aka the war between the states. south carolina: december 20, 1860 mississippi: january 9, 1861...
TRANSCRIPT
AKA
The War Between the States
The Civil War
South Carolina: December 20, 1860 Mississippi: January 9, 1861 Florida: January 10, 1861 Alabama: January 11, 1861 Georgia: January 19, 1861 Louisiana: January 26, 1861 Texas: February 1, 1861 Virginia: April 17, 1861 Arkansas: May 6, 1861 North Carolina: May 20, 1861 Tennessee: June 8, 1861
Secession
April 12, 1861First engagement of the Civil War
Fort Sumter, South Carolina
Major Robert Anderson
Commander of Federal troops inside Ft. Sumter
General P. T. Beauregard
Commander of southern troops in Charleston, S.C.
Union population of 22 million was greater than the Confederate population of 9 million by more than two to one.
Allowed for a much larger army and hold many more troops in reserve
The North was better able to supply those armies because it produced far more than did the South.
South had to rely upon trade with foreign countries.
Union Advantages
North had a naval advantage over the South which allowed it to conduct a successful blockade of the Southern ports:
South was unable to procure much needed supplies
North had 22,000 miles of railroad track compared to 9,000 in the South:
Ability to rapidly transport soldiers and supplies greatly assisted the effort to defeat the Confederacy.
Union Advantages cont.
Better military leadersMost of the best military officers in the United
States military prior to the outbreak of the Civil War were from the South.
Most of these officers such as General Stonewall Jackson and General Robert E. Lee resigned their commissions
South also had something of a “home field” advantage
Much more familiar with the terrainDefending their homes from invaders
Advantages of the Confederacy
Confederate Government Leaders
Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate States of America (CSA)Graduate of Transylvania Univ.Graduate of West PointServed in Mexican WarSecretary of WarPrior to secession, served in both houses of Congress from Mississippi
Anti-Jefferson Davis Political Cartoon
Alexander StephensVice-president of the ConfederacyRepresentative in Congress from Georgia before the Civil WarLater Governor of Georgia
Union Government Leaders
Hannibal Hamlin
Lincoln’s first VP
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln’s 2nd VP
17th President following the assassination of Lincoln
Edwin Stanton
Secretary of War
William Seward
Secretary of State
Salmon P. Chase
Secretary of Treasury
Chief Justice of the Supreme Ct.
Confederate Military Leaders
Joseph Johnston
Highest ranking U.S. Army general to resign his commission after Virginia secedes from the Union
Original commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
After being wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines, he was replaced by R.E. Lee
Robert E. Lee
Superintendent of West Point 1852-1855
Turned it down Lincoln’s offer of commanding Union forces. Unable to raise arms against Virginia
Started war as military advisor to J. Davis
After war, is president of Washington College in VA until his death in 1870
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Lee’s most able general
Killed by his own troops at the battle of Chancellorsville
Albert Sidney Johnston
Placed in command of western forces by J. Davis
Killed at the Battle of Shiloh
Highest ranking general on either side to be killed in battle
James Longstreet
One of R.E. Lee’s closest friends
“Old Pete”“My Old War Horse”
Drew criticism from southerners after the war for supporting Reconstruction and Republicans and questioning the leadership ability of R.E. Lee
George Pickett
Most famous for unsuccessful “Pickett’s Charge” taking place during Gettysburg
John Bell Hood
Lost his leg at Chickamauga
In charge of Confederate troops attempting to hold off Sherman’s siege of Atlanta
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Prior to war, was a millionaire dealing in land, cotton, and slaves
“War means fightin’, fightin’ means killin’”
Most famous for his cavalry techniques
Probably more famous as a founder of the Ku Klux Klan serving as the “Grand Wizard”
John C. Breckenridge (KY)
Served as VP under Buchanan
Became angered after learning that Confederate troops under his command killed some captured black Union soldiers
Late in the war, appointed Confederate Secretary of War by J. Davis
Jubal Early
Virginian who was opposed to succession and voted against it.
Accepted a commission at the start of the war
Escaped to Mexico in disguise after the war
John Hunt Morgan (KY)
“Thunderbolt of the Confederacy”
Known for daring cavalry raids which made national headlines
Was captured during raids north of the Ohio river and placed in the Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus but later escaped
Later killed in Tennessee
James Ewell Brown StuartAKA JEB Stuart
Commander of all cavalry brigades for the Army of Northern Virginia
Master of reconnaissance missions
Great failure was falling out of communication with Lee prior to Battle of Gettysburg showing up after the battle had started.
Later killed in battle outside of Richmond, Virginia
John Mosby
“The Gray Ghost”
Famous for conducting cavalry raids against the Union army
Captured a Union general behind enemy lines
Drew criticism after the war by becoming a Republican and supporting Reconstruction
Became a campaign manager for U.S. Grant and was appointed U.S. Consul to Hong Kong
Union Military Leaders
Winfield Scott“Old Fuss and Feathers”
Hero of War of 1812 and Commanded U.S. forces during Mexican War
Almost 75 when Civil War begins and weighed over 300 pounds
Urged Lincoln to appoint R.E. Lee as commander of Union forces
Develops “ANACONDA PLAN” as strategy to cut off supply lines of the CSA
General Confusion
George B. McClellan
“Young Napoleon”“Little Mac”
Noted for using caution when making decisions
Ran against Lincoln in 1864 as the Democratic candidate
Served as governor of New Jersey
Henry Halleck
“Old Brains”
Known more for his ability to write books about war than his ability to lead men in war
Good at organizing details behind a desk
John Pope
After being defeated at the 2nd Battle of Manassas, he was transferred to the Department of the Northwest for the remainder of the war
McClellan receives a 2nd chance for command
Ambrose Burnside
Replaces McClellan after his failure to chase Lee after the Battle of Antietam
Relieved of command after suffering many casualties during the Battle of Fredericksburg
Briefly serves as state senator from Rhode Island
Known for distinctive facial hair which have become to be known as “Sideburns”
Joseph Hooker
Replaces Burnside and during his command improves food and medical conditions for his soldiers
After losing at Chancellorsville, he resigns his command
George Meade
Assumes command after resignation of Hooker
Commanded Union forces at the Battle of Gettysburg
Receives sharp criticism from Lincoln for allowing Lee to escape back to Virginia
Offers his resignation, but Lincoln refuses
When Grant shows up to Meade’s command, he remains in charge only in title as Grant begins to make all major decisions
Ulysses S. Grant
“Unconditional Surrender” Grant
While Union forces are suffering defeats in Virginia, Grant is successful in the western theater of fighting.
March 1864, Lincoln elevates Grant to General-in-Chief of Union Army
Secretary of War under Pres. Johnson
Elected 18th President of the U.S. in 1868
Other Significant Generals
William Tecumseh Sherman
“War is hell”
Most famous for his “March to the Sea” from Atlanta to Savannah.
General-in-Chief of the Army from 1869-1883
Philip Sheridan
“Little Phil”
Most famous for destruction of Shenandoah Valley in 1864. Known as “The Burning”
After the war, Grant placed Sheridan in charge of placing Native Americans onto reservations. Used same harsh tactics as Shenandoah
Eventually General of the Army of the United States after Sherman
Responsible for creation of Yellowstone National Park
Buried in Arlington Cemetery
Philip Kearny
Lost an arm during the Mexican War
Moved to France and fought for Napoleon III
Returns to the U.S. at beginning of the Civil War. Others questioned his ability to serve with missing arm, but need for experienced officers was more important
Later, after killed in battle, R.E. Lee who had much respect for Kearny had the body returned under a flag of truce in order to receive a proper burial
George Armstrong Custer
Graduated from West Point in 1861, the last in his class
Becomes known for taking risks and achieving victory while leading from the front rather than the back
Field promoted to general, making him youngest ever to achieve that rank
More famous for leading the 7th Cavalry Division during the Plains Indian Wars
Killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn
Joshua Chamberlain
Professor at Bowdoin College in Maine at start of Civil War
“Lion of the Round Top”
Participated in 20 battles, wounded 6 times, and received 4 awards for bravery
1893, he received the Medal of Honor for actions at Gettysburg
Served as Governor of Maine and President of Bowdoin College
Henry Wirz
Commander of Andersonville prison camp
Only person to be tried and executed for war crimes
Clara Barton 1821-1912
“Angel of the Battlefield”
Founder of the American Red Cross
Mathew Brady
Considered one of America’s greatest photographers at the start of the Civil War
Organized a corps of photographers to document the war
1862 displayed pictures of dead soldiers killed at Antietam which was most Americans first look at the horrors of war
Significant Battles
Many battles had two namesConfederate soldiers usually named
the battles after the nearest town or local landmark
Union soldiers usually named the battles after the nearest body of water or other natural landmark
Naming of Battles
1st Battle of Manassas (South)1st Battle of Bull Run (North)1st major land battle of the Civil WarConfederate victory which shocked the
Northern leaders who expected a quick warJuly 22, President Lincoln signs a bill that
provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to 3 years of service.
July 21, 1861: Virginia
Battle of Fort DonelsonCapture of southern fort opens up the
Cumberland River for invasion by Union army.
U.S. Grant begins to make a name for himselfEarns nickname “Unconditional Surrender”
Grant
Feb. 11-16 1862: Tennessee
Battle of ShilohDisplay of Grant’s ability to win battles in the
western front of fighting
April 6-7, 1862: Tennessee
2nd Battle of Bull Run or 2nd ManassasGeneral Pope loses command of Union army
Aug 28-30 1862: Virginia
Battle of Antietam: NorthBattle of Sharpsburg: SouthFirst major battle fought on Union groundSingle bloodiest day of the warConsidered a tactical draw overallLincoln relieves McClellan of commandAlso issues Emancipation Proclamation:Frees slaves living in states rebelling against
the Union
Sept. 17, 1862: Maryland
Battle of PerryvilleUnion retains control of Kentucky (critical
border state) for the remainder of the war
October 8, 1862: Kentucky
Battle of FredericksburgDisplay of Robt. E. Lee and Stonewall
Jackson’s dominance over Union generalsLed to the removal of General Burnside as
commander of Union forces
December 11-15, 1862: Virginia
Battle of ChancellorsvilleConfederate army looses Stonewall JacksonTactical victory for Lee
April 30-May 2 1862: Virginia
Battle of VicksburgSiege situation for General GrantPlaces control of Mississippi River with the
UnionSeparates Louisiana, Arkansas and Texas
from the ConfederacyThis, combined with Confederate loss at
Gettysburg on July 3rd, marks the turning point of the war
May 18-July 4, 1863: Mississippi
Battle of GettysburgLee’s 2nd and last invasion of the NorthUnion victory over Lee proved that Lee was
not invincible as it appearedTurning point of the war coinciding with
Grant’s victory at Vicksburg
July 1-3, 1863: Pennsylvania
November 19, 1863President Lincoln dedicates the Soldier’s
National Cemetery“The world will little note, nor long remember
what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.”
“that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”
Gettysburg Address
Responsible for the establishment of numerous colleges across the country.
Supported colleges in the instruction of "agriculture and the mechanical arts."
Texas A & MPassage of this legislation in the midst of war is
emblematic of the dynamism and creativity of this Congress, even on nonmilitary matters
President Lincoln, consumed with the day-to-day fighting of the war, gave Congress a remarkably free hand in social and economic legislation.
Morrill Land Grant Act 1862
Law signed by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862
Law established a three-fold homestead acquisition process: filing an application, improving the land, and filing for deed of title.
Any U.S. citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. Government could file an application and lay claim to 160 acres of surveyed Government land.
For the next 5 years, the homesteader had to live on the land and improve it by building a 12-by-14 dwelling and growing crops
Homestead Act of 1862
Authorized by the Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864
Constructed by the Union Pacific Railroad (Iowa) and Central Pacific Railroad (California)
Last spike driven at Promontory Point, Utah on May 10, 1869
Transcontinental Railroad
Chattanooga CampaignBattle of Lookout MountainBattle of Missionary RidgeUnion gains the undisputed control to
TennesseeChattanooga becomes the supply base for
Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign in 1864
Oct-Nov 1863: Tennessee
Battle of the WildernessFirst battle for U.S. Grant against R.E. LeeTactical Confederate victory, but a strategic
victory for the Union army.Lee inflicted heavy numerical casualties on
Grant, but as a percentage of Grant's forces they were smaller than the percentage of casualties suffered by Lee's smaller army.
Grant's strategy was to grind down the Confederate army by waging a war of attrition
May 5–7, 1864: Virginia
Battle of Cold HarborOne of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided
battlesThousands of Union soldiers were killed or
wounded in a frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army.
Final victory won by Lee's army during the war The battle caused a rise in anti-war sentiment in
the Northern statesMain opposition came from Copperheads, who
were Southern sympathizers in the Midwest
May 31 - June 12, 1864: Virginia
Grant at Cold Harbor
Siege of PetersburgNine months of trench warfare Foreshadowed the trench warfare that was
common in World War IFeatured the war's largest concentration of
African American troopsThe Crater (July 30)Mine shaft was dug from Union side to beneath
Confederate lines.Explosion left a large crater which Union soldiers
mistakenly entered and became easy targets
June 1864 - March 1865: Virginia
Battle for AtlantaUnion general William T. Sherman captures
the important rail and supply center at Atlanta
Atlanta falls on Sept. 2, 1864This starts Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
ending at Savannah, GeorgiaSherman’s strategy of “total war” to destroy
any materials that the Confederate army could use
Sherman telegraphed to President Lincoln, "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City of Savannah”
July-Sept 1864: Georgia
Appomattox Campaign April 1, Union forces under Lt. Gen. Ulysses
S. Grant cut the final railroad line supplying Lee's army
Lee orders evacuation of Petersburg and the capital of Richmond on the night of April 2–3.
Lee finally agreed to surrender his army on April 9 at Appomattox Court House.
March 29 – April 9, 1865: Virginia
Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate
The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the government of the United States until properly exchanged
The arms, artillery, and public property to be parked and stacked, and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them.
Each officer and man will be allowed to return to his home, not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside.
Terms of Surrender
In Lincoln’s 2nd inauguration speech he says:“With malice toward none, with charity for
all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”
Reconstruction of the South
Lincoln shot while attending a play at Ford’s Theater by John Wilkes Booth
“Our American Cousin”“Sic semper tyrannis”Lincoln is taken across the street to the
Peterson Boarding House where he lingers through the night but dies in the morning
William Seward, Secretary of State, says:“Now he belongs to the ages”
April 14, 1865
Booth escapes out the back of the theater Stops at Surratt’s Tavern to pick up supplies,
goes on the run with fellow conspirator David Herold
Stops at the house of Dr. Samuel Mudd to tend to injury of leg
Tracked down to a barn located at Garrett’s farm house in Virginia on April 26th
Herold surrenders but Booth refuses.Troops set the barn on fire and Booth is shot
in the neck and dies several hours later
The Manhunt for John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth
“Tell my mother I died for my country”
“Useless, useless”
Lewis Thornton Powell AKA Lewis Paine :Attempted unsuccessfully to assassinate
United States Secretary of State William H. Seward
George Andreas Atzerodt: Assigned to assassinate Vice-President
Andrew Johnson, he lost his nerve and did not make an attempt.
David Edgar Herold:Guided Powell to the home of William Seward
then left to meet up with Booth
Other Lincoln Conspirators
Mary Elizabeth Jenkins Surratt:Owned the boarding house where much of
the planning took placeDr. Samuel Mudd:Arrested for conspiracy in the assassination
Cont.
Lewis Powell
Tried and hung on July 7, 1865
George Atzerodt
Tried and hung on July 7, 1865
David Herold
Tried and hung on July 7, 1865
Mary Surratt
Tried and hung on July 7, 1865
1st woman to be executed by the U.S. government
Dr. Samuel Mudd
Convicted and imprisoned for aiding and conspiring with John Wilkes Booth
He was pardoned by President Andrew Johnson and released from prison in 1869