag lai??^ ^ a^ ^ft >3rr?rr 7^ % % >3Tg% araif^ aiRraff air araa ^ I aaair aF ^ aiRtai Ftar % â a a^ âar^ftt qa aâr^ a ait am arftiai t 3rf^ air% air gam aitiaFjraa

11. aafW aataf ait gtan?a—Fa •fiRt ^ -sranfa a? f^âa fâr aar ^ arairr anfH

aat^ ^ feaira aw graRraiar ^ at% agasaai ar^W atat ait ttaiaR % ^rftiai sraar gim ^ a^ am aaair ■sa^Rii fâiia ^ a^ i ar^fW ^ Fa^mr, Fat^rar,igr^ am ^ ar samfta aatal ^ Rimra ar aa ^ mî

f132 ara^ are/arawd

^ ■?plt?TT (Evaluation of Policy)—W ^ ^ >3ilylPi=h vFRT ^ PtftlcT tqinn|'3TT I ^ W FfPRT cfr ^ ^ f^Rta' I pFf SRtiR

^ tittirfl %—

w %' traf—(i) Isi«hi(i % 5% cqsieiR'h (it)^ isifpif % ^ ^Pugn ill’ll,

’TT ar^nte) (f) n)*tfd ?raT arpncf yRit^NH yr (vi) ttt^jt vRfrff % fcPFRT ^7 W, (uii) ^ ^ vaHsh*il ^ chi4«g?Mni «lfl% ^ sCT I

^ cR}—(i) anf^ TRTT % ^nTl'J'ht''! ^ ylcui^’i, (ii. 5«w441 ^ ?PRT # chT'j^l ^

>d€<)'(l ^ IRRI

vh)ej1Ri4) 1991 (New Industrial Policy, 1991)1980 % ^T a?|qlPl^ 'ifafqfyqf ^ % f4wi< §'

t(4 ci|imR«b 'frtrPrT ^ ^ t1«bd'T % | ^ HM ^ \iH'nfsy4l <Rt >i4I4kI cRIT 1990% ^ aj'lylPi'll Pictiiti ^ ?n% ^ ^feîf’^r % ^ aiRS^ ^ ’RT^ qRdcf^ 1 ?7?t HFt aiRT if R# |tT 24 1991 ^Ff 7RR t ^qr q4) jRT WT w I ?7r ^ ^ q?T^ trur Ptr I-

1. tR*l(l ^ ^ vieil'iT ^ aRRW (De-reservation of Industries For PublicSector)-1956 t TR^Flff ^ 3171 ^ 16 âtftq aiTTfim 7^ 11 PTSft ^ ^

g'ff'jf arraiT qr ^ 5^ aal'i) # ^ ai^q^ ^ sfr i ju stti aiKlsa^ ^ aiRTf^ TftftcT ^ w li aR 8 ^jgpr ?7T 3Rq7 % aiTTf^ T^\ ^FT ^ tii‘iP't) q?R tiqlnR ^ tivniO ^ ^ aiTTSFT«Iif 7^ I tit^tiifl ^ timPu qfR, null'll 71*11 aiTUTT^ 51^ % Pl«hl71 q7 371 ^31 -Jti^Mi I 7T73ilfr ^ aiuRia isui'i ^—(0 ^ ^PtMK, (fi) 3731^;?(f4a, (Hi) ^t37ir, (iv) aPi'fl (v) '^t^, 7^31, 3T^t, ^)7T iSjf^ ^ ^73133,(ni) 71131, 717711 arri^ 3il 137333, (vii) (gPi-fl ^fl 3731^ ijiftu % SPTPt 33^ 7131(viii) ^71% qft3Fl I

2. 37<*l(l aiSfl ^ ariFT'T (Divestment of Government Shareholding)—TTTÎR% ^ ^ 3F ’ft 3f3'3T qft ^ tii4'flPi«t5 ftq % 'iul'il ft Tlftf TlTqilft ai^rjift% 333 qPT 3it i^S'^ (Mutual Funds), ^tf]q 71731311, aiPT TRTH 713T =b4qiR4l 3it ft3T 'Jii4'ii I ?71331 Tll^TlpR) ftq % vSyî aiftl3> 7337173 513H 3173T331 arsfaRT^F ^ q?73^ ft 35) afR aiftl35 ’TlftfSlft 357% % anqp37T715731 11

3. aftrit^R) 7II5^Ri*i ^ TRTTf 3)731 (Abolition of Industrial Licensing)—qf fttfftft 18 PiRi'Ji 533)4) 35) ^ TPft 'Sul'il % TH^ftTl ^ 73373T 713371 3574) iRft ^ i ft 18 >i«i)*i ft—(j) 35)373, (ii) ft)ft), (in) %?tf^Rq, (iv) ftfq7 71517, (u) Pi'lK 7R ftpfts, (ui) aftqfft, (ufi) 737173135 titiNpi^h ^7313, (viii) 9T7R, {«) 31PR7f 3% qftf

«?Ro97 133

1TRH if ^ (x) tlii'M IJ<T '3n?«Ilft shi'M, (xi) §^lîPi«h QOt^ti ^ vSHth^"!, (xii)\3HHltKii ?rf«F?tPlcF ^ TJjt^ ^5 ^.^.3TTT., (xiii) ^t^witi, (xi'v) 'cTT^S, (xt>) ^ y*i§i,,(xuO y)tiR<h*i, (xvii) oflylPiet) fcitMilitf), (xvHi)

^Tsft^T arrfî

4. ^ (Freedom to Adjust Production in Accordancewith Demand)—^nJt -ftfet ^ vsim'fn iJOWf 5TO % % ^TSfR*rni ^ oijwH 3n% vitNici ti*iiulPin ^ I vJ^ ni§^ sirt

3it fWf vjtil'iT <?lf I

5. qt''i«tig fqPiif''! t?)|ifS)*tT ^ «*ii'd 9)^1 (Abolition of Phased ManufacturingProgrammes)—flWK ^ if if 'irff -SPl^rtR tft OfM'îi eft ^ tRJT oilPJR

if ?Tm ft ^15 ^ 5ft 9ft I qfipZT if'JlRf^hfSil efTofl ^fPrft, <1^9^ ’cTOT wcetif (Components) ft 3n9ra ftOI§tfd ftt 'Jll'littjehfll 9ft ftft I feftpfbr Chief«>*i ft vu-fl'fci 3r99-3ra9 HIHrif

•Sira^tPBai 9ft ftft 1 9^ ftpjft'9Chiefth*i rf^nr 9ft fifft 3nftt i

6. Miii!tiir*i<»i fttcRHPlrn EIRT ft) {vciHi (Removal of Mandatory Convertibility aause)-W if viildlRleb f^ 99 tT9) ^ftcT ^ tI9 fitftJT RRITSff SRI 5RI9 f^^9rat9?9%l3I999Jir fREfft 9t 9^9^97# ftf 9(9 5f9R 9)^ 999

3Tft?TIr99J qft9cfft99T 9T7T 99 ffft9 9Rft Tft I (W 599 ft -SRlftT ?9 RWlftf ftf 9? arftlEBR ft9T % 1ft if OTir 9(9 ft 99J 919 ftf 9991 (Equity) if qRft^d 9R 99«1f %) 9ElPf m: 59 tim 99 !lft9 9ft ^ 991 cWlft fftft RfRlftf SRT 59 9T9 ftr 95P 99ftt 9I9T 9191 59 ftf^ ft 399% 959^9I3ff ST9 9fft9 if 59 9T9 99 99f9 9ft %9T 9rft9T I

ftf 9ft I fft firft9«I9WI

7. 9^ czn9Tft9> 999f 9T f%?I 9*9Êft Pt9^^ftT 9it 5Î9T (Removal of Investment Controls on Large Business Houses)-1969 ft t^9ilftr999t99) 99 ufrl5P9lrH9> czn9R 9ig5R 3TitrPr99 (MRTP Act) ft 9ig ft vnft ft 9?9T^ 39 9ft 9% ftf fft99?f 9»9fft9f q9J ftR99 ft9T ft 3lftl9? t, q9.3IR.ft.ft. >K9f (MRTP Firms) ft 99 ft 9ftf9 fft9r 99r 11 ftft ipft 9it ft99 gftfer 3imiT 9T ft 3ft9f if sft9T 9Rft ftf SigRfft ft vnft 11 59 9ft 9it ftftSfT 9*99ft 9ft TTRlft ft fcTR 3T99-3199 3ig*% ftft q5ft % | 9ft9 ftfft ft 399% 59 ift 9T ft 95 7%5RI 537 ^ 9ft f |

8. fftftft xluiniehl 995ftft ft (ciR ^99: 3ig*ft59 (Automatic Approval for Foreign Technology Agreements)-3rft 9^ 979% 9ft ftf ftftftiftf HMSfIdf 997 ftftft

ft 9^<79J ft 5I9f9) hRuIvih ft 1% 9t97R ft rjft 3ig9R9 9791 <t>Hi 971 9ft9 ft% ft 3197% 95 379^97 ftf 9ft ^ % 3^ ififtfftft 997 97ft

Pift97 97ft vjftft ftf qcfl (37gcpji iii-vjtiPr) ft 97%%; ft 3797%37gft99 S7797 ft v7Tft9T I 95 ^ftEH’ 37^7 sftft ft ft 9797 ftft 9% ftf> ft

5^ ^9979 ^ fft^ gCT ftft 99 95TO ^ f%T 99 9ftl

Cliqffqeh

134 979% 378fe75?a77

«rTTtT if9. ^ ^ ^ ^ aj^R^ an^?q^ ^ (No Need ofPermission for Hiring of Foreign Technicians)—^ aTrPffT ^ ^^ I % d4)-tlf$i^Hi' t%Ti^ qr ^ ^T if R-hRid sffijfRra^t ^

if ^ aijqRf ^ q5t ^ aTR$qq;^ ^1if qRI% ^

10. 51% rRj f^?fr ^nmr ^ Êquity Upto 51%)—ar*ir rPF 40% ^ ^ Rtq «c5«h HIH^ if aiRR-aRPTar^nlfi #ft î -ftf^ % aRpftr qraRrajcrr jyVi! if 5i% rw

af5T m% ^ ^ ti^di qpfRjft 4) ^ an^ 'Sh^Ô(Capital Equipments) «Er RlrT qf^T 'ERTT 11 ^ftRl % aiTi'fa elcjTl âtRiRcw m4c'»^ % if 51% tiHoi ^ wi‘in Rbqi >Jii4‘ii I

lien

Fl^: aijHl<id ^3qR^ST #TTI RF #1^ FRTFff

h4)^ ^^ylPich ^ ‘iyMi'hd (Evaluation of New Industrial Policy)

1991 t ^ Rfi inFR f—(i) TF^ ^ qM qff q4t if îRIT, (ii) vjrqiqi qq F^TRqi^ % qpf ^ aTPft Ri^fciqfarw cpTjftftqf ^ ^ cFRIT, (ii'O fRrqR if (q^hiti ^ cFRTT, (u) ylEjlRichl cRT fq«hltl «F1tIT,

^ qil^ Pl'HU’l RTT ^ 5^ Midi, (viii]

^ 13^9^ (Objectives of Policy)—'

■^^qr, (id) tsqiRfRraT ^ alrtiil^n UM cFRTT, (Dll') ^ ^

4q>itf ^ didf (

•flRr % q?f riq> (Arguments in Favour of Policy)—(i) Rrift ^ ^5) TP^TqÛdd! ifijffqf, (ii) tticf'JlPf'F ^ «Ff^ RSIT

aiRicfi î<iTini q^ ebtdi qife % qiRif^th arraR qq qjpf ti'qiwH ^R (Ui] qj) RFlftf % I4*W tj# t^RTR if RFfW, (id) ^t^lRjqqr frai ^NR FRT^ if qi’ft', (d) an^STRqqi nRqcfdlqai 5TRT FFI^ ^ Rfrffq ^RÎTaff % FRT^ if (di) «qi4K

Pj4q) ^ titcfciO

if FRR ylqqlPini ^ qf^^TTFR, (vii) snqrftqj utRf qif aflylPich ^[RT ^qitriqfqiRTT, (viii) fcf^qft ylulRiqil ai^q'-tff % ^qR: ar^qf^q

tiqivid

qq îFFfT qR^ % anqsqqi 'fqcFRrtr qqrR % iri4lPi«h qff qtRTIFR, (ix) f^^qff dqRftftiqqf q?) tlqi4 tch<i4 RT ^ ^ qfRTTFR(x) ’55ft qit anqi^qj qR% ^ sftRTTFR I

4)frr ^ ftqW ^ rrq> (Arguments Against Policy)—(i) tiiJ-JiRiq) ^ % d&fq if qqff,(ii) ^ ^ anqsqqRH' ^ aif4q> rfri, (iiO vTTFffRpT ^ ddii^ % 5^qqPi q5f Rqiqqr, (id) aiNIdf if aidllRiqi «fr aTfSfqq, (d) anRfqi RtR % qif qtRITFR, (vi) ylylRiqit qr R4<fli q^ srfRTTFR, (vH) RRRT «^f qRftqi^ # ffe qR^ ^ "jjlt ^ fcDrrfr,

q^ ^ Rrqq fqi t wm aikHdd'i'JI 11

ing Policy: An Introduction)2.26

'SfleflPi'b (Industrial Licensing Policy : An Introduction)

aiiylPicb efiF^fRfq arRRT rrfr c^f ^ I Rini aRpfcf aftiffRiqi Rqqqff^ ^qrqqr arqqr Rrrr % rrfr ^ anw qR vIrt afRrqnf fRtt % i fr ansfr qR if ai1ylRi«t>

5f«^^5FSR 13S

vjH5b»i ^ ‘dwiRd ^ «n^ 'Rj ^ ^ ^ '3<'n^5TOI anf^ 5ET ferr ^ I < ^ 4ylPt* ?n^T^Ri aiwt ^ % 55^Pw li<w< ^—(0 all6ilPi«h fcRJRT ^ Pi^Hd 'iK’ii q'i'fl’iiaff % ?l8^ff rTOT

diyiT 5ir anîH (ff) fiRTM vStfRff 'iit’ ai^Rid sifrRTsf ^ 3ifr*fr ^ ên 3RR

(tit) Rîrf^RER ^ fdMp5(^ sERir ^RtT SRt ^ (iu) aflRi<t) wiMdl

fRIT aTT^PRJ d'b'il't) TTcf [q(îiT % a4ld ^ yl«ii5*i (u) ^ oaftdl ^ 3ljRr îf^la % Slfdif^d ct)<'ll, (vi) (dPt'd ^ d-^ldd ^ ^ afl^tlPiqi fd«bid <?j<'ti, (t)it).ftjft ^ ^ aftsf[Pt5i 5?t c«tiHdl ^ PiWK tR ^TRErtt P)'4-t(ui (ujii) ^ ^ ■a?ly)Pi«V) %

ailedPRfr ^didi I

vdilqlPith {ftq>ra Pi^tHd) ^rfferf^^RT, 1951 [Industries (Development and

Regulation) Act, 1951]^ylPlcji -flld, 1948 ^ atieiK^ ItKaid") ^ “tNîRdi ^ ^ HRf, 1949 ^

^ ^ ai5^, 1951 ^ afturt^ (Rpert ^rrr) ari^rf^ ^ 'iiftwgarr t m aiftrf^ s qf, 1952 ^ ^ ^ w 1 w aiRri^ ^|r, “ail«1Ri«h {fcRjRr '^ PfdHd) arftitddd % nidiRich aflr •[tfit ^ 9TR^ % ^ ^

^TR3 dt.'ftK ^tT

5ET gjnf ^ PiyfRct ft??ff ^ aig^ ^ tft 11”

aiRjRidd ^ (Objectives of Act)—ailyPiqd % tfiRw ^

1^ iHBR tr-

1. dditidT ^ vjRid andid—aifyPidd ^ tnRw vtt% cct ^ 3^ ^

*11 % ^ % vdHdsy yi^ffl«h, dilci^h ti^ Ml'^M ddyiT ^ IRrr? qiRjd fe?TT # ^RfT

^ R*JT ^ dtâff ^ %âff % acHiQd ^ iilrttiBd %tTT ^ ^1^ fvR^ ^T tRT IRTR 3^ arf^ airastdchdi li

2. fd<<ll>itd 'dtle/lPj'b Idd>ld—^ aftutf^ RtdJid RplffiRr 3«f ftdPSR efft^ ^

vIT cTUI kqqefltj tfl^Riaff ^ PiyfRd 5)) HR! f%UT jJT I

3. vieHidd OTtIT ^ ?rwf ^ ^ «fiT

^pft 'iyVit ^ ?iRRii ^ ^R5j{ ^ tju \

4. ti'^Rid 'm aftdlRi«E f^RERr w scer ferr ^ fif> ^ % ^nf) ^^ ?RTRT >?=( d’^fdd fqchid ^ ^ I

5. anftf^ «Tii ^ q>Ti®i 9T tN>—arfyRidH ^ 1131? anf^ ¥etT % *^^1

'R fhp MdMI UTI ailylRicfc fclcERT IRBR f^ vTFJT tjlf^ f^ cEt^ ’ll urf^ aiW

«ti«idiR(d) 3^ ajRS^REeiT ^ arf^j^ ^fi ^ 1 %?r ^ ?pft ^ ^

. anniT 5RFT gRT^ 317% I6. ^ viyldT ^ ^TOTW—^ dyl'i) oEt g% vj^tff g% ai^Rid sRlw-^f % rrt'e

She'll ajfyPiqd gjf t^Ê ai^ R?Rnjyf ^ i

% t?g> Risn % cEETd*«i'y

I 1^R% U? %751 37T -77% (%; %51 % 'SlM t

• \

9?PT

136

mrff7. ^ (Protection to Fundamental Industries)—?^«f>r 5J5T ^ ^ ^ ^ f^raffr tiq^n, -sTPnrf y(cit«jiM'^,aqi4lq^ fsPFRr, rTSIT 5ra^ ^ 3TT^f^ [qqitqiu % lq«hm ^«5iq«b

aiftjPliPI ^ f^sitsidl^ (Salient Features of Act)—-SilulPiqi (ftqiiti tjsf J^PPH)3ifs4ptq*i, 1951 % 5^ UN'Mi'if ^ ^ f^nTT^RI 'iqi %—ylciq'yiwq), ^t)Kiw«h

tq-iiwq!) I

irz^1

1. viiq^M (Restrictive Provisions)—yRiq'yirHq) yNyinl' ^ ^

I #T ^ ^ll ^ ^ 3!^ UNyH iraiR

Wff 5 5Rt? ■??. % >3lftRF I (NON-FERAt«JlH'ti ^ O'h'll'hl

«FTFTT ^3{Pm^ 11 (li) -sTfiri^m cj?r im -3133^ Psr^rar cfR% 3T?rai f^Rft ^pft cr^R<«hK % ?tl§tl« ’3iP|qi4 % 1 {Hi)

^ rit vjyltit qr-yfo^'kl enn% ^ «qqt«ii %—(i) ^ aflylPtq) saythHrRIT NON-MRTP) q)“Hpiq1 2[)t ?5iTT ^ 15 «b0? ^.) lit

Iqthm Pltsrai % ÎfT q'jTlqjt'Ji vjyl^lt ^ vjH5h*il ^ t«Jiyn ^ ^3?7R^ 5JR«T ^ ^ %r

f^rs?R^ ^ ■3TRJR ^ 5>t4 H'41qit''l ITRf «FT ^01 % ■3T5!I^ ftRqn ^^ yR«r ^ JR tnrTT I ifr Pm ^ iraur ,11 (zu)

^ 5Er -sn^T ^ % imi

'3H5t5‘t

13?TR=TîWT ’it >ii3tiprd isît’r 'SFrar uwr 5^ ^rfif % Mft'j|i‘if % 3fRJR 'TT valqn 3i^T f^{$9T ^rrft 5R tiqirfl ^ l

2. ^yilkH* yiqtiH (Corrective Provisions)—3«JKic*i«h yiqyiiT cF>I viul'il

-srsRTT ^3wff n’lFqT'BTf w 4t4f ^ 3T ^ ^ 31JR 11 ?iT ipf ■% yiqifM irailT (i) ^ qtnilq tit=t)K ^ ^ f^sjqid ^ %lit f^t^ iSifPr3ra=fT viHsbH W 5f«FtI ti'Tilq'fl'iq) ^ t 3TznfT 5RftlT % ^ lit ?l<q5K vittqii5ra=y P(q‘-5(“( '3PI^ ?RT ^ # t<«hlft I (h) •azg^Ria ual'it ^ SRI ucviRo% gj^T- t(4 Iqnt'Ji ^ Piqfô cRT IRFlft % I

3. yiqUR (Constructive Provisions)—T^RRR^ Uiqui-if ^ 3IT?TZf ^ yi^miT% t STTT viyl'it % tiqiKiw^ Pinîir^q) ql'ntH gfe «fR% % 5PIRI vR^ f I 51T OyRyftqR ^ oz'n'fn PW yiqyiqt ^ «yqwi ^ ’Pfr ^—(/) ■i’jttq

KIHiikldl ^ F8INHI, (it]^ î41 tiftfn ^ (ii>) 'J^t’T % ^ nRqti ttil ’T^^,(u) -sitiitRpF ^ Pigl^n, (uz") f«r?lR ^ d'uii, (viz") ^t^flRrai ■sii’q)^ ^ ini?,(vizz) 3lfîPT STRraff ?Fr ^ ITT ^ i6t I

«fir (Hi) qi-ilq Hti*i^kiai sRq^

'ifl^flRr^ 1970 (Industrial Licensing Policy, 1970)

(fqqilfl 1(4 Piq^n) 'Jlfsjpiq*!, 1951 ^ ^ ^ y'lHÎ 3rPTr4t’pit, viflqzt ^ ^ ^ ^ ’Pfr I §tiq^ IPitw ^ t^ F'jiiO yRrfrf 34 ^ nPiRl ^’T^’T WI ^ tllHlciqf ^ 33n4f % 'STPITT "Tl 18 V)<q(l, 1970 ^ pfPT ’ftfcT ll?t4tTO Jtit Tpft I ?iit JFT di?itRi’i 4tRr, 1970 % ’tft t gsFnr % 1

mrih 3Ttfs!!wm 137

tf ^reffiT ^ ^ (Objectives of Policy)-?TT ^ ^ 53^ ^3?^ ^-(t) OTftfeTrar ^ 'TT stKII, (ii) fliel-fltnw ^ ^ lelWK thtH tWl *16W ^^'tii, (ifT) MUpitiT *i4li iNf ^ 'fllalPi'h [qtjilri ^ ttxii, (n>) ctistfRi'i jrflpn 5it

«j'ii-3T, (u) H3 \Jol‘il V \}y|‘iT ^ [^«w« ^ vJ^H^ shuii I

^ (Salient Features of Policy)—^ ^ 3®^ ftiR

iranr t-(i) ^ aiggRrcr ;jtM ^ Pr^ -^tt ^ FrrsfH ^ îPrarf m, 25 nn? ^^ <jî<^< 1 5J7l? 1>. ^ ^ ’Jtfl’ I (ii) 'nft PtPrifnT (Heavy Investment Sector) ^ ^ vPT3>*ff‘fit ?itPih fell 'flip'll Diithi Ffpft ^ ftPRrPr 5 ‘RtI? ^ ?Pir 1 (Ui)vjtfpff (Core Industries) ^ qg> ^ 5IT^ -sftT VR OTPff ^ PPEm ^ ijtriHi3 ^r=rnft vtiiWt 1 («o) Rizptr FnsiltiuiO ^ciiq^shoi ?Pft I (o) fnqfal*3dt uul'if <!?( Hmf4«hfl( ^ uiIuk ^ IRR vii4^ I

(t>l) HI^SlPTf) ^ % uol'lf «l?t eJtf'IH "itfrt ^ vlrft V1I<1'1I I (Pl'i) tljjslfl 5ir *ft fqchiri feqr 5iT^ I (viii) ^ uuPi! ^ ^rm ^ ^ i (tr) fiPurr OTtnftfi otW ^ ijwr FnftrT

^ HISKift ^ 5)1 ki«jpi«h0l ^t ktitl'fl I (x) 1 5)itf ^ 5 chtl? ^5^ ^ 5t2T îtt fqPiqVi51^ ^swfi ^ ^ ^ 5Fi ^ traPra! ^ ^ ktriufta Pbî

^lA'ii I (xO 5^ tfit 5)5cl vjejj'ir, *nft vjul'll tTOT Plijfdi'^ti) utJl'II ^ ^5)t 'H^hRI ^t vfT^’ft I

'afltTlPlth cii^tl'ntM Îf^, 1973 (Industrial Licensing Policy, 1973) aflotPi* cnftftrr 1970 ^t sft *rft eff, ^ ^ ^raffj

2 'Rgft, J973 5it FIT5TfPrT ^ 55t utw 55t 5^{t I 5it dis^'l 1975 *ft 5151 vtrar %i

'BcRqw

^tfrt ^ (Objectives of Policy)-?lT ^tpT ^ tiHcq xT^îjq JftfjTT d (3?^15%T

^ 5^ % vit FTTf^ppr ^tPr, 1970 ^ ^)~(0 Piqllô tfts f^thid, (fi) HPnfii5) ^nq^ irf^, (iif STM 5)^111

•ftfil 5^ 5®^ (Salient Features of Policy)“?FI 'ftpT ^ 3®^H'hK df—(0 rftw Iqtftiti, UHiPith ^^friT, >«icMpl4tfli t^5 ouuit’^n •îd*! 3n53?555tr3if 5it

■^t HVcSsiPith ^ ^ •*TFt5 ^ ^ 5nitit, (ii) pr^t «t^ PiPfff ^ 51^ PqtrT

iranRT ?rft T^, (Hi) ^^5rT ^ JBT firaiRT 3®f ^PnBT in^STT 5^t ft ifft,(id) 19 ^ OTtnf 55t tj5i ^ fPnr qit ■rP f pR*f qf aiNtnPitfi 35 trar »ipt ^lT5«ft f, (v) 5T 'JiiyiRrt uul'lT ^ ^ ti^cniO ?t^ 5it wivPitiKii ^t viitl'H,

(pi) cig ^ ^ vjqW ^ Ffm qit 5}tPr vTift T7^ sir^ 1

'•i41'i oftlltPraj î5^W‘i 1991 (New Industrial Licensing Policy, 1991)1991 *f utfffcT ^ ^ aRnfft 31^ ^ Mpdcfn^ 55t qttr»IT ^ft Rjt ?! 1vR% af3?IR

#EitPt5i (PPBm ^[5 ppm) 3iPift?pr, 1951 55 ftwi ft w f i it ’tP^cPt Pftff5nT ?-

138 snldijutvi

18 vjyl'iT cflt bls«R ^ Tpff yyl'il % ^?T77Ty*iim cR

^ 11 ^ 18 ssihr *fr ^ 3rrf^ # 'Sf^^RT t,w tFR'’! (1I5^« ^ 3lMqi4 T^ W 11

1.

2. <ll4vHp|ch ^ JRT HR?! ’fr 3RnftTHP ^F*T5R^wll?¥^%^3pr8 11 ar?!^ #3RT Rfr ll

3. ^jfrw amiR % ^ ST^ 'j^ cR% R tuchK ^ -Si^hRI ^ ^ aiN^qcâi• ^ ^ I ^ ar^'-yf w: ^ hr feyr 3it4ht i ^ ^ 5# l-(0

^ f43?5) rt*irt/ ^ HTHR ^ gPiJ^tirt (h) ojiyici ajl% HJW'JiffHfT HRR, IR H^ftnft ^ >^1% I4Pl4l*l ^ 25% ^ HR ^ WHTaMR Hit artîwT T# t( HJftf li

4. yfe HlfR %4t ^ THR HT WtPR f«lRT Htt 7?T I 'Jl'ttl'oMi 10 %\nRjet) ^ ^ (aiftcii^ HT^ Njylît ^ arfrrftHH) HTHiTT % ai^H^

Hit ailHHHHRT ?t4t I

yiTT (Mandatory Convertibility Clause) ^ HHTR HiT f^HTHHM ^ >Jii4‘ii ^

5.^ Hn% % Hâff Hif aifilHiRHHT tl ?H% HHRT

aN% Ht’H Hit Tlf^ tlHdl ^ HttH^rf HIT tiHicl ^ I

6. Hlft HftHtHRTaff ^ yH-y *f HRfsFff Hit HHIR HiT W 11tflR IT HTHR jfr ai^R^ ^

^1

7. RidHR §«tii§4f Hit H^t Ritâ (New Broad Banding Facility) HHR «bti4lan44t Hife % tsRT Hif4 aifdRHd RiPi41'i nt>4 iJrihh hit i

8. ftJlRR ?H?J?Ht ar?^ f^RTT chj4sh4)' ^ 4t #1T aiftHFt ^tHT t

2.27 i^dill^diKIcH* SrfcI^FSn^T^ eîMK «1H5K 3jR«PiMy (Monopolies and

Restrictive Trade Practices Act)

arffel^nPT ^ (Background of Act)

HiR qn f^THHH) arf^HH, 1951 hht 4tf^ hh hh^ ygiH q^§H an^y^friyl HT TtHi tRRT HT I H7^ HHH 4lcl4 Hi Rq-HTH HF at^HH

I rim anf^ hr hit

% ?H^ HiRvff Hit litHf HiT^ HHT FH RH^ Hit I |Rf % yfillrlHt’ HiT HRHR f^HTH

HR % HHT fen HHT RF % Hfnt cHHFn^ ?H Hil HTR Hi <4 ^ aRHR

^ FIR HT HHR ft R TFT 11 aPH # HTHiR ariH^HH) ^HTH ^ H) fej f^feR HPtferf ^ FITW

. feR HHHT %-1. HFlddlfty tifnlfl, 1960 (Mahalanobis Committee, I960)—13 aiH^HT, I960 Hit

HIvjHI HiiHMi ^ HHTR HR «Ri<5. ardRT^t 4t.# HFIRltfer ^ aitZRlR if qHi ttftfrl rni HRT fen HHTI W HfttrT Hit JIsH RT % rftq Hil4 h4-(0 HF HR RIRT

139

^ ^ ^ iiW cf^ g-STI I’, (j'r) 3*1^ feiUl^jtvRT'STf ^ 3T«lfiT T^-^TF^ % ^?TT ^ ^ 'nR'itf’i ^ ’3T*2l?I5r, ^TSIT (Hi) 3TFT OT ^ feRTT’F ^ y^Riîf «Fr wr fi'iMi i

F^T ?fRlR^ % 1964 ^ 'BTinff ft'Tf^ fl<«r)K ^ fttfl-i 5^ WT

^-(i) 1960-61 ^f^4l.^l?r ^ ^ ^ ^ 86%8ft jra% ?^t«A ^ ^ 14.6% ^ I ^<frtt -sftr ^ i*wjPl4I «i5t^Fi8^ 50 Hra’ 8fr ?jt, ^ 1.6% 8ft îraflj F^ft 'fjft^ ^jft ^ 53.1% sft I (fi) «<«hi< % Piqr?i-«iic*i'r) yqi«l' ?18IT 3TlfiN> f^41vHH %

'S^ylPiqj, -STlftfe ^«j ^teb'l ^ ■tf ^ ^ ^t % I qiwfqchCll

?it ^ ^ ?r^ ?mT mwk ^ >3fltiif>ra; tn^ff % *f ^^ % I (iii) WT ^ qt3RT>3jf # >3ir!f ffe 861 ^ v4-l<4(^( % 10% spft 8pf ?rar 10%

^ 8Rt ^ q^ I, qwrq qrf gft

2. x‘*'R<'*>I4 'FT^ >sii4t*i, 1964 (Monopoly Inquiry Commission, 1964)—16 -31^^,1964 86t a^^dH fqNMq % ani8Br§T qW ^qRft?T «{t %.^. gqiT 8^t arSTOtU *fq4>iR)«bK 'FM arratq ^ Pr^f^ cift q^ft i anqtq «6f Ppq qjpf q%—

(i) K'wRi'hKiw'*! qtriq'qidfq) cqiqgiO' ^ f^ 8^-^tq # qiR'q yTi<4i4111 (j'i) ?q 3icfFRt % «FTT jHjftqrq ^ i (hi) sr^Fiit Ttq)% % gsrrq ^ i (iv)vii4aiciwi''% arq qiq# % t ^ i

q# ^ »ft aiftra, lanq ^ q^ft ||FMo

?1T aqqtq % so i965 8^ arq^ft RhVR^s6^^ Rft aqqr ^-(O arnitq % loo qâff % qi^qftqf ^ 3T82iqq fcfjqi i % 65 Fâff ^ gjr «efc'^«i {q?nqq ^ 75%qi a^Ricfc tjni ^)q awiqet^ ^ arftj^R) 10 qâff if qWT W tii'S'î (adlKH % 60% ^ 75% qpT qr ^ afMK<*f qq ^Rjqqr) 8 cRgaif t Rft M ^

(50% t 60% qrq qr #r 3ni3^ jet aiRicEn:) gsir ^ 17 8Rgarf if(50% % qq? aifIjqqT) qrqi qqr I (ii) anqtq.% 75 ^ q| qq arwpr

t^Rqft wRiqf 5 qiflF i. ai^ «it | ?q qTRf % apftq 1536 qqqpiqf qq?f

«6T 8ff, iq ^ %'»)ai ^ 646.32 q?^ q. (44.1%) qqi ^ IPqfriqf 2605.05 q)^? i>. (46.9%) «ff I (ir'i) aTTqtq % ant^fqj qw ^ % q^ qjR'q

d^cKi yn'JsrlT qil Mt # flqiRT, qtq'jyf guil^fl, ftrftq ^Rqraff ^qîHiO'^'jf -ilRl, fle<fl*fl .’Jijq-tF, q?5fT vHNid aprlT-qiHpjt f^f^qtq ^ ai^nlrl n«n qrft ^ antnT*35T vjui'i) Fit anq^qqjqr 1 (iv) anqtq ^ ai^qR ir^qtq % qîq gsfRqtq ^ qcf aiftqt % f^qqq % qfri^, 13^ if ai^n ^f^, q^ qq

?I5 qqPtqf qq^ ôiwiî, Piqfq if qrsn, RtRiqt’D' qq qtq’jj'f qqiF, airf^ aranudiaff t «i1^ t^q.qqqtqqraff ^ ftqf w sftqw i (u) anqtq % anRfe qw % ?q q^^qq’ q>t itq;% ^ ^ gsftq f^-qqqftiqqTcqq) qq qf^q^WR;

qTqjR ^ <i*5<g iRgfr qft I5t«i qg®" q?7Tqq qq t^dw % dH-y ^ 2259

qqqR «qqFR anqtq ^Fttqqr, qtF^fRfq qfspqi qft qi^ qqtqr qRiq qqrr ^ftfrt antqtqr, ^îtqf ^ qt qt^fatPtqj qqqnft «Et ftqqq qq f^«iK, -NPichl qq qqqfqqrait ^ ftqf ^ 7?n ^

mi&'l,

dj^f^d qqjq atqqfqr anft 1

140 qt^cftq 3?sfa?q¥qf

3. yPlRl (Hazari Committee)—cRT aTtzra^ cR% an^Ni ■^trTT^ ^ ft«K% ^ 1966 ^ Iq^qiqyieiM % 5T. aiR. %. F^flff

^iit’ aroraciT flf ^ ^gf% ^ 11¥ ^ ==nF?7, i967 ^ arq^fr f^rt^miT %ST 5R ^ I % gisT ^ WT ^-(0

=hfi^ % I (ii) W 10 ^ ^ 38% 'Hl'l 28 ^^ ^ % I (I'fi) -ftf^ ^ Rbqi'qi 9^ 59 T5r % ^4^5 anr^^5^ «ldMI ^ I (iv) cii5^« 311^ % 7951^ aW 59 ap^T^ (u) Pi«fRa ?r55f^ 3Tftt5) ^ *4)^R) I

% ajS" ^5TT5 95iIT (i) 915^5551 5]^ vjeil'if 5) ^ nqfyi 59an535 (iO «i§^fl ^ ^snr {m) ^n?%H ^ 55l' yRK5T ^ ^1555^591 (fu) atRiqiJ

95FT^T55 5i5tT {vii) 95PT 59% % 7?5I^ >3Hq'l'i ^ 9115^ (uiii) 559ft^%5raff ^ tTcj 3nTT59iT# aq^ 1

4. 5^ yftfrl (Dutt Committee)—rTt^^RPT % fif>5P555 ^ aif^r 59% ^ 1^2 1967 5% 5%. T^.Tig-. ^ 5%. apiRirTT % arm 5% ^ 5%^ I1968 % 9t. ^ % WT-W % I 79^ ?ft 7^ 5tT 5% 59 artzr?ff%g5^ feTT W ll ^ 59P9 w 5% 5^ % 517 % 559^ 9957 11 f%V7f%f% ^ 5157 M 59% %r% 7%-(0 1956 % 1966 ^ 10 55f % 5T?%f^ 7irf%% 59 aiWFr 59% 5? 757 57T77 f% 557 5I?%9 ^ % 5% ai%77f%5f %fKiqptehcti %t 9%t %, (ii) 557 tqiflq ti’tqiaff % ^'7 75R 59% 575 5% 55)771%% 5% g75p)5idl % % {Hi) 557 5T?%5 75R 59% 575 %t^, 1956 % f%%97f 59 7757f%)57 757 %, {iv) ar^ 5*5^55 f%55) 5% 575 5977, 557 (u) 17 f%55f 7T 575iR 5% ^95 %77l

• ?5 5f%f% 5% 21 ^5(t, 1969 5% 555 % 79^5 %) 7% I W 5f%)% % 5®T ^5715f%^ 359T %—(0 5%^ % 73 5% ’%)lflf%5i 59 «5<fi'J| 59% 5? )%5li% )%595T ^ ?7 % Riq'fl'Jj % 1966 % 2197 595f%5f % 9% ^5 597f%5f 59 8% % 55)%?7 59lf%% % ^5 5T?%5f 59 38% 7T7 7777 f%571 {ii) 57^59 (Product-wise Analysis) % % 7157 757 5% af|%P)5i 557) % 50% t % aif%57 TTgaff % 51?%5 7F5 )%% I {iii) f%%5 f%%)5 5?57a% 5Rr?7 10 55f%755^W59 44.4% 717 ?7 73 5% 557f 5% 7777 faT7 11 {iv) 5Tf%5 7577 59% #5)f%F %tf% % an5TP35 f%^[77if 5% sqR % 7% 5I7 757 11 (u) 5I?%5 % 75R %) 7% 57757 557 595f%57 57757 % aiTR % I {vi) 5T?%5 7517 59% 575 #%f%57 %)f% %377577^ %) 5J77 % 7% 757 ^ I (fii) 57?%5 % 577^ 557 qiwfq«b57757 % 7?t5^ 37771 %l

Tf^fo % 7577 ^5715 f%^ 7597 %~(i) 571%i%7 %)% % ^59 5% 377555599, (ii) 57?%f%7 %)f% 5% 3775^55757 %55 a77577pJ5 55 7?t5^ 5%% % f%5, (iii) 5g 5%% 5% 7^ 79577 75R 1%% 77% %) 3775555757, {iv) 5^55 %5 % l%595 TT 57, (d) %T 775f%5757 57% %% % 5% 3f)l%f%5) ^ % 7%?7 TT %57, (vi) 559^7579 71^ 3775)5 5%

(zJif) t%%)5 79573% % 575^7 5% 5557 375% % qft5%%)5571

595 % 5?it5

57?%f%5

55557,

S775%5 37*^375757 141

if eZfrnr c^«i6K vh[^PPJM, 1969 (Monopolies and

Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969)'il'iwi 1966 if % ^nT?T ‘ifebiRjchu yfcisj-yifflcn sqnn

W Sfr 17 1969 ^ ^ 5HT RlftW ^ W 1 1970 ^ 3Tftjf^ %

1. '^«MR<<fcKiW't> ^ «iiW “iqeit ^ wimi (Establishmentof Monopolies And Restrictive Trade Practices Commission-MRTPC)— Srftif^PPT ^ ar^R MRTP aiiqi'l cfit WIH*1I ^ ^pff % I aitqqi % SlftRcKI ■ ^5*T ^ «h*{ 2 crar arf^pfi ^ aiftR? 8 ^ tiqi^ ^ i arpfPr ^ aiHRT vj^ ^rra^nraitrar vjstrnr îqiviq «fir ^ qrfqM arw 'ja'jsf 'qiqidt^T ara^ ^fPw ti3% ^ ^ ^ ^ ?PB?IT 11 ?fT arraPr ^ TT cEPf t-(i) t^lfeERuRiq'îwqi ÎHK sra?Rf vffrl chi>ii, cRfi (fi) anêB HW ^ tiin;y| ^ qi*iflf iTT TR5BR SITT RFf qr aR^ ^1

2. <tq>iRi«bi(l yi^lnq) qr (Control on Monopolistic Tendencies)—qfe «Btf“ti4iRq> ^RiRiRt %ft I Ritiq) srt (i) afotMaf ^ aniff qr (I'i) simk if qâifqq amiq wf^ i^n I, qr («o q^jaff % ^ ^ anicigq^ ^ ^ I, qr (iv) qâff fepT ^ PPMd arpft I, ^ ^r^bit mrtp anqpr q!) ^ ajraRqr fq qtcif^ftiqf qr ftqi ^pit % i

i^zpRtnif IHBR I-

3. K'RiRj'bniwq) “4I4K tiqaloT ^ q^ftqRR—^ aiftiPiqq ^ aRPffT qf oijcRqi q5f^ ^ aiflizBiM q5f q?) 3jt |-

WqiT '^q&K iPfltsH 1 (if) ^rtq Pjîq? t T^R^R îl ‘fiPJ ^ tqiHiRet,qpqr % ap ajrqrf^ yfciqlPioi qit cBq I crar Pi^spb

sjrqTT spT^rff ^ ^pqPyrT ftpBPTfif ^ vjfxT ^f aiqqr

q?it ^ % mrtp anqfq q5f «5N0I

(s) ySrtq-yiw'h qq^Pif qq qaflcmuj

qq qjpf yfa<»'6jir*i«b

pFfq ^ ll4. anRfqj ÎW ^ ir^TS’q q?) 0<»>nl (Prevention of Concentration of Economic

Power)—qf^ q?lf ^qq>q f^# ^ ^ ^ ArItI 100 qpf?qr arfiiq? t rit ^ vjqqpl (Large Undertaking) qi?! | qf^ q?!^ aqqRfM q^ ^ qRR qjq % 1/3 qr aiRiqj qrq qr f^q^ T^qr I qf qqpfrqqqPT (Dominant Undertaking) qi5T ^jfT^ I qf^ q?lf qqqR q^ q5t ^ qi3TR qfq * 1/2 qr ?qt aiRpB qpr qr PprspB Tgqr ^ ^ ^ qqqf^jqqr (Mono Poiistic Undertaking) qj?T 'Jtiq^fl I ^ Myth41 ^jy-ii, RjWK tp^lqRq, qftTiqq, aifel?'’! qr

iff^qRq % ^ q^nq % ^RqjR q5f aijqfil anq?qq> %i

5. JT: f^qjq *JvM aiJl^pT qr (Prohibition on Maintaining Re-sale Price)—^ 'uRiPiqq ^ aRo'ln ^ tiVn 3R^ qfq; Vîoiaif % "niq 'Hq^PlTq^ qjl fjRT^ qq Riaiciiaff q^ q^ q^ ’^^RPT BT t|q% % qisq feqi qqr iti

6. 3RT aiq^nq (Other Provisions)—(i) q? arftjPtqq qSt^ ^ ^ qqqpft qr elai I ^fepr qf^ «hTfl4 fl<=M< cit qrârftq? ^ % qwrf qr ’ft qrn

142 qrqfJq ajs^qqwr

URfT if TOln11 (li) ^ aiwarf wt ^ "tt ^ ^ îrf% ^^ ti

î*rf^<i)l{)^'6 ^ «4IHK cqqgK 3lf&rf^ra*r, 1991 (Monopoliesand Restrictive Trade Practices (Amendment) Act, 1991)

1991 % MRTP Act if ^T^r^Tfif W5ft^ ^ I 1^^ ■HSTtsn -yRjftiJM ^ ^ 11 ^ fWv4^\ ^ a^FR |-

1. a^ ^ ^ gpisl'df ^ yniPd (Elimination of Pre-Entry Restrictions)—■3i1^Pi^*i % 3RnffT a^ ^ a^ra^ ^ wrt aR ^ 'W I i 11;^

viMtbH 3Ft 3rT% I^WK, RaaRT tiltHTiq-i, vnfyy&''i 3T*rarRaiFT % yqin«^ ^ ^ thTTlq t1<«hR

^ avT^f '5H5b‘i ^ sraar it«biRj«hiCl RaaRt i

2. MRTP ar ^?rf ^ ari^ ew/m''/ ^ waiftf (Removalof Restrictions on MRTP Undertakings Regardings Acquisition and Transfer of Shares)—^STf^R 'Siftj^PPT % Oi'n'Ia MRTP RWTf % -SRHIT IR vs'HsnHf SRT 3f?if^ arf^ T^5f '?P«Fdt «Iriq-y tiHi'<i ^ f I aaift aai4l RaaRif at^ iilci«i'y ttpj, I %tt aT% -sRiar % f^Rft RaaRT % vihiÎ ^ ^

^ rf) 'ft ^ af^SRT ^ Tffti

3. ‘a'TT^ OT1E*T’ cfr af ■hRûhi (Dominant Undertaking Redefined)—a'TT^ RaaiR ^ aft'Tiai if ft5fff?pT ^ w 11 afft a^nfr ar fear 'jncrr ?n ar^ -sr^ ?^«hi Piuftî

% ^RT f^Rft ^ ^ vjoii<;’ift5T if 'jftl 3T?iar W Rhaii RasFT ^ PiyRui f^RTT 'flip'll I

4. ‘■Si^Rid 3t|i|K sra^R* «jft aft'Tiar (Unfair Trade Practice Redefind)—‘■ai^RidcqiHK cqqsu’ ?T^ ^ hR'hni -pir ^ a^ l^jqr 'fit % i ftt aRaiar %Uf^fsia OWIWK «q=(5K ft 3n?FT ^ Hftf ay/4l< “Ffsjft ft ^ f^Rft ^% ftsiFT armr aftra mm ’jjft trr ft ftifft >3ffit^ m aftta ftpar mm %\ w ft^tFia aa twft y? #tt % ^nap % ^ ft ■sFaiftiai ^ ^ anftftf I ^ 3Fr alf #tt ftp ^ RaftftRiT aft Bifftff a^ I afft fftiftt 'SraW ftar aft fftlFT, fts, TFRcF (Composition) 311^ ^ft aft^ ftw afta arar ^strf I ftf Rft ftt

5. ‘FM’ ^ aftaiar aa Ri«ik (Definition of Goods Enlarged)-^ '»iRjRiq*i ^ -STRPftT w SF? ^ aftaiRT m ftiRiR 5FTa) i3^ 3T?ff Tâ ■4’Jiaftf ftt ?nftB mi fftar w

^ I a^ afti ^ aaaftf -sraft 3f?T araar ai'îaa ftpfftRT aRft aaa Jirff fftift T?nft aftFR'P ft araar ftFR^ ftftf I ^ ftf arf^PiqH t aRpftr arfa cift tur

6. ‘ftaP ^ aR-Hiqi W f^RtR (Definition of Service Enlarged)-??! 31RjRim*i % aFfPftTftai 5F? ^ aftFM ga ftf ftRarr fftaa w li iRyiqi % arg^TR fft? aioj ^

’g-TFafft ^Fi?rft ^ ftf ftar % aRpftr ynfftH fftan aiftar i

ft arg'ftcT ftar aiFRa^fftift)

^|C|*1I

'3H«h‘i ^ RiyR'î 7ii§^R 5FFIT % arraR qft FFTT % armR ar fftarr anftan

fear aiTcTT I aarftpar aiT T?T I, ??!% amiR ar aai^

aassa

®aa?R ^ aHT aiftar ianaR

3je{amm 143

7. 041HK «M«I5K ^rtPi)*! SrftRpff ^f (Powers ofMRTP Commission Widened)—^ MRTP 'J1i4)*i ^îKktqT # ^ %~(0 ^ -STT^T H^«hK % 'IT ft*1^ s|I?^ *iPlPl5îeh % ’7T 'It i{=hifycflnir*icf) SJJW «4«(&kT ^ ^ti^bai ^ I (ii) ^ ^TT'Bt # -STPit'T «l^ ^ Slf^railT 7M ^ I(iii) ^ 'n'l# M fff •3ira\^ ^ ft^yisiT (injunction Order) ^ tFT% ^ 'ttFfjti (iu) ^ -aMf'T % ^3TT^ i^cf f^ft ^ci^dHi 2i5t ^ncft I rit aTPiPr gt3iRl«hK vjt fH «‘^y vTSf ’MNlciq ^ ^ ^ I (i>) ^jl^rFlrT\3HqlqdI ^ unqlcwi^ff % tIT siFIR ^ ^ ^nTlq ti<«hK ^ (î<Mqa Pici^ 3T?I^

^ -srratR ^ Mii-tcbid *f -311% iR -aTratR ^ ^ ^ % -srf^ ^sqjpxff ^^ 'ft ^ ^ ll

8. qîysi'uqi 3Rr îft Rift «nft ITHft'I^) ^ q-dii (Preliminary

Investigation by Director General Made Optional)—'ST'ft ^ tif afcRSIT ^ %

qîyq'yqi SRT ^jfRT ^ ârrak % ftftt 3Tr ^rrt arft^ m i ft5ftqR aiRiPiitH ^ snj ftftt ;?fra- ^btht^Roqi ^ 'FF ^ I

■qf^ OTMicWiaft sitFiT wnftqt ^ ftBftl % an^ ftpftt aiw^FBIW ITFfT ^ I fit ^ f^PBRcT qft

9. tTcfnftFBRTfFqi ylaq-îcqqi “iihk aTPfFT aiRiRcw STf^rFlf fftmi (Additional

Powers Delegated to MRTP Commission)—aigftlW oHJFTR 'cilcl^lft % fp^RT ft anft

ffSF anftftr qit ^ arftraFT ft—(0 ftft «iq6K qit ftsFft ^ anftsr ftpfftt?T qRRT, (I'O ftft «qq?iT qit vRT ^ cfift fpi^tcff ft ft§fftFT cFfft ^ an^ fftftfftfr gsTFi i

% arfpffT tj? «qqf«ii a^f rpft % 3n4l'i feftt ftPiTF aTfrai <^^*11 arqeii , fftsTFR ai^Rid tidsidi % fit anftfti ?ft ftaB fR)^ %, 5fiqF SFhT^FI ^

R^kT I arfFTT ftsfraR W aiT^ ft RqirIT 11

10. ^ cjft aiFfeiTaft ^

ajftriftqR % aRfnftt anftftr % arift^ff ijft fftftsff qr vSffFiR tt gftaFR2IT3ff qit aftf aifticF cI)3tT fftqi W ft I

(Penalty Provisions Made More Stringent)—ff?iftFTq-iHi

F. 1. Oil eil Rich fttftr «^t qft'TW i\

144 3jifoimijr

*iH?r if TONr5r. 2. ^ ^ q?T if fi# i

7. 3. mzT :3iik afit qitw wz %f^ i

ÎRT^T (Summary)

■' 9Ts? ^ sRT t, 3T?f t STaraT PlHf'JI I

• gjPI ^ % 3J3HR, “'

qftaicNf qap *2S?TT af>I ^ ^ 11 Tpff ^ I ^ ^W1«FT ^ *li?fl’fl«h<'Ji, 1%# Î#T «}5f t«Jiml, «IMU if WaiT fli#•I^t^ ^ if tififl I W TraiR ^ ^jft ^ fqtqa5jlT% ^ 5%qT 11”

ufelT %, if

^ ofif âff TTPr 3tT ^ I

^ ^nft ^ -aTM Pt«hRi?i «b?tnirl cM^'leh va-^^ vaylî % ^ if>nc«iTi snrRf ^ % I

• “^nff TT? ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ I, at? I ■aM^Rir, w ^ I^«RIT '4«i';’i rRIT xi^fri'h ^TRpif tfg >3RZI BRHf «BT 'Jifychif^«h nmy? vjyql'i I”

• ^ ^ ^ 3TlfSfcfi Iq«hl« ^ ql'Ji'fl ^ ^ 5^5T ^ ^ f^ vjlft^ I

• affecf 3ieir?T ^fRT WR an, “f^ fii«RRT ^ aft?ilf^ snifiT ^«Sf aiT y«h?{( I, «f[cb tN) # 3RFT ^ %aiT ^ ychfli ^ I %zrm ^ ijaB ^ ^ 5R IcfOT ll f^4lviH ^ M ^^«IR ^ W 11”

• S«hl^ ^ 3i)ylPl«h VW ^ if«li^ ?«BI^ % ^ if

^35nff wz wmzr ^ ^ri% ftrffar^ if ^ w ^r

*</<(T?«< 3Jl{ixiqt*ii 145

«iH<r ■Sf ^?fln • ?«Flf ^ ^5Ff ’ft 4'iffl'h 'RR'ft (ftPF^^ ^T?T) ft % fSift «PT ft (EH 6 ^rffft ^ 5Rftl ^ ^ cWT vJ^HKi^ ftt ^ TTFft înM l

• ^ ^ fftisft fftr clftf ft ^TOiTT Flfft vaoi-il "T? ^ lviti«h vi^c^l

^ ft ftR=^ 5Fft an iff FTi”

• ‘'«l'J'JtPl«h >iHfhftl' ft anSR Ch-s{lq fmER 5RT TF^T nWT SRI m ^3^% SRT ftqiRia aftfttftrai, qilîPqch H 3nM^ ftKnraft ft 11”

• FT. ifftm nftft ft 2B¥r «n, !‘«r4'ifft<b ^ msEH ^ fft^rnR Fnft ansnaftft fttft 11 vjHsftftf ft ar^ ft, ann 6i^ 5ft aRmw Tft ft cTOT^ ft nqiFT nftfftn Flfft JR Tft-ftl”

• “’rnw ^ 5i?wT viftftff ft Piâ ft r

• ft ftFiftt ftW ^ ^ aTftr«f?r ?m ftft'J1<<qi aTîq)lf«q> ftw*IK ftranr ft I”

■ftte

-Em.Trn. ^

T?ft ft, ^'>|MK

RfTO n PqH’i) aifftPiqq ft tiHiPtcft aftr ftl% ^ ?it^ %

^ ftft nftrM ft ’Tim ti<sM< ft$T ft % fcRM cRi ^ ift ftraffftT ^ ai^nR ?f Tgr fti”

ft ^Fift n? ^ f4i'jwn’T

3n?IRr-7SFf (Exercise Questions)

A. pq-yic'iq) n9n (Essay Type Questions)

1. a?i4iljJl<*(u| CRT ftft nnr ’tret ftft Pj«FRTsft^ ft?ff % ft ?ncift TjIftcEr

i ffft ftftfqER^ ’̂jnRft, ^nftftfTiftTicFnra- amrar2.EjimT r cJiSR «lft TW chlPu{ I

3. ‘PnftjRT EFM ■’ Pm HX PT«R£T fftfetr I

arUETT, Piql'Ji'i «bi<7i ft aftiftftrai Ri«hm ft gcj 'rRqftftf ert fqq<«i 1

aTR ERT nnsift ft? ’TRET ft4. HXyWST siRik; I

5. ‘atUilPich <><uiai’ TR'HlIftd 1 îTFff 3^ TW <flR|kl EmT ?TT ETR=y ft

nft ^ =^tf^ i

6. “’TTTEI ft \3Wft ^ fqqiid’ jcRtf ’TT TR) 1ft«FtT I

7. TTRET ft ETiftarPtER Ejwf! % f^TRRT ft anft ngij ?Tmft ^-#t # ft? arrr sTTSITaft cjft ^ ^ gftft?

8. ’TTTET ft TTRfaif^qi vaqshft

aTRT 3|T^?

9. iftaftcRTR CRT arft sîfft ert fft3fl«RRr e^ y^Riiii Ei?iRrii i

3RIT ?TT 3f)RR m EJTstiftf ^ tft^

146 mm 3Xifmm

if10. ^ 100 ?T^ # ^5H^—

(0 ^fT^^rPrai Jl"**! tfiT 3T2f (li) tii4'nPR> ^ {Hi) yi't'flPi'ii ^ «liT f4*l«(it>) ?1l4'j|f^'h ^ ^ «mHK ^ ql'lHH {v) ^ ^ qiPlI^ch 'lfaf4f^4l

W feRrTTT (ui) ^ W -STsf (vii) W -STsf (viii) Pi'41'h<“i ^ ^ (tx) 'Jliy'lPlch

^ isrifra’ (BIFR) (x) ^TRfT ^ <114^1 PivJ’TiFTf ^ »iI4«( I

11. “Hl4^jTpT^ 'JHfhHl % -31114 ri) ^

12. TI^ % -3nf^ (4=hiti ^ ^4 «i4'flPi'll W ^-ypflw -3iiq^î«h

^ (” 'hlfli'? f.

WT «fft-sfll: Pl^CJI ^ -3TfT 51? Tfr 1113. ¥(^

14. ^ ^4r -jejljil % -afl'H'hi =1*11 3TTSFT %? 3T5f^l'R5TT ^ vjyl'?l W î

I?15. ^ 1^4 eiit I ?R ■?RFiT3if 4) «*ii>MM ^ 3m 'PIT

16. 44 Sal'll 4) Pl'hlH ^ f^ ?i<'hR SRT B3Rf ^ 5)T ^*4^ I

17. ‘'TRR ^ R4 m f4?iRT’ ^PRT iR I

18. ‘3TT54f H^q4TH 4l'Ji’ii ^ ^ r4 ^4R vjyRl' 44'(4 ’IT Piq->J f4iR34 I

19. -^hitPpF 44^ 1948, 1956, 1973, 1980 m Tlf^ f44tR 44^1

20. afRilPlsb 4rf^ 1991 'FT Iq4'4'i 'hlPHC; 1

-SRHir, RRcT iSl RcfRR sSlqlPl'H 4rf^ tSf f44RRl ^t^lR I

1991 cFT «*fi«ilcH't) (44'^'t ^tf^l

1991 3nf^ RRlfRR’F r4 pToftRR’JT ^ 3fR R^F R)2R I!” TT^tSTT

3RrcIT

■3TRRr,'hlUl'.l 1

3T8Jcir. “5FT?ff 11” TT%T

21. -SilylPi'h (f^^FRT r4 Pim*h} -hPiPimh, lO-M 5^ 5^ RRRJRff RJf TR^ Ritf^ I

^RTcfT, wi^^’Pi'i 4tf^, 1951 «^t TRfrar I

RT Ril aiRJR ^', 1991 4?

22. 4)fiT 1991 ^ r4 5^ wR'ifi'i! «Fr ^"4? )3TRcrr, “1991 4 4?r 54r 4t% 4 -srt^RF R^RifR |R I %(fq<t>m r4 PI'JH’i) SifyPiqî, 1951 cFt Pn4'h RRT f^RT %!” f44RRT I

5RFTR -srftiPm, i969 ^ 5®i gr<Rjpff R?r T^re23.

24. MRTP Act, 1969 4 199] 'iR'lcilT W >ic4)<9

3T2lcrT, “MRTP Art, t 1991 if t^Rf r4 MRd4Hf % MRTP ariRpT ^ -SlfiRF 5Fl4rISTl# RRIRT % l” RSR f44RRT I

>7774^7 3?Wo-y«/fW 147

'Jf 25. if % ^ ?nm. loo srs^f if gStf^rq-(0 -afltilPith <Br ^ (it) ojlylRnfi gif -arras'ggi^ (iff) ?rr?#f^ spr '3T?f (iv) % v3^5Ji (o) -sfialPieft ((qnhiti ftqnn) 1951 ^ ^3^5ir

(pi) MRTP 317^ (vii)

26. ii5a^'Wir*ich TJ^ ^ -STtR chll^ki I

q)i4!i)*i (riii) 3ji5jliiw«b 'jRg^HIcHtb SJTTTIwigs

^R’f 5^3^ (Further Readings)

1. Bharliya Arthvyavastha ke Disha, O.P. Sharma, RBSA Publishers.

2. Bhaitiya Arthvyavastha, Sudama Singh, Radha Publications.

3. Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Vikas Avam Ayojan, A.N. Agrawal, New Age International (P) Ltd., 2006.

4. Vashvikaran aur Bhartiya Arthvyavastha, M.C. Khandela, Aavishkar, 2007.

5. Ikkisveen Sadi Mein Bharatiya Arthvyavastha, Bimal Jalan, Prabhal Prakashan.

I

148

- ni

3T^ -5^(Foreign Area and Other Important Issues)

^TTeHT (Structure)

3.1 TJ^SJT (Objectives)

3.2 !%li«RT (Introduction)3.3 ^ 'HKcfly M3T (Indian Organisation for Export

Development)

3.4 sjuiK y'l'id (World Trade Organisation)

35 ’TRrI # ^ (Foreign Currency in India)

3.6 11^ (Foreign Direct Investment)

3.7 (Multinational Corporation)

3.8 fttsfft (Foreign Debt)

3.9 ^ ^ 3TT=r?5jcBriT (Need of Foreign Currency)

3.16 ti'tjwi (Payment Balance)

3.11 ^ CfTW (Concept of Poverty Line)

3.J2 W ’TTIcf ^ (Is There Poverty in India?)

3.13 Trft^ % aRTPiI (Causes of Poverty)

3.14 UPfM Pi'J'ini (Rural Poverty)

3.15 Pitldcll % «FTt^ (Causes of Rural Poverty)

3.16 UPfW ^ % '3'TPI (Measures to Remove Rural Poverty)

3.17 ^ shi4sb‘i (Anti-PovertyProgrammes Under Five Years Plans)

3.18 TT^Pl UPfrT ft^JPITT chiJshH (Natiorral Rural Employment Programme)

3.19 'tJ^RPT (Minimum Needs Programme)

3.20 lPlP«ld UPft^ ^i4*H (Integrated Rural Development Programme)

3.21 ^TRfT (Unemployment in lndia)

3.22 'IRW ^ (Current Inflation in India)

• RRTST (Summary)

• -ap^JRT-^^T (Exercise Questions)

• 3?^ (Further Readings)

1

149

^ Tj? aw ^rgra'jjif

3.1 (Objectives)

atziPT % 'Srom ^ q?tn^ ûT«if liWr ^• fcT^ aiTTR tj? ajNR ^ ft?TT efit ^ I

• MRti t 5tiTw Jii) ^ anw cBi^ tg I• f^SR aiPTR ^ BaPsRT f<tf^T^ 35^ aJT 'Fl^ ^ I• w *f %ft ^ anwr g5t ??n ^ft

• »TRcT*f’lM,«I>T% ^3 ■

3.2 ywW'ii (Introduction)

anw git gg ^ airgici Praffr ^ ^ It tt? git aimtnîii srg: v4«<i Tqsftm ^?TT gif nUnRia ch<^ % I

g^ ^tf TF^ gi^ giH, aim-i7 gg iaPi4 ggraf gg Plgfg gntr ^ tit g? t^Pif^tjci ^ w gn wm % ft; g? ti^ ftisra ^ g^t *t % gg gft gitf ti*5 g?flgtr. gg^,

gTggrf gg utaffts^l gg ftgftr grt 7?t ^ gg g? ftgrf^ ggff git M g îmg ■^ggggr gift; % mg gift grar, g ftftWd gâit gg angm ^rcit gi gg ftgfg

git ggs’ sRgag g gig, ^ g^. ?<gift ajs- df i aggRR ^ ftgg ggrg ggf gRg ^ argig gg ftgfg ^ftft ^ ang^ gftgtfg an^ f i

g^gaff aftr tgrait gftg grm ^ ^ angrr g gtf 2004-05 ^ 44.2 gftyig g|t 3f|r ^ t g? 268 ftf%gg argftglt 5f5R ^ wi gd 2005*06 ^ ^gf^ g? ^ 41.5 gft?m dt aftr ?g angir gg 3^ i63 ftftigg aindcA gf^rr «n 1 g«g angrr glt ai^w âg g M t ^ l-ggi^rmf gd 2004-05 ^ g^ amnr M 33.6 gft9Tg ffe glt gmr

^graff ^ angR g, 78.6 gfrRTH gt 1 ^g 23.5 gftw gr; gd 2004-05 t g^ 29.1 aftr gd 2005-05 ^ aftr34.4 gftw ^ ggr mt

aggR

âff gg %wt aft gtf 2003-04«ngRg?gg

“iigit ^

gnif % arm gritgR ^ g^ 53^ ^ g? gfg gpff g gtsr ag g^ t-(i) anfSfg; ftgng gggfg gggg: Prgg ^jt^tg g35Tg, ar^figg, gRisr, arngg itgift ?Tift?r

?i

(li) ^ ftgfgg; it?ff ^ ggsg: Pt«^ ?gg;, ^tg, fgg, tiv3>î airg, âifft sifter f 1

(w) "Jeff ^ Tjjg- ^ % I

(ro) ftggg^ltg aniltgg, ^ftigr, Ifftg artftgg gg ^ fci*T«?Il« mftgti

(V) gfggt arg ggff gg 11aftgfttffîg; % ftgf ?f fttifftcT ?tgrWflsifll aim

gri fttg ^ ftgf ^ gg^ ?)% ^ gg^ gm gg aidttn^g aim ^ gr ft'k gr f^Rrf

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trcf ^ ^ \ 1950-51 71^ »trw ^ orraicr w 39,1 gf^m w ^ f^raf^rw 42 'TPr sit i t ^ 7m g?7rRr ift ii^ iTsrf^ cpm

SZINR gft^ -31^ TT^ % yîlsldl gr^ =fr ^ ’TTTtT SHT îhk ^ l^l'l TI^ TT Pi4tni ^ ^ TTO’TT g-STT I

1990 ^ ^ ^tTPT 3nMc|i 7If%I ^ t9«hiti tt'lSd^ sttPh t, ^ ?*n^ f=t^ ^ -arte Pi^wr cWT ftqfTr ^ (3it^),

^ TTSIT 3T^ toTT^fra’ ^ ^ 3l1^TsnTT-^^/RjTRicT ^rr % 1 2001-02 ^9Tt «f^ f^rafrr g’sici: ^ ^5ff tt.tt.3PTfto (-8.5 g%9TTT), WIR (-15.8 g^STcf), (-10.9 g^RTTT), \A (-6.0 g^RTTT),,(-6.2 yfî(Td), aiRT (-7.4 gt^5TTT) TTSTT ^f^'jppT (-5.4 gfrRTTT) SfiT ^ 3iNlflf ^ «rJI? ^ 7.9 ST^SlcT

H’Tl ^ PiqfaT ^ Puiqs ^ 5?^ WT Pfqfa ^ «r7l^ ^ ^ I ^ ^ Piqfa*f 8.6 gf^ ^ 3lRj*|i;id: TTOT ?TRT ^ ^ Rpaftff ^ ^ % sft I31^ %3ft ^ 'JivA'hi ^ Piqfct 15.1 glrRlTT cWT hRni % 2.9 gi^TcTTTTST q(5§^, ‘fpiRiqi, f')>w)4)'), %ITW, T.3)ihl«hi, WSIT ^?it ^ 6[^Rmf^ % ^ 41^KH I ^ f*T<jilcb7, vl^ 3Tlffl^ ^ #T ^ ^ ^ SET^ Rraf^ff if ftTTn lEHgT: 49.3 gfiT^lcT cWT 2.3 gfcRTcI THE Rr W, g#f 17 2001-02 if ^

RraRff if 3it^ ^ % Rtq ITT fl# ^ 12.0 gRt^m ttsit 3t^ fcRERrsftTr ^ff % ^ 28.o gRrsTcTel?r qalntl gf I

ei^Riqi ^ 13;5 3T^

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3I^-3fqijq<, 2002 ^ ql^M ?7I ^ ijt Piqfrii if 20.4 gfcRTTT ^ 7TTSI ^^T-Pllfaf if 3il^<flil ^ %7# if Rirras ^ TTSIR f^rfri ^ ^ RuftW 1^ if TRIT Wl ?7T ^ if TPft ^ ^TT.TT. 'HHtfel, 3niR, qiiisi, vUit^Riqi, f«tRlPT, '4*1^, 1171 TRIT if Piqlot ^3T^ ^ l5f iff fTT ^ if 1PT liT qgifll «ET % I 3Tt^ -SR 3rsT RlÎTTSflTT ^3fr ^RnafTT ^ flTTlf SET M if 1IW: 31.3 gf^ W 25.0 gf^ Tft^ ^ ^ SRR^, tji^ Mill

if IfTIT 7?1T Hrff 75r I 31?! 3Tl^ ^ if §s"l^Riqi, ^TFT TfSIT 3tRi^ frRifcff ^131? R sfl, 17 %iiiT, ?.3t>olq)i, ^Rt, Rnn37, «eIRh, sn^ffe, ?ii7i^?r, ttsit

^ ^ % 3^1 Rlchldi^flTT ^ ^ f^ if IHTET ^ iRrR felT I ^f^ ’JjSf 7[^rE|Tf ^ UTlf^ in? Pllfd if 24.3 g%ST7T qelnd ^ ■nql'E ‘TOli’ ^ lil ftqfttl if jj^sna'. TISIT PimWif ^35171 31% ^ lilT^T 12.7 iMtT ^ §f I

2001-02 if 3iiqraT % îTT TWf ftTTff % ^Tqîot % ft7% % li^l^l^ 11 iTiif 3il^%t^ ^ anMf % 2.4 gf%§T7r, 3il%iETiferr .TnR gisi «l^ 11% gq %7%

% 9.9 gf^, ^ ^ % 7.1 gfrRTTT cfSIT <SF^ MlTTSflTr %Sff % 11.3 gf^ 1^1 ^ SITT uIkH' RrIT I 7T«nf%, ^ 3niITcif t H %77fT ^tIRI % .1?% TITT % PT7 IRT fvRTifqf^ 13riT n ^ttit 11 it ^ 311177 ivf w 3flt7f)i)

M-JIHK

tsff % %k7^, 3n7|Rl1T TUT V1I4N, 3iltlE if TTSifl 3T71 TUT tTFT TTIT *J^ if OllPiqi ?ItM11 1% % %FT ^gRfir ^ qf^mt t^ff t 31117% n Mi 12 gMrr ^ 317t-it7t ht

TfTI 711^ ^ % 'OTUTft if 27.3 gf%§T7r 1% RlW Slf 1% g^: %117r TTH nf^WH 111T 311171 1% lUIF % ^1

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>777<%1 SJifosm^ 151

Ml’^ ^ *rFff?R % ^ OTTT tr? vffNH rTÎT I^^TTIRffe ^ ■STT^ ^SJH rl^ W I ÎM -% Piqfa ^ ^ ffe. ,24.-2 -ufit^TW 'TT tigfnti ^ T^T, vRfe 'JiNicil ^ -31^-31 c^j47, 2002 % ^\TH 39.7 jriW?IcT ^ ^ntf pKl=)i ^f FTl^ f^raf?ff if 22.9 ^ f^tW ^ ^ ^ I ^TuPr, ^ {^r#i ^ ^^ 5'^- Hil'bwi'i % 3iNRf ^FnT’T ^rmr ^ ’FTT ^ ^(Sâ: ^41 cFT ^TWItl ^5i?r, ypiT ?raT 3fk 'JioOil' ^ ^ 3fNm7 ^ 5jR^- i *rRrr-4t^ ^tmt ^^ ^ ^ 2001-02 % 28.1 srf!l5ra ^ ^ ^ ^ 'T# W ''TM

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t OrmRT 2002 'f 32.4 ^ W I *FRrr ofTt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^FTT■jj? I 3T?f ofitilPi^ mi t?ff ^ f^rafcff tsff w %wr m 'f^ Trf^rar ^ fil«Rnr§ftW ^ff îT *rR^ ^ 24 3t^TW WI «f5^ g«H ^ 5>I Pi«jfd 1^1%

Piqfdl ^ 33 yfrw^ îdi ^ I Nj|iftl«hl H2IT ^ ^TRrT ^ Pi<jfa 3T^ f^«hi^5ft?f ^?ff% ^3qKr % I vra% ^ ^ ^ ^.TT. ^ fnrfcTf ^ m 1^ 21 jr^rsm^ I ^ 'JiiHi'l rTOT FPraiFT ^ PimIh *fRW % ^ Pi«jfd ^ 9 irf^lfTcT ^

^ ^ efwi 35 ^ I

^ ^zimr ^

^ 1^ 3RT

ormRT ^ : w î5t arrw ^ *f Rmri wt ^ ^ ^Rcicf^f |q |i ^r^ft ^?I^ -SMIcI •flf^, ^ Oiimd iifd^H Otf^lrt ^ (^dKMKi «w4<d t ^ ^Sl«B

t OTFTRT y4ift*(Uf 5^r im ^ onf M 1991 % q?w t anw -^7 # ^ feir srr tft 11

'«iMid M(d«iy ^ftRt feft^r 4^q4I<\ ift'fl'd ^ -Sid'fd 'MH'l) '5)1^ ^tt*

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yRi«)4t‘q5t OiiORd ^ I % giJ^ ^f NjffftrTT R|«*?T71 qq v^Wl'i 0i|c|!?'!J«bdl3ff %qg Riqfd'i %% OT^ftg >311^ g f^ft ^ g^r ggg # gfi g? ^fff^ 1956-57 ^ gggicT gf g??gff ggi Tff 5Mf^ g4 i966 *f ongirff gji" ^ qgir gnigi w gr i

^ RiPi^g % ddi^Hid g g^ qr OTftjgqjtrgj g7^ ongig y[d441gtsiH

sTToig gIdRsim g?r ^ gjf gisgrf; RiRmg git ggg qg orRidiTRig g^âff % ■^f OTMPpfM URT

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1883 anftsBR ^ Fmi

1888 'SfftjftFF ^ 'Sfft^jFRT OiitjPiq*(‘ ^ F7 ^ ti'yfia fîFT FFTI

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1914 Rl^ * aftiftFF, 1911 Fit F3fRr FF FF^ RI^ STTRiF FRF Fit anF?F^3ff^ vS^FF FFFFFFi FftFtfF FtJI

1940 11 FT«f; 1940 F^ FIFif ^ F^TF ^ RlF Fil^ OiRjPiqPid feFT FFTI F? Flftlf^FF 1 1942 ^ im^t |5F I

1957 Rr^ ^ FinttF?? OifyRqH, 1956 ^ Fif ^ t^qiu RPn FFTI FF FFR, FFTTF,Fl^FitftifeFF, vilclIfflqtiJiVil oftT ^ F gF iftFtPlFit t^Fild ^ 'KTFT 3F^^ptRpff % qjn«i FrfttFF ^ FTIFTI

1959 1940 ^ FlFrf FiftrftFF Fit 25 1959 Fit FTFttF1958 % FF F F?ftftlF FF ^FT FFT I

1967 FFF ^ qFi^ f^^FFi ^FT FFTI

1970 FTFftF i^ttiw FrftrRlFF, 1970 FtRFcF ^ FITFTI FTFftF FtRi«BFTFT ^tRiPTFF 1911 F^ * RrT FFTRR FFTI

1972 20 31^, 1972 ^ l^FiFT 3TRiP|FH (F^ 1970 FF «RlftFF 39) 3tRf^ F 3TTFTI

1983 F^ FFSft^ FF ^<1?? FF^ ^ F?ftaF ^ FTFf Fit ST^ F)T% ^ FFRF <HftlftFF Fjf FftFtfF feq FFI FRF fF FFSitfl ^ ^ $317 ll

1984 PB5Ff irffr F5t ^ ^ ^ oftT TtFi% % fctF Olft^FF^ Fi^ TRfraF FFl

1992 ^SF) F5t ;^tFF WFRt % ^rtlF TFFT3F Fit TROT 5IFIF FR% ^ RlF RRTF OIFRt ^tSFT F5t^^60WFlFcIF)F?T^F7ftl

1992 SRRf^flF HiiQsf % 3T$SF FF> FFT 3TRlftFF FFI^ ^ Rh? FîtVF JTRFRRT FT<[ I F5W yTT^ tl

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ailylPl'h RRttr T?TT ^ %R ^ftR TTR^tctT (l883)

tliftfc^Ri RR RwHcRRi RRRf gjt ^ % f^ R^ tiHsficii (l886)

RTR ^ ^ RTt R3Tf% ^ f^ ^ 3TRRT RlfR ’ft RTRrf % RRRfR RT ftR> ^ ftTR ^f|s TTRStcTT (l89l)

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1.

2.

3.

4.

TRT RT at^Rl (flMlPlc!) ^ ^ TTR^tRT (l925)5.

STRcttR 3T^^RTW 167

^ 3T^ 6. ^ ^ ^ *TT^ TJsfim (1957)

7.I

(1958)

8. ^^3it ?Rt a^^fs «R% ^ y'h^' (silclyiHl) % w(^RH3jttim aWT m«fjr IRH ^ ^ 7t*T H*1lflcIT (I96l)

9. j?i«lPi«h % ’SRRTn^W flip’ll «*ialai (l968)

10. ^T?3Tr^ hRt (^ ?F(aM?Fr i97o)

11. k'cfj'êiT % -BTfRTl^^ q'Htfttui ^ ^RlftrfT {l97l)

12. tqPf-^qini % <qPiai3if ^ ^ 'suPj^ci It ^ ^ti‘ialai {l97l)

13. *Traf % ♦I'wtitHch ^ q'Rqi<«i ^ Pi'.’ii tlHSHdl (1973)

14. vmyeT SRT ITFIR'T î4«t)*f ti'qigqi ^ (1974)

‘ii'^dl IRPT ^15. gf^ % ^ ^ ^ ^

^ (1977)

16. aftcff^ ^ TOTT % %M hRt (i98i)

17. gftgsif (rîiis Hf^) % Hs|fli?r ^ ^ ^ (i989)1

18. ^ ^ aldl^lcl (1989)

19. *Trarf 3)1^ ^ (^?iJl, 1994)

20. ^ZINR 3lftRnT (f^,1994)

21. -RlÊf (1996)

22. chi41llfcf 1^4 tiiPi'q ’Srfqqii^ % lT«fftjW 59^ a? <1^1*1 fqqi ^ <;wi^'fl

^ |q (^%fT-l t 20 ftW, 1996)

23. ^ 1996)

24. % cfi4 iR «2r^r ^ (s^jgjftM. i996)

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(i) tiHM ^ ’TFT Piqf^-RR (Subsistence level) ’R -STW^ J^fRT 5RcTT. % I

(li) aicl^qfchi OM cfFT ^ I

(in) ^xpTtrr ^ ^ W 11

(iv) ^stjl(l -sfR yfT tTtvFTTff 7?7ft 11

(V) ^ -sm^r ^ I

(vi) #Tf % RraiR-RIR I

(vii) PRititfli afR aisiiirii <Fr Trrarsr t^cTT 11

altitl ^Riqi % aif^raiRT ^sft ^ 'Ji'ihtsqi ^ ’TFT f^xfndl-^^ ^T?!" ^ I ’TRW ^ ^ aii«hK q7 TTWW-TFTW XR ^ aRZTXlW §xr ^ \i>i^ WF t^RiWWr %^ ^3FTlft7W57, TFT] Rmnai q>K''l ’TRW ’JUtitSJI 3i] X^ WFT ’TTW pRfWWT ^^TsTT % xf)^ 'jflq'iqiH'i WR TFT I

PtU’tdl ^ ftWK

3<sqa: 'JCHK'i ^ X3WR-W?R ’TRW W^ftW aTTW, ST^RWf^ ajTW afR WFTTXW ^RlW-RR^ 'jffww-RR afR xtM ^ arisRR wit RrwfRw WRt 11 ^ wxff wit wIfckt rnTW if wM Rr^ afk wr^firwi ftwt xixft Ii

1960-61 ^ WRW ^ WT wtrf cFt f^sfwWT wtt t xft^ FFTT W WT IvT^lWit Rlf^ f^RlfF-STW 5TFWr 20 % W5W «ft WW% 1968-69 ^ WF Wf^ 40 Wq% t WFT ^ XR WRff Wit MWTTT-'tTirt ^ FFTT WI Rx|^<W XTI4<dT % ai^WR 1960-61 .WWI 1968-69 if t^RfwWT-^ t xf)^ aTT% Wl^ 'Jld'Wo^l 3FT?T' 17.7 WRt? x^ 21.6 WRlf ^ I

1969-77 ^ aiqtÎ ^1 vqiq-i-Plql^ WiT ^WWifWi W? xjn% % Piqig-apT WWW IRIT C^R1976-77 ^ wildd-RR wif aTRTR qurl JR ^t? §TFft vntiVswi ^ WRFlT-aTFfPr % ftwfF-aTW Wtr Wfir sPT?T: 61.80 WW TFTT 71.30 WqWT xjf^FTIF affwitl ?W amiR XR XH wWf ^TtewT aijin^ x^t xpTt xjfr mxftxir ^ ^ 6I.8O wjt atR wFtt ^ ^ 71.30 fxftt gfcRTF ’ft arw-sFrcir

194 3jtfaj^m

31^^ ^ I ^ oTt*if ^ yo4i 1977-78 ^ 29.4 ^<ls ?jt ^ft tiwiirfl-i 3H^T15IT ^ 46.3 3lRl31W

^ «1<I«I( zft I s-ichl '41 «R ^c^ld 'n'l4<£Hi 5iFT I

15€t iildH) (1980-85) ^ -Jt'ittVsdl 'H^hR n'lid 4l'jRi-î«ild

% Hl4l'T,d*rr ?T?fr f^cifg-SR 5R-%-?F*T '3?RT -STFR^TcP TiHT 4t in4l''l “4pki

% ^ 2400 4>4l(l'd ?raT §T?tt =iti^ % 2100 4i4l0“^ % sirrar srirt 41^

^ 15^f Îvdil ^ ^fR”T ^ '^^TcR f^rat?-3RT SlffT % ^0^ 88 .^4dT

Ul41“l ^ 76 yRl'^nkt SItRT? f^raffe JRT l^dthl 311=6^*1, 1979-80 ^ ^RrT-^dT^ 3Traif^ WI ??r >3#^ cZW-«Rdi % jUdlsMI ^ {^Rf=RT-%r % 41^ WI ^TrnfK ^ ^ 26 efiffe aPfH TFRIIÎT ^ 50.7 nfcRld) n<lT §T?ff ^ ^ 5.7 ch^ts ?TFtt

jMdVil ^ 40.3 yRiijTd) cWT ’ft ^ ^ 31.7 (^^T 'Ji'itioMi ^ 48.4 9f^TcT) ^

I ?7T rRf 1980-81 ^ HR^’T ^ ^ ^ 48.4 ITfiTSTd 'JUtfWi ^ l^^-iai-^l sit I

3TTOT, 1983 ^ %jRT 31Rild % IJ^t H’yq'4Iq 4l'Jldl ^ TTt 5^ZiraflT y«bit?lc1 f«fRT

\?B% 315HR 1980-81 ^ ft>iI'ifli-\lIT % 4t^ 'Hi^ ^•kkshI 51.1 yRl^RT *ftl

^ ^ ftiif'idi ^ W<^ ^13% TT pPIrlT ^ ^T ^ ^3R¥®IT ^ WT ^ferTT % tJjf Tf 7^ I #T anTR, -sRiiR ^ {^(jwnaff t sit 7?t 11 ^^rtt

oitT d^liylO, 3’<l'fcKs)0, rlT^ft, iTmÎ’îII, cRT R?«id'tgl(l ^ 'RR'’!^ a^sit, w ■yRjchiRdT {M'^frisit ^ wff ^ fcidiRidf ?t^ HRRft ^ i ^ 14t ^ £^t TT ^ ^ w ^ I

^ «h'?ill'J|'*lO TTR ^ FTTRl % (^41'fl't, <jl1«haiRlsh tiHMqi'l, fl^l(l<m''l,

yiHll4d(ld)<'^l 'Sfh' «i4vnfM«f) ■ttfrrat eHl Ofjtit’'! RT ^ ’IRfT ?RltlHdl wfl 11 ?7!t ‘nftfr vR^dH’ ^ '3fR ‘'nft^ îftjcF |3n 11 5T. %. TRI. TT? gif

cRJR cRdf It % “OlT^f 3?Rf cfSTT SR ^ 3)d*ll*lOi^ Pl4)I4rl R|chW ^ 3Tclj^

^ WPH î5t 55RT if JRff 3iRigi 11 ^mPr ■arzfHSRnRjT ^ ^ gt %, dznf^r %

cT^ OIT??? ^ Sl^ST OlT^jf ^ ^t ■SlRj^ TPftT % 11”

TfSutya ^5^ H’y«i<iT<i ^TtjRT (1980-85) ^ vJ'^TlfeRf ^ TRftSTT tIiT% ^ -SPITd, 1983 ^ ggjlf^ Rairaf^ ^ 5)?r 311711 | 4t3FTr ^ 32R ^ ggf (1980-81 #7 1981-82) ^-sigftr if jcifiiR <l'4<ii(l'^<a «M4!h*if Rf'bid y<4wf % % 5.7 ^zjf^Tnit ^ <;Rftai ^Rr[I7®t 7m g'3iT I 3it % 4t3Rr ^ ^ îM ^ ^ ^ ^ î' ^ ti

TRi gTlRT yHT^ ^ 'STTZRR! % Rfspf Pl«Rfldl I f% 1980-81 TOT 81-82 if if ^Tnft ^R’ft dfl 31T4t ^ Rifl4l % HWiqRi »J7gfgR yla^^'i ^ ^fsEZ gft ipft 11 9t. 7131^®^

% “dH^dd HR Rl«hT7T <614*4”, “7n^ h4H 7ld4K *l4*R” TI^R' SM ^ <ft SJff%4f ^ SPMf gft TnftSIT <R7^ HT I t4>' 1980-81 TRIT 1981-82 HjT 3Tgf^ ^ =JqTgr # sqigr 77 711^ cZlI^TT g5t ^ ^ ^ I, H f4l 5.7 HRtf stf^Tl I

3R71W

^ ^ TTfNt ^3llI2(<t) fqqiiai ^ ftdl^ 3nR(<h Rl'hiTI ^ !I%HT ^ <f)74‘ IT ^ f^Tf^T gif g5t

«<t5ai ^ I îRf<h ql'ddl'Sff HH SHTl^t qjiqfRMi <R7^ JT ft^FTR ^tT

TTRFH gir Pi4i'Jt'l <& Srf^ vj«ti& HT TTPRlll

If ^?IT7 ^■aiR 4 ^ g^ . Tit 3FT

wrifR? 3Jtfsj^7tn i9f

snfSfe ^ 5.41*1 -2^ ^ % ‘f^ (LubricatingH?TO'ûf oil) 5)^ ^ I

MW\&

^t. ^ q4t^ 5ET I fttîtTT % 3tPt§tn 5b) ^ ^ t 3TeR g?rRFr ^6R5PTT ^ 5i41fli «i’iini i

fr. #. ^^rr%ff ^ gsmr t ^ a5t 1^ran¥ gfhicr 3ipfr ^n%q. ^ ^ 3T^«n nM ^ îmiPsicf jft ^ 1

Trai ^t^FWTO % ^ ^)fT %, “srfÎ^) '41^1'^'jJ ^ cZJTRj ^-^tJIT 'M’j^l”,’3lltll41 f^til’i ^ liflM ^ 'JCHK'hcll ^f ^[fe ^ ^ <»li<4^<4ct7ai 11

Pl«h'^ ^ =h<ls1 ^ cpf % %t( li<«hK ^ ^ tJ^rftraR,'3fR Jj^-Jii«('iA4l ^ ^ % ft^, •Spnl^ -SM 'TT «h<ttl'l'*l Tl^ra^BFI

^ 51i*iifîih chrqn ^ 31^ sdNi vTR, 411^10 Rl4)151 4)f uIhî ^ f^rfîidT 3[T% ^ ■sfk fr rRîra" fl^JPUT vJ^SRT ^Sflf^ ^ I .

?r*RT ^ chi4a)4t’ c^

3.12 HRcT ^ ’ifNt %? (Is There Poverty in India?)

^ % 3I«f9TTf^5r4f rTSjT % îM t fûlTor ^ %ct 3Tti%-3Pl% 5m !? I^ 5RTqf ^ (mm m cSt jtM ^ vm^ ^ nr % i % 5m ttr (indicator) Pi*^fflf<9d ^—

1. iri^ e4f^ doÔ^ 3IPI (Per Capita National Income)— 'ft ^ ^ anf^gji^R) ?*T eftf oi)t îRfeb- ’3TPT W \3?^<g ^ l ^ sft^TFI «^t 3I^?fT vJB" ^ ^ T?% cll^ ?rhff ^ ^RRf -STR ^ % RT(Standard of Living)^ UR ^ ^ BTF5IRf^%lBft^^5]frr Rf^ 3TR (Per capita income) BR #ft cit Bfi ^ ^ BftB #t Êlffe % STpft armiBKiraff ^ ^ft bjt b^ i

^ ^5lf Btt ulsctit, BRBB^ 5tf^ 2JR f^PBBB 11 1974 '^f BRB ^. 5rf^ ari^ 3mr 136 ^ dt l Ilfit ari^ 3BB BRB ^ BBBB 61 ^BT,-

B^BB <l'«J Sf^Rchi BtT 51 ^pTT BRISI cRBB 54 JBT ^ I ?B% BRBbM fiafW ll

2. <io4)q 3rnr ^ ftBBT (Distribution of National Income)—TPS^R 3TR % f'fBBBStraiT BT 'ft ^T ^ BR ^ ^ tlth^l % 1 fjTB ^ ^ B^tB SBB B)T ftBTB dlBBH

^ ^ Bfta #tl'TRB ff B^R 3nB B)! fitBBB 3JBBIB & I 'BIB B^^tB -STR ^ sftr (g«iin

ff 4ft SfIT?^ 3rT^ 3P^*ii't l^*^(cri«q ^ ^ I Bit iftB ^f^Rf

^ l-(l) ^3ffT# BBT TnffuT, (2) BRB B'f BBT (S) B^Bi BBT fBBT B'fl TTBB B’f % ^ tjRBlPIT % 1 5I^T9IB, B’f ^ 33 TllcRTB BBT ift^l^ B'f^ ^ 66 !ri^§TB 11

B'SFB

ST. ift. ift.B5I 5% 'TR 5ITRI ^ 11 SB îm BRB ifit bM % %q 3nB % fÎBIB B?r f?RBBT BTT^ iftBT B^ BBRTEft ^ I

(P.C. Mahalanobis) ^ ^ ^ % 14% ’TftBIT ^ -STRB&^HBIB BBTBT

196 mtik sjifsmm

3. ^ (Maldistribution of Assets)— «Rr fcRtT'T ?IF^' ^aT^f?^ ^ -arfeli 11 l^f> 3(f^ (Reserve Bank of India) 5ITT

(Asset Distribution) =^1 % rj^ ^ ’if^ 20%’ift^nfr % RTfT 1,000 % cFT ^ ^ 0.7 sfrRflrT ^?Tr I 51 ^iPff % 1RT 50,000 ^ y*^(r1 tfl RSHcbl ^ ^(rl *f W^FT8 gf^ ’TFT «n I ^gftcT 4 gf^ ^ gftrtrff ^ «r w so T5g%% ?ff I rin«hl ^tT tl*NiTt ^ 31 gfrTSTTT 'TTTT I

-Sillftbd dlf^4>l ’TTTd^ IM gft=TTff ^ «*Hln l^dt''l TEt W %—

g^RRT ’TFTnRditi ^

gfrnrcT »tftTI**i(ti ^

1000 TT. % TER

1,000 % 5,000 T?.

5,000 Ti. t 20,000 TT.

20,000 t 50,000 T5.

50,000 % ^3TRitE .

19.7 0.7

7.531.6

33.7 31.7

29.611.0

31.43.9

(Source : Reserve Bank of India; All India Debt and Investment Survey.)

«j5) cj5t ?TT T^ ^ «3ifi'J| (National Sample Survey) % STRifl %^ Rrft 11 TI^tR TT^^FT ^ RdT t ft) 60 yfcufid fttfR UTR HRqitl % wlPioM

^ -Sf-rFfd flchfcl ^ (Area Operated) ^ 9.3 gft?JfT ’TTR JJT, giTT W14 gftSTR ^ ?r«E^ % E# TET rFPFT 10 «ftS(ld «IT I

^dlPld) ^ ^ omniRcn Rtidl ^ RRT TFRfrT % «4)'S“i (Concentration of Wealth) R)f RTRT gnit grifft % l 1963-64 ^ 20 Rf eqniRsh tRTR) (Big Industrial Houses) % RTTT

TFgftr % ^ ^ 1,326 grrl? gS TFgftr 1977 cRt r^tet 5,405 «hOs Tftrfft gft I eflR FT^ ft 3nft % ft) ’TTFI ^ tl*gRt TET ftcRF ’ll ftg'J’f t ftlFft

3iRjg>r§T ftg gfft ^ 1itg gil RFR-FTT (Low Level of Consumption)— ’TRTT ft ftft RTT vjg’rW-FR3. RRR

’ft ft*R TET I 3it ftHl'ft)d Raft ft FF^ ft ^ 11(0 ftjftRT ftftrR RTT amiR- gift arftjftrsT ftrEfftw ftftf ft tuu w #tri ftftft RgftFT

(Calorie Intake) 3,000 ft 31RfE I, Rft ’TTFT ft ^ ftg^r 1,990 11 ftftFT OTFr ft 1,800 ft ^^RTFT FIT ft ftfT 3jfegj ^ I 50 3R(TTgftftftOT (poverty line) ft ftft I, lRgTRft’ftg|RT%|fft gfUSTRRT 1,800 ftftft TET Rgftg ift RR giRI 11 ’TTTftg ftftFI ft RRR THTR11 ^ ftgftR fftfifftR ftftf ft ftft ft ’ftjTR ft gfeTET ggiftf w, gsftl, gift, gg<sR, ftFft -snfft gft v«Ri<^ gr^ sg^sr ?tcft l^-i RccRia ^ g^gr ft gtftg TET Rggtg ’ft ^fftr '3TTftftg5g|i?gRaTft’ft ’tift ft gftft ftt fftitft ftr jfe ft gnft li .

(n) g^ ^ ^gf-ftTR-Rigg ft ffttr ftftFi ft grg ftr 3iMiig*di ftft 11 aiRl^ST ’TTFifti ^TEfftft TEft 11 RFft TET fthlR Rgftftr (giRift) ’TTFT ft 16

vgftg srftsggisff 197

|r 'jRf^ cqfckl \n<7iqiy % NH'fl'fn 18 % 20 5lf^

^ 'Jii'^5(q«t)î 11

(in) ^ ^•3j¥ ^ ^ âq^-^TTOi ^r firS) •3T»fh ^ -^Rg^ri ^ 3fRra# 5I|fr gjiT 11 5Fr iTRrr 3P?T ^ ^ >31^?TT ^ 11

(in) R(ft)c«l-Î^t|i ^ 3Rn^—'TTO' 10 ?^jfTT tZff^tnrf % 's7^< %, Cnsif^^nilRckl # 667 aif^rRTf ^ iM ^ ^B^TTST ^ 850 eijf^4l' ^ ^ 5nF5T 11

’ft ?inft ’iM ^ -arg^R ^ftfit ^tt wtt t\4. ^RT-WPT ^ ^ ’ft^ ^ ?K 'IRT-WR' ^

^ 11 ’TRW ^ 3Tftm§T 3FRT 7?ft % iRiR 11 ft rft felft t ^tPi HjiiHiy ’R gsTR ftft ^ I ’iR?i % 3wtl ft 20 % ^rar2 gift? ft^R ll

5. 2^t Utii'ini (Preponderance of Agriculture)— ’TRrT tpF fifft-lRTR ft?r 11 fifft ■TT yRRH^lT % rPRPT 75 ufftSRT ^TRT IRRf ^ ft Onf^ ^ I chlRi^ (Colin Clark) % OigHR îM ^BT ^ 11

6. 5tMto ^ 3M ■g’lr! (Low Per Capita Consumption of Steel andEnergy)-1977 ft *rRcr ft IPTlcT (Curde steel) ^ ^ '3fftRT W ^ 14

«ft TTST OrftfftBl, fsl^, IFRT IRT ft ?R=l5f llfft offtlW■QW: 680 tiftiUH, 415 fefttlTR, 460 IcbciluiH rRJT 618 ?ft I1973-74 ft Sjfft 3r^ ofRRT WqR 97 zft ^Rl% 1967 ft ^rfft

^ 3ftfTW dytKi TTSf orftftsRr, Isin, nlRqa fttT w)sn ft IfRRT: 6,065 FFI^, 3,254 ■^, 2,305 ?5Blf ^ 5,913 ?ft I

7. ftfttjRnft gftr aR’l ft^RIR (Ut\employmei\t and Underemployment)—MRS ftft^jRirft ofR OTf’T ftvJRTR ^ SPIRIT ^ ft! RFRT «6R1I ’T^rP ft I '’MH-y ft (Jrfty

ft ^35ft^ fepT W ft TTPft’P ftftf ft ftfrJRTft ofR -SRP-ft^FTR RRI-RmItRRR ft I ft tinwiOTaqi ftfft?RTTfr, OJPT-O'fl'iK 3)1 ^ tUPP 3R ftftl ft I ajRf ftRPT

ÎTR ^ ft ft5T ^ 0?ft31 ’TPff ft ?R 3Pft 3)11^ ft, ftfpg pft % OTf^l^ft?! ft ffft ^rfipRifnR'JiiHt'MWH «lfft3) PlPf ft ’Rift 3ft 3ft 3TTft ft Riyft 3JRnr 31fft ftftf ft ftftvRirft 3?^ ft r sftr ftkpi ^ aigRR pift, 1978 ft 2 3)ft? 6 eni? ftO^JtîRl 3ft «ft 1 313 ftt 353

8. <iiai<4m oftr ft3T3-3T?3 ^ tub’ll 351 Or*n3 (Lack of Means of Transport and Communication)—‘PRa ft 3131313 B3ir- ft I 3f3ft 331 ftftf ^ |feft 53R1 ft?l ftR3 ^ OR3 ftsff g331 ft 3^3 ftft ft I 3R3 ft ulfT 10 g'flK -flitiVll 3T ft^-31?3f ^ oftw ?R3lft 1.4 Rbcilftlet ft 3T3j% ftgsRl TP3 0jftft3il ft 3f lOiS ^ftWIJT,>3^7 flftp ft 5.9 ^jfttftter ftj ?ftr 3337 1972 ft 3^ 10 33^331 37 ^ ftlST 31^ 71^ 3R3 ft ^20 ^ 1313% TigcRl TTSJ aiftft^ ft 3? 5600,1972 ft 3fft 10 33ftf33t 37 ^ ftftfthk ^ ftlgH ’TRTl ft ^3^ 30 «5l 31«rt^ 7^371 7R3 0Tftft3)l ft 6280, 3)3151 ft 4990 oftr ft 3140 ft I

. 33^ fcI373 ft 73^ ft % 3173 IRB 3ft3 ft?l ftl

ftftf7I3> ftp 33 3TR

7R3S %3T0ff ft 7RR3 '3R3 Tftftt 3ft TRMR ftsRlR -iftt ftnai 1

ftf ftl

71313-3153 ^ Tile'll IBT 33f3f fqshiti 3ft fl

ft 39.7 jft;#ftrS7, WTl ft 8.8 fftwftftt373RTsl

ft 4330 ofR f|ft3 ft 2620 ftl3)3TsT

198 377<7?3 Sfft^qWl

«TRcr # ^ ^ Tf. ^ 'BTHPR^ t OTt ^ *iTCT ^ ^tM ^ gfe ^ ^ 11 ^ PFrifecT I-

(i) ^ '^. PTW ^ 315HR 1956-57 1967-68 % ^ limf Pr?Hf % SlI^^TH^f ^ 11-srg^rn:, 1956-57 ^r 65 irPrsM ^ îM ^ ^ ^1967-68 ^ ^ 573^ 50.6 iri^TcT ^ ’FIT /

(«} '^^■ 3fi3JT ^ im ^ % Tn4t^ îfNf (Rural Poors) % -STg^RT *fHRT fejJT 11 3^ Mdia^K Rfe#T ;i5t ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^

^ ^ |l

(m) ^ Sfk T21 ■^. 1960-61 3^7 1967-68 % ^ ITPfrT ^ ^ f^, ^^ flÎT 3i^Hld 'ldi«JI 11

(izj) cjfer % ai5*TH % ilMf ^ ^ 7?17 ^—(^) "Îpf ^ (SevereDestitutiorv) (75) (Destitution) cT^TT (^) P^^^7T I 3^ vsijmm % 3ij«K, 1963-64 ^ 6.2 '3{^ 10.4 3^7 16.2 557)? ^JpfrT PlSFclT-^

'jflqi ujolu =117^ ^ I

(v) IS^f qlvJi'31 —(1980-85) % 3p7nf71 MiJini 3iitll*i % *TT77f ^ ^Tft% ^ d*^y3Tt 311^ 9733 t 3^ ^ 79^ ^ 311711 ^ fiS ’71771 ^ ^ =^1 ^ 'd'tfltSMl

% 48.13 irfrl?77r TlPl 1977-78 # îM-^ ^ ^ ^ I 3^)711, 3^1 7TO1, ^ 7ra% 'll Pi <4) TiPi 'i(l'^l-'(<sii % ^ 1

Pmj,4—3T?f§iip^4l % ?3 ■ST^RRt ^ 5i7^ ^ i^Pl ^ 7FRT RTl^ ^ 7176711 %fTT 'Sn'T 33% 3ij3I3l' ^ 3r7R ^ 71«6^ I % ®n7ff % ^ TT^RTf f—

Upi, f% (Poverty Line) % *11% 7?^ 'flitusm 3)1 a frigid 3)3 3^ g3Tlirai &7f\3, ^ f71 31ciPt ^ Prtf3 #lf '3)f 71^ ^ ^ 11

9. Pis[*fdl 3ttM33 —

3.13 J|fl41 ^ ^|<®T (Causes of Poverty)

1. ’71771 37 33 7T3nftP[3) 7573 (Political Donunance of Foreigners on India)—’71771 ¥l<l(fe41 ^ JTfPft ^ )4'j7l< ^ >jrshS( 7?r I 717337 ^ % 3nftfe Pichm% dHi-u 3^ 311 3% Tt) ((’ll'i % 311 aK*-^ % ^ 371713)1 33’71771 % Pplf’’! \sul‘il (Manufacturing Industries) 351 3^ 35731 TTOl ?% 35^ '*71711 33 Pl3fd 357^ 3173 ^f^-33fT 33P?^1 (Agricultural Colony) 33731 71^ 373^ ^377 37337! (Manufactured Goods) %1 3173 335 73713 315317 33P3 311 ■%€135 ^ 35^ !% ‘5371^;^ ’71771 351 75^ 331 11’ 357R3OT ^ ^1 ^57fl ’ll 371^*

^ ^ 1^35171 3^ ^ 3131 3ft7 3M ^d<l3< 3?7fl ’Pfll

2- ai^fd<h 733^ 33 353 Pl«hl«—’71771 %!' 304) ^ 335 ■*7?t3^ ^T7*3 3F ^ f% 3^

mfj%35 711331 33 'J’f Pl35171 3^1 |'33 11 33f^ ’71771 % 3317 7^ 11 TWlf^3# 35 ^ 3ff3 11 gl. 531137 53^17 (jather and Beri) % ^l^TTR-“gfPl % 5J3177Trj^ ’71771 35! 33?17 3313 ^5^ ’77771 %1 3R7T1 33^ ttyPid ^133^! 5J51 713)1 11 «(|)fci<t) TFFlTll 7131 313413 PiH^tdl 3)1 3f Pl337IT %4l Pis^în

1777#! 3?8!a7gf8/7 199

|i 3m: ^ BRsr w I ‘’Trm ^ f^nrmrTT ^ 1îft?iwm jRp^rmr t r (India present a paradox of poverty amidst Plenty.) I

3. ^ ^ 3mm (Lack of Capital)-’TM ^ ^ t ^ 3mR11 ^ •^'lai (Capital Deficiency) ^ ^ ^ ?fdt %— (^) iri^ »4f«ki

^ w Trai

(if) ^3ft-Pi*if'j| (Capital Formation) fif iiqf^ fT I

Steel) 3flT 9lf^ ^ I

'HitiT^d dli^«t)i 1976 *f ^ ^ # ?Pim 3fri Ri'fletl % f?r fjt"fTmi I-

^ smi

^ fi’ff ^ ^ q^ch—'hî 5t4ld (Crude3W«I

iritT «tfid wIRiT

^?T ^’Kfl 5tVld

(^f^cfd TP^ 3i^Rchi 540 9871

398 4355

564 4330

3IFIH 952 4538 .

15 156

34^«w 3i1efi| # I {% Ri«f)Ifld ^ fit 5^ ^ ^ §tHid «Fr arf^3rHi<;'i sigd ^ I 'Jiidd ^ 'TRiff^ fit '3T^?1T 3pTtJfFT 36 3"^

63 3^1 %cf-?lf^ qq ^ ^ ^^tfî îldR'W *rRcI ^ ^^f'Ri*<Ri (Capital Formation)y^Rid fT ^ fi*! ^ I ^15 RFlff^ dlfd'hi # t—

SPTld^Bmr 11 lii^ qm rmm I f^ qrm *f

a^T^d î'41<"3?^ fT ^ 9ld?idvJcMRn

1950 1966 1976

24 34 30■>jiRm

29 28 2425 28 23chdlSI

Ff. TT. 'flARshl 21 18 1611 18 .19

mm 5 13 16

39ycw t PP? I % -arq RichRm ^ff q5t ^cRT =f mm *f ^ RjqW fPT ^ % i

200 q7it??q are/oVc/fK/f

lOZ i/irffetejaie

%oor $ i(|e ^ ^ ^ m 4ii& i| 4jiys jjjk ^|}ih^ (uoiicmoinv) t^tîbb^{ajnijnDuSy i© uoijesiueiiDsyg) if,>cfe|k^b ^ ih>icfe %si % iiiL I ^ tils' ^ 4 mit: it;^ i>ij>K?^ life iîKlilQ} ^ it^ Itjts mt ^ j2piJi,-('<3oiouviDax leuonipeJi) Plrl>hi>h '8

1^ llsS Ikfe IS^ tl^ ifeh Ifet mi 1^ I Inlllfe ‘lk|i tilfe^ life iktlt !$

Ifet tm I % 1% .if- 1^ PlbSk' ib. ÎU>lj 1^ 1^ ^ mi ^ I ^^ 1^ on t oot- -.leiiife ^ ^ 001 ^ ^ j^js ’ii't t^ tlfe JIiMB ^ tils ^ ts^ 16^ lilh^ ^ ^ Jl^ Itt .llfeiB. 11 llfeaii Bitfcij t>.jbh life iUMt» ^ uîb-bibn Dibmib ^ 1 k—(uoiiEJiunuruiQ-i

puB jjodsuBJx JO suBaj/^ JO >(OB-[) bIkiT' life (kbik ^ k9lb-i>1bt> ^ PJblOlb 'L

ID>tb PJbtj lyo If'IUtf'

^ 111 ^ $ Jlt^ts 11 ^ iiih $M i| tife ^ illfeue

UthIDlh

14uihik'

^ Ifeih-4^ I Itilfe ^ 1^ jB'IPcbbftbltf' l^^btk l^,t^ 1^ li it 4Jiliy I k>U>k ^ ^ Mh %6 Uib<j> life lhg)_k’kl^ U>^ i^hl^ 14

■bblb^h life ipQlf Ijlh9 1^ p ^ IfepiilS ^ at 11 Itk lai Millie %

%0i tie ^ Ite k,i^» ^ ^ Ms %S8 life ll®kkk> tpih -ph 1^;im Ip lltk il %9-Ti' ^ 6i-8i6l ife 'it %£'IS lilfel^t life ^ ^ tUS tjpi

19^ ^ IS-OS6T ^ I ^ Mh ,% JJfe pk tli^ tlS ytt ^ litlife MS St 14 lai ^ hmbho £i£ii iH> ifespkig isiifeps mil % 1^ kpt 14^ Jj it>»btoj»t;' bpik—fajminougy jo aouBjapuodaij) itkltfi 1^ '9

I 4 life Jjo^ >^^-kblJ^ life Jtp ^ ^ Wlite $ felhlS

^ Ji,iife4tp|S ‘ilifeli P 11 tife St hS ^ t11S§ kicfei^ tîbh life (saiijsnpui jiseg) ;i,ifas ^ OS -tjlab

>4

muibK

1^ p lii 1%Ih6)l»klf>

l| tife tife klbl^^b ^ ItifetejzK

b(p)ik life jl.ifeO 1K.§ it p' |ibl»S 11 Itil ÔJ* ^ SS kl&Mt ^ tus tpii life _M>|BS Jj IP Pi^tfei^ lit Ml %9'U> Ifklh^^ 1J»»^ life j^feJa it list Mils ^ Ml %S'SS bkirUi life tils b(ftl> 1^ ^ ljr|t.s ^ 6i-8i6I lit %ll Plhpts life

tils Mlt ^ Jl.jtS It IMS MIB % ^ tlh ifepS ^ pi life MIS tpii ^ IS-0S6I ^ k>ik 11 mnf> iblbUi ^ klbb|b ^ lilts ^ MS tifril iSfe MiSlS life Ip

Hi (uoijesiieuisnpui jo >{obi) blkts life

1^ (bibins H ta ifeip iii^ $ jpt Ht p ^ -Mspj tatM 14 ip |i tfejîb Ht H tîik (j-os 4 iha/^btf ^fe ibi^îis jjiPi^ 14Mh hlln^h ^ ^ IHpllS Ht ll^.HSk> Ht141 £t H ^ ^ %s-5 iikiti9 at H 14 |S ^ PQîîtis psfelt pa Mh 42 J4i %S-T-H %l ii ^ Ihsipl^ ^ $ IS-OS6T 14 hS biî h!i VQabk Ib^hB 1^ (uoisojdxg UOpBindoj) SI^H 1hS>kkUv laife 4 Ifeil. •% ^ ip US l^>lk —(UOlJBjndoj UI aS6a43UI 3AISSaDXg) Cbr^Mlb ll^kkt^

j^ Hip-p itt pfefe 14IbÛk

2P

Jriîbi9h

tiK P P ifelOHH t

^ -qig W«iil«<i 'TTTcT ^ ^'I'H'f 18 ylnîci ^l<(gi^ ^ 3jqî ^ IJRf 3iT 11 tUPifl ^ ^ cfiR”! *TITcT ^ ^ y'i51KH'-?fFRr (Cost of Production)’ft ;M Weft ^ I ’ft ’TRW % WiT ^ftcFT-TWT fftR 11

9. TlPTlftr^ ftWWT WJT ^’iiq (Lack of Social Consdousrtess)—5n^ snn WWT • tiJi'Ki hR«ik yxiitft ^ WT ft ’TRW ft ftftt TRWlft ft fjpftfft «WTW TWT 'TT 'J{4=dclWI

5fft SPTTftw ft5Wr ft I 3lfiPEI?T ^ ■3T%few ft I Wftt % #ftf ft ftRl^nWT?, ’TFWWR, 3FSjf^?WTW ^ WfftWTT WT WR ’Pft ft I tUHlOld) SJWT-sft (f^WIf, ^-’ft^, 5^^ -STlfft) ^ ’TWftw -STT^ ftlWT ft (viti«t5 ’Tft'TRRWM StfychiST WftT Wi^RRW T5ft ft I 3tf&cFft§T 'TftWR ^1^1 ■jflqi wftl }«[WT

WWi wft Wlwr TfWT ft I irft ^T<“( ’TRfttW ^q«b ^ flKi'tr ft 3TTWT ft “’IRfttW fWW) ^ ft ^ ft, ft 'TWWT ft '3ftT ft ftt WT WTWI ft l"

10. PRW TWT-jffWW-TWT wniRÎWWl -aTR WT ftT’fr WRWT ft I ^ ’TRW ft a%-aftww 3M ^ ftt ^ ft, 3TW: wftr ;^twW-TWT ’ft W^W fttWT ft I 5# tjIdIHf WiT 3ftww 'JH'hIm ’TRW ft WW’TW 2,000 ^Wtft ft ’RJ TWTW tR 5iRf$ftW RftfW Wft ftftPF 51^ ft 2700 ft 3000 ^Wtft cift ^WTWSWWiWr ft I

11. ftft^WWrft sftr '3i<^0'»i'ii(l (Unemployment and Under-Unemployment)—’TRW

'JJ'ltiwt ft 2TWrftra5^ WiRW WWT % îfttftqw 3RT ft§Tf % SHTTW % ^k«i ftîlft qft WWTWT 'iqqit W WR^ ^ ^ ft I WtWT) WWI WfiPT (Wolf & Sufrin) ft ^ ft-“ftcfiTft WWI

^l^-ftqirft ^ WJR’W ’TRW ft uftf wft ?Wft W^ ftft ft fîwft Si^Rqii % WWTWftfWWR M'Nim qilftf ft WWlft ft I ftftvFTTft WWT 31^-<1'J|'||(1 % qiWTWTW llftlRiftW

-anw WRT ft WWT yfftRftW offww-TrR ’ft ftpw ftftt- W ft I

fttr

Wi'^r WiT ’TR WTW

ft wftftt Wit iRi RgWPJ'f WiR^

3.14 Ulfthr fft^fwcIT (Rtiral Poverty)

WlftH ’TTTW ft Wfr fft^fwWT ft I ftfJRT SinI'i (planning Commission) % wftlWWW ■SIJWTW ^ ^3T3WR Fnft ft5T % ?fraf ft 50.82 Iffft^TW wMft73T (Poverty Line) % ^WR Tft ftl WlftK ftw ft wM ^ wft 2,400 ^ arramWT (NutritionalRequirements) % smiR RT ■'ftt’TlftTW fiBWT WWT ft I 3IRI ^ qjftr ^ ‘IWW’I ft ^J^RT WW

qiftsfl '^WWW TWT ’ft ^T’ft 5IPW wftf WR W^ ft I

urftH vnni qft ’qR WFlf ft ftl3T ^ TRRWT ft—

1. ^T1W)R ^ wf) ^-rftwf % TWiftf; ’

2. ’3lfll'H<h< '3TlWiR (Uneconomic Holding) «lft IJf^f vftwf ^ TWPft;

3. (Landless Labour), WWT

4. WlftftT qiiO'R (VUlage Artisan) I

^ Wftl ’J-yflWf % FTlftftf Wft tjlsch< ftw cqph TTPft^ fftftftf qft ftt ft'ft ft ft inftWr fftftftf % ^ ftr 3©T wft ft-

3TPfiR3TTftftl WRWW

202 ’TRcft^

(i) ^ ^flMW ^HR' (Marginal Farmer); rTHfT

(if) H'jf^ (Landless Agricultural Labour) 1

Plfcf'ltK ^

(0 3ir ^ ^ ^ ’jPi^T ^ I crar ^ ^ ^ ■arftjcF*rFT ^ #HfcT f^tinf ^ 11 ^ ^ ^ % «wlf^ tflni'ci fîHRfft- -R^ % WT ^ ^ ^ ^ 11

(ii) ill*fl*J| RRcT «bR'4)< RRf ^ FRFTT ^ft^JPirtt R^f PtR RMRîRT-ft^niR (low Productivity Employment) 11

(in) §T?tf ^ Pl^Hdl Rit FPRRT ill4l“l-ft’ii'ldl RR RrSIRTf % 1 (The Urban poor, to a

large extent, are an overflow of the Rural poor.- Fifth plan Approach Paper.) ^FtR)T ^ffr T^T (Dandeker & Rath) % RRT^HK §T?ff Pi^nni, TlPft^ ^ vftf'RirRit ^1^ ^ STFff ^ Suqta Rtj«n? RiT RftRTR ^ I îftlRRST RT ^ '3n%-3rT^

^ (Self-employed) RT >3T4«<«it«)i % SRPlfel RT %RT^ if Ripf f I \j?^<34l4 RRf RF I fivniR (Wage Employment)«l5t ilRRyRl ^ ?RR^ •il'hfl cBR tfFT RT Rjf^ Rl# I 3fR (Self employment)

^ ?R% RRT RRraRf RiT ^3jm (Resource Base) ^ Rpr 11

ftfefddl-RR RiT 'httl'D—3i4?i!Rch4| .tiVu'Sff % Pitlnai RiT -ST^RTR <71*11^ 45 Ri'^ 3n%-3TR% JRTT RRPT f I ?R THft -SRRRRf cHT ■3TTtIK 2,250 4541^^1 % RRRT T^HT R>I 11

It RR% If 3RR It I RRf IR RFRT t ^ UtIH RHR ^ RtT1/ ?R RST W Fl^tîPR oiImsoi # ^ «shfli I—

RRtT ^ in4l«l RfjfRcIT RJT

mifH ftsIdT ^ RW (^rtf ^

^ TOR MittitSHi

65.01956-57 21363.21957-58 21.259.41960-61 21.1 .

1961-62 20.6 56.457.81963-64 22.1

1964-65 20.2 51.650.61967-68 21.0

3hj{«K1 -jitchsT % -SRSTOR % R? ItRT I Rti RUpf 1956-57 % 1967-68 ^ ItR anVl

^ ^ rM-^ t lt% ^ % ^T^qiR ^ ^ ^ I cPiJTftr a^ft It ^ rtIK ^ soiri^STrT % Itl ItRR-Rm tI 11

It'JiRT aiiql'i % 'iql’iuH arjRR % aijtiK 1977-78 I ^ % Rf4f I 50.82 iriîw îtR Rft4t-^ % m Hrr-rnr ^ tI 41 RPfWr ipf ?i?ft ^ I RtIr Rir aijTirr PiHiiîd

^ It 'RIRT 11

niTtfhf 203

^ 3TÎJTjf ^

UnfH ^ (5rfrr?Trf %■) ?IFt ^ (SI^RIW ^HgTttI

1972-73 54.09 41.22

1977-78 50.82 38.19

Source - Planning Commission ; Sixth five year plan (1980-85) p. 51. aiRl«bl ^ ^ fcR iji4l'J| ’TR^ ^ ^ Pl^fHcTT. ^ I

3.15 ^ (Causes of Rural Poverty)

UPfM PlJmi ^ ygH’ 'RR'H' PiHlT=hcT I—

1.

2. ’jPt 5)1

3. 5)1 3Tr5fil5)

4. 'JJjUjRT anil'll ^ cpfl;

5. 5)1 (cifit'Jl;

■ 6. - gi^ 3rg^s5itf; rim7. ’3r!I'5fe I(0 Ô'n'iiO aftr 31^-Ô'fl'iiO (Unemployment and Underemployment)—

■ 'f anro %^)3Fiit 11 ^?i cpi 5?i wi w q5i 5)^ ^ 5R^ 5rai 5Tni 11 31rl: ^Ri-ifvi^ 5^ 5)P1 ftridl I ^ft^pllft • % ?RFg ^ Î'lqrfl

(Bhagvati Committee) % rFlPTl m % ^ ^ 31^-tl>jiOK 3M arf^rPif5)1 ti<sqi f^nq)! 14 5^ ^ ^ 5)PT Pinni 84 rfn5 UPfM rfPfl 51) Jr^KHTt^PriT % Sram ’T5f^ M ^ B5)% % 5)1F1 ^ 'rate 3RI3T 5^ ^ ^T[% ^'4Hc|q)i % 5115555) •^'10*1 Sng 31^fcT 5^ 5)T ^15)^ I

00 5)1 |)(^l-m551 (Agricultural Census) 5T ^Kril5 ft'M(1970-71) t 551 grim I }% '50^ #7 5t %tfHf ^F«ff^f’jf^55t’5|;55|t5l5ri 55 (Concentration) 11 ?5 ^ cpff ^ 14 5^1?Rf ^55)f % 5R1 ^ 7TOT^^5)71 (Operational Area) 55 61% % I ^5^1 % 46% 5% fW SRI rPm 31% ’jfil efl 5)l§cf 5)t vilrfl ^ I I^q(ln 51% ’3lfil-tfl*iiVi (Super-Marginal) 551 iflHId ^55^ (Marginal Farmers) ^ 5RT m7#T ^ ^ ^55RT 55 ^571 9% 11% 3lf^ f^W-Rat''i % 5)R^ ^rftRCTSl.TlRft^ 5RUT ^ trnr gnr^ #5 f I 55%^555 331R1 ^ 57RT1I >31cR15 % 51 rlt % 5JrT «PT 551^ 57555 517% I 51 5% ’jf%5l%^ % 5| 57 %5R JSRf ^ TW % 555 517% 11 %Tiln’ld #7 135'7f%Tfcr |)55) f%^f5rTl ^ (Poverty Line) ^ %)% 5ff55 5155 5R 7% 11 55fl%l 135^ 5171 ^pr%; ^ «%l) ’jfil 11

(n’O ''UtlOMl ^ 3175^15) "jfe—5175 % jji'fl'*! 5r55757TT 55 551 5fT5’fjf 557%5% 31c5R)ch 11 5T771 % dHTl'TsMI %f5l5^%5f7^|>31?T;»j|%57 vRTl^ 55 5R f%7RR 5515 511 7?111 'Ji’itt<s4i % 557% yRi««4Rki

%571W

’jf% 55 ^^fTlTl 515viHMsy

204 ytidlif 3ie/o5e#W

^ ^ X¥r ^ I 1961 uicl«ljf«w f)f^ ^ 0.8 ^ «IT I >3T^ ^TF '^tW0.3 »^=J5f ^ ?F W 11 ^ mRuiih I

if ^ ^-TTPfW-Rrtf^ ^ 5)ITF ^ 3lRj=bl!JI TTT^ 'rtHUteHI ^(n>) 'JpffW fliM*!..........'TTH ^ ^ =1^ I; «rf^ ÎF ^ t 13^ W ÎfW ^ gRWTSff,HTF, JHd stfr -SP^ '»iiy^M4) ttiy-if ^ % I tiiy’il ^ y)4l ^ 'FR'^T 'i'lyil

-SPif |r-yi<flf^y) ^ ^ffTvitMK«Hjn sl^ tFl ^ I viCIKthfll^ ^ Cl5t 'fpft #R 5=1; RfT vi^K^hdl ^ yir^l^H RMcTT 11 RfT viciiyyiai

i|ijfitc||Tj| (Synonymous) ¥ I ^tRlcTT ^ # 'SPPTT 5«t«b ^racTT

^frI. 3it Tjff^ cFt #7

1^ ^ ?RT ^ ll

(i>) mRw^Ri^T ^ <{lN’iyf [^d7''l (Maldistribution of Assets)-(Reserve Bank of India) FRT ^ HPiH mR'IK'I' ^ iRtP^tT RItOT (Asset Distribution)’TT # WT ^racTT I 1% ^Pm 20% iR=IK1' % 'TRT 1,000 7>^

^ ^ «fr ^ftr ^3W ^ ^ *rFT 0.7% ?F I RptRcT, ^J^lrPT 4%'iRsfRf % ^RT 50,000 ^ 3itych yRfl"Hq_ ?{f ^R vat'Oi ^ ’^FT31.4- yRiJild ZTTI 3IF OmiT^bn dilviq)i ^ 7^ t—

*TRW TPfW yRyiO ^ MRd"tq_ (dit''!

hRpI^ ^ aRiîd »iPi 5frr9IW »TPT

1,000 ■?!. t ^

1,000 "F. R 5,000^.

5,000 t 20,000

20,000 F. t 50,000 F.

50,000 F. t 3iRnF

0.7• 19.7

7.531.6

33.7 31.7

11.0 29.6

3.9 31.4

F5F diRt«M % ^ FIF ^ 'iTRff ^ 1% ^PTFF 60% yRyiO ^ FFTSJF -31^117 (Resource Base) FFFT 5i*rjfl7 I RK % FF^ FFR ^fRFT-Riyfg # ^ ’ff \3lR)«h 3fM Fff ^ ^ I FF lf^)R yRtl^MTlf 5)T RlW RrTF^ ’ft FPftF RitfFFT ^ RT'F FFTFPft%l

snRN> (Religious Superstition)-FT7F tpf-WFT ^ TFT ^ I FFRtFFFT % «d)«h dRiPtyi ^Rt-RcfTF ^ yiRfdh FT RtT TFT % I FT. ^ % 31^FR “FTTTftF ^jflFF *f yR Fir FFFT SHM ^ RF FFF, 3F-vFT, FtFF,

rnff ^

(^0

TfR'TT^ 3Tlf^dKl'-el

31F7FT yR % 3135^ % I" fitFlF FFT 3^ % -31=1717 TT %T FT% Fit qn FFT TR % I TfF t 3lRlFif?r trTFFTRt?%TFttl% ttFF t4fT FFt î=hKI F^f Tit I FTT F7F 7T^ I UPfH ^^RlcTT t 3^ t FlRRli 'SRy-fcRFIF ’ft 11

QR-TR

3^‘^fe~9fl4t Fil TftFT d*<CtT t % Ittt t % I FF i9iyi"if t Rltr ft t 7^ i Ff’tFiT -sftr tf"(Dandekar & Rath) SHT ’flTF ^ Fttt TT TF Ft?RI t TFT FFFT I fti FTi

FK t?I t 3^ t(vii)

SIsMfTFI 205

Sl'ltld ^Kdi4 '3H'll 3fFI ftiT ’fr ^ HlRich mIvAI ^ 5iT 'TTHTI % Ply'll cjit sTTRlf^ STFT 'R*r ^'jTT^ % rTsn va'i«hl Plfef^cii ÎIT^ % I

^5rr ^(1^ cFRT Pi4'ifli ^ ^ I q<â: «i*iW Pi4'idi ^ % I ?nTW ^^5?n235^ rT^TT fpJFIR ^ ^fe, wi'^^1 rWT '»t'iti«qi ’TT ^Tlf^ ^ qPi'xi 1P«RT

ll ^ TRFTT % ^ ^ R WT.^niRr 1%^ ^^THT

90% cRF «?r3R #7 qr ^ ^ ^tIWT

3.16 iii^fl'î ^ ^ ^ viqiq (Measiires of Remove Rural Poverty)

Tn^fH PieJini 1^3? dHtqi ^ I % Hdi^dK “Pl^Hdl •Slf^TSTTT I, qT^

’ll -srf^^Tiq qF I 'FRT ^ 11" (Poverty is a curse but a greater

curse is that it is self perpetuating - R.N. Bhattacharya)

qt. qqqf (R. Nurkse) % ^cRRIT % % Pi4'icn qiT ^ cBTBT Pi4*1^1 ff ^ I ?qrf) lll*fl'J| '3T*fsRR?IT ‘'i44l ^ ôqfh’ (Vicious Circle of Poverty) ^ %l Frf Plchldd! %l

3Rrqq qpff t nM Pift^ t Prq P)HiRhd ^tt %-

1. O'Jt'iK iRPT qRqr,-

2. Tfpfpr ^^4 \j4t4l cfiT fqchid,

3. ^ gsiR,

4. 4f5HT ^

5. hR=IK % qpr '»iMiw«hcil ^ qR^T,

6. dHM ^ m’qiidt'b ^Mpq4'i,

'3T^,

8. ^Pr ^ d*imqi4l f^rTFT,

9. «R-qqFT rIcFfPFf SRT

(f) O'flMK ^Cdl (To provide Employment)- -STRlPjqi PRpRfT tFT ^ c[R% qiT

^K'R 'JHN O-fl'JK ^ I qt^RT 'Jii4lq (planning Commission) % 4t cTUT

qif t41<hK PPiT 11 qra4J qhJRT % 3tt^ % '‘PrPrit % ^ ^ tf%qr# wrj! <^f4d4l' ^ ^fpR-RR git ^ cft ^rafPrai Prs^RpIPr ^squr ft^jrrR q^pr

, qiRT 11 'STpr ^ PpR'T % qr-rpiRcb ciRqTi' % ^ qf qgcf ^3TT?TT I I”

7.

Pr% ^tTWcTT

(Employment is the surest way to enable the vast number Hying below the

poverty level to risae above it. Conventional fiscal measures for redistribution of income can not, by themselves, make a significant impact on the problem. — planning Commission)

f4 qit qpr t PE FFlft H^q^fq 4l'ddl^ P ill4|u| ^ fr -srpqi ^4sh‘T qp tl FT 0^14*4? P “d>4l^ UrPH TPfTTT Tipfer (National

TRlP %qpiTT viqflstj

206 V773?T ijifsimm

q^Iyicn ^ 3?^Rural Employment Programme) (Minimum NeedsProgramme) rfSTT ‘yHP«l‘d f^*ld (Integrated Rural DevelopmentProgramme) 'STlfe ^ ^ t (fT ^ ^

^ ll)qW 'f uriH ^#tT(n) vi«Vil W

3ii)‘l7 W FJPT ^ .t I ^ Rly*lH 4ln4l sRRrft (SeasonalUnemployment) ^ ^ ^ tie4Pl IRFT ^ I ^fRPTT 'STPit’T % ‘TfP(W

vJliPT ^ ^ UraftcR ^ -ilN <e'1-tl5'1% FR ^ vidHI cPIT T^5> ^ >31!^ diT Pl*tf'J|

11". (The primary object of developing small industries in rural areas«fiTdTis to extend work opportunities, raise incomes and standard of living and to bring about a more balanced and integrated rural economy.- Planning

Commission)

I(iu) (Improvement in Agricultural Sector)- ‘’TRW # ?drtl#7 ^ 'SnrdT |-'q?lrqT ■Jffsjf ^ ?T ?1^ t UPfH 5r?faRRZTT If fRi 5BT*T?t^ ^ ^dldT % I ^ SFtn ^ fvmch gSIR % q§ti<SHqi Tn%T jRdT

cHf cfPT ti=t)ai 11 UrtW tJRcTT ^ 'jftdd-RR ^ 351% % 'dtl«hl qiwl^

am q«l*1l 'J1iq!<q«h 11 d? vJWPd ''RT?f tishal I d^ 3d«hl aiiq^qchOiCl

'jt ir ddirft 11 fddi and dd df d^ I ddIRd % %t ffe ^ I aiddd^-35IT5d % ^ dR% ^ % afPRddT gdR ^3TRRdd7 1.1 d? d^

f%> ifNt dir %9T dRd ^ aiiRfd) fqchiu dit Iqqiiti % P1B0 % I

vRdT d% O'Ji'iK ddld dvldT 11 d ^dd 75 y^STd «qf^

«jq«]q diT amff

dddT d% arm % dR% % fiPr-dddnarf dir ddidrd

^-ddtd drrd ^ arfiidiid ff% dT 3dRr dd t Mr I df^ d|d % dk ff% ddl^ % didr% f I aidtrcT m41^ f^^fdPiflim and^ddi ^ i

(if) ulvudl d% cddTsn (Provision of Self Employment Schemes) —iii41''i-P(4'iai d% ^ dR% dir dSrd’f’f ddTd ‘FT-ftdnm’ (Self Employment) ^ I

FT-fRdTT % dT%W Ply'll ^ and % ^ ddi^ ^ I ?d^ aiTq^qq) f%i %%

anf^ % dRdd % and5ddi rrad vndi

d5f did % }ii4l'J| ^ % sRtddrfl d% ddFd ?d dir% ^ ^dftd d<«hK % 15 anRd, 1979 t ‘nr^N ^ddi ^ aiddr %mR ?id dR% ^ d%dd %% d% dfiJidr’(Training for Rural Youth for self employment or 'TRYSEM') ^ d5t % I Id

dJddr (?15%d) ^ ardPftr drdf # ^^ddrr ^ df^OT 5^ ^)t?T (PovertyLine) t 3idT 35T% diT ddm fen ^n T?r 11

(f) Ht5r dftdTT TS%,^ afil 'Jii'iftqiai %dr d^ gt vTddMT lii4l'J( fefddT ^fel ddi dfr tm ddi 3d<<ll^ 11 aidi^d dliH idddT % ^ dftdTT % 5rf%ijfTd^didr %dr dRdT and?ddi 11

sre/’cqqwi 207

iipgTjijf(t>i) ^RM ^Rq^fi (Structural change in Society)-^^^ ^RFT ^ ’TT

^ ^Kolq ^ SflftfcJ) «*<I'J1 oniyT 3T^ i^dfnqf ^ Skî % | fqqj^,

nW, 5^, 'Tcf-?qlfIT rM ^ Snwff qT -ST^f^ 2PT cRT^ qTRTT W8TT ^^«hl^«h fff^-Rqi'jfl qx ^jqr ^qiX ÎIH-Î'IIH tR 'jllcTT ^ I ^ qi'q

^ t ^gqqqr xi^ra li w 5J#r qlt ^ wsr q?t wqi îqjnfeq q?! qlq’qi ^

mn'iiw'h qftqcfq q>t XT ^ xi^q qx«Bi^ JTSfxrftq^ 5)^q? ati-âi qrq qrq, XRR -^r 33r xfr ti -

(vii) ^RitNilfa qx '3T^?r (Control over Inflation)—Pi'ilia i qx qfs cRX% qi?II «hi4sh*i w+id q^ ^ tiaioi ^ JSTRjt^ (Inflation) clit' f5i<CR ^ I

q«iT Rftfqt q5l qiwftqj ■anq ^qiT^ ^ I aRfqq j5it4ilRi qx ar^ «'imi 3M§qq? 11

(viii) »jPi ^ t)*ifliqi4l (qa<''i (Egalitarian Distribution of Land)—qpfrq ftxfqcTT ■ qq XFTTxjiq # f^ qq XRrnqr^t fitqx'T airq^q^ 11 ^-PRR^ ^

#X q5t auRfqi qit STB ^ X^ §tr ijW anq?qq? | f^ q^ qqi urtWqftqn ^ qrq ftxrfRq #n aiftrq; ^ % xft -3% qr fjqc^(Marginal Farmers) % qfe ^ qiflq I q’ft XT^ yHdMI^l XBR (Egalitarian Society) Xqiqqi ^ XFFXft 11 ?xft 3^^ ^ aTTqFf f^FftqT qi^ % 1951 *farrqlxB qrxR f^qq sn i

I«<Hdl

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208 qR(^

3.18 O'HîK «»>i4stJ*l (National Rural Employment Programme)

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chiH'hi'Ji U*tM

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^ vPRn

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ft 5#5T1

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xm<rt^ atisprm 209

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ojqt^ji ct5f ^N'fl I

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q|?fT% HFT WT WI

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3.20 TIT## f^^TRT «hi<43)3 (Integrated Rural Development Programme)

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210 17## s^sfsq^m

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fjqpnT ^ araTR—?TT «ht4shH ^ 'Jl'fl'ffl 35.32 W-R'IIlf 3^*11 R UPfH’^ 33.15 qJTt? ^FT-Rqrff % ^TRT TRFTR ^ 3FRTT ^ q% I R^FITI 5^,^T?r, TTHTÎFT, c1RrR1§ TRIT q.y'ini % TT^tq 'Ji41''i 'hl45h4l' ^ ÎPJ^ q>TR ^ 3F15T 5^4%Jir It

SnqiTT TSJTT ^ '3ii4<n— ]li4l°I hR«ii4 tfit ’3TTe|TTr-T?FT OtiyRd qiT% 4i ^4 4 3FlR qqRr i 1982-83 4 10.43 tiw îram Wel % 3ii4i’t ^ ql ^ 10 tTT^^ 'SiRT^ OiraRT *«(4f ^ 3n4«:'f f^jqr qqr 1 i3WT Sfl?! 1.51 WW 3jjyj«*I?IW vJli4R.O %4 tt4 jsfTRT 4 1.21 Ttni 4 'SiRra ^\m tsiw ^ q4 i

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4f4f 4 (31# 1t% ^ qpft(ui) ti*i<yijiw

sq«Rjgi 5iTl «# ^tRT 4 47,934 «*iwiiiw #4f

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H&osi

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wmhi sTjferawr 211

40 m I 1984-85 ^ ^ ^ 27 îft? 30 ^ sff, ^3^ 1989-90- rlcfj

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3.21 *lRrt (Unemployment in India)

qiRqr -nw-M ^ ^rp?feF ftyPi ^11 UF qq? ^ arf^srrq I qiirq q qpRRTf^ qq arrsrq ^ I, t?T qlt

anf4ch qqtrl aiqq^ 3n^ %| ^rf^raq (William Beveridge) % flrai t fli “f^?q ^ntî anf^fcR trrt hR=) v|[% siff uRin qiT% ^ ^rq q?TT Ffeqr, 4l*(i(l, aTsnqqr,ipFift qsF 4flqJii(t, Fq 7R^ qqt qw TrfiRr 4flîr^ 11” hRtIH' flFR qir

qrer

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^ 1 (An empty mind is Devil’s Workshop) 3RT: 4«hi< ctjPm F^?IT P|^tllr*l% qiff qf^T I 4«hi[l 5)f ^5T ^ qfft, FT^, 15? q aFTTRif ^ 4<s4i q? jJTcft f | î*|(l ^5T

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w li

^Xlvi'iid ^ 3l?f (Meaning of Unemployment)

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m^ ^Îvi'iiO q^ qiqr anqr qi%qi

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willing to work but the economy does not provide them with jobs).

HRrT ^ ^ ^ y^Ri (Nature of Disguised Unemployment in

India)

>Tn?T ^ ^ ^ 11 ^ qr tftjptift ^ ^ ^ |-

1. ♦f-'iO*!* (Urban Unemployment) ?raT

2. ITPfW (Rural Unemployment) I

(qi) 'ift'dlPl* ^ (Industrial Unemployment) rlÎT

('^) (Educated Unemployment)

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(qi) Ô-dMlO (Seasonal Unemployment) WÎT

(u) Ô'itMlO (Disguised Unemployment)

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m ^ ^ t 3T^Wf^ **T ^ TFT 11 ?^ft gqrwr

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11 ’TTTxf ^ ^<l'4<iid 5)T

xfH^ SJtfsimtU 213

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^ 200 ^ 'SjRich O'JiîK Pi^nai I 3f.

M %1^ ^ 3T^

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qift ft 3iRiRcKi, feft gq ftqirft qqft ft ftiftro: RTqnft qqqfrrqf ft qrft srift ft i q^ft tîHf ftT îq;jq«bdi % siftiq; q>4u[?i Rtg-w iftft jfrft fti qff ft Rqqf ftt ’ft ,^ qipr qftf fftro fti q? ft fMt ftqrift ft

?qft StRiRcki ’TTTTT ft -sro ftror (Under employment) ft) ft Rqfft qift 'jfTft ft I ?TO)TNicHK'i ^TTOT ^ gft vjqftq qftf ft) ’tt T?r ft i

ft qfft TO TO 'I- TO sqfftr ft) ftq^ to)^ ft^rft (Despatch) qq qqq ^ ft q? qro TOft) qpqTTT ft ft * to sto flqrqR to totow ft i

ftiTOIfTO

'Srfftjrq TO ft fft ftsPITT tiVi'i ft) TOfTO

TI^)q TOft TT^TO (National Sample Survey) % TO ddiqi ft fft ’TOT fti ‘Mftftrof)’ (Disguised Unemployment) ’Tlf) TOT ^ f^TOR ft I ’qTT?^-qiT?t TftSFT ft ST^HIT

214 TOfft 3jsioQ=im

UnfK ^ ^ chl4(d % 7.03% cRIT ^ 4.49% >3I^-frjFTR (Severely ^ ^ 3TÛnder-employed) vrtÎch UPftw ^ ^ 5.1% STFff ^ ^ 3.84% tiiyu'î ^ % >91^-4vi'iK (Moderately Under-employed) ^ 1 *f -Sl^-fFjPTTfr ^ ?f<SHi ^ 14.7% d^T

% -aiJdR 10.7% 7^ W I 7?T % 71%w % -SiTcliff 4)

31^-'^ 3lf4rR(f ^ 7n?n ^ 31^^11 1 «h4s 50 vIM ?niKfT ^ IVl'IK

37^-7)3^177 3727^ %5?7^ ^ TPiWl ^ flHjyjd % {?f4 >3^77? 1^4 ^WftW ^ 'Jinifi 7Tr*r §3771 fTT ti'r;*) ^TTTrT ^ rftTlft Î'JldT ^ fTT «nrT W 3<7^«g ^77 ^7^ 97 % 37^-<)'Jt''lK ^ 77’7797 ^ ^l4) 557 ^957 WiR'U ^ 37W% ^ ^ 'nH^TIT’ftW 3^17 575 39)jil 4i Rlchid ^ UPftW 3nf«Iqi 7779^71^797 <hl45h*ll’ ^ I4f4tn«h<“i ^

^ 1^ I (A lasting solution of the problem of under employment will require not only the universal adoption of scientific agriculture but also the diversification and strengthening of the rural economic structure programmes for developing village and

" —Third Five Year Plan.)small industries

^TKTf ^ ^ ’TT^TT (The Magnitude of Unemployment in India)^75977^ 37T97ff ^ ^ 9?) 9797 977 (^9f79 97797 77*79 9^ ll ?7T

1^1757 ^ ^ 99)77 9?t 77797^77 9 37Tftf97 HRft«lfo4T 9^ %7l3t97lt 3779 OuMlCl^ 77^ 399)1 ^977 97797 957 97^9 ^ I 37^)77 ^ 9)3797-3779)9 9)3797 379^7 ^ 3777*9 4<tvn'll4 7^) 777577, #997 % ff7I9 ?7l#^ # 777577 3[)^ ^ #3797 % ^)779 f|379T7 % 379777? ^ %373979 9759 f#77 9)797 971 3f)7 ?75f) ^ ^ ^7)3797^1 ^ 37#-7t3f97f) 9)1 979%^ tigRld 9799^ % 77*9*9 % 99%9 75% 9% 9375 % 3fr7 7779 ^ f^f#9 ## 5# ^ 3199’997(Population Census), 9^597 77^57^ (National Sample Survey) 3fr7 #9977 9997)(Employment Exchange) ^ 3997# ^ 377977 97 %%379T7f 9% 777517 i#9-f#9 #% % 9)77^7, 95 779 95^ f#n 997 ^ ^ ?9 779977 9577 372999 feT7 37791 3777: 1980 % #997 37T#9 % %fl3r97fr ^ 37397# # 97^ # # ttWri 991# ^r4 44'4'lit ## # fl’oMi # 013*1 it fl9R977% # 91^ % 3ff9 9)797 '#7 #997 3n#9 9)) ?9 91% % %9T 971

577 tiPiRl (999# tlPlta) # 779 % #3797 3T7#9 97) (#5# #379737? % 3% 3fl#t 9797 §9 % 99f97 9# % #7 |77?9% 739 97 3T797?%9 ft'>4)4 7997977: 31997# ^ 719; 99977 75 9971

7397)977 tiftfa % # #%-#% ^5779 ?%% %, 73# f#nf^97r 9)# §7t T7#I9 9^97 %3r7% 27 t ^ (Round) 7? (1972-73) t)3797T # 77*9*57 % 997 977997 TT#!^ ?#971 TJH 77#1W 9) 3T377R, 197! *f ##1)1 #) 7r577 14 977)5 # f#7% % 13 977)5 60 777^ ftuftd 7137977 % I 59% % 40 777^ 379777 %%379R 75% 9# #9 % I

77t#9 9^ 77#7^ SfTT 1977-78 # 91% % 3fr :^pTT # 9# I 7377^ 3Tg7rR 15 t 59 94 779) 9) ## % %%3plTf) # 777517 7(9? 977)5 69 # ?c79% 1 9)%5 28 TTRS" 3n#9# #9 %1

%%t379r% 97 *7*19# tiltfci % 37997 9f%%99 94, '1973 % *77777 7779)77 # 37Tt7R 97 1971 % 47)57977 =d)4d4)' #) 77^ 187 ^ 377# 9#|l?9%% 90 71175#%% srf#7 t i#T^ 9777 97)4 #99R 9# #7 97 977^ %% t ?#79) 9777 14 9# 9%r 7^795 977 971% 73977^ tl 5# *f) 777199 47)37977 4) 9797 377 779779 %( ?9% % I6I TITS' 4%37977 oZrf#7 97#9

# 97377 ?#9n 39975?

»7/7#5 37#997=^ 215

^ (Rural Sectors) % f ^ 26 vni3 31?^ ^ (Urban Sectors) % 1 ^ ^ ll(rl^lcf

^ tf ^ 8.1 5rf^ 11 W ?nRl*l #"?W I-

1974 ^ »mrr ^

ttfvi* ^ trgH6'n»>juP ^l5t W 10.4% 11 ai#T ^ t ^<Wll(l ^ HTSTT 10.9% 3ftT STfftvn'lK «)

%•

{wit ^iJI*fl''l

1. Si^-Ji'iK ^ ^TMT

2. ^ «R-'5Tf^

3. %fp!niR % alciifirt ^

161 26 187

1483.7 320 1803.7

10.9 8.1 10.4

(Source: Committee of Experts on Unemployment 1973)

f^^tT ^rttfPTTtt

1961 ^ %ityniTff ^ 5.9 ?ira ^ ^ 1972 32.8 ^ i 1970^ 1972 ^ ^ ^TtvPIRf ^ TTMT ^ 14.6 ^ ^ rftw ^ I 1972-76 % ^

«zif^rTtff e|)f tt«sm 33 ?Tra' ^ 51 tTM ^ | «nioch (Graduatesand postgraduates) f?iRru1 vrffT ^ ^W ^TTcT ^ ^ |l

«/'*mrr ^ ftlfiRT ^ ^ ^i)'d«ll{l

{pTRlql'Hfll 1961 1966 1672 1976

1. ^ 463(78.5)

620 1745 2829{5fta) (65.7) (53.2) (55.4)

2.(9%?ra)

71 204 932 1255(12.0) (2S.1) (28.4)

602(24.6).

3. t-iiosft rrar wiashlut

56 94 1020

(9^§1W) (9.5) (11.2) (18.4) (20.0)

590 918 3279 5104(100.0)(9f^^) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

MM^cKl R'X'Jl i> 31TUTT 9T *rR?T *f ^ ^FTFIT ^ ^—

1. ^ ^ iff %■,

2. ^ M ^ I aftr upft^ ^ ^sm ^ ^

216 3jsfsmtJJ

I

3. ^ ^ ^ >(<<('=15 'f^ 11 ^ ^ 3^^q? mm -aiftra) ^f%,. cit ^ ^ 3%Tf^ m îraftr 11 wf^tjnf ^

• tft^jFirfr yHl'jl 'R 11 (Lord Beveridge) % ?!^ “ Ô-Jtîitlw ^ ^ «ifef) ^lo'h f<i<oK 11 ^ft^nntt % Hitiww >aHti«T -sRn^ <Kf|iffr^ Bff WBT, t<f)^ ^^'Ji'iftf ^'TT B?IT ^ ^jF*RI^ I”

(The greatest evil of unemployment is not physical but moral, not the want which it may bring but the hatred and fear which it breeds.- Lord Beveridge.

^ ^ Causes of Unemployment in India)’TRo

Ti^ % 3Tf^Trd 11 ^ '3#r?nT I jvra% gjRJT ^ Bm-?rt^(Man-power) cRT STT^m FfBT %, ^ ^ f^<hitt ^5^ «llcTT % Rif^-n BTBTfvRi B8JT <i'j|4lfa<h

Bzrr 1slTOTT^ '3n^ f l (Beveridge) % “slft^Pirft ^ ^ ^!tll(lRch Rt<RR 11 ^<|vi'iitl ^ 'Odtcit'iM -SnTR ^ H?T«f RIBT,

^TT rPIT ’RT <!?t, wF*ra^ ^ I” (The greatest evil of unemployment is not

physical but moral, not the want which it may bring but the hatred and fear which

Lord Beveridge-),it breads.

’TRd ^ tfRPirfl ^ 11 ^TRcT ^ RRTRT ^ tftvFIRf <^1 ^ WT^ FT % PtHl'Iin TiR'T >iTlt'5l4l f—

<iiT'iyI %?TT sm#,

<St njiwR)^

qr F5 ^siiRff ^jr tbt,

TT [HasH-i,

aflyVWwi TT ^nrra,

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 3uRf<h ttiSj-if TT 'Srp’f 'JTTRT, -

7. ^<t'Ji'((^,

8. fsi<hiti cHnfe)^ T?f sfWt «‘ifa,

9. yifqRich TTFT,

10. ?(f>l<t)l ^ TfrTSflFBT TTT 3n7R,

n. w -afrr ^ T)»ft w12. '^^■*1' -T?) iCT iiwai I

(0 ftrerr (Defective Educational System)—'TRrffT f^RTT-im^ tl'd'IKTSTR (Job-oriented)T^ % I ^ TM RrSRf T«IR % I f^RH WR Ti^ % TR ^q<hl ^ ^TT ^flTifr % \J|<?liqi Titf 'SRT RlTiFT TF 3flBT I % '3PI%,Til oqiq^lRch TUB ^ Bff Tl^ I TcfBR fiRTT-T^ ^ ^ aiFRTTiBT^ff % 31^^ 11TiT BFTRB Td ^ TT ^ Tff fjr% UT1% ^ WT Bff ^ I

Wf/lv 217

^ %5TT-5r'l)^ ^ ^ I ^ -iq^cjchl c^ ^TEI^ sf % %T cf^

ggWdl Ml WFIM dcl^di* ftrferT ^ q? ’^t ^TtanR 2FJT W 11

uintiOHi ^ (Excessive Increase in Population)—^flvPirff 5)1

5)175 vlitusMl 5?r OirqRj5> 11 ^RT -Jiiti’Mi 55 M W

^ Ovt'iK 5)f 5ft 55 51 Tft f I 1971 5)t ^jFFPRT % 'JijtiK 'TRrT 5)t 'J1'1««s4I

■ÎWT 54 M? 81 71113 5^5 1981 ^ ^ SJJRTT 5? 68 5RI| 30 W3

ft 5^ f I vFRR?IT fM^lff 5)1 oi^HH ^ {% qlo«[l 9Tai«^ % 3RT 55) 5T75 5)t vipRRM

5^5)7 TPnPI 86 5)71? 4 5T13 ft vfRptt I ?7f 55)17 vFRn^TT jig; ^ ft 3R5fil5)

■jfe ftft 55 7ft f, ‘jyt'it cT5T 715557 5) -315717 )3?r5 5ff

ft 51 7f f I 5^'’n5757)5 qO'fl'iiCl 5)t 75T75T 555)7 ^ ^rft 55 ^ft f |

^ft7 >^5 71^ 3ej1<n 55 5715 (Decline of Cottage and small Industries)—5T77T 55 3T7ft7T 3ftlftt^ % ft75’jf 5T I 5r5 71757 3I^-7P5' 3757*5 ^ *5 571 7155 qitî'N 55 ^37iW 5T77f ^3=5tf % 57 -Sn?:? 51» Fift 5^5 TTHit^ 'ft55 ^ ^ft7

155t5 55 ?77lfÎ75 55 5?75'J7f ^ I Mft f’ 7573t TTPff 5)f -jfllÎ 575?!

*ft I 57^ ftfeST 7T7557 ^ IMft 3ft7 75555 3iifefcD ftfit (Laissez Faire Policy) % 557^ 5T77T % ^#t7 xrcf ^ Mff 55 57FT 35775 ft 55T I 757§t TtPl ^5557 ft Ml

MjF55ftl Jf ^ft7 MPl-tpff 5^ iilwiftn tMr 5*5 f, ?555 355555555^ ff557f 5ff 53IT f I

^ ftijsi'H (Backwardness of Agriculture)— 51771 55R ^ f, 57=^

«ft 5?Tt 5^ 5ft % \ 5F 57*571571 M 575575 % Uu<i 5)17^ 555?

^ Trft ?l*T-?ltM 5)1 TTlTlt 57 555 5ff fM Midi I 55 554 5^-575)

(Seasonal) fiTTT f, ft 54 5) ^ 5ft5f 715) ft 57175 f I ?H 5ft*it 4 MM ^ 5171 5)tf 3751551 ^ 5ff TfTir 11 3Mft57I 5T77ft5 ff4 5H^ t 55lfM .M 11

3(ft'jf^ 3I5T^fe 3nfe 5TfM5) fMfMr 3n7ft ft tM 11 4 ^f4 555? *f i^lf^lddl 7115)7 m4l''l 47t5f5lft M 7R75T 5)t -4t7 4t 17515? 55T M f I

^7®I 55 3RT5 (Lack of Industrialisation)-5T77T sftdttM) 4 1^5) fMfl 71^ f I 37ft5-tp4t % ^5577 4> 31515 4 FTlft -3l4«5575T 3(71*^^171 ft 5f % '

51771 5)t 71555 70 Hff^lTl ^f4 57 t447 f I ^f4 57 ^RTTMT 5)t ?71 3175145)

144775 5it 34t5 5*4f 5) 3171 515 ^151 55 715175 f I 57*^ ^RjtfMT*? ^ 31515 4

(l-fl'lK % 3I57Rf 55 Pldf^l 5ft ft4 5T75 I 517175M tfTIvIMid M 7R75T 3fr7 ft 7tt5 fift M 5541 f I

3nt45) Tiraft 55 TtPjyf 35415 (Improper Utilisation of Economic Resources)— *5771 4 ai^Riq) diwdl 55 ^RUTT M^SK 5?T f, ?555 fljjfdd 355t5 3l4t 7151 5ff ft 7155 11 557^ ft tl-dMU % TnMf 55 5*4*71 ^5571 5ff ft 5151 %l

QRod) ^tIvimiO (Voluntary Unemployment)—^ MM M ft 7T5l4 f 41 55*T

517*5 5ff tTiM 5T 3*f 55*7 517% <ft -^15955175 Mf f I 44 sMtM 4 tMjT 4 55*1 Mt 5174 5I4 ‘4557 Mt’ (Idle Poor) 77*5 ‘3717174 545" (Idle Poor) 3774 f 1 4 **^77'

4457514 % 37*7nf77 37l4 f I

(«)4te

(Hi)

(iv)

sftMft(V)

\ \ ■

(Vi)

(vil)

218 «777lf5 376^55725

{viii) ^ (Slow Progress of Developmental Works)—^^ ftRRRT *14^1 Hi ^ ^ <l?f ffe ^ %ft«FTTft ^^ % I ^ <4vn'ii ^ 44'>t'iK ?it4f ^ % îi4f?>*i ^ 41'ji*ii

% 3RT %ft3FIR #rff 5l5t WH -STftTcB ^ ^ 11 TORT W^ 4l’JiHI«hTd ^ ffcPlTT % oiq^ttl (Employment Opportunities) ^ ît §t

'jRBW ffe ^ sf ^ 5B*T 8ft I ^ fl ^?cft «RT-# % ’ftft ^ IRPST ■=T^ t%37T W 8ITI

(ix) 5)TT®T (Technological Cause)—^ ^ ft HKri ft TOTT tRSft^ ^ ft ^ d'b4l«bl’ cRI TOftr flim ^jfrft cFIT % I ^ ^ TRT ^‘^TTOTrRBrlT’(Automation)/^Z^ 'HT^ ft feftt 5iRI ^ ftWlft (Processes) 3PTft -STTT ^ ?FTcft 11 TTjft^ HM^ 8F>T FIT^ qiP^ct) hiHh (Robot) ftfTT ^TT TgT 11 ««hK Hfttft TPiftT ft «ErT®r ftftuPTlft ftt TPTRTT -sftr ftt 5niT ?ftft ^TT Tfr 11

(x) ^rfftftt’ ft 'ifn^tficiai ^ (Lack of mobility of Labour)—^f^cfTf^cTT TOTqiRcllf^ch ft gTO’T ft ’TfrRftror ^ -SHTO THTT WT 11 ft 8TT ^ft! ft cJiTH «fiRlT ^ ^Tfft ft I 45ClWt^4 fttftf ftf 'f’f O-Jt'lU ^ftf ftrT Hlflf ft I

(xf) aftr iftfftftlH ftt ^TT^ ft' ^jftt (Less Saving and Investment)—ft?T ft ^TPrlfftBTOff #T iftPlftlH ftt ^§ff 5PT fttft ft «f>nTT ^riftftf ft fcltr fttJnTR ft Hufvi 3TTOft cf! fft^BTTT ^ ^ 'TTrJT ft)

(xiO ft) ^.uHIWfn (Indebtedness of Farmers)—ft ^m«i ftift ft îlT’T^S’Tftr ’jfft '3fR ft ?I8I ft ^ ^TUft ft ^R'T ft ’jfftftftT «FT 3nftft -ftR 41*0 ftt TORT ft TO-TO ’TH^ft Tfft ft I ft ’jfftftg ftt ftfr^THTT clftft ft«rf ft ftl" -jnft ft I

:3TO ?nft ft ft ftftjRTft ^ ft)

ftftoRlft ^ ^ ^ v3HN (Remedies)

fftftt »ft -sTtfarron ft ^ ftftjnrrft ^ 'h?ft ■arRrsiTrT ft \ m. fitoh ft tot aftr ft ^rirpm «E7ft ftt aiFR^PFiTT ft i ?TTft IftT i^Hi'fft'd ffttf ^rrft ft fft^ft qftRsrfcrftft 3|^ttK ^ nRstcfn ^ TT*TTT ft—

1. ^-TOT# ft gSTR,

2. TOft®r ft4fJi't,

3. 'HftRT ul'fl'li'^,

4. 9%??^ *|4*H,

5. cTOf57T ft 58TTT,

6. aOulPtch f4*lti,

7. «Pf ftr ’TfftfttTOT ft

8. aiftfof '3<'ml4i^t"i,

219

RiRi4î ^

^ 'nRqfl'i,

ff^niiT ^ t ^[OTT,

% ti5ii<q5 ?HTf ^ j^m,

|)f^ ^ ^ 'iqll yiRiRjch W d*llî(l cHTT

9.

10.

11.-%z12.

13.

14.

15.

1$R1T !J**in?fl ^ ^tJK (Reform in Education System)— %?Tni’’IT^ ^f 3ri«B^

% STJHR 'Hqqcffq ^frjRT’Sff ^ 'SRTO^ ^ ajfsRRif ^ ^PM 11 ^ 31^

(0^ -Suqifqqidi % I

JBT 5®I ^ ^

rRlT «lfo«iRl<r) %?JT ’R f=R)^ ^ R^H ^jfHT I JR^qi ^fcfo Rif>)ch (Clerk) JET Jf5T4 ^ felT ^ WIT 1 %?n t5PIR-Tm (Joborienled) t ^ 1^»r J|?r 31^^ 3R ^ ^ iq^qch FRT ft^TRR s<cj^ |

'Jiqi5<'ni7t

-jFRnsn Riql'fli (Population planning)— oRtâ^nff ^ ^HWf W 3{ftcinJ ??rR 'fl'i+lWi ^ Piqi-Ji-i cfJHr ^ I T5JT-^T5R ^ ^ JERTT

I Tigsr ^ ^ ^ îcfRR I itRW t IR^ JElrtrflcr g;? ^ ^ t5R*T ^ 1

Hl'Ji'im (New Schemes)—3TRra> eiW cpf ff^FIR ^ % Îtr% ajf^RcRT ^Tf^, 5^, j^RIRPT, ^Tlf^ cRf RplfoT «fR^ 3?r

srraftJfxTT ^ ?rr% JTtT?RT^ ^r »ft ^ftfchiRieh jzrf^ srir rt ^ i ^ % ^ jfrjRT^ ^HcRRfPT ^ ^ ?T«fj JER ftcRTT W 11 '

(«■)

(ih) SRT 3nttf^tX'hK

aftRlR 5>pfaR (Training Programme)— SjfiRPTf ^ fRipIR 5RR(fo)JfR% Jl5^ ffe t ^hTP>PE >3mft3R ?R cBT ^ grftg ^ ;H Jpff # g^lf^ fr^ cRr ^ 7^ fSRjj?! ^ ^.anJRJPER M i

3TPT f^ ^ # ^TPITift- TR ^ StcfST,vj<;i6<'îi4 ^ -sigER ?nir

%?PF ^TTJiswr ^ rfr rr jpff ^ g5f titP^ ^ f^ ^ fî^FT

'TPlf qi'Jl'llSi! tRt îqlpJTd 1^)511 TJTT flqiar ^ I

^-JzraFfT ^ (Reform in Tax Structure)—TRJRR SRT ^ ^ «R SRRSIT ^ nRqî ufl^t' f^RT^ ^Riql'if (Investments) «l^ litRil^H f^RT I ?TT^

Ri^ RRT ^2RT -iiw ^ (Income Tax) ^ ^ ^ ^TOI •3ra?W JtRf ^'3R1^-^ (Excise Duty) «h4l ^ ^ % | \aa1<if ^ ^jfr-fqPlqlvi'i (CapitalInvestment)^ fRlT RRT ^ I |R ^ JETIPTUT JJ? % ^lyehiluqi îf^cRTf % f%TI <1vji'ik ^ ^ I

(V)

f3ftlftPra>'<%?EIF (Industrial Development)—^'iiQ -^jT ^tJTE tIHWI JET ^ 3R%RT ^ ftzp ^ ^ if RRJEle

^ Iqr*lcch ^

(w)

(Population Explossion)^ JEIRT ^HWI 4t ^TcJRtT

220 VRlfJJT sji^msJT

^ ll ^ if ^ ^ t t5T 5?!^RT ^T % jiTl'fn O'Ji'lK ^ «Tt|'i'i ^ ^ % I ifR^ ^ ^?f?i?T Hgrt % a)ivJi«h« 'J17T W IFIT ^ j^—‘'rfieil'Tlch^'Ji cRt, 'T^T ?ft tl«fll§T

^ 'Jiii^'ii’ (Industrialise or Perish) I

{vii) ^ ^ (Increase in the Mobility of Labour)— ^ ^ 'llflSfTlcirtl^ ^ #ft ?IT%q I TfT^ ^ %«TT, ^ WlrTT I

t;cft*ii=i \5^T^ t, Ri«4)

(Rural Industrialisation)—TTFft’JT ^d’Ji'iifl ^ if iii4|'J|f^ yehol % I UPfH ^ iff^ ^ 3t|iyp|cfi 'Jllq-1

{viii) yi4l'‘i

^ v)4fl«<J ^ tlchrfl % afR UPflW 'Jl'iai ^ 'dcMK^t) «FPff

^ 5P7r^r ^TT <l«fifl( 11 ^ if ^ ijriW) ^ WPRT ?)iff WT%ti ir snsjrftfrflpnw(Agro-industries) ^ I

f ^ f^mW (Formation of Rural Schemes)—UPfP^ 4R<4l'fl'fl'3Tf(ir) «i4)''i^ rmi'JI % UPfr % O’Ji^lR aRRRf (Employment opportunities) ^ <jfe «fr at! tl'brfl % I ifr. % UPfH RrRIcTT rW %ft^3PITft ^ ^ ^ f^ wisfaiRichUFfH ^ ^Hi, ^Rif, ^ Ri’ui{ yl-Jinaff, ^Nt ^

anf^ cfiPif ^ ^ fr>FTR «fRRT qaiqi 11 ^ hRÎ-jhi'^ ^<I'4‘II?I^ W ^ I ajtTI? >«jj41 tiMiU]-! ^ Rli( ^Ti«Rfr

I arRicHT?! ^Rt ^ if ^ tT^ftr Rtw i^ aiN^qshai

(x) ftRfiilJI %’ (Increase in investment)—ti<«t5i< SRT flicfafRi^h ^ ^ aiftteR ^

d'lpR diBtl afrr Rrjff ^ ^ ^ ql'niiaff cR) ylrtfliâ ^)T^T I i[^^-RiRrak t ^ IfRW yii^l I ^ ^fi«FST if W ^ tZIR W^tT aiFRZIzR ^ RlRl4Rl-Mlv5l'iift (i<94d: W-TOH (Labour intensive) Ffifl ^Tlf^ îff 5Ff^)7- \»Rj«hjRleh eijlû) ^ ffjRTT f^zJT 3It |

{xi) ^Rctbl"! yR'irf'i (Change in Outlook)— RiRta-cPf ^ 5TrflR«h W >awi&'3?TR «h<iui vITtr % RR^ ’ff IJZRR ^ §llRR«t5 zRRf ^ Î«R ^^ ifsft’ (White Collar Job)^n?r rî RiRtld iRTT (Stipend) ^«RT ijWT ^ =hi4 «h<i'ii rflf^ -PlJcrcR

'HlFaRi'ft ifRcR^ opr ?5Rf ^ I

(xii) ftuPnT-^'RRf ^ '4' (Reform in the Working of Employment-Exchanges)—'^ ^ ^ arRj^ ^ ■J^îêh Dvi'Kl-'jwtl ^ a)«^ rwftt wi^tj

rnfe «nT ^ 'lIclitilclflT if ^ ^ ^ 5RR % ^^1 jjf Mt ^ f^lRT w ^ I arTp% rpritRicr Ri5<m afR ^r^F^ff tjzR^ 5R% ^ RcRsrr«n%ti I zlf^PR #T o4iqtliR)«h %5r>r «Rr 'fr ^RT îfttr | «<cr-K Rl4l«kll(Employer) 'TT ZTF 'jfR' si'nii ^Tif^ % aftl# ^ ^ >Rff

^ SRT ^ Zf^l

% iR? ^ ^ F«rRTf^ M ^ iRI Rfifr OviuK'STT'RR zn 'Sui'ininul

aRKn

|f%

Ffzfr uif^ I RFT ff, ftariTR «iit eRPf-irin# ^ 4f g^triT ?Rt

3jsfsmi/r 221

(xiii) ^ ti&i<<<»> Epsjf 3>r fci<*iti (Development o( Supplementary Industries)—^ ^ % 'fllciR'tn 'SPRfft ^ ^yFT vitiw tpr

^TrPT-'fra^ 3nf^ % # tijjFcjd cich'llth % ^ TF*nr 11

{xiv) ^ ^ u*ii^?r (Inclusion of SophisticatedTechnology in Agriculture)—^ ^FitT yil^ch d'K-flch «Br ym^?T

I ^ 'SgtfR rFfRlT W ^ 400 ’jft ^^ •i4l’i I^t*il ^ 5tai-Ti<''i 15-20 ^ ^ 3tRi(t«w ^JFIK ^ ^ I

{xv) R(Tqu ^ ^ ITHR (Extension of Irrigated Area)—Ril^d ^ ITOR, ft^FTIT

^ yjyjia ^im li f^rf^ ^ tt ^ ^ «fi^ 3lftlcf> Odct^qchcii TlScfr ^ I ^ (Fertiliser) WOT

(Insecticides) onf^ % gwtw % oifclftOTT «OT ^W? 'ifjHM WOTOT W % ^ ^ If jrfcT l=t%WT 115 ilJOT »nT eJ^f 3rrW?OTf>cIIHsol %, 'Ji«ilcb gftr WWf TT WTOTftW ^ 'TT iff^ ^ ^64 ^4 WW «f)t ’3TTW?W^)WT HSdl ^ I Wly-if 311 fetJRI TlWWR 3I3Wff ^ 5WRrWT ift 3)731 % I f^TOT^ dll'll 3)1 PfHf“i, 7^-<(giq >^t7 3)Flf^33T yWRT ofl7 TTW^ TfJRTT IRH 3)7OT 11

Pr^ (Conclusion)-t3iTt ^T ^ W( OT7W 317 ^ ?Wt(3) 3)c3ril^lff 7I«3 (Welfare State) 3)f

■3nPf3i 3)1 PnifWW 1W W3)R % 31731 ?t3T ftl7T% 1^ 133TT33 WfFT ^f WPlW TOTPlW ^ WT7W 17T 'H33 WWf'fH fe|3)I7f «^f ’3113933)31 11 3^ 7133 ^ ?3 713731 ^ ^cl3^ f^3T 331 cff 3391311 |l PF % '^337 (Empty Mind) 31^ ^91 ^ 37f3I3 TR^f^ 317(37^ 173) •i'il'l OTiPw % 3)i<'jf 3 33 33^ |

•»'-

>1W37PT3

337ft |l'3113933131

35t ^7R731373 fr HFfr 31 713)7ft 11 Ff31PH1 31731 7313

^ra^l^fTT qt'H'H'4iT ^ ^ ^13R?IT (Provision of Employment in Five

Year Plans)

333'^f3 3t33I3 c[317 317% % %%33lft ^ 7P1731'3ff 'S%7 31391^13 ^ 13331*1 37 OTH ft31 'flidi 7F % I *5% 7R317 (Full Employment) f%31% % PlT*% y^iPid I f%) 7fPl313 ^ %if%-Pl%9T3) Itusidl (Directive Principles) % l>fl3H3mH % 71133% '3lPt2R17 3% 9lf%7f f%131 331 % I

333 333^f3 3(3131 Tifrl TtuPTR (First Five Year Plan and Employment)— 333 333^13 3M1I 311 33) 3^ S%3 ’3lPlOTlf33) OT^3^ ^ ^1*7 %33r7 3)( OT373I 3173T 7131 7B3-7IFI % 7717 ^ 1^ 31731 7F 11 (One of the main objectives of the first plan was

to increase employment opportunities and to raise the standard of living of the masses.)

1951 % 33 533 333%t3 3(331 '311713 3% 3^ zf( 7% 3(331 33 5^^ 3^%93 igiui—i % aUTRPr^TTTT 5r3 31731 3f(7 33 «lf% 3% ^ 31731 31 3( f%93p: ^ %9T % f%3R3 ^ 3373 3177fl3 3T«fOT373T % 37 317 34( «ft 1 33lf% fR3K 337P3 3171% 37 ^FF^t «3R f%qi Wl

731531 c^(

3% 1^331 15113 3f ^7%717337

•31^131 31%ct^ 3% 333 %% 31%" 33H( 3% ylctiiBa 317% % fcn7 3)f 717313% 3%31%, ^-

222 3773(5 37t/s73757

1. (Khadi and village Industries Board);

(Handloom Board); cT?IT

3. ^ ^PPT (National Small-scale Industries Corporation) I

ggpT iil-jul ^ ^ ^ ^ I 1953 c|5t tinM

^ % 'iftam (Outlay) '=r3^'^J|?rfi^^'>lfl 1953 ^ -SRTTivniR <fr TnTFnT3ff ^ 4l'Jt’ii 'JinVi % ii q^Tl^ fftnr fen fe^

^ ^?f5n% ^ ^ fer ^fe i iran fenr «f)r chClsi i ^Rff^ feriR fer ?ir, fe^ îtn^ ^ ?nr*PT 45 ^ttnf ^ ^ ffeiR fer ’rtt ^n 1 w u^jr 5Ri*r fern «jif¥Htî ^ ^71511^ efr ^ 3rtw 555^ fi '3f^ i

fen^ rfgg^Trj rjfejT 'Sftr 'tfelR (Second Five year Plan and Employment)—fsrflM

4'x)cj»|{<j feRT % 531? ^ ffeTR gl^yi^ ^ r^WK ?IT 1 fepTI ^ rRi%F ^ '(Ml(Choice of Technology) «fR% n?f '3ftT S^RI felT W iii*ilq|‘if WÎT % ferlRnr mit

2. eyshtui

•yv

41'jH1 ^ ^TRT rPF ^ ^ 3?^ ffeTR ^ fel 171 ^119^ ^jfepff ^ fel O-fl'IRcfc<^ d) fe^ FT TF*R 5PTRT % sijq-^ 100 ÎM îfepff ^ ^ ffelR

5RR fen ^ Tran i fti sranr nfen % •sm ^ 71 Tnu srffe ^rfenr t? nt( 1«w«n

^tf)n qgg^fn nfen ^ftr Tfenr (Third Five Year Plan and Employment)—• nfen ^r ffenr ^ 'SRRR qr nrr fer w i ritnft feRT nrr 3^ Tr«n, ^ ^ npR 5Tfe ^ ori^ranR ijqnPT 5>rt oflr TfeiR ^ oR/dfl ^ «n) feRi % ?tt

^jqrar #nf nit ffenrn5t % fiifen ^Rjchifi4=h ^nRif vn^ fei%^ 5n*ft on ^ q5t 3nsfe sffi n ^ 1

mn qr nn nr vjrqran^ Trai % ?TI^ ^ % 'JrHKi

rfrntt qfen ^ qRR ^5t ^ %ffenff «\smi 71 trj ^ 1 Tftnft qfen ^ 3RRfrt ■3TRP3^ ^Î'jfnKT ^ ttw 2 70 cn^ ^ ^ oijnR wum nrn sn / jw iRjR ^ Ptrt^

Ô'Jt'lltf ti\s4i 241 TITW 2ft 1vR% fel ft^RR qif sqqt«4i qR^ 2ff I qT^ feRPFRr «hqw145 TTi^ cit^ qit ^ ffenr fen ^ tpft i ?tt iranr ntuRT ^ 'Srt 96 tir? ‘qfer %TfenT

^r TF qqinferi qr^T TfefR (Fourth Five Year Plan and Employment)—2969

^ feRT if ffr qicT qr qrr 2n f% ferff 4t §TFfr ^ if q?^ % -sifen Tfenif ftvRR nqrraq qRinr ^ntr 1 ?TT % nnfH ^ ^ fenfer ?R qSIR feRR (LabourIntensive Schemes) qmf qf—

1. qiR-felf'q qiPfer (Rural works programme)— fTT^ ^ qfeffen^ §nfef qff q?fepf qqi qffr qrfeq? Tfenr nqrnR qRi% qn ttr

q^f ^rqrqqRT ^ qq Tiw Rqr qqri

2. tfiqi'n ^qqi qflr ^PtiqT (Marginal farmers and agriculturallabourers agencies)— feRT % qrrnfn TflRRI 3ftT 2lfeE % TiR

■szf I ^ qrtr 3^1 qfR 2Rq?f ^ qcqT?n (Expectation) 11 FR qjpfeff ^ qiT TIFTT

>77^3^7 37^37qW7 223

% 20 53fTT

^ Î«IW

nRqi^l 9c^?T-^'J|'j(l-<l'Ji‘IK (Direct wage employment)ciit ^Ff) I hRîkI ^ ^-’7i?R’, qi'iqi'fi rrar 3n1^ ^

'MiRfch ^leiqai U^R Rft I

3. ^ lq«hiti ^'jlPyqt (Small fanners development agencies)—^)?!) ql'Jiti'RT ^5^ ^ OTR >3Hvi«tT chcm «IT cTT^ ^ SRIrFT cFpft^ (Latest

technique) 5>r yql-T cRT (Intensive cultivation) ^TRT I

^ wiO'hf■t. (Agro service centres)— fB Bt£<iRqf (Diploma Holders) 5i) BfIBBT SRTB ^ vOcf) % I ?B ql^tn % 515*5 %f- (^) BT-tl-Ji'lK (Self Employment) % BTBBT BiBBT; wf% B5’R ^ 1^ RI-T^R (Maintenance)'rfR BRBB

B’TBSI <h<Mi; (rr) Jvjf, fSR, ^ (Lubricating Oil) 3flT^41P|ijR'l ^3i! % BTTBFft t 31M ^ BI^ ^ *gt?RT BBT (b) chV’TT^TthTBTlI^ vR?r B^-Stf BB BRTBTI

5. ^ Rictiltl q'lviqii’ (Area development schemes)— FT BtBBTBff ^ B?^, BIBTT

BTlI^ (Infrastructure facilities) BTf 3Hvi«y BiB% BTT ^4fhB %

vm

?B^ ^RiRqn ^<3iuw j^B «hi4st5*i (Drought-prone Area Programme), TIl4W ftBBR %

(Crash Scheme for Rural Development), BBRbB Rl«hiti (Integrated Dry Land Agricultural Development) 'BTlft BB-TTBR (Labour-intensive projects) B>14) SITBftRBT 4) B^ti

rfTB^t BDtbT 'SfR’ (Fifth Five Year Plan and Employment)—BTB^f

BDTBT aftr 'sfT SrftFR tDPITT t ^ >3niBTf B4t l q# BT ft btb btB?r f^qf BBT BDTBT ^ ^ ^ BT4 Ruti Tt^TBR Îqun; ft''t||^ >3ftT^RTBT BBB ^ BT^ fiftr-RiMK yql'Jtui^ | ^;b^, LDtBR BB^ bH' FIT4Rt RBjIB # vflfT vTT4 I f?rB^, H^GKI B§ft«JB B) BTSBB % ilT^K ^ ^ ^BIHI ^ TRRtB BRBT I1978-83 % ^ clBTT B^t #BBT.% B^SBf ^txr^BFBT^BBBBf^ -STRT tlNqid

Bit RtBT vTT^^l

1^'^ 4mql BtvTBT 4t ^<+5(0 ^ BB^BT % BBTBTB ^ ^TBBiB 7^ I BIBBT -STTBIB % ^TJBR 1971-78 ^ 4tB *4B'?Tf^ # 350 BPJ Bit ^ 90 BRT aif^BBf B^ %-ff^ BTTBft fPBBTT UTR ^ BBBI

BtviBT sftr <ljiqi< (Sixth Five Year Plan and Employment)—^ BtvTBT BB 5B) B^5B BF TFT t 'i(14l Bit Rici^

arrMcB cfTTBrRRfTBr 5rTRT br% bbt ^ BtitB bb ^tttbt bb5^ ^ Bit ■fif M % 5fB% Bit vTt4 I TTTB ^ ^ST % BTBTfvTBi -3^7 3iiRJq) B5Bt Bit *ft ^BTB ^ «g^ gtr BiT «FIBFSI Bf BT4, ^TBt 1% TT^^lB 3TTB, ,BB^ ^ Bl4vlPlcb '#BT'3ff ^ ^JBBtB t BffB BW Bit •SiftiJF %TBT iil^t

?B BtvTBT % 3Fb4b ^TtBBTtt Bit BBTBT ^ BBmTB ^ Bi^ qii4qiH RhqiRqd fej BtJ 55*3' Rl^dllîd f—

', BTBBTBB) O'fl'iR BTTB BR^,

224 mrfl^ Sfs/kTwrep

{||4)'^l 4>l4fhH (integrated Rural Development Programme)—*l4fbH 4i ^'ti4<i ^ 4) ^ ^FPPT 3,000 'iRqiO ^ tIPT H§^l^ ^ ^TW

TUT W I ^ ^ f^raPR 5,000 Rl«hl<l 11 ?TT 5PFIT ?TT chiJthH ^ ^RnfrT150 rfrnf =f^ ^tnr m^^wi ^ttht sit i ^tt «h(4sbH % tifIH ^ ii yi^ijin ■jh4<swi^ tIPT ygtO Fimth 1984-85 T^T sRtf^ 6 thCls 10 rITTJ «lI4d 'i(l4) ^ ^<9i

(poverty Line) ^ 'PTT ^ I

Ul*f|u| T^JPnT <t>l4s»)‘i (National Rural Employment Programme)—^

chi4th*i 5<s4n: ^ ^fpft ^ TTfranr % ?T^ % ^ ^ -cftT tpFTT ^ ^ 11 w ^RfsRT t 30 t 40 SRff W felTff 5>r O'fl'iK vJW'H gOTT 1

wjddH 'llNl(tl4>dl <t)l4ttiH (Minimum Needs Programme)— Hm4f 41m1'H1 ^ ?TT chl4tbH 4T 2,607 SRt? T# %, ^31^ TJ^l 4t^ 5,808 ?Rt? ^ SET

yid^iH fen w I ^ cEPfer ^ feiffer ■gfensf n4t—1. utoRpe felT,2. lIT#n TSIRSZT,

3. jiihI'JI -flTi'iRf,

4. ill41''t T1?4i,

5. npfW 14^41

6. TjpfWr ’jRtfPff cT % fer oTTsnrfPT TTfirmr,

7. R4t slRd4f t TPElf TTSIT

8. nrqsE OTTfTT I

(SE)

•■ (^)

SEPT-wjT TTWo

("1)

'4

(Training Scheme)— wfe ^ 40'^'ii(l Sf5t TTRSTT ^T% %fer 45*414 TTT^nr % 15 3i*iw, 1979 % ‘TSRfenr ^ fe? iii41''i ^4«hf ^41'JTIi’ (Training (or rural youth for self employment or TRYSEM) ^ I

^ n%3fn 4l'J1'll (il5^*l) ^ STTpfrT 4T4f ^ ^ffelR SEf Uf^TSFT 4(141 ^ ^ ^TTT >J3T% ^ inriTT feilT imT I 5TT ySER sffvRT «ET SI? SIT

'ife^RT SZlfe TlferW % ^ TSPT 3fW Tfent ^ TSJR ^TT SIT .PichdcldT TSTT^ff t SET TI^ I 1980-81 ^ 77 115 sqf^ Tlf^rfel fe? nrr ^ 23 ^SilTT451 SJifel fell cRlffsiR ^ ^ ^ 11 OTTSTT I ‘?I?^’ ^ ^-cfM ^ ^ ^ nr 111*11 "'I 4(l>Ji*ii(l s^r TPTTsiT TPE sit4t -sffr nfr^t s^t % 41% cn^«r|?T % *ji*ll'*i nftsiTT 3)TT I

oia41 M^<t4T<t sit^RT ofrr 0^4K (Seventh Five Year Plan and Employment) — TTRT^ sffelT (1985-90) % ffeTR % ^Tcinff % 4 Tlf^STcT SJ^ Slri^ SR 11 ffeTR sn% siMf ^ TIW yfaq4 2.6 yfaifm s^t r % cR. Sijhm 11 ?TT ulviiiciRi % 4 cETff eftsff

% fej ffeiR ^ sRTsiT ^ 'Tnrpft, -flsil^) ffeTR 5>t -armssichdi siT% ?rPrt s^r ttmt 3 ttids 90 W3 tMi I

(si) s% '>HT

.1

»77Tf#?7 3fe/a7gwT 225

3.22 ’TRcT ^ (Current Inflation in India)

3nj^ f^raro ^ Tnnf ^f ^ ^ arum ^ t t?3cit Ii^r*nT-TnPI ÎT ^ ^Rqr[^ ^ 3TUl?PT ^ ^ ^ -StiRfe fwRi ^ 'flwchiO ^ l ^3^

’IcTT tid^ t % JffT c^t IRT'^lf^ {Purchasing Power of money) %fpft I rRIT «‘1M %

Pir^-l ^ 'TT vJîchl cRH snw 'IffTT 11 vaciiet'î % «l5( ^rf*TR (^rafrT gSrFI)t%)Br*ra^ fi I 13^-^ t ^«T-wi erm ^ ■‘TM ^r ^ ^

I, ^Tum rTsnRFT^pf^riNfgjf^TRrMli

^ fiRjRTSftrT ^ ^ ■SI^JFtT ‘leiq'jyf Fl^ % 5^ff% f«R>Rn?R5) 41'fl'ti «Fr ^TTwf ’JjSrf ^ Pi«j'7i'J| '7T RpR 11 -31^ ’TR^ 3T?fajg^ «F^ TR^Pl Wm

3PrRf^Pf ^PTFTrSrf % Uw |r I TF^t^T «*iw!3ff ^ SliJM ^ ^PTRTT, ^^'ji‘ii(1 c^t tiHtMi, vJUtiVsMi ^ ^ ^*i<?m ^ 3Rl '«<M'tii'jiln ^

^ ^ I ^ 3iiRfct) (q<»)itf % Rpf ^ 9Rrff f I % cf) RRcfra 3nRN) fc|chi«

*Tl(l JfRTR MgT^Nl |r I 3TcT: ^ cT^ ^ «t>K''iT 5)t ^JITSTI ^ ^ ^ jHcft, cR ^

tIHWl ^ Rl<|eh<u| vJitlHlTI ^Fn I

^ ^jRR (Causes of Price-Rise)

^TRfR^ ^ ^^ Ftcff W % I sr. 1?. '^. % ^cRiR ^ ‘fqâ *i&i'ifli' (Perverse

Greatness) îlT ^ l

^rfFH *f ’TRrT ^ ^ ^RIRT Pi*-i'ifâ ^—

1. vfnti'oqi ^ gan ^«rR (Growing pressure of population)— 1951 ^RTfT ^ ^jpRfw cRTIdR If ^ % I 1951 if ^TF ?Rm 36 îdF «ft Tîg 1981 .

3FRFRT ^ 68 cfRlF 30 ^ Rff ^ I alriq'^ ^TF 2.5 SfrlSR ^ FT ^^ 11 gf NJi^ti'wi ^ cR^^ff Fif RRT if FTcfT 11

Ffrff 112. urt ^ ftti

TRFjR|c|Tl-«qq<«)l FiT

f^-SRRZfT’ aSf ipft zft I

Fit t\ f^-aRR2TT FiT 1IR5T TR^ ^-5TnT % 11 FR^ yRRT % RTT ^ ^ (Money Supply) FF 3TRft ^ I ^ ifFT ^f % FiR'F ^R-RR FSFT TRIRT f I

3. TR^rff ^ (increase in public expenditure)—ftiRr 30-32 % W<chl(l3R ^ f^RRR ^ M 5TT Tfr 11 1950-51 % ^ rRTT TTR TRFJRf FiT ^ RF (tIvRF ^ ^ apT firaiFR) 900 FRf? TFr^ m tilt 1981-82 FFFR cPm 23,000 FRt?

^ iRT 1 3RIRF FF ^ FFTF JSn TRFFff otR % 1

1965 if ^ 3niRvr fsTT f^TfRT, 1971 ^ MifIbTdH ^ TTRT gs ^ ^ FJRW ?R'f^^ 3RT (Non-development Expenditure) # FFFif gfe ^ I 3)[rlR«H TR«hlft 3TR

TRIRTT IRRT ^ftFRT ^ 3iPti*i ‘I^Ff ^ UTTHF I cRT % TRITcIR•# •

,^f ^WRM

(Deficit financing)—f=tF)RTTcW 4l'Jt'ii'3ff % ftrl-a^ ^Rlt f^-apRSir ^ ^ 3111111^ |l TRft ^FRI-Sif ^1% 5^

TIFRT W 11 îkRT (1980-85) ^ 5,000 FRt? ^ ‘tjrt

226 WT#7 aisMFW

5)1 35 sfiisfT^ ^ Hwtt *4t»iR4l' ^ ^tFT -ant^ 'tt ^ ^ strit % i 35)Rar^^TR^) (Unproductive Expenditure) cftiT "jfe % thu'n ^ ^ni fqt?^ atl*i«(i4 1^ I

rff aftr 5^3ff %' fqft41<i ^ 5T (High rate of investment in •Intermediate and Capital Goods Sector—o?l«)Pi«h fci«t)iy ^ ^ ^tsRIT cli4 %

^))D'K7 5?5arf % uwjci.1951 1961 % 59T^ ^ 10,100 5)d? ^ 55 felT Wl sSf %jHt(1980-85) ai5ftr tf 5Tffe 14,000 53fr? «TT I ?54t mtl *TT5T ftp) 4)5t 4ffet) an5 Tf 5)1 ar^ arftra f^Mliaim^ife, #14^^

ftr^ 5^3ff ^^ ^ ^ SfTcft l(

’Tte’4. *lk*|q

^ ftPiqI'i 5)t ansiS55«TT hs41 % i

5MT 4 ^ 5Tcff I 5R’5TO5M 5^5^^ ^n«hici

5. (Increase in money supply)— vi-iai % TRl ^ *iy5# 4) rJIfft 11 35T-^ t ffe 5t 5Tt ^ ftxT-cZTcRgT % 557^ ^ ^ 4tft5) ift^f (Monetary Transaction) ^f % 557^ ^ 715)cft 11 5515 (Inflationary pressure) ^ )351^ ^ ^-5t'5 5?T5'jyf 5)R’5 7?! % I7lf5R (Speculators) 55T ■JiHua'lt (Haorders) f5it ^ arttR" 7)55T (Advance)

cT5T 3^5 57gaff 5^ 5Tft 5157 ^ lift? 5)7 5T7T 7^ ^ f I ?7r^ 573aTf^35551 5^15^

IgraPR^ anTT5 (Artificial Scarcity) ^ R«)ft ^ ^ ^35# 11 ^Hcf75W 55 vfTtfr ll

6. ^rar-ETT (Black-money)—5cf5R ^Ri^ft % 55^-55 4t 5§5 ?5 55) Pn*4qK11 7T7^ ^' aifl^f rr #E5R ^ % 5R(ff 7)5^ 55 55ciT-?rT 551 517 7^ 11

• 5551-55 5)51^ ^ 'fl*ii<glft, gni'^lidlO, 55^-5Mfr 3lrf^ 5it alcfligi ftc5tl ?5^& -5R'5t575OT 575'3if 5^ ^ 5? 7^ 11

7.# ^ 11- 7^ aR% vft55-75T ^ 3331% %57gaff ^ WT aiftl5) 517% cFT 11 5wl75M ?5 57gaff % % 5Tft ^ ^ 11^Tltf af)7 ft Pi 4)31 «h (lnvestors)aTT5?55) 573'3Tf % ftPl4l'l ai%W, ftciiftifli 7F5^ 575^ ^ ft Pi 4)5 5)751 aiftl5) cll'Haq 55 Sl^ ^ I ?71^ aiT5?5^ 57^^ 5% 55ft it 357!) % I 571% 5ft51575^ ^^5-7717 % % 3iftc)) % |

8. 5753%' %) %' TRJM 55 aPTR (Lack of corresponding increase in thesupply of commodities)— 5ft 57^3% 5% 5T5 % % aijw5 573'3i) %) 'Jpf

.' % ffe % 7% 57155 ^^-7717 57 %)^ 5PTI5 5^f 55751 5554)5 4lviniqft % vHTl'In % 375T55 % 31555 ^ % 57^ 55 551 % atj<=)H 5f) % I 5)Cl75^ •jcq«n

% ife 315 4) ant % I

9. %5i)ftl55 5515f %t %)57f) %f Tfft (Rapid increase in the prices of petroleumproducts)— Ria*q< 1973 % 5551^ %%ft55 5515) 5% 5))*irif % Tfft ^ aMlftTl %7f (imported Oil) 57 aiJyiRd 5§7r 7% 5753% %) ^)57% % % 5575 5"ft775)t)%55)) 5515 %51 % 5% %l

% (Increase in urbanisation)— 57)5R 5571 % 71?tr5)75 %! 5^ftciiltini %)

'hO'i

mdh srtfsq^m in

10. ^ 'ftf^ (Goven\met\t policy)— ^ ^ ^ ^ ??rl^ tf<«hK ’ft i^*^c(K ft I i('^«h % ¥RT iR=tiK 'Iôff ^ siil*ici ^?T ftcft ft ^tTSINTft ^ ■siqti< ^ cn’T NSOi'ht cRift ’ift ft ftt W?T ^ ft I

11. ^?rft ^ >st<^îcifli (Inefficiency of public enterprises)—tii4vift<»)ft ^SJTpfW 'Joftf ft tftOsI î’Tft % 'fjft-t^ftraftr «)Nvjc; ^PITrnT ^fisr WIHT ft) 7?r ft I 5ra^-<g5(radl «lft ^5*ft % 3iRR ^Rîlft ^ ;3SnT ft) WMIT OTlft) ^ ^?Rft • ^?lft «nft ft I §^^>1 ‘4^16^“! % t 1974-75 ft ft) ft) ^ 3nft'Sfrr ’Tift ft ^ ft) 1 ^ ÛTIFITW szn (Transportation cost) ^ 'jUfTTft I ORialOwi cR5^ ^ ^ ft t

12. 'JRiyJ-ciji'jTT giT (Nationalisation of food-grains trade) —1973 ftft ftf % ft)^-“llHr< 3ir f^RT I ^TRcT 'R ’ft |ft ÎPJ^ «Rft ^

TiRPT 'tjFTiT ’jyftrar otri-îrt ^ w #t ftf «^) ^ ^rsTT ftITtmiT l^rR’T'lT’inft (Public Distribution System) %

tgiGi'd ^<j7l ^rft ft Riwict §ft I TRcbR ftlftsft ft ’ft ORM JTR ^Rft gft ompiR ^ cnfti

fTf IRiR C|C?*1H oift^ eDKuJl ^ dP^Rld ’l^RPT ft I

^ (Consequences of Rise in Prices)

’jyflf ft ftra ft ’TRftra 3rftsT«rP!R ^ 5ft u’nf^ i^Ri fti w ÔTftaicR?JT ’R PiMif^d IPTIU ’Ifl ft I

1. ftlftrft’T ^ qiwft<») fsrffttft’T ^ tRRlUr ^ qiwfci«f> ’|^ W ft IftlftpiftT W 331-^ WT T?ft ^ ft), ^RRFT dlidf^cB 3irai ft I Uf ft% tRTifll ^ ft) T?ft |q IRlft ft ftnraftf 5ftf 15ft? ^ft) 3II gcRft) fti

2. ??RT 5>)’rrar gzgr-tft) gmr ^Tft fti gfe ^ ft ft)ft ?rft) ^ ^ R 5IR-5Tft oif^PF ?r vnft) ft, ft) gg?) gr jrr ugig ft 1 ft# fftifft ft otr # ggg- gft ^gi# ft, gig ft) vnft# 1 ?g iigR gug gr gfft=^ ingg g^ ft 1

3. fftft# gr iifdqj^ iPTig— # giRR ’tiri ^ fftgfg-^mR grggig g?r ft i ?gg5) grgr oiftsofcr g? g# ft 1 # gnft ongif#r grgft oiftwifcrR#) g?# #1 ggcT g^ gftf 1

4. \as#qni gft gr SRig—ft gg’ftgRT# gi) orggi ijg’ftg gig ?RgT gsr fti5. ftftra gfR—ft gRrir gg ftfttgj-RR Pr ggr ft, 'SrPigi ggigg «pnft, ^ gg?T

ft gjigift #TgRrft, fteiNi, gni45i«a'l(l ftft oTftfftgj giift gi# cnr gg fti6. -aiiM ft gnjgiggr—^ #ft ft ?)ft gift gPgftgf ft ong # #ft ft cr^ttr gftgffg

g# ftr gifti ^ ##, ftr^gg: i^gig^ # ongg# g?# ft.oftr g? ^ ^ ft ^ ft oiftigi ?)# ft I gr^: # #g gmg-gR^g ft)ft ft, ijg# OiiebRgg, ^ gM ft)ft fti g# OM ggr f#g ong gft # #gf # agg?# g? gg# ftiijg^ ft PTS ft f% ft ajafcggî gr oiftgi gRgg imig Sift ft 1

#1 snft -g? g#i wa ft)

ggfgr grar ftft aRigi^ #) I ?g ggft g^ft ®rapg

sggft #r ft ’Tift ^ i SRft ^ggig-ftg^ w#gicRgm

228 «J77?7?g 3jefs!R^

^ ^RfspJT ^ v3^ (Measures to Control Price Rise)

t?nir «{«*3R ^ (Price Policy of the Govt, of India)

^ «ft, q? «n % ^ dft-dft1961 PiyR*J| ^q? TfT qri 1962 # 'STTlRT-^qf^ (Emergency) ^ jftw ^ ^qqx 5%T?TT -sfR fcjetiiy ^ 3TTq?qqiqT3Tf ^ 'jtr qR% % -arsfqraFiT ^ qqpn

^ w) qg# q^jRT % ari^ 1974-75 ^ ar^fti qqR3Tf^ ^ it qift ^ ^Bt qqjiT % q??q ^ qii 55^WhRR*-iiRhn ^—

<m^'{|m '3'7Tq,

’fifefr ^jqrq,

q5t ^Hi^,

^ ^RRi,

ninFqf ^ aiT'j^ ^

qRffiq gtt

uiiMK Ptqqw,

:jffq q5t «M«iwi,

ff^ ^3?^ if ^ % ^sqrq qtrr, afldtRi*TRqjtdtq 'Sqiq (Fiscal measures)—^ ^ftf^ aiftiq)qîcis)iicfl it^ 11 aRpfq #qt cit qtfeB anq # qiq qq qqnr fîqi qficTT %l 1974 ^ 'AHMicKiiaff ^ qtfeB anq (Disposal Money Income) q?t ^ qR% ^ q^?q t ?ftq anqi^ ajrft qî

(qi) aii^Rdd ^ (aiRranf w) aron^, 1974 ^ aRpfq q^ qqj % aiRiRcw

%q q?t ffe qr trfltq^ wf^w, ^qqfq^^f^ qfqii q# ^ 50 q^RTw- % ^qqn qr ^ qfcRpq ^ ^ qqri

(n) qqqRpjf (ttrirt qr aRq^ft sri^q^ a^qr^r), 1974 ^ aiRFâiqifr aT9T ^ (Share Capital) qi ftqiq^ (Preference Shares) q7 ^ q^

qR ^ ^ qj? q^ ?IP7 ^ 1/3 qi 3T?T-^jft % affiBW-^^ (Face Value) qr 12 qf^ t aiRiqi ?rmr Plvidend) qtftq qR^ qt ftqj ^ q^t I

(q) aif^qpf '3qT qt^Ri (anq-qxqio]) arsn^, 1974 % aRpfq is s^nit %■ aiRrqi srrq

qr% qrt ^ ^ mm srt PrafRq Rtftqq m qfqr ^bpit aiftqnf qR feti wi

aisqi^ ^ ^ qjT ^ ftPiT qqr I

vjqq q’tt aiun^^ qq pStfrl^lft qqiq ^ qiq qvRT qi I

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

f^rit7.

8.

9.

^ q?RI I10. qtqrqq

(0

■f^qf qitqpq

qRfffq afj/od/dfw; 229 -

(if) (Monetary measures)—^TRcT ^ ?tF5-f^Fi^(Credit Control) ^ %qT TO 11 ?TOT JOT o4ihiR«I) ^3? SRT ÎP?'TT SfcTwy (jPIHi SJTI

1957 % ’TSTO Ire % ^TOrng^TR, ^ if RPJ g5f ITO Î ^ ^ g5f }^ If RPI ^ ITO 515T ^ ^1 ftvt# % % TOIIcTO W

(Selective Credit Control) ^ cRT srat^T 'jtHItilO #T ^TêfTSfr # 5r|^ ^ ^ f^FlT |r I

tviHo'Md 4«l|c| ^ ^ ^ ftST^ %E ^ ^ «rR 9)T 'ft R^Rf f^RTT11 5?nf, 1974 If, Ire ft tfg;-^ 7% t 9% ft) i -3iMf qr tot 5T11% ft 12Vi% 5FT ftr qftfl^ ITO qFT ft qPT R? I îRlf % tft’T ^ ft I

TRRRTT

(iii) Tirft ir?ft ^ ^<»)tft (Fair price shops)—ui^viPic*, fftcR^T-ST'nftt ^ TOft ^ :3|?tT

ft ft?T IR ft TRft iRft ^ J«*5ift tgltrTl ipff I qcf*iM TfiRT ft ?*Tqft TP3IT 225 11 ft 45 tjiftf jRftTO

(iv) 'J|fi<«ijti*i PiRud qim (Fixation maximum price)— 'HHldlft ÎT qft5^ ^ TRtf)R "SRI TSrapftf % T|5R ftEft îft ^1?TT^ 'SifriRcttt TRqiR ft JOT TOTft cKjcft (Procurement) ^ -^Hd*! Jj^T ftf ftRdd qiT ft I «EqfT, ftfftf, qi^Hpi STlft qft ^*icl ftt fftftfftrT ^ ipft ft I

(v) OTTJpftf 3irjfft ft (Increase in supply of food-grains)—ORIF^ qft 3TT^ft «ETft ^ ft ft TOI-TnTq qT 'lift iTO ft (dldl-ftf qq îrapT (Import)fftPlT I §u«hi aijqR fftRflftiW diPiqir ft TFTO ^TT Tl«hdl ft—

%■

ftcB ft# f#?T fftqr TO % TPft ft# ft TOT“JIHI

1974 % q§tjT^ t;^ iRft I #ft qqft-tR #qimqFq

#T q;i f#TT^ qRfti ft)

3TOH (TRO ^ ft)

1962 36

1966 104

1967 87

1970 36

1973 36

1974 48

3TOTI fftift I# ORIpftf # ftqiqftt ■?ft qT TRqqft jqiHf # 'SRT ft# # cqcirqi #

qn# ft I in# nw-nm ft9i ft orapn # srt aifftR^tn oidH-nqiR (Buffer Stock) ftr TO fftm qmr ft i oim-n njjft ^rt qwi^ft #t n|?Rift # 'awwiRich Iftmi## fntmr^n fftim qrr n#nT ft nm # Iftft^n fftRn qq n^nr fti

230 VHrih 37ft#q?w

\

^ 31^(vf) Tira^ f^FFT ^ (Establishment of food corporation of India)—tgiyi-îl^ aftr tl<«bU ^ -sflT ^ oieimT q^jcrfi ^ 1965^ l^nr ^)H ^ ^yin'll ^ I ^ ^ ^1^ 'TT 3lfrl^ ^ (Surplus Area)

?R •anTTcf-U^ ^ ^ T?T 11lgT«F=T

(uii)- STNTT cRf i^pT^ (Control over private trade)— oiUM ^ “irk ^ ^riT ftJtr W % I ^JFfrfWf rPJT virHi<;«bT SRT uld’*!! tpF PlIÛcI ^ft^TT

yjoi-^ ^ 5P?n9)ft tRIT <31611'^ ^ 41^ omniRui

^ wn it% <l'^ %

^ 'llRich cgcai'^

(CTii) «jTtf (Summary trial) «^f <4^1—1964 ^ ti‘<)*>Jl SiftlRptW(Essential Commodities Act) m W l Jigg’ 3^5^ ^mFT-aiPTTRqf

«<chiO £f)4tnR4j)' ^ ^ s4'tt<*i 'ht'ii ZfT I

(ir) ^ ^ (Measures to enhance agricultural production),—^ ^ f%FRf fsiRFT 5^ eft gfcpjiq ft vnft ^ i

Hitifll ftt 'ioti'i'ft' ft *<1^0*1 (Minimum Prices) W -Sll^qitii ftjiT

ft ^ ftr^nUrf fftzrr srrar 111965 # (Agricultural price commission)^) ??nw ^ ^ Rifl<bi^3^5^ rWT \j'44l<*di’3if ft) ft •ggiPT ^)t ^lyeartH gjft «Fr Rmfn

% I eh(1t«U?H SIR, niei'li rPIT ^ ft 3lfêhfl*i rTÎT lf?Tr g^ ^ PldloJI

Iftm îfli I

{x) yrmiH't ft) «IftR (To enhance industrial production)—^ffsilRra) ft)

TT ^ ^ T5r ^ I sirr ft) 3n% enft 311 IftiRT (importSubstitution) ^ % I

i3«R ft gprg^ ’TRftsi arftzicrfsiT ^ ft) agf^ 'jiift 11 w untdi ft Rrr

ft firq 31? 3TTcR3Ri I RK qefi #1 3rTR?iTft gtn (Effective Demand)^) Jpft ft) ^ cRT ggf) ft)T 3Rgftf ft)T ft) g^ q gfe ft) sTRi 3|$2f ft) g^ ft ^ ftRifftir ^sir ^

1. ^ ^ ftftBlft)*T2. a5iitiR)9i wj ^ ft) «nft3. gif^-vJ^Hifi «iaA ar ^ ^TRI qifti) I4.. '3'nTt«RT-3i^-3sfr’ff ft) wig'll ft) 13^ arafjRRT Rraft 15. gft SRcTT (Full Capacity) ft ^ 317% ft ^ gift qiftft ft # 377ft

ft) FiNR ft) vjnft 1

6. yn^f-l-a^TR (Demonstration Effect) ft) Fnlritlfld ffttn vTRT îR.<) I

7. Rift) =r tub'llPi4) îrs sRFm ft) 41^* ftiRr ft his4h ft Pi4Rifl fftqr virt i8. îlft-tR ft) Rrairaft ft fftft ftft<filft)3f sfR*? IRT «rarI-3R 3j7yf) % \

tilRT 3nf^ 1

vtr^ arelwgw? 231

^ ^ ^ ^ 'S'TRI «RT^ îlcjiîlch 11 -STtr ^^ ^ 5ET (Tax) ^ If

^ f^Rf^ Wr ^jlHT ijif^tJ I ^(iflthl*! *i?Hi{l ^?I'mJcii^ W ?fi[T ^HRf fRfT I

^3Rcir % ÎTW ^ ^ ^ •3tR •StRRq^ ^3q^TRRn

MT «I ^‘it'i'iid ^ ft^TT ti‘^PtIW

M"iiq«ff^ ql'il’ii^fi' ^ '&iTi4n 55T"^ld (Inflation Under Five Year Plans)

WT Hq-y'Oq #SFTr % cRIH^ if ^T ^ J(fllt*ftlla «I?f

5FRW dt I ^ ^f ^ 3fT iRft dt I iTTt^ff«F)% ^ dt I ??l% JIR( ’J^ tiH4'l (Price Support Policy) -aimiJ) ipff I ^ jnTRRTT# 1%^ ^ I

fefRr Hqq4fq ql^m tf 5pT-t*4lIfl ^ TRK% ^ «l^4l-'3lPRlR (Procurementof Foodgrains Drive) uvini W I fcf^ ^ 4) yiyiH ^ 3MRT WI ^RIF^ ^Pta<«i-':ifqt«)i ^ '5^ tfl% ^ ^ ^«hi4 (Fair Price Shops) <al4l iRff I

^T-W)1RT ’TT 3f^ST,7FTT% ^ HRrff^ tf^ % ^^RTr*RF TTra” Pi^stui (Selective Credit Control) TT 3iRj^ W f^ I

'jrOq Huq4Tq 41 vm ^ ^v41 ^ ^ d«fi% % % 13T?I-T^Rif ^ 3lftRMIP’SR (Buffer Stock) ^ ^ I 4lf5q) Pitflq *fffrRff (Monetary and Fiscal policy) ^ ^

Wl ^jRrT ^ 5l5f ^ JRfti ^ ^ ^ iRRf ^1 TT^lRPT4f FIPJ ^ iRft I

Hqq®ITq 41 vm ^ RARr-fcRRil (Anti-inflationary Policy) ^ ^ iRjl I^ t^f f^-cHIeR2rT (Deficit Financing) tFf TT ^ IRITI tll44pl4) ftwT'F(Public Distribution System) ^ '3iRrf 5H|c|:ill41 «H|i|f WI

Miq4r 4qq4Tq 41'>I*1I ^ ^rrPfrr 25 1975 ^ >511410 fwRi (Emergency) ^ 4)^ ^-FcFT ^13% ^ IRTT err I ^ R«lfrr 3TftlcB M rRF ^rft I# 7^ I 5^: 1976 ^

6f?% FRIT I ^ fRF% 4} *ih4RI ^ 3P7i}t FIP3 "111^ (Credit Policy) 351O^NOI ^ 35TI

s^l 4'qq4Tq 41'5|fll (l980'85) ^ ^ril-tvilld 35f 7l3)% ^ £TT (Black Money) ^3R% qr vfiT iRTT I f^ 'Rf^ tJTRF qRTTT’ (Special Bearer Bonds Scheme)

iRfI I ^ 4RRR ^ fl^rT tRq)K ‘Rl^ yn3> ^jT #^*11 ^flT'sff ^ ^JldH^ iRfr 733!? 357 ^t?r "JOT jTRPTT I

fltqiK 3Rr ijsi^ If^ ^ 3)3IT ^ 1980-81 % q?31^ cÎHcI’ FPffl

7TRl4f q33#I 3l3RT (l985-90) ^ g^-F'^tfcT ^ 7t3v^ ^ ^ if ^ cF^R iRt I ^ fflR 3iff ^ 3Rr ^ ti«hoi % :

(i) ^ (Increase in Supply)

(ii) '3n3?37F ^ f$RJ tii4'JiPiq) fsRR'T-ITRIFfr (Public Distribution System for

Essential Goods) FRIT

4tl HiRT t 33f ^ %OHtqi

S'! ^ ^RifW

U*3T\

232 RTTrflq 3?*ft!73F^

^ 31^(Hi) ^ tiHiiil'fl'i (Adjustment in Demand)

(i) ^ ^ tîKn «{if 5j)I^ # ^ fin? ^3ff ^ ^ 5)7^ i3?7^?zraj% I ^ Ig 'f ^qra fn? I ^153- Pihi'Rr t ■■

(^) '3TR?^^ «I^'3ff ^ ’3TFIRT,

{¥) ^ ^ vi'Ni'i'il rrar

(■’T) ^ 5Rl<g)tl ^ PlM5iy| I

^ ffe % fin? ^ ^ ws arawT ^^pff ^ 1 stltilPicn '3RK^ ^ % fin? ^ feÎT5Tr ?5r li

(li) 3n«l5W ^ fin? Ui'J'JiPich f^RR'Jr-5’nT^—'3tR5^ cRg# ^ fsRIT’T ^ flit? ^T ^ «i«fjfDch f^rRTI U'JIlcfl ^ tZIcI^ gipr ^ I’l -Sf-fl'In f^MlRhd 55^^J3r? tnj I-

(^) ^ ^ fsitpr-tj^ «Rf f^Ril^ ^5 'tî'3,'1 sRin? tr? 11

{13) J^TOI^fff vrtHug'lfl ^ ?RrR «jiMif<4l 3it 3)3fT ^ ^ 3?f tpft ^ I

(tr) WF3, #ff, ft|f 33 IRT ^ tR3'3Tf ^ Mid ,3? ^ flit? ^SfllW^ tpff ll

(3) ^ltr-33raf % (Buffer Stock) ^ 3?) 3tft % 1 ^ 333? JST-^fci 35f Tt^ «Sffisn t 31^ 3I3R 35H? 3t? I, fe? »ft- ?t3i% 'SRfr rI3) ^PTRRir 3^ PRT 3Rjf |l

3?n?n

3. 1. Î3f3 tftRr t 33T 3lf^ |?

• 3. 2. f^?^ 3337? ?R733 f% ^«h( i’TO’ 3ifflR? I

mcfhj sritsmuT 233

H8Ttl<4wIff. 3. *ITTcr ^ Pi'iH fsf^^RI I

•%z

!

ÎRT9r (Summary)

• m(141 3f)T <i(l^l ^ ^ % l 9)t yiPfl

% ^ f^Tcl^ 3M >3TFTmcTT ^ I ^ TR t ^ vTlcft 11

• *FRW ^ gffr Pielifli ^ I ^rraipTr ^ gppR 50% ’tr <1(141 gflgR-^TFR

gR TR li

• ’<l(l«fl % P)*-ii1«ba 5)RR (1) RTfT ’IT I^5i5l4f W ^M-JlRiqi 5^; (s) yi|)Rief) R?Rf 3ir g|R fqqiW, (s) "jift sf>T ■aPTRj (4) -flltlOMI 3i?qR)cb

3iîq; (e) ^ SUFraT; {?) ijiciNia W ^'qiqqi&<T ^ ttiyil W 'SPTR; (S) H<“H<I<IC1MiqT^; (9) fli*iiTitch cRFTT W (lO) ^RT ^tgR-^RT gRI (ll) 40'j1’I|(I -sffT

• 3PfK RTW *f 50.82% TitF ^ ^ jfr?R-WT ^ T^ 11WftR gRR ■'rttsl % 1 UFM Ptîai ^ 315^ ^—(1) ^(lyFIld ^'S^-<l'Jt‘ii(l; (2) ^ (qq*! fitcTT’’!; (3) 'Jt-itf^wi \Jtcqfqq» (4) ^'Jil<rrt

TTTSRf ^ cR’ff; (5) Hf(«*MTi7 cFT (qa^^l; (6) SJlf^ 3F4RlS'«(rtl; (?) I

• TTPftR «F) ^ (l) TfiRIT 3RR (2) «i4l''l îlT ^V?(

^ (q^blti; (3) ^(4 ^ ^ gSJR; (4) 4tvjRT «qq<î (s) HfHT t|R«(R TJ5^% irf^ v>ii<i<=iq)ai ^ qîi; (e) ^ RTcRTR^ ’HRqrf'i; (?) TT ’3T^5T;

(S) ’Jpr W fcRRT cRTT (9) gR-3rSTR 0^)41 «hl' ^RT

• RTcf ^ H'4q4[q ql'fl'ii'Sff % Ot'a'fti TIT^W f^sf^RT % RrrR % -ST^^ cbl4sbH

g? ijl4l'<l ft^jRR chl4sb*1; (2) ÛsTVy+dlgiTT T^ f ISpRf \3t:4l<a4lq 4^ (l)

'w4aiH TOT (3) «*iP«ifl 5|41>J| Rt«hi*i «hi4sh*4141 Pich4fpJRitr (is) fîf^ 4f4Rr4, (f) 44f4t 443rt4 grar (q) fM) ^ 4(4rt4 i 1M^ tr^Rfft =^r 'liji'qg 4t4t 11 wRfe 4 fe4) gf 44jrt4 ^ ^ftgjRr «f>f cf?4 ^ ^JraRfj «f4 =i4 4rrt r rrrr 11

• RRl 4 44gRT4 % Pi<-1114)0 RRR f — (l) l^RTT-yJiMi, (2) ^jRRMI ^ SRlftlR

RT 3RTR,(s) ^4t ’R ^-jeil'il ^ ’RR, (4} ^44 RT 14t?sim

234

(e) -snf^ ^ -3?^ >dw4)''i, (?)_ ^<1^'i(<), (s) chiJsh^)' ^ sWt-(9) ^FR^, (10) ^ ar>Tra, (11) w ^ RiPi4i'i

^ W ^ ^ fRJT (12) g5f ^r^HRMTl

• ^(ijl'lltr ^ ^ % >3’TKr — (1) f^RTT-aîlCTl ^ (2) 'JUtlWl f^Rfl^FT, (3) itSii(■}) jri^RP’T =f)(4>h*(, (5) ^ # ^yrr (6) (7) ^

■n%^ftecn if (s) (9) ttt^ Tftqtâff ^ft f^RH, (10) HiPimI'i

^ (u) # wRcicft. {12) fW’iTT !;w<i ^ chi41^Rj # 5^'% ^l§l<4«h vjyVl-SFsit ^ ftRFTH, (H) ^ yil^ty'h ci«h'll'h ^ t1HI^?T rt«Jl

(15) ^ # 3RTTT I

• ITTRT ^ M’M't'lSTf if ^ffjPfTfr ^

^rapit ipff f I

• 'IrfilH' «FW if *rrof if ^ ^JTFT PiHlfcha ^—1. M |3n2. Wrt ^ <^qV«Ji, 3. fR^jlff RR ^ ^%, 4. IRZI^ '3ffT 'JJ^f’TcT cRJ'Sff

if ^ 5. ^f 6. 5Frar-SpT, 7. 3T?tPFFT if ffe, 8.^ if rRJM ^ 3T^, 9. ^sjtfrPnT H<<iqT clff chl^lfli ^ fftsT 10.

^ 11. yicl'j)Pl4> ^3?Rf ^ 'Sl^STeRTT, 12. ^RT^f-oqiHK ^ ‘HTtFlff^FFT I

• % Pim's^wi ^ tn=t)i{l vJ'lRT— 1. (McpIqlM OTFT, 2. 4lf^q) '3’7FT, 3.

^ 'jiîl'i, 4. 3rf&q>ct*l ’3^ PrftrlfT 5)HT, 5. (giyi'^f ^lif -iinjfS if 6. ’TRcft^T <aiy fîR cj?f îmi, 7. PFiff ■aqiHK PT Piqq'^l, 8. 3fi^ ^ sqcRaT, 9. îf^-'3<Hi<;’i ^

% OTPT ?RTT 10. '3?lylPi«h ^3?7RiT ^ qaHl 1

^ 3|5J

■%Z

% -m^ t 3Tif^F m imHTwRH

3r*?lT?r-5?^ (Exercise Questions)

f % 315® cuK'jil ^ t

2. ’TRW if WM) ^ 5511 WTROf cFT |? fTRFT pRPFT'T TOR fîWT ^ TOWT t?

3. t -STN ^PIT TRUcT I? 3RZRHf SRT ^raTT W if wM ^ "fTIT %

'Jilqiqim =FT% Wfiff 5)1 ytjjW 5)l(5pj 1

4. 5Pft^ PfERWl 5)t yRWT e^f cqi<s5l qfflvfli I 557 ^77^ f ?

5. UT^ PRiwWl ^ 57R^ 5ff ^W?17 5?t^l f%7r TOR ^ Pm ^ TOW7 %?

6. 75^7 n'qqcffq ql^Ri (1980-85) ^ OT’TWTTJ TO Pt^'lfll-PiqK''! q)l45t)*if 5)7

7. tffjRTTff % >3775 '557 7TTO7% ¥? qO'Jt'iiCl % ^^Tf- 5)7 'Î<S1T 5)f%51

1. WM TO TOT WTWRf I?

(T7^—5TO 71^ if ^flTOTTff 5)f PftTOTT W5T feff5 79*’^ if ^flTOTTft ^ PlPiR wff

5)7 «7H9m «FRff ^ 1)

37«Jsra^ 235

tTWirft ^ Ji?t’

A '4m<<l ^f‘i?vi<3

’TTO ^ ^tl'jrfiid % cFTT’ff cfff î<s‘JT <f>rf^ I SO-ji'kO «6t «Mwi % iHran ^t? ■ ,

'^Jiifil c|5iril>i I ^ cf)7% ^ ^JTra I

|| }|#I ^ it ^

8.

%'l%■

9.

[t^-ttjPTTt % cER«r <3^7 ^?TR ^ ^TTW cfR^ 11]

*rTTcr t ^tsFirt ^ ^ «f?TTt i wrtf ^ ■<10. «JI<SHl

i«'-h«-52R 1§^ Tl 3Tz}5Tiftci4l t^^jf 'STO QtjJfl ^ tt^FTR tt'ft% I fetl4 t tf^fRlt ^ 5>R’^ ^ % 1]qnvfHT

[tia-Ô'Jl'liO ^ ^RFIT t ?RTyH % f^ tt^FTT^t ^ 'JiHlR ^3)l4sCTf ^ TT^t^ 3J1%T tJFnr cHltsPT, tiHpqa UFftW fêhm chTifjhH, t^PITT

^ ftcj «hi4st)*i (Crash Programme)OTf| 5iT «RRT ^1)

^Kd ^ qi>j]'ii'3f! t 'STRI'I ^ 'hi4sr)*<T cl5t I«(^^'li I

^ «rdtR 5^TWvf^ ^ tpirt ^ ^ttmt =f>lf^ i ’irw htw sht it % ftt JRT rsm lit t?

»TIH t '^4hH % W 'ER^ I? it ^ ^ feu ^ «clidl %?

‘cftfeit feRT-st ^ 3RcnfrI 'R tflPR fer^ft feS I

04t<S«l

11.

12.

13.

14.

•15.

(Further Readings)

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha ke Disha, O.P. Sharma, RBSA Publishers. ;

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha, Sudama Singh, Radha Publications.

Bhartiya Arthvyavastha Vikas Avam Ayojan, A.N. Agrawal, New Age InternatLorxal (P) Ltd., 2006.

Vashvikaran aur Bhartiya Arthvyavastha, M.C. Khandfela, Aavishkar, 2007.

Ikkisveen Sadi Mein Bharatiya Arthvyavastha, Bimal Jalan, Prabhat Prakashan.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

X

236 3jsfs!iq^

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