networksakali2/tb143/lecture10.pdf · in networking, protocols are: •agreements that describe how...
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Unit 10
Networks
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The basic components
of a network:
• Connections (Physical Medium)
• Protocols (Common language)
• Services (Clients, Servers, and
Files)
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The Client is the computer
requesting the use of a resource.
May I have
Worksheet-101?
Client Server
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The Server is the computer
providing the resource.
Sure, here it Sure, here it
is!
Worksheet 101Worksheet-101
Client Server
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In some networks, every computer
acts as both Client and Server.
Client &
Server
Client &
Server
Client &
Server
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Peer-to-Peer Network
Client &
Server
Client &
Server
Client &
Server
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Peer-to-Peer Network
• No centralized data access.
• Security handled by assigning
each resource a password.
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Peer-to-peer works best with a a
small number of computers.
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One computer can act as server
for several clients.
Server
Client
Client
Client Client
Client
Client
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Client/Server Network
• Centralized data access.
• Centralized security.
• Centralized administration,
record keeping, and control.
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Larger networks require the
client/server arrangement.
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The Physical Medium is the
channel the data travels
between computers.
Physical MediumPhysical Medium
Client Server
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The Physical Media can be:
• Wire
• Fiber Optic Cable
• Wireless Link (RF or Infrared)
• Hardware devices such as
network cards, hubs, routers, etc.
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The common language is the
Network Protocol.
May I have
Worksheet-101?
Client Server
Sure, here it Sure, here it
is!
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Protocol
• A signed document containing the
record of the points on which
agreement has been reached by
negotiating parties.
• The code of ceremonial forms and
courtesies accepted as proper and
correct in official dealings.
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In Networking, Protocols are:
• Agreements that describe how things
work.
• Industry-wide frameworks that
describe every aspect of
communications between computers.
• Grouped together into Protocol
Suites.
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The main Protocol Suites:
• NetBEUI – Small Microsoft networks.
• SPX/IPX – Primarily Novell networks.
• TCP/IP – Must be used if the network is to connect to the Internet.
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One of the most basic
ways to classify networks
is by their topology.
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Topology refers to the
way the computers in the
network are connected to
each other.
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The most common
topologies are:
• Bus
• Star
• Ring
• Mesh
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Bus Topology
―T‖―T‖ ―Backbone‖―Backbone‖
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Bus Topology
• A single cable interconnects all workstations.
• The cable is terminated at both ends.
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Star Topology
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Star Topology
All workstations connect to a single central hub.
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Ring Topology
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Ring Topology
• Backbone is a ring.
• Each workstation connects only to two other
workstations.
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Mesh Topology
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Mesh Topology
Net-1
Net-4 Net-3
Net-2
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The Internet is an example of a Mesh
topology.
InternetInternet
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Another way of
classifying networks is
by their size or
geographical span.
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The most common size
classifications are the:
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
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The Local Area Network The Local Area Network
(LAN)(LAN)
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Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
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Wide Area Network
WANWAN
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Networking
Components
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Components
• Network Operating System
• Interface Cards
• Cables
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Network Operating System
(NOS)
vs.
desktop Operating System
(OS)
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NOS provides improved
security• User-level Security
• Server authenticates:
– User name
– User password
– User location
• Server determines which resources the user may access.
• Simplifies security for the user.
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The NOS allows sensitive
resources to be maintained in a
centralized/secure location.
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The NOS provides
improved performance.
• Client is relieved of the burden
of server
• Server can be optimized
• Adds administration and
management capabilities.
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The NOS provides
better administration.
• Centralized security
• Centralized data
• Consistent policies
• Administrative tools
• Accountability
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The NOS allows scalability
• The client/server network grows gracefully.
• A server may handle over 50 clients.
• Additional servers can be added.
• Specialized servers
– File server
– Print server
– Communications Server
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Disadvantages of the NOS
• More expensive
• More complex
• Requires administration.
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Major Network
Operating Systems
• Unix
• Novell NetWare
• Windows NT Server
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Unix
• Multitasking, Multi-user OS
• Influential in evolution of the Internet
• Uses TCP/IP
• Clients communicate with Server using
Terminal Emulation
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Linux
• Smaller, easier to use version of Unix
• Easily adapted to individual computers
or as server in a small network
• Uses the command line as the user
interface.
• Offered with a graphical user interface.
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Novell’s NetWare
• Text-based operating system
• Supports all Windows-based
client computer operating systems
• IPX/SPX is the primary NetWare
protocol
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Windows NT
• 32-bit network operating system
• First to use a graphical user interface
• Not as feature-rich as Unix and
NetWare
• Supports a wide range of network
clients
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The Network Interface
Card is also called:
• The Network Card
• The Network Adapter
• The Network Adapter Card
• The NIC
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The NIC is the main interface
between the computer and the
network cable.
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Parallel data into serial data.
CPUMemory
Computer
NIC
1001100110011001
Cable
1-0-0-1-1-0-0-1
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Considerations when
selecting the NIC:
• Type of cable connection
• Type of Address/Data Bus
• The method used to configure the
card.
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The NIC must match the cable.
RJ-45RJ-45
BNCBNC
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RJ-45 ConnectorRJ-45 Connector
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The NIC must match the
Address/Data Bus of the computer.
ISAISA
PCIPCI
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Installing the NIC in
the computer.
• NIC installed inside the computer.
• Normally plugs into a bus slot.
• Some are built right into the motherboard.
• Plug-in boards must be configured correctly.
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NIC Configuration Methods
• Plug-and-Play
• EEPROM
• Jumper pins
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Preparing to Install the NIC
• Ensure there is an open bus slot.
• Ensure the adapter is compatible.
• Ensure there are system resources available.
• Ensure all installation items are available.
• Ensure all software is available.
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Installing the NIC Hardware
• Configure the NIC to available resources.
• Use a ground strap.
• Remove cover from the computer.
• Remove rear panel slot cover plate.
• Remove card from its antistatic bag and immediately plug it into motherboard.
• Secure card slot cover plate to computer.
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Installing the NIC Software
• Loading the device driver used
by the NIC.
• Loading any utilities supplied
with the NIC.
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NIC Device Driver
• Supports communication between
the NIC and OS.
• Automatically installed and
configured if both NIC and OS
support PnP.
• In other cases, driver loaded from
floppy or CD supplied with NIC.
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A more recent device
driver may be available
at the website of the NIC
manufacturer.
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Troubleshooting the NIC
• Is NIC talking to the
motherboard?
• Is the NIC working internally?
• Is the NIC communicating with
the external network?
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LEDs
LinkLink
ActivityActivity
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Twisted-Pair Cable
• UTP—Unshielded Twisted-Pair
• STP—Shielded Twisted-Pair
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Twisted-Pair Cable
STPSTP STPSTPUTPUTP
Foil
Shield
Foil
ShieldWire
Shield
Wire
Braid
Shield
Foil
Shield
Foil
Shield
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10BaseT Ethernet uses
Unshielded Twisted Pair
(UTP) cable.
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RJ-45 Connector
Strain Relief CrimpStrain Relief Crimp
ContactsContacts
LatchLatch
WiresWires
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Twisted-Pair Advantages
• UTP is inexpensive.
• Workstations isolated from each other by central hub.
• Easy to add workstations to segment.
• Easier to route than coaxial cable.
• Easier to troubleshoot than coaxial cable network.
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Twisted-Pair Disadvantages
• UTP cable is susceptible to RFI/EMI.
• Suffers crosstalk between wire pairs.
• Poor conductor; attenuates signal more quickly than coax.
• Maximum segment length half of coax.
• STP cable more expensive than UTP cable or coax.
• Difficult to work with shielding.
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EIA/TIA Cable Categories
• Category 1—Voice-grade UTP phone
• Category 2—Data-grade UTP, 4 Mbps
• Category 3—Data-grade UTP, 10 Mbps
• Category 4—Data-grade UTP, 16 Mbps
• Category 5—Data-grade UTP, 100 Mbps
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Category 3 Cable
• Common data-grade cable.
• Four unshielded twisted-pair
wires.
• Transmission rates up to 10 Mbps.
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Category 5 Cable
• Data-grade cable.
• Official transmission rates up to
100 Mbps.
• Four unshielded twisted-pair wires.
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Two Bus Technologies:
• 10Base5 or Thicknet
• 10Base2 or Thinnet
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Coaxial Cable Characteristics
Sleeve Wire Braid Dielectric Center Conductor
FoilRG-8 Thicknet Cable
RG-58 Thinnet Cable
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Coax Advantages
• Resistant to RFI.
• Good conductor.
• Longer network segments.
• Thinnet: easy/inexpensive workstation interconnection.
• Thicknet: stronger, more durable than any other network cable.
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Coax Disadvantages
• Each segment must be terminated.
• Break in cable disables entire segment.
• Difficult to add workstations to a thinnet segment.
• Thicknet: difficult to use, heavy shield braid and foil.
• Thicknet: requires special piercing tap and transceiver.
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What’s in a name?
• 10Base5
• 10Base2
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The number on the left is
the speed of the LAN.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Speed in
Megabits
Per Second
Speed in
Megabits
Per Second
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The number on the right is the
length of the LAN segment.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Length of
in Hundreds
Length of
Segment
in Hundreds
Of Meters
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The word in the middle
signifies the type of signal.
10 Base 5
10 Base 2
Type of Signal
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BasebandBaseband
BroadbandBroadband
Signal 1
Signal 2
Signal 3
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RG-58, 10Base2, or Thinnet CableRG-58, 10Base2, or Thinnet Cable
RG-8, 10Base5, or Thicknet CableRG-8, 10Base5, or Thicknet Cable
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The RG-58’s lighter shield still
provides good protection
against electrical noise.
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Fiber Optic CablesFiber Optic Cables
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Cable Construction
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Fiber end-view
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The Glass FiberThe Glass Fiber
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ST connector
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ST Connector
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
LAN
Communication
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LAN Technologies:
• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• ARCnet
• LocalTalk
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Ethernet• Developed by Xerox in early ’70s.
• Has become most popular networking technology in use today.
• A variety of speeds and cabling options have evolved.
• It is fast, inexpensive, and flexible.
• It continues to evolve.
• Majority of new networks use Ethernet.
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Networking is all about
sending data from one
location to another.
Worksheet 101?
May I have
Worksheet-101?Sure, here Sure, here
it is!
PC-1 PC-2
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The CPU routinely sends
data from one place to
another.
CPU
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But when multiple
computers are involved, a
new series of problems arise.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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How do you keep all the
computers from transmitting
at the same time?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Is this for
me?
Is this for
me?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Who sent Who sent
this?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Ah, it’s from PC-1.
Gee, I wonder if it is correct.
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PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Here’s the ten
you wanted!
Here’s the ten
gigabyte folder
you wanted!
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Large files are broken into
manageable chunks called packets.
Large File
Packets
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How do you keep two
computers from transmitting
at the same time?
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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Carrier Sense
Multiple Access/
Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
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Carrier Sense
• Each computer attached to the
network examines the cable before
transmitting.
• If it senses traffic on the cable, it
waits until the traffic clears before
transmitting.
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Multiple Access
• All computers on the network have equal access to the cable.
• A lowly desktop has the same access as the Windows NT Server.
• Access is on a first-come, first-served basis.
• The only consideration is: ―Is someone else using the cable?‖
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Collisions still happen
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
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The computers involved
in the collision detect the
collision.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
Wow! That’s
said!
Wow! That’s
not what I
said!
Wow! That’s
said!
Wow! That’s
not what I
said!
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The computers involved in the
collision back off for a random
length of time.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5
I’ll back off for I’ll back off for
―x‖Microseconds
I’ll try ― ‖ I’ll try ―y‖
Microseconds.
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Collisions are a natural
characteristic of Ethernet.
PC-1 PC-2 PC-3 PC-4 PC-5