al ajurroomiyyah - notes on classical arabic

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 1 (The Chapter About Speech) Aug28 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

The author, and he is Ab Abdullaahi Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Dwd a-anhaaj known as Ibn Aajurruum who was born in the year 672 and who died in the year 723 after the Prophetic hijrah may Allah have mercy on him said after :

1 (The Chapter About Speech)

Arabic Text:

English Translation:

Explanation of Text in Arabic:

Explanation of Text in English:

(Speech) is informative composite expression which is articulated according to conventional Arabic rules. Undoubtedly, Arabic speech is constructed on four things. They are that it (Speech) is (expressed), (composite [composed of two or more parts]), (informative), and

As for the meaning of its being , Arabic speech is composed of two or more words like

As for the meaning of its being , it is when the silence of the speaker becomes sufficient, wherein the listener does not expect to hear anything else. If you say:

However, if you say:

As for the meaning of (speech) being

The first case is the expressions that are used in that have been constructed by the Arabs to define the essence of a person like when you say: (Muhammad) and the expressions used in which the Arabs have constructed to define the nature of a place like when you say: (masjid [place of prostration]) and the expression used in that the Arabs have constructed to define the nature of a thing like when you say: (book). Each of these expressions is called (a noun).

The second case is the expressions used in which the Arabs have constructed to define the occurrence of something in one of three time periods. They are

The third case is the expressions used in that have been constructed by the Arabs their purpose is not completely understood until they are placed next to another word. They are like: and and and so if you say:

Arabic Text:


(And its parts)



And its parts are three: (a noun) like: (Zayd) and (man), and; (a verb) like: (He beat) in the past tense, (He beats) in the present tense and (Beat) in the command tense; and

Arabic Text:


(And so the noun) (is known by)

;

.



(The noun) is known by:

the lowering of the vowel (that is to say placing the vowel = beneath the noun) as you would say:

and by (tanwin =

and by

and by the prefixing of

and by

Arabic Text:


(And the verb)



The verb is known by

Arabic Text:


(And the particle is) (the [(part of speech) for which]),



(the particle) is the (part of speech) for which none of the distinguishing signs of the noun and the distinguishing signs of the verb are permitted, because it is void of signs. For instance, it does not receive nor tanwiin (

A More Extensive Discussion About (The Chapter About Iraab [Inflection]) from The Ajurruumiyyah with Endnotes Nov25 by madanitimbukti

(The Chapter About Iraab [Inflection])

Arabic Text:

( )

The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text:

is (the subject) in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that it is in the case of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a pronoun of separation) and the noun which is (the predicate of the subject noun) in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end. is also (a constructed noun).

is (the noun conjoined to it []) and as a result, it is (the noun in the case of jarr due to the iaafah construction). The sign that is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end. is also (a constructed noun).

is (the noun conjoined to it [) and as a result, it is (the noun in the case of jarr due to the iaafah construction). The sign that is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a preposition) and which (the noun in the case of jarr because of the preposition). The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of the noun which is (a conditional phrase) in the case of nab and which is (a conjunction) and which is also in the case of nab and (a noun that which has been conjoined to it []). A noun conjoined to another noun in the case of nab is also in the case of nab. The sign which demonstrates that the two nouns and are in the case of nab is a fat-ah which has been clearly affixed to the end of each of them.

English Translation of the Text:

is the changing of the end (last letter) of words because of the different kinds of (governors or governing factors) (preceding or affecting them). [change] (by expression) (by implication).

Explanation of the Text in Arabic:

Explanation in English:

1is the changing of the end (last letter) of words2 because of the different (kind of) (governors) preceding them or governing factors3 affecting. (This change) is (by expression) or (by implication)4. This affixed change which is at the end of words is like when you say: (Zayd came) and (I saw Zayd) and (I passed by Zayd). It is when you say: (the youth came) and (I saw the youth) and (I passed by the youth). And so the change which occurred at the end of the word is (clear) and (expressed) and the change (which should have occurred) at the end of is (implied) and (intended) because it () is = (its construction is fixed on the alif maquurah5 and unchangeable). For this reason we have said, that the change is or .

Arabic Text:

( : )

The Explanation of the Role of Each Word in the Text

is a phrase which consists of (the resumptive waaw) and which is (the subject) in the case of raf and which is (an attached pronoun). The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end. is also (an ajoined noun) and is (the noun conjoined to it []) and as a result, itis standing in the place of (a noun in the case of jarr due to the iaafah construction). The sign which demonstrated that it is in the case of jarr is an implied kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because it is (fixed in its construction) on ammah.

is (the predicate of the subject noun) and is in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that it is in the case of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is (a substitute of a part for the whole) for . If is remove from the statement, can stand in its place. is the case of raf, because the substitute for a noun in the case of rafis also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is the case of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjunction) and the noun which is (the noun that which has been conjoined to it []). The noun is the case of raf, because a noun conjoined to a noun in the case of raf is also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is the case of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjunction) and the noun which is (the noun that which has been conjoined to it []). The noun is the case of raf, because a noun conjoined to a noun in the case of rafis also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is the case of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjunction) and the noun which is (the noun that which has been conjoined to it []). The noun is the case of raf, because a noun conjoined to a noun in the case of rafis also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is the case of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of (the clarifying faa), which is (the preposition) and which is (a noun in the case of jarr because of the preposition). The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (the preposition) and which is (the demonstrative pronoun) and which has (the laam denoting distance) and (the kaaf of the one being spoken to [the second person pronoun]). is standing in the place of (a noun which is in the case of jarr because of the preposition). The sign that it is in the case of jarr is an implied kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because which is (the kaaf of the one being spoken to [the second person pronoun]) (is fixed in its construction) on fat-ah.

is (a subject noun that follows the predicate) and it is in the case of rafwhich is demonstrated by a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjugation) and which is (the noun that which has been conjoined to it []) . The noun conjoined to another noun in the case of raf is also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of rafis a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjugation) and which is (the noun cojoined to it []). The noun conjoined to another noun in the case of raf is also in the case of raf. The sign which demonstrates that is in the case of raf is a ammah which has been clearly affixed to its end.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a particle of conjunction) and which is (laa of absolute negation of the [kind] of thing being mentioned). causes its noun to be (fixed in its construction) on fat-ah and therefore, there is no for it. Its noun is (fixed in its construction) on fat-ah and is standing in the place of a noun in the case of nab. This is because does the work of causing its noun to carry fat-ah and its predicate to carry ammah.

is a phrase which consists of which is (a preposition) and which is (an attached pronoun) which is standing in the place of a noun in the case of jarr (or khafd). The sign is in the case of jarr is a kasrah which cannot be affixed to its end, because it is (fixed in its construction) on alif.

The explanation of for each part of this sentence is the same as the explanation for each part of the previous sentence.

English Translation of the Text:

(and its parts) are four: . And so (the nouns) can have (the case endings of raf6, nab7, and khaf8 [affixed to their last letter] but no t (the case of jazm9). [the verbs]can have (the cases of raf, nab, and jazm) [affixed to their last letter], but not (the case of khaf).

Explanation of the Text in Arabic:


And it () has four parts . One part of () is common between and and another part of it is exclusive is to each of them10. As for (the particles), nothing from (the parts of iraab) is affixed to them, because they are fixed at their end. The common parts between (the nouns) and (the verbs) are: (the raf case) and (the nab case), because both cases occur in and like when you say: (Zayd beat) in the case of and (I never beat Zayd) in the case of . The exclusive parts are (the khaf case) and (the jazm case). (the khaf case) is exclusively affixed to (nouns) and (the jazm case) is exclusively affixed to (verbs) like when you say: (I did not go with Abbaas).

Endnotes:

1 The literal meaning of is that which is clearly apparent to the sight; obvious ; something that is shown plainly ; something noticeable or clearly visible; something that is expressed or pronounced; [Arabic grammar meaning]: inflection (that is to say: changing the last part of a word).

2 This affixed change at the end of the word helps one to determine the role the word is playing in a phrase, clause or sentence.

3 Governing factor here means : a rule of grammar.

4 literally means explicitly (or by expression) or implicily ( or by implication) and what is mean in the text is (expressed or implied).

5 Alif maqsuurah which resembles the letter yaa without dots is a letter which cannot be inflected when affixed to the end of words. This is do to its nature in that it should only be vocalized with the a sound that is the equivalent of two fat-ahs , whike the affixing of ammah to it would be burdensome on the tongue. Thus the end of must remain fixed in its condition regardless of its case of .

6 The rafcase is the case wherein a word has ammah or a substitute for ammah affixed to its end.

7 The nab case is the case wherein a word has fatah or a substitute for fatah affixed to its end.

8 The khaf case is the case wherein a word has kasrah or a substitute for kasrah affixed to its end.

9 The jasm case is the case wherein a word has sukuun or a substitute for sukuun affixed to its end.

10 That is to say: part of these (cases / case endings) are common among both (the nouns) and (verbs) and a part of them is affixed to the end of exclusively and a another part is affixed to the end of exclusively. As for (the particles), nothing from (the signs of iraab) precede them or causes their last vowel to change. That is because they are ([fixed] that is to say their last vowel is unchangeable).

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 2 (The Chapter About [Inflection]) Sep6 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

2 (The Chapter About Iraab [Inflection])

Arabic Text:


(inflection)



(Al-iraab [inflection]) is the changing of the end (last letter) of words because of the different (kinds of (governors) preceding them / governing factors affecting them. (This change) is (by expression) or (by implication). This affixed change which is at the end of words is

And so the change which occurred at the end of the word is (clear) and (expressed) and the change (which should have occurred) at the end of is (implied) and (intended), because it () is

Arabic Text:


(and its parts) (are four): (raf),



And it () has four parts:

As for (the particles), nothing from (the parts of iraab) is affixed to them, because they are fixed at

The common parts between (nouns) and the (verbs) are: (the raf case) and (the nab case), because both cases occur in (the noun) and (the verb) like when you say:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 3 (The Chapter Concerning The Knowledge of Alaamaatu-l-Iraab [The Signs Of Iraab]) Nov1 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

3 (The Chapter Concerning The Knowledge of Alaamaatu-l-Iraab [The Signs Of Iraab])

Arabic Text:


(The case of raf has)

Arabic Text:




(ammah) is a sign for the case of raf in four places: in (the singular noun) like when you say: (The man came) and in (the broken plural noun) unrestricted in both the male and the female like when you say:

(*note in Arabic):

(*note in English):

As for

(The women are going).

Arabic Text:




(The waaw) is the sign for the case of raf in two places: in

Arabic Text:




(Alif) is a sign for the case of raf in (the dual nouns) exclusively. That is to say, it is not a sign for the case of raf in any other place. It is like when you say:

Arabic Text:




(the nuun) is a sign for the case of raf in (the present tense verb) when

(* Note in Arabic):

(*note in English):

Collectively, these five verbal constructions: , , , and are known as (the five verbs).

Arabic Text:


(And the case of nab has

Arabic Text:




(Fat-ah) is a sign for the case of nab in three places: in

Arabic Text:


(As for the alif),



Arabic Text:


(As for kasrah),



(Kasrah) is a sign for the case of nab in (the sound feminine plural noun). It becomes pluralized by (alif) and a (taa) which are added to its end like when you say: (I saw the female believers).

Arabic Text:




(yaa) is a sign for the case of nab in two places: (the dual noun) like when you say:

Arabic Text:




These verbs are caused to be ( in the case of nab) by ( dropping from the end of them, the nuun) which originally caused them to be in the case of raf and so you say: (those two will never do).

Arabic Text:


Arabic Text:




(kasrah) it is sign for the case of khaf in three places: in

(*note in Arabic):

(*note in English):

Arabic Text:


(As for the letter yaa),



(yaa) is a sign for the case of khaf in three places: in (the five nouns) like when you say:

Arabic Text:


(As for fat-ah),



(fat-ah) is a sign for (khaf) in

Arabic Text:


(the case of jazm has) (two signs) (sukuun) and (and the dropping [of the final letter]) .

Arabic Text:


(As for sukuun),



As for (sukuun) is a sign for (the case of jazm) in (the present tense verb which is sound at its end). The last letter of this verb is as you would say:

Arabic Text:


(And as for the dropping [of the final letter]),



(the dropping of the letter) is a sign for ( the case of jazm) in two places. One of them is at the end of

The second place (in which (the dropping a letter) is a sign of (the case of jazm) is in

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 4 A Section Elaborating About What Has Been Previously Mentioned) Dec21 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

A Section Elaborating About What Has Been Previously Mentioned

Arabic Text:


(Inflected words)



(Inflected words) are of two kinds. One kind is inflected (with the vowels) and another kind is inflected (with letters). And so that which is inflected by are four kinds. The first of them is

Secondly, the rule for

Thirdly, the rule concerning the inflection of in the case of jazm is that it should be inflected with , however

Arabic Text:


(As for the dual noun),



The words which are inflected with letters are four kinds. The first of them is (the dual noun), the second of them

As for (the dual noun), it is caused to be in the case of raf by (alif) like when you say:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 5 The Chapter about Al-Afaal [the Verbs] Dec26 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

5 (The Chapter about Al-Afaal [the Verbs])

Arabic Text:


(the verbs) (are three kinds) : (past tense) (and present tense) (and command tense) (like): ( He beat) and (He beats) and (beat). (And so the past tense verb) (bears fat-ah on the end) (always); (and command tense verb) (is in the case of jazm) (always);. (and the present tense verb) (what is found at the beginning of it) (is one of the four affixed prefixes) (which when joined together) (you say): (anaytu). (It [the present tense verb]) (is in the case of raf) (always), (unless precedes it), (a particle of the nab case) (or) (a particle of the case of jazm).



(the verbs) are of three kinds: (past tense) like: ( He beat) and (present tense) like: (He beats) and (the command tense) like: ([you] beat). And so (the past tense verb) always bears (fat-ah) = on the end like: .

(The present tense verb) is know by what is found in the front of it from one of (the four prefixes) like when you say: that is to say:

Arabic Text:


(And so the particles of nab).



(the particles of nab) are ten. They are:

They in turn are of two kinds. The first kind causes the verb to be in the case of nab due to the nature of the verb. They are the first four above mentioned particles. The other kind causes the verbs to be in the case of nab by means of the particle which is concealed (). They are the last six particles.

These are their examples:

[] -

[] -

[]

[]

[

[

[]

[ ]

[

Arabic Text:


And (the particles of jazm) are eighteen and they are:



(the particles of jazm) are eighteen and they are divided into two kind. The first kind causes only one verb to be in the case of jazm. and they are the first six (particles):

They are used as follows:

[]

[]

[ ] -

[]

[

[

(Used when commanding the human being to refrain from an action)

(Used when asking for Allahs mercy, not to punish us)

Explanation of Text in Arabic


The other kind of [particle of jazm] causes two verbs (in the same sentence) to be in the case of jazm. The first verb is called

They are used in the following way:

[]

[]

[]

[]

[ ] -

[]

[]

[]

[]

[] -

[]

[]

[] -

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 6 The Chapter About Marfuaatu l Asmaa[The Nouns that are Caused to be in the Case of Raf] Dec29 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

The Chapter About Marfuaatu l Asmaa[The Nouns that are Caused to be in the Case of Raf]

Arabic Text:

(


(the nouns in the case of raf) are seven:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 7 The Chapter About Al-Faail [the Doer]) Dec31 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

The Chapter About Al-Faail [the Doer]

Arabic Text:


(the doer) (is)



(the doer) is the noun in the case of raf which has its verb being mentioned

Arabic Text:


(And so the clearly distinct noun)

(Zayd stood)

and (the two Hinds stood) and (the two Hinds are standing)



(the clearly distinct doer noun) is a clearly distinguishable noun, [that is to say: that is a noun rather than a pronoun] like:

Arabic Text:


(The pronoun) (is [of] twelve



Another kind of ( [doer noun]) is (a doer pronoun), that is to say (a doer) which is not (a clearly distinct noun), but rather, a pronoun. It is of fourteen kinds and also of two types: (attached) and (detached) each of which is a pronoun.

As for

(The second kind is) (the person being addressed or what is known grammatically as the second person.) It has six attached pronouns. Three belong to (the masculine gender) like when you say: . . and three belong to (the feminine gender) like: . .

(The third kind) is (the person speaking or what is known as the first person.) It has two attached pronouns like when you say:

and so forth.

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

In the example of (the dual form of [third person feminine - ]), the sign of the dual is and the taa = ) is a sign of (the feminine doer). And in (the plural form of [third person feminine ), the sign of the doer is (nuun).

The sign of

The sign of

Similarly, in the example of (the first person singular), (the taa) is the sign of the doer- like when say:

As for

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 8 (The Chapter About al-Mafuul [The Receiver Of The Action Whose Doer Was Not Mentioned]) Jan8 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

The Chapter About al-Mafuul [The Receiver Of The Action Whose Doer Was Not Mentioned])

Arabic Text:


They are:



Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 9 (The Chapter About Al-Mubtada [The Subject] And Al-Khabr [The Predicate]) Jan29 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

9 (The Chapter About Al-Mubtada [The Subject] And Al-Khabr [The Predicate])

Arabic Text:


(the subject) (is)

-



(the subject) is the noun in the case of raf which is void of (expressed governors) and (the predicate) is the noun in the case of raf which is traced back to (the subject) as you would say:

Arabic Text:


(And the subject) (is of two kinds) (a clearly distinct noun) (a pronoun). (And so the clearly distinct noun)


(The subject) is of two kinds. (a clearly distinct noun) like when you say:

- like when you say:

Arabic Text:


(The predicate is) (of two kinds): (singular) (and other than singular). (As for the singular), it is like when you say: (Zayd is standing) (and other than singular) (is four things): (the preposition and the object of the preposition), (and the adverb), (and the verb with its doer) and (and the subject with its predicate) like when you say: (Zayd is in the house) and (Zayd is with you) and (Zayds [his] father stood) and (Zayd [his] servant is going / Zayds servant is going).



(the predicate) is of two kinds

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 10 (The Chapter About Al Awaamil [The Governors] That Enter Upon The Subject And The Predicate Feb13 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

10 (The Chapter About Al Awaamil [The Governors] That Enter Upon The Subject And The Predicate)

Arabic Text:


(And it is three things):

Arabic Text:




It has been made conditional for which is conjugated in the present tense as and , and to be preceded by

Every verb which is associated with must have a predicate and the example of these are:

Arabic Text:




Arabic Text:




Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 11 (The Chapter About An-Nat [The Adjective]) Mar3 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

11 (The Chapter About An-Nat [The Adjective])

Arabic Text:




(the adjective) (is an appositive) which demonstrates (a characteristic) from the (characteristics) of (the noun it characterizes). It follows the (the characterized noun) in its raf case, if it is in the case of raf, and in its nab case if it is in the case of nab, and in its khaf if it is in the case of khaf, and in its definiteness if it is definite, and in its indefiniteness if it is indefinite. The example of this in the case of raf is:

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

(The appositives) are every second noun which agrees with what comes before it in its iraab. They are four (kinds): (the descriptive word),

Arabic Text:


(And the definite noun is)



(the definite noun) is that word which has been constructed to indicate the individuality of a thing. Its kind is five. The first is (the pronoun) like:

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

Every indefinite noun that is constructed to one of the four kinds of definite nouns (mentioned above) becomes definite as a result of its construction to it (the definite noun). And so for example is indefinite, however if you construct it to the pronoun and say it becomes definite. And similarly, if you construct it to the rest of the definite words (mentioned above it becomes definite).

Arabic Text:


(And the indefinite noun is)



(the indefinite noun) is every common noun among its kind. One thing is not distinguished by it from another like . And so it () is a noun common to the species of men, because it applies to everyone of them while one is not distinguished from another. The sign of the indefinite noun is that the prefixing of is permissible for it like (the words) and ; the prefixing of is permissible for them and so you say: and .

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 12 (The Chapter About Al-Af [The Conjoining Of Words]) Mar22 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

12 (The Chapter About Al-Af [The Conjoining Of Words])

Arabic Text:

( )


(And the conjoining particles are) (ten): (They are): (and), (and so), (then), (or), (or), (or), (but rather / on the contrary), (nor), (but), (until), (in some places). (And so, when you conjoin [words] with them), (you apply the raf case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of raf) (or) (you apply the nab case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of nab) (or) (you apply the khaf case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of khaf (or) (you apply the jazm case to a word that has been [conjoined to] a word in the case of jazm.

(You say): (Zayd and Amr stood) and (I saw Zayd and Amr) and (I passed by Zayd and Amr) and (Zayd did not stand and he did not sit).

Explanation in Arabic:


(The conjoining of words) is the joining of the second word to the first word (which immediately precedes it) by means of (a particle) from

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

([hattaa] until) is not (a conjoining particle) unless it includes what comes after it in (the decree) for what comes before it, (that is to say what has been decreed for the word preceding [hattaa] must have also been decreed for the word that follows it) like when you say:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 13 (The Chapter About At-Tawkiid [The Emphasizing of the Noun]) Apr15 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

13 (The Chapter About At-Tawkiid [The Emphasizing of the Noun])

Arabic Text:

(


(The emphasis placed on a noun is) (a noun which comes after [and agrees with]) (the noun being emphasized)



(the emphasis placed on a noun) is (s a noun expressed as emphasis for what is coming before it and it agrees with it (the noun) in (its rafcase), (its nab case) and (its khaf case) and () its definiteness like when you say: ([Zayd stood himself] and [the people - all of them]) and

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

As for and and , they all mean , they resemble in their construction and they follow like when you say:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 14 (The Chapter About Al-Badal [The Substitute]) Jun15 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

14 (The Chapter About Al-Badal [The Substitute])

Arabic Text:




(the substitute) is a

(The substitute) agrees with it

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 15 (The Chapter About Al-Manuubaatu-l-Asmaai [The Nouns In The Case Of Nab]) Sep24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

15 (The Chapter About Al-Manuubaatu-l-Asmaai [The Nouns In The Case Of Nab])

Arabic Text:


(The nouns in the case of nab)

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 16 (The Chapter About Al Mafuul Bihi [The Object of the Verb]) Sep24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

16 (The Chapter About Al Mafuul Bihi [The Object of the Verb])

Arabic Text:


(And it [



As for

The yaa ( ) and naa ( ) in and are two letters which are signs of (the first person singular the person speaking) in the first case and (the first person plural) in the second.. (The kaaf) in the next five (detached pronouns) is

As for the affixed letters which belong to (the attached pronouns) and (detached pronouns), they are signs with meaning also. For example, (the alif) in and belongs to the signs of (the feminine) in (the singular) pronoun; and (the miim) and (alif) in and and and are all signs for (the dual) unrestricted in both (the male) and (the female) pronoun; and in and and and belong to the signs of

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 17 (The Chapter About Al-Madar [The Verbal Noun]) Oct24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

17 (The Chapter About Al-Madar [The Verbal Noun])

Arabic Text:


(The verbal noun) (is)



(The verbal noun) is the noun which occurs as the third form in the conjugation of its verb. It is in the case of nab, because it is (the unrestricted object) which is influenced by (a governor). Its governor is

(The verbal noun) is of two kinds: (a noun that has a similar pronunciation to the pronunciation verb) and (a noun having a similar meaning to the meaning of the verb).

As for

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

(The verbal noun) can emphasizes (its governing verb) like:

(The verbal noun) is also called (the unrestricted object). It is said to be (unrestricted), because it is an object without restriction. When you say,

It has also been said, that (The verbal noun) is called (unrestricted), because it is the object that is not restricted by

Footnotes:1 2 3 Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 18 (The Chapter About harfu-z-Zamaan [The Adverb Of Time] and harful-Makaan [The Adverb Of Place]) Oct30 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

18 (The Chapter About harfu-z-Zamaan [The Adverb Of Time] and harfu-l-Makaan [The Adverb Of Place])

Arabic Text:




(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

(The adverb) is also known as

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 19 (The Chapter About Al-Haal [The Circumstantial Noun]) Dec27 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

19 (The Chapter About Al-Haal [The Circumstantial Noun])

Arabic Text:

(The circumstantial noun) (is)



(The circumstantial noun) is a separate indefinite noun which occurs after the completion of a statement and which clarifies the circumstance of (the doer), (the object of the verb) and (the object of the preposition) like when you say:

The determinate conditions of (The circumstantial noun) are three. First it must be (indefinite), second it must be (more than what is needed to complete the statement (that is to say, it would be [grammatically] permissible to leave or drop it from the statement), and third

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 20 (The Chapter About At-Tamyiiz [The Noun Of Specification]) Feb16 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

20 (The Chapter About At-Tamyiiz

[The Noun Of Specification])

Arabic Text:

(The noun of specification) (is)



(the noun of specification) is an indefinite noun in the case of nab which clarifies what is unclear about the nature of a something, while implying the meaning of without expressing it. like when you say:

(the noun of specification) has two determinate conditions: the first of them is that it is indefinite, and the second is that it occurs at the end of the statement.

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

(the noun of specification) is divided between that which clarifies what is uncertain about a singular noun, and that which clarifies what is unclear about (the entire relationship). The clarification of what is uncertain about a singular noun is - like (the measurement for land area) like when you say::

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 21 (The Chapter About (Al-Istath-naa [The Exclusion of Nouns]) Mar22 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

21 (The Chapter About (Al-Istath-naa [The Exclusion of Nouns])

Arabic Text:




(the excluded noun) is the noun which has fallen outside of the rule of what has been decreed for (the noun from which it has been excluded), because

Further Explanation of Text in Arabic:

Further Explanation of Text in English:



(the excluded noun) has three (possible) cases: the first of these cases is the necessity for it to be in the case of nab, the second of them is the permissibility for it to be in the case of raf or nab, the third (possible case) is that the inflection of the noun is determined by the governor which precedes .

(the excluded noun) is required to be in the case of nab when the statement preceding is complete and affirmative. What is meant by the word (complete) is that (the noun from which [ the excluded noun] has been excluded) is mentioned in it (the statement), while (what is meant by (affirmative) is that it [the statement coming before ] is not preceded by



As for the permissibility of the case raf or nab for the noun that comes after , that is allowed when the statement has been completed that is to say, that (the noun from which [) has been excluded) has been mentioned with the statement and that the statement is not affirmative that is to say that it is preceded by



As for the noun coming after which is inflected in accordance with



And (the excluded noun) preceded by ,, and

As for (siwan), it is the opinion of the grammarians that it is governed by that which governs (ghayrun) in the case of raf, nab and jarr (khaf), and the view of Siybawayhi and the people of grammatical knowledge in general is that it is not include with the adverbs.



As for (khalaa), (adaa) and (haa-shaa), when is (preceded) by these particles it is permissible for it to be in the case of jarr (khaf) due to the fact that they are prepositions like when you say:

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 22 (The Chapter About Laa) Apr10 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

22 (The Chapter About Laa)


(Know), that (laa)





Two conditions have been made prerequisite for the function of (laa). The first of them is that (its noun) and (its predicate) must both be indefinite. The second condition is that the noun comes first and the predicate comes last like when you say:



Know, firstly, that if (laa) doesnt come in direct contact with the indefinite noun that is to say, if something is standing between them, then it is not permissible for the indefinite noun to be in the case of nab. The case of raf is required for it and in addition to that, must be repeated. like when you say:

Secondly, if (laa) is repeated due to contact with the (the indefinite noun), its application and its omission is permitted. that is to say, (the indefinite noun) which comes after (laa) can be in the case or nab or it can remain in the case of raf and the function of (laa) will be cancelled like when you say:



The noun of (laa) does not function outside of three cases. The first case is: that it is (annexed to another noun) like when you say:

The second case is that it is (what resembles ). What is desired is that every noun which is connected to what comes after it is connected either by function like when you say:

The third case is that the noun following (laa) is (singular) and what is desired here is not or

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 23 (The Chapter About Al-Munaadaa [The Noun in Direct Address]) Apr24 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

23 (The Chapter About Al-Munaadaa [The Noun in Direct Address])

Arabic Text:


(The noun in direct address)



(The noun in direct address) is the noun which represents someone or something being summoned. It is precede by

These five kinds of are (further) divided into two types. One of them is

As for (noun in direct address) in the case nab, they are

As for (what resembles the constructed noun), it is like when you say: (Oh Climber of a mountain), and like when you say:

And so and , their meanings are connected to the nouns that follow them, which are and . If these words are not mention, then the meaning of what is being stated is not speech. .Unlike , it is not like that, because the word ( for instance) in the phrase

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 24 (The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Min-Ajlih [Causative Object]) May14 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

24 (The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Min-Ajlih [Causative Object])

Arabic Text:


(It [al-mafuul min-ajlih - the causative object])



Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 25 The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Maahu [The Object Which Accompanies The Subject In The Execution Of An Action]) Jun7 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

25 The Chapter About Al-Mafuul Maahu [The Object Which Accompanies The Subject In The Execution Of An Action])

Arabic Text:


(It [al-mafuul maahu - the object which accompanies the subject in the execution of an action] is)

(As for)



It is not permissible however, to use the conjunction to conjoin

Al Ajurruumiyyah Chapter 26 (The Chapter About Al-Makhfuuaat [The Nouns Caused to be in The Case of Khaf) Jun7 by Classical Arabic Language Studies

26 (The Chapter About Al-Makhfuuaat [The Nouns Caused to be

in The Case of Khaf)

Arabic Text:


(the nouns caused to be in the case of khaf)

(As for)



(The nouns that are caused to be in the case of khaf) are of three kinds one kind which is caused to be in the case of khaf by (the particle) which precedes them. Another kind is caused to be in khaf due to (the iaafah construction) and another kind is

As for

As for the noun which is caused to be in the case of khaf because of

(*note in Arabic)

(*note in English)

The rules of (the iaafah construct) imply the meaning of = (the laam of possession) like when you say:

al ajurroomiyyah - notes on classical arabic

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