ajax
DESCRIPTION
Ajax by Atul Kahate Sir at SICSRTRANSCRIPT
Traditional HTTP Processing
Web Server
Request-
response pairs
(Synchronous
in nature)
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Web
Brows
er
in nature)
AJAX-based Processing
Web Server
JavaScriptAsynchronous
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Web
Brows
er
JavaScript
<script>
function
abc() { …}
Update
Asynchronous
operation
What is AJAX?
� Asynchronous JavaScript and XML
� Allows for asynchronous communication between a browser (client) and server
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between a browser (client) and server
� Does not mandate that the end user must wait for processing a request
� Can be used as an alternative to HTML forms in certain situations
AJAX – Basic FAQ – 1
� Do we not use request/response model in AJAX?
� We do, but the approach is different now. We do not submit a form now, but instead send requests
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not submit a form now, but instead send requests using JavaScript
� Why not submit the form? Why AJAX?
� AJAX processing is asynchronous. Client does not wait for server to respond. When server responds, JavaScript does not refresh the whole page.
AJAX – Basic FAQ – 2
� How does a page get back a response, then?
� When the server sends a response, JavaScript can update a page with new values, change an image, or transfer control to a new page. The user does
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or transfer control to a new page. The user does not have to wait while this happens.
� Should we use AJAX for all our requests?
� No. Traditional form filling is still required in many situations. But for immediate and intermediate responses/feedbacks, we should use AJAX.
AJAX – Basic FAQ – 3
� Where is the XML in AJAX?
� Sometimes the JavaScript can use XML to speak with the server back and forth.
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speak with the server back and forth.
AJAX: Technical Details
Writing AJAX
� Ability to fetch data from the server without having to refresh a page
� Applications without AJAX� Normal Web applications communicate with the server by referring to a new URL
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� Normal Web applications communicate with the server by referring to a new URL
� Example: When a form is submitted, it is processed by a server-side program, which gets invoked
� AJAX applications� Use an object called as XMLHttpRequest object built into the browser, using JavaScript to communicate with the server
� HTML form is not needed to communicate with the server
The XMLHttpRequest Object
� Alternative for HTML forms
� Used to communicate with the server side code, from inside a browser
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� Server side code now returns text or XML data, not the complete HTML Web page
� Programmer has to extract data received from the server via the XMLHttpRequest object, as per the needs
AJAX Steps
1. Create a request object
2. Tell the request object where to send the request
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the request
3. Tell the object what to do when the request is answered
4. Tell the object to make a request
XMLHttpRequest Object –Technical Details
� In some browsers, this object is native (part of the browser); in some others, it needs to be downloaded (as an ActiveX needs to be downloaded (as an ActiveX control)
� Accordingly, coding changes across browser versions as well
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Ajax Sequence Diagram
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Step 1: Create the XMLHttpRequest Object
Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 1
� Two main browsers are required to be handled: Internet Explorer and Others� Non-IE code
var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
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var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) { // Non-IE browser
XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
}
� IE codeelse if (window.ActiveXObject) { // IE browser
XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 2
� Now start writing HTML as usual, after checking for the presence of the XMLHttpRequest object
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XMLHttpRequest objectif (XMLHttpRequestObject) {
document.write ("<h1>Welcome to AJAX</h1>");
}
Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 3� Final code (1.html)<html><head><title>AJAX Example</title>
<script language = "javascript">
var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();} else if (window.ActiveXObject) {
XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");}
if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {document.write ("<h1>Welcome to AJAX</h1>");
}
</script></head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
Creating an XMLHttpRequest Object Using JavaScript – 4
� Output
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<div> and <span> HTML Elements
<div> and <span> - 1
� A <div> HTML container can hold all related elements together and can allow us to style all those elements with one CSS rule
<div id=“menu”>
<a href=“home.html”>home</a>
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<a href=“home.html”>home</a>
<a href=“books.html”>writing</a>
<a href=“links.html”>links</a>
<a href=“lib.html”>lib</a>
</div>
� Now we can refer to the div’s id in our CSS, and style all the elements in that div in a uniform manner
<div> Example
� dummy.html<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="dummy.css" />
</head>
<body>
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<body>
<p />
<div id="menu">
<a href="home.html">home</a>
<a href="books.html">writing</a>
<a href="links.html">links</a>
<a href="lib.html">lib</a>
</div>
</body>
</html>
� dummy.css#menu {
font-family: Verdana;
font-color: red;
background-color: silver;
<div> and <span> - 2
� <span> allows individual element formatting better
<ul>
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<ul>
<li><span class=“books”>Books</span></li>
<li><span class=“cd”>CDs</span></li>
<li><span class=“cd”>DVDs</span></li>
</ul>
<span> Example
� dummy.html modified
� <html>
� <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
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� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="dummy.css" />
� </head>
� <body>
� <p />
Step 2: Tell the object where to send the request (Open the XMLHttpRequest Object)
Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 1
� Opening the XMLHttpRequest object prepares it for use to fetch data from the server
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the server
� Use the open method
� Mandatory parameters
� Method type (GET, PUT, POST)
� URL
Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 2
� Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData
� To prepare for fetching data from the server, pass1. The name of a text file (data.txt) to this function
Also pass the ID of the <div> element where results
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2. Also pass the ID of the <div> element where results should be displayed, which is targtDiv
� Create the getData function and add an if statement to check if the XMLHttpRequest object has been created
� Open the XMLHttpRequest object, passing the open Get HTTP method, and the name of the file on the server to be opened
Open the XMLHttpRequest Object – 3� Final code (2.html)� <!-- 2.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 2</title>
� <script language = "javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
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� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� document.write ("<h2>Welcome to AJAX</h2>");� }
� function getData (divID, dataSource) {� alert ("Hello");� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);
� obj.innerHTML = "Object opened";� }� }
� </script>� </head>
� <!-- Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData -->
� <body>
� <H1>Fetching data with AJAX</H1>
Step 3: What to do when the request is answered (Get Ready to Download)
Downloading Data from Server – 1
� We can download data from the server using the XMLHttpRequest object� Happens ‘behind the scenes’, in an asynchronous manner
� When data comes from the server:
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� When data comes from the server:� The readyState property of the HTTPRequestObject changes to one of the following possible values:
� 0 – Uninitialized, 1 – Loading, 2 – Loaded, 3 – Interactive, 4 –Complete
� The status property holds the results of the HTTP download� 200 – OK, 404 – Not found, etc
Handling Asynchronous Requests
� To handle the response received from asynchronous requests, we need to define a callback function
� For this, associate a function with the XMLHttpRequest object’s onReadyStateChange property like this:
request.onreadystatechange = myFunction, where myFunction is a � request.onreadystatechange = myFunction, where myFunction is a function that would deal with the response;
� Trouble is that with this approach, we cannot pass parameters to the function
� Alternate syntax is to use closures (an linline JavaScript function) like this:
� request.onreadystatechange = function () { myFunction (request) };
� Now, we can pass whatever parameters to the callback function as we like
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Downloading Data from Server – 2� 3.html� <!-- 3.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 3</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
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� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getData(divID, dataSource) {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� obj.innerHTML = "Ready to download";� }� }
XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);
� }� }
� </script>� </head>
� <!-- Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData -->
XmlHttpRequest Object Properties and Methods
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Properties and Methods – 1
Property/Method Description
readyState Integer indicating the state of the request: 0 = Uninitialized, 1 = Loading, 2 = Response headers received, 3 = Some response body received, 4 = Request complete
onreadystatechange Function to call whenever the readyState changesonreadystatechange Function to call whenever the readyState changes
status HTTP status code returned by the server, such as 200, 404, etc
statusText Full status line returned by the server (eg “OK, No content”)
responseText Full server response as a string
responseXML Server’s response as an XML in the form of a Document object
abort () Cancels a request
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Properties and Methods – 2
Property/Method Description
getAllResponseHeaders ()
Gets all headers in a name/value format
getResponseHeader(header name)
Returs header value corresponding to a specified header name(header name) name
open (method, url, asynch)
Initializes the request for sending to the server
setRequestHeader(name, value)
Adds an HTTP header to the request with a specified value
send (body) Initiates the request to the server
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Step 4: Tell the object to make a request (Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object)
Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object – 1
� Using the open method, configure the XMLHttpRequest object to fetch a file named data.txt from the server
� When the button on the screen is clicked, a method named getData is called, to which to which the above file name is passedThe getData function calls the open method on the
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� The getData function calls the open method on the XMLHTTPRequest object
� The open method opens the text file on the server using a GET method� Later, we call the send method of the XMLHTTPRequest object to fetch data from this file, by passing a null value to it
� This method fetches data from the text file on to the browser� It is made available inside the responseText property of the XMLHTTPRequest object
� We read that property and assign its value to <div> element
� Note: This page needs to be opened using a Web server URL (http://localhost:8080/ajax/4.html) when Tomcat is running
Download Data with the XMLHttpRequest Object – 2� <!-- 4.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 3</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getData(divID, dataSource) {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 0)) {� obj.innerHTML = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
� </script>� </head>
� <!-- Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData -->
Using Absolute URLs
Using Absolute URLs – 1
� We can also specify the absolute URL of a file while retrieving data from it from the server side
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the server side
Using Absolute URLs – 2� <!-- 5.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 5</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getData(divID, dataSource) {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� obj.innerHTML = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
� </script>� </head>
� <!-- Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData -->
Using Server-side Code
Using Server-side Code – 1
� Instead of reading data from a text file stored on the server, we can invoke a server-side program (e.g. a JSP)
The AJAX-enabled HTML page calls the
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� The AJAX-enabled HTML page calls the server-side program on the click of a button
� The server-side program returns text back to the HTML page, which gets displayed on the screen
Using Server-side Code – 2� <!-- 6.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 6</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getData(divID, dataSource) {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");� var obj = document.getElementById (divID);� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", dataSource);
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� obj.innerHTML = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
� </script>� </head>
� <!-- Add a form with a Display Message button connected to a JavaScript function named getData -->
The “X” of AJAX – Using XML
Using XML – 1
� Create a button with caption Get sandwiches� Write a new function getSandwiches, which gets called when the user clicks on this button
� This function downloads a simple XML file titled sandwiches.xmlfrom the server
The button is also connected to a drop-down list control to
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� The button is also connected to a drop-down list control to display sandwich types received from this XML
� Configure the XMLHTTPRequest object to fetch the sandwiches.xml file in the open method
� Add code to extract the contents of this XML file into a variable named xmlDocument, and add code to display a message Got the XML when the XML is succcessfully downloaded
Using XML – 2� <!-- 7.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 7</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getSandwiches () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "sandwiches.xml");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� document.write ("Got the XML");� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
� </script>� </head>
Extracting Contents from an XML Document
Extracting Contents from an XML Document – 1
� Extract an array of XML elements, such as sandwiches by using the getElementsByTagName method, and store that array in a variable named sandwichesAdd the code to pass this sandwiches array
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� Add the code to pass this sandwiches array variable to a new function, listSandwiches
� At this point, have the listSandwichesfunction only display a message Got the sandwiches� Later, we will see how to extract the XML contents
Extracting Contents from an XML Document – 2� <!-- 8.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 8</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getSandwiches () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "sandwiches.xml");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName
("sandwich");
� listSandwiches (sandwiches);
� document.write ("Got the XML");� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }
Extracting Data from XML Elements
Extracting Data from XML Elements – 1
� We can extract data from XML elements by using JavaScript
� In our XML document, we have three
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� In our XML document, we have three sandwich elements inside the root element
� We want to extract these elements and display them on the HTML page
Extracting Data from XML Elements – 2
� The text inside each XML element is considered as a text node� Text node = Data item whose only content is text
� e.g. In<sandwich>cheese</sandwich>, the text
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� e.g. In<sandwich>cheese</sandwich>, the text node holds the text cheese
� To extract this text node, we need the syntax of sandwiches[i].firstChild
� The next step is to extract the actual text data from this text node. For this purpose, we need the syntax sandwiches[i].firstChild.data
Extracting Data from XML Elements – 3
� Modify the listSandwiches function so that it:� stores the drop-down list control in a variable named selectControl
� loops over all <sandwich> elements in the sandwiches array
� Add code to add <option> elements to the select
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� Add code to add <option> elements to the select control� The select control’s options property holds an array of <option> elements inside the control, which display items in the control
� To create a new <option> object, use the JavaScript newoperator
� Insert the expression to get the name of the current sandwich type
� We need to pass the text we want to appear in an <option>element to the option constructor method
Extracting Data from XML Elements – 4� <!-- 9.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 9</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getSandwiches () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {� alert ("Hello");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "sandwiches.xml");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.status);� alert (XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML);� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName
("sandwich");
� listSandwiches (sandwiches);� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
Read Data Sent to the Server
Read Data Sent to the Server – 1
� We can write our scripts on the server to read data passed from the browser to the server
� Write a JSP page to return an XML document
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� The HTML page provides two buttons to the user
� On click of the button, call the JSP page to retrieve the XML and display it on the screen
Read Data Sent to the Server – 2� <!-- 10.html -->
� <html>� <head>� <title>AJAX Example 10</title>
� <script type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = false;
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
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� XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }
� function getSandwiches1 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {
� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "ajax10.jsp?type=1");
� XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = function() {� if ((XMLHttpRequestObject.readyState == 4) &&� (XMLHttpRequestObject.status == 200)) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseXML;� var sandwiches = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName
("sandwich");
� listSandwiches (sandwiches);� }� }� XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);� }� }
� function getSandwiches2 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject) {
� XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", "ajax10.jsp?type=2");
Read Data Sent to the Server – 3� <%
� String param = request.getParameter ("type");� int type = 0;�
� String [] sandwiches = new String [3];
� if (param != null) {� type = Integer.parseInt (param);� }�
� switch (type) {
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� switch (type) {�
� case 1: sandwiches [0] = "hot";� sandwiches [1] = "cold";� sandwiches [2] = "frozen";� break;�
� case 2: sandwiches [0] = "veg";� sandwiches [1] = "jam";� sandwiches [2] = "cheese";� break;� }�
� response.setContentType("text/xml");� out.println ("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>");� out.println ("<sandwiches>");�
� for (int i=0; i<3; i++) {� out.println ("<sandwich>");� out.println (sandwiches [i]);� out.println ("</sandwich>");� }�
� out.println ("</sandwiches>");� %>
Using Multiple XMLHttpRequest Objects
When is this needed?
� If multiple operations (e.g. buttons) use the same XMLHttpRequest object, this can cause confusion
� For example, user may get impatient and click on two buttons – one after the other – quickly; and if both buttons cause the same XMLHttpRequest object to be
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buttons – one after the other – quickly; and if both buttons cause the same XMLHttpRequest object to be referred to, we have a problem
� Solution: Use multiple XMLHttpRequest objects
� Ref: D:\tomcat\webapps\examples\ajax\multipleXMLHttpRequest
11.html� <html>� <head>� <title>Using two XMLHttpRequest Objects</title>�
� <script type = "text/javascript">�
� var menu;�
� var XMLHttpRequestObject1 = false;�
� // alert ("start");�
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�
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1 = new XMLHttpRequest ();� XMLHttpRequestObject1.overrideMimeType ("text/xml");� // alert ("first");� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1 = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�
� var XMLHttpRequestObject2 = false;�
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� XMLHttpRequestObject2 = new XMLHttpRequest ();� XMLHttpRequestObject2.overrideMimeType ("text/xml");� // alert ("second");� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� XMLHttpRequestObject2 = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�
� function getMenu1 () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject1) {� XMLHttpRequestObject1.open ("GET", "menu1.xml");�
� XMLHttpRequestObject1.onreadystatechange = function () {� if (XMLHttpRequestObject1.readyState == 4 && XMLHttpRequestObject1.status == 200) {� var xmlDocument = XMLHttpRequestObject1.responseXML;� menu = xmlDocument.getElementsByTagName ("menuitem");
menu1.xml
� <?xml version = "1.0"?>
� <menu>
� <menuitem>Main
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� <menuitem>Main course</menuitem>
� <menuitem>Fasting</menuitem>
� <menuitem>Salad and Fruits</menuitem>
� </menu>
menu2.xml
� <?xml version = "1.0"?>
� <menu>
� <menuitem>Tomato</menuitem>
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� <menuitem>Tomato</menuitem>
� <menuitem>Cheese</menuitem>
� <menuitem>Cucumber</menuitem>
� </menu>
Ajax Calculator
Write a simple Ajax application to accept two integers from the user and display their sum on the same screen
NetBeans - AjaxCalculator
index.html� <html>�
� <head>� <title>Ajax Multiplier</title>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="calc.css" />� <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">� <script type="text/JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script> � </head>�
� <body>� <form name = "the_form">� <h1>Ajax Multiplier</h1>
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� <h1>Ajax Multiplier</h1>� <br><br>� <h3>Enter integer values below</h3>� <br><br>�
� <table>�
� <tr>� <td>Value 1</td>� <td><input type="text" id = "field_1"></td> � </tr>�
� <tr>� <td>Value 2</td>� <td><input type="text" id = "field_2"></td> � </tr>�
� <tr>� <td align="center">� <input type = "button" id = "submit" value = "Multiply" onclick="multiplyThem();return false;">� </td>� </tr>�
� </table> �
� <br> <br>�
� <table>�
calc.css� /* � Document : calc� Created on : Nov 19, 2007, 5:20:41 PM� Author : atulk� Description:� Purpose of the stylesheet follows.� */
� /* � TODO customize this sample style� Syntax recommendation http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-CSS2/� */
AJAX | Atul Kahate 66
� */
� h1 { � text-align: center;� color: blue; � font-weight: lighter; � font-family: fantasy;� clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px);� letter-spacing: 3px;� }
� td {� font-family: 'Courier New',Courier,monospace;� font-size: 14px;� background-color: #ffffcc;�
� }
� input {� font-family: cursive;� font-size: 14px;�
� }
� table {� border-right-style: groove;� border-left-style: groove;� border-bottom-style: groove;� border-top-style: groove;
ajax.js� var req;
� function multiplyThem () {� var num_1 = document.the_form.field_1.value;� var num_2 = document.the_form.field_2.value;�
� var url = "MultiplyNumbersServlet?num_1=" + escape (num_1) + "&num_2=" + escape (num_2);�
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }�
AJAX | Atul Kahate 67
�
� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�
� req.open ("get", url, true); �
� req.onreadystatechange = callback;� req.send (null);� }
� function callback () {�
� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var servlet_response = req.responseText;� // alert (servlet_response);� document.the_form.result.value = servlet_response;� }�
� } �
� }
MultiplyNumbersServlet.java� /*� * To change this template, choose Tools | Templates� * and open the template in the editor.� */� package com.ajax.servlet;
� import java.io.*;� import java.net.*;
� import javax.servlet.*;� import javax.servlet.http.*;
AJAX | Atul Kahate 68
� /**� *� * @author atulk� */� public class MultiplyNumbersServlet extends HttpServlet {
� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {� response.setContentType("text/text");� PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
� String num_1_str = request.getParameter("num_1");� String num_2_str = request.getParameter("num_2");
� System.out.println(num_1_str);� System.out.println(num_2_str);
� try {� int num_1 = Integer.parseInt(num_1_str);� int num_2 = Integer.parseInt(num_2_str);� out.print(num_1 * num_2);� } catch (java.lang.NumberFormatException e) {� e.printStackTrace();� out.print("--- NUMBER ERROR ---");� } � }� }
Modify Ajax Calculator
AJAX | Atul Kahate 69
Changes to be done
� Now allow all operations (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
AJAX | Atul Kahate 70
index-2.html
� Ajax Calculator
�
Enter integer values below
�
Value 1 Value 2 Operation (+ - * or /)
Result AJAX | Atul Kahate 71
ajax-2.js
� var req;
� function computeResult () {� function computeResult () {
� var num_1 = document.the_form.field_1.value;
� var num_2 = document.the_form.field_2.value;
� var operator = document.the_form.field_3.value;
AJAX | Atul Kahate 72
AllOperationsServlet
� /*
� * To change this template, choose Tools | TemplatesTools | Templates
� * and open the template in the editor.
� */
� package com.ajax.servlet;
� import java.io.*;
� import java.net.*;AJAX | Atul Kahate 73
AJAX Application
Character Decoder – Allow the user to enter a character and show its ASCII value
(Netbeans – AJAX-Character-Decoder-1)
index.html� <html>� <head>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />� <script language="JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script>� <title>Ajax with Java</title>� </head>� <body onload="focusIn ();">� <h1>Ajax Character Decoder</h1>� <h2>Press a key to find its value ...</h2>�
� <table>� <tr>
AJAX | Atul Kahate 75
� <tr>� <td>Enter key Here ->� <input type = "text" id="key" name="key" onkeyup="convertToDecimal ();">� </td>� </tr>� </table>�
� <br />�
� <table>� <tr>� <td colspan = "5" style="border-bottom: solid black 1px;">� Key pressed:� <input type="text" readonly id = "keypressed">� </td>� </tr>�
� <tr>� <td>Decimal</td>� </tr>�
� <tr>� <td>� <input type = "text" readonly id="decimal"> � </td>� </tr>� </table>�
� </body>
ajax.js� var req;
� function convertToDecimal () {� var key = document.getElementById ("key");� var keypressed = document.getElementById ("keypressed");� keypressed.value = key.value;�
� alert (keypressed.value);�
� var url = "AjaxResponseServlet?key=" + escape (key.value);
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
AJAX | Atul Kahate 76
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�
� req.open ("get", url, true);�
� req.onreadystatechange = callback;� req.send (null);� }
� function callback () {
� alert ("readyState = " + req.readyState);� alert ("status = " + req.status);
� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var decimal = document.getElementById ('decimal');� decimal.value = req.responseText;� }� }� clear ();� }
� function clear () {� var key = document.getElementById ("key");
style.css� body {� font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;� font-size: small;� text-align: center;� background: #cbdada;� }
� #keypressed {� width: 30;� border: none;� }
AJAX | Atul Kahate 77
� #key {� width: 20px;� padding: 0;� margin: 0;� border: none;� text-align: left;� }
� h1, h2 {� font-size: 120%;� text-align: center;� }
� h2 {� font-size: 110%;� }
� table, input {� margin-left: auto;� margin-right: auto;� padding: 0px 10px;� text-align: center;� color: black;� background: #a0f6f5;� border: solid black 1px;� }
� td {
AjaxResponseServlet.java� /*� * AjaxResponseServlet.java� *� * Created on September 21, 2007, 2:58 PM� */
� package com.ajax.servlet;
� import java.io.*;� import java.net.*;
� import javax.servlet.*;
AJAX | Atul Kahate 78
� import javax.servlet.*;� import javax.servlet.http.*;
� /**� *� * @author AtulK� * @version� */� public class AjaxResponseServlet extends HttpServlet {�
� public static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;� // <editor-fold defaultstate="collapsed" desc="HttpServlet methods. Click on the + sign on the left to edit the code.">� /** Handles the HTTP <code>GET</code> method.� * @param request servlet request� * @param response servlet response� */� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {�
� System.out.println("Inside servlet");�
� String key = request.getParameter("key");�
� System.out.println("Key = " + key);�
�
� if (key != null) {� // Extract first character from key as int, and convert it into a string� int keychar = key.charAt(0);
web.xml� <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>� <web-app version="2.4" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd">� <servlet>� <servlet-name>AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-name>� <servlet-class>com.ajax.servlet.AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-class>� </servlet>� <servlet-mapping>� <servlet-name>AjaxResponseServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/AjaxResponseServlet</url-pattern>
AJAX | Atul Kahate 79
� <url-pattern>/AjaxResponseServlet</url-pattern>� </servlet-mapping>� <session-config>� <session-timeout>� 30� </session-timeout>� </session-config>� <welcome-file-list>� <welcome-file>� index.jsp� </welcome-file>� </welcome-file-list>� </web-app>
Exercise
� Modify the above example to allow the user to type. As soon as the user types a character, get all the matching entries
AJAX | Atul Kahate 80
a character, get all the matching entries starting with that character and display back to the user
� NetBeans: Ajax-Character-Decoder-2
index.html� <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
� <html>� <head>� <link rel = "stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css" />� <script type="text/JavaScript" src="ajax.js"></script>� <title>Ajax with Java</title>� </head>� <body onload="focusIn ();">� <h1>Get Matching Values from the Database</h1>� <p><p>� <h2>Press a key to get matching values ...</h2>
AJAX | Atul Kahate 81
� <h2>Press a key to get matching values ...</h2>�
� <table>� <tr>� <td>Enter key Here ->� <input type = "text" id="key" name="key" onkeyup="getMatchingValues ();">� </td>� </tr>� </table>�
� <br />�
� <table>� <tr>� <td>� Key pressed:� <input type="text" readonly id = "keypressed">� </td>� </tr>�
� <tr>� <td>Matching values</td>� </tr>�
� <tr>� <td> � <input type = "text" id = "decimal" readonly value = ""> � </td>� </tr>
style.css� body {� font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;� font-size: small;� text-align: center;� background: #cbdada;� }
� h1, h2 {� font-size: 120%;� text-align: center;� }
AJAX | Atul Kahate 82
� h2 {� font-size: 110%;� }
� table, input {� margin-left: auto;� margin-right: auto;� padding: 0px 10px;� text-align: center;� color: black;� background: #a0f6f5;� border: solid black 1px;� }
� td {� margin: 10px;� padding: 0px 5px;� border: none;� }
� input {� width: 300;� border: none;� border-top: solid #999999 1px;� font-size: 80%;� color: #555555;� }
ajax.js� var req;
� function getMatchingValues () {�
� // decimal.clear ();� var key = null;� key = document.getElementById ("key");� var keypressed = document.getElementById ("keypressed");� keypressed.value = key.value;�
� // alert (keypressed.value);�
AJAX | Atul Kahate 83
�
� var url = "AjaxResponseServlet?key=" + escape (key.value);
� if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {� req = new XMLHttpRequest ();� }� else if (window.ActiveXObject) {� req = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");� }�
� req.open ("get", url, true);�
� req.onreadystatechange = callback;� req.send (null);� }
� function callback () {
� // alert ("readyState = " + req.readyState);� // alert ("status = " + req.status);
� if (req.readyState == 4) {� if (req.status == 200) {� var decimal = document.getElementById ('decimal');� // alert (req.responseText);� decimal.value = req.responseText;� }� }� clear ();
AjaxResponseServlet.java� /*� * AjaxResponseServlet.java� *� * Created on September 21, 2007, 2:58 PM� */� package com.ajax.servlet;
� import java.io.*;� import java.net.*;
� import javax.servlet.*;� import javax.servlet.http.*;
AJAX | Atul Kahate 84
� import javax.servlet.http.*;
� import java.sql.*;� import java.util.*;
� /**� *� * @author AtulK� * @version� */� public class AjaxResponseServlet extends HttpServlet {
� protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)� throws ServletException, IOException {
� String key = request.getParameter("key");
� System.out.println("Key = " + key);
� List userIds = new ArrayList ();
� if (!key.equals("")) {
� try {
� Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/users");� ResultSet rs = null;
� PreparedStatement ps = con.prepareStatement("SELECT user_id FROM user_table WHERE user_id like ? ");
Account Balance Example
NetBeans Ajax-Misc
AJAX | Atul Kahate 85
Requirements
� User types an account number. Show corresponding account balance. Also show one of the following messages:show one of the following messages:
� Success
� Account number is invalid
� Error in processing
AJAX | Atul Kahate 86
getAccountDetails.html
� Account Details
�
Enter acocunt details
�
Account Number Account Balance
Status AJAX | Atul Kahate 87
account.js
� var req;
� function getAccountDetails () {� function getAccountDetails () {
� var accountNumber = document.the_form.field_1.value;
�
� // alert ("inside JS");
�
� var url = AJAX | Atul Kahate 88
getAccountDetails.jsp
� <%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
� <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.Account" import="com.ajax.serverside.Account" %>
� <%
� String accountNumber = request.getParameter ("accountNumber");AJAX | Atul Kahate 89
Account.java
� /*
� * To change this template, choose Tools | TemplatesTools | Templates
� * and open the template in the editor.
� */
� package com.ajax.serverside;
� /**AJAX | Atul Kahate 90
Case Study – Building an AJAX Application
Requirements
� We have a book shop, where we want to constantly view the amount of profit we have made
For this purpose, the server-side code sends
AJAX | Atul Kahate 92
� For this purpose, the server-side code sends us the latest number of copies sold, as on date
� We multiply that with the profit per copy (sale price less purchase price), and compute the total profit made
Traditional Application Example
Web form that submits the
JSP returns
AJAX | Atul Kahate 93
submits the request to a JSP page
returns the latest number of copies sold
Execution Steps – 1User clicks here
AJAX | Atul Kahate 94
Execution Steps – 2
Reload!
AJAX | Atul Kahate 95
Server sends a response now
Reload!
Code for the AJAX Version
� Several basic concepts are needed to understand this, and hence, we shall study it after the theoretical and
AJAX | Atul Kahate 96
study it after the theoretical and conceptual overview
� Come back to the next slide later, once the basic concepts are finished
Application Design
� Our code would have the following JavaScript functions:� getBooksSold ()
AJAX | Atul Kahate 97
� Would create a new object to talk to the server
� updatePage ()� Would ask the server for the latest book sales figures
� createRequest ()� Set the number of books sold and profit made
The HTML Part (d:\tomcat\webapps\examples\AJAX\books.html)
<html>
<head>
<title>Sales Report</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="books.css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>Sales Report for our Books</h1>
<div id="Books">
AJAX | Atul Kahate 98
<div id="Books">
<table>
<tr><th>Books Sold</th>
<td><span id="books-sold">555</span></td></tr>
<tr><th>Sell Price</th>
<td>Rs. <span id="price">300</span></td></tr>
<tr><th>Buying Cost</th>
<td>Rs. <span id="cost">250</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h2>Profit Made: Rs. <span id="cash">27750</span></h2>
<form method="GET" action="getUpdatedBookSales.jsp">
<input value="Show me the latest profit" type="button" />
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Add JavaScript Now
AJAX | Atul Kahate 99
On click of the button, call a JavaScript function getBooksSold ()
The getBooksSold () Function
� Create a new request by calling the createRequest () function
� Specify the URL to receive the updates from
AJAX | Atul Kahate 100
� Specify the URL to receive the updates from
� Set up the request object to make a connection
� Request an updated number of books sold
JavaScript Code Outline
<script language=“javascript” type=“text/javascript”>
AJAX | Atul Kahate 101
function createRequest ()// JavaScript code
function getBooksSold ()createRequest ();
</script>
createRequest () Function
� This function would simply try to create an instance of the XMLHttpRequest object, as per the browser type
AJAX | Atul Kahate 102
function createRequest () {
if (window.XMLHttpRequest) {
XMLHttpRequestObject = new XMLHttpRequest ();
}
else
if (window.ActiveXObject) {
XMLHttpRequestObject = new ActiveXObject ("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
}
Now Modify getBooksSold ()
function getBooksSold () {
createRequest ();
var url = "getUpdatedBookSales.jsp";
AJAX | Atul Kahate 103
XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", url);
…
� This would call getUpdatedBookSales.jsp
� We want to process the response sent by this JSP now
Now, Process the Results
function getBooksSold () {
createRequest ();
var url = "getUpdatedBookSales.jsp";
XMLHttpRequestObject.open ("GET", url);
AJAX | Atul Kahate 104
XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = updatePage;XMLHttpRequestObject.send (null);
� How does this work?
updatePage ( ) Needs to do this
Updated number of books sold
AJAX | Atul Kahate 105
JavaScript
Update these now
When to call updatePage ()?
� When this function receives a response from JSP, it needs to update the values on the screen, making this asynchronous
AJAX | Atul Kahate 106
asynchronous
� Hence, we have:XMLHttpRequestObject.onreadystatechange = updatePage;
� Call updatePage () when a response is received
updatePage () Function – 1
� First read the response sent by the JSP page
AJAX | Atul Kahate 107
function updatePage () {
var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;
� This would read the updated values of books sold to date from the server-side into a JavaScript variable called as newTotal
updatePage () Function – 2
function updatePage () {var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;
var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById ("books-sold");
AJAX | Atul Kahate 108
("books-sold");
var cashElement = document.getElementById ("cash");
� Now, read the current values of the HTML elements books-sold and cash into two JavaScript variables
� We want to update these on the screen
updatePage () Function – 3
function updatePage () {
var newTotal = XMLHttpRequestObject.responseText;
var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById
AJAX | Atul Kahate 109
var booksSoldElement = document.getElementById ("books-sold");
var cashElement = document.getElementById ("cash");
replaceText (booksSoldElement, newTotal);
� This is our own function, which will replace the current HTML element’s value with the updated one, on the screen
What should the JSP do?
� Normally, the JSP would return a full HTML
� Now, it has to return a single number:
AJAX | Atul Kahate 110
� Now, it has to return a single number: number of books sold at this moment
� Hence, the JSP just has:
out.print (300);
Want to see how it really works?
� Change the JSP to introduce delays
<% for (int i=1; i<40000; i++) { for (int j=1; j<40000; j++); } for (int i=1; i<40000; i++); for (int i=1;
AJAX | Atul Kahate 111
j++); } for (int i=1; i<40000; i++); for (int i=1; i<40000; i++);
out.print ("300");
%>
� Now rerun the application
Modify the example to expect an XML from the JSP
D:\tomcat\webapps\ajax\books-xml-version
AJAX | Atul Kahate 112
Initial Screen
AJAX | Atul Kahate 113
Requirements – 1
� When the user clicks on the button, the browser should send a request to the JSP as beforeJSP as before
� The JSP would now send an XML document, containing the following:<?xml version="1.0"?>
<total-sale>
<complete-reference-books>20</complete-reference-books>
<professional-books>35</professional-books>
<head-first-books>15</head-first-books>
</total-sale>
AJAX | Atul Kahate 114
Requirements – 2 - Result
AJAX | Atul Kahate 115
books.html
� <html>
� <head>
� <title>Sales Report</title>� <title>Sales Report</title>
� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="books.css" />
� <script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
AJAX | Atul Kahate 116
getUpdatedBookSales.jsp
� <%
� response.setContentType("text/xml")� response.setContentType("text/xml");
�
� out.println ("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>");
� out.println ("<total-sell>");
�
AJAX | Atul Kahate 117
books.css
� body {
� font-family: Verdana;
� }� }
� h1 {
� background-color: silver;
� }
h2 {
AJAX | Atul Kahate 118
User ID – Case Study
NetBeans – Ajax-Misc
AJAX | Atul Kahate 119
Requirements
� Accept a user ID from the user for new ID creation
� If it is free, accept user name and allow � If it is free, accept user name and allow user to create/cancel a new user
� If it is already taken, show an error message and allow to choose another ID
AJAX | Atul Kahate 120
checkUserID.html
� User ID Details
�
Enter user ID details
�
User ID Status
�
AJAX | Atul Kahate 121
user.css
� /*
� Document : user
� Created on : Jun 9, 2008, 2:30:51 � Created on : Jun 9, 2008, 2:30:51 PM
� Author : atulk
� Description:
� Purpose of the stylesheet follows.
� */AJAX | Atul Kahate 122
user.js
� var req;
� function getUserID () {� function getUserID () {
� var userID = document.the_form.field_1.value;
�
� // alert ("inside JS");
�
� var url = "getUserID.jsp?userID=" + AJAX | Atul Kahate 123
getUserID.jsp
� <%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
� <%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>
� <%@ page � <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.User" %>
� <%
� String userID = request.getParameter("userID");
� ResultSet rs = null;AJAX | Atul Kahate 124
createNewUser.jsp
� <%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
� <%@ page import="java.sql.*" %>
� <%@ page � <%@ page import="com.ajax.serverside.User" %>
� <%
� String userID = request.getParameter("userID");
� String userName = AJAX | Atul Kahate 125
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
AJAX | Atul Kahate 126
What is JSON?
� Alternative to XML when we do not need advanced capabilities of XML, such as validations, formatting using XSLT, as validations, formatting using XSLT, etc
� When we use XML as a simple means of transmitting data between two points, we can use JSON instead of XML
AJAX | Atul Kahate 127
JSON Advantages
� JSON is lightweight
� Data represented in JSON is quite concise
� Like XML, JSON is also human-readable (but not to the level of XML)the level of XML)
� Performance when parsing JSON is quite good
� JSON can be recognized and parsed by JavaScript alone unlike XML, where we need special APIs to deal with XML
AJAX | Atul Kahate 128
JSON Technical Details
� JSON is a small subset of the JavaScript language, aimed at representing structured data. This means that we need to follow certain JavaScript syntax, which enables us to deal with the following constructs:
� Objects – These are unordered sets of name/value pairs. They start and end with the { and } symbols, respectively.
� Arrays – These are ordered collections of values. They start and end with the [ and ] symbols, respectively.
� Values – These are strings, numbers, Boolean values, nested objects, arrays, etc.
AJAX | Atul Kahate 129
XML Versus JSON
<?xml version=”1.0”?>
<books>
<book>
<title>Computer Networks</title>
<author>Andrew Tanenbaum</author>
</book>
{ “books”: [
{ “book”: { “title”: “Computer Networks”,
“author”: “Andrew Tanenbaum”}},
{ “book”: { “title”: “TCP/IP”,
“author”: “Douglas Comer”}},
{ “book”: { “title”: “C: The Complete Reference”,
AJAX | Atul Kahate 130
<book>
<title>TCP/IP</title>
<author>Douglas Comer</author>
</book>
<book>
<title>C: The Complete Reference</title>
<author>Herbert Schildt</author>
</book>
</books>
“author”: “Andrew Tanenbaum”}}
]
}
XML JSON
Creating JSON on the Server (in Java)
� String myString = new JSONObject().put (“title”, “TCP/IP”).toString ();
� This creates a Java String named myString, containing the value {“title”: “TCP/IP”}.
� We can add it to our JSON text.
� Later, we can parse this on the client-side, as shown next.
AJAX | Atul Kahate 131
Parsing JSON in JavaScript
� How do we parse a JSON document? It is very simple, and can be accomplished by one line of JavaScript code:
� var result = eval (‘(‘ + jsonText + ‘)’);
� This statement parses the JSON text and produces a JavaScript-� This statement parses the JSON text and produces a JavaScript-compatible object out of it.
� Once we have the parsed JSON document available to us as a JavaScript variable, the next steps are very easy:
� var thirdBookTitle = result.books[3].book.title;
� This would read the title of the third book of our JSON text and store it inside a JavaScript variable.
AJAX | Atul Kahate 132
JSON Drawbacks
� While being less verbose than XML makes JSON faster, it can also become a drawback if we actually expect the content representation to be verbose
� There is no concept of namespaces in JSON, making the possibility of mixing contents from different sources seamlessly possibility of mixing contents from different sources seamlessly more difficult as compared to XML
� What are element-equivalent portions and what are attribute-equivalent portions in JSON is not very clear, in contrast to XML
� Creation and validation of JSON documents is more difficult as compared to XML
AJAX | Atul Kahate 133
JSON Example (Same Books Example now in JSON)
D:\tomcat\webapps\ajax\books-json-version
AJAX | Atul Kahate 134
books.html
� <html>
� <head>
� <title>Sales Report</title>� <title>Sales Report</title>
� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="books.css" />
� <script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
AJAX | Atul Kahate 135
getUpdatedBookSales.jsp
� <%
� out.println ("{\"totalSale\": [");� out.println ("{\"totalSale\": [");
� out.println ("{");
�
� out.println ("\"completeReferenceBooks\": 20,");
� out.println ("\"professionalBooks\": 35,");
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books.css
� body {
� font-family: Verdana;
� }� }
� h1 {
� background-color: silver;
� }
h2 {
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Second Case Study – Pizza Delivery
Requirements
User would type the phone number here. Once
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here. Once finished, the customer’s address details should be shown automatically.
Processing Steps
1. Customer enters phone number.
2. A JavaScript function gets called.
3. This JavaScript function sends the customer’s phone number to the server and asks for the
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phone number to the server and asks for the customer’s address.
4. While the server is looking up for the customer’s address, the customer can enter order details.
5. The browser calls a JavaScript function that updates the Web page in the browser with the customer’s address.
HTML for the Basic Page
� pizzaDelivery.html<html>
<head>
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<head>
<title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pizzaDelivery.css" />
</head>
<body>
<form method="POST" action="placeOrder.jsp">
<p>Enter your phone number:
CSS for the Basic Page
� pizzaDelivery.cssbody {
font-family: Verdana;
background-color: black;
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background-color: black;
}
p {
font-size: large;
color: red;
}
textarea {
Event Handling
� We need to capture an event to know when the customer provides a phone number� onChange – Gets called when the value in a form field changes (e.g. typing a new value or clearing
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field changes (e.g. typing a new value or clearing an existing one)
� onFocus – Gets called when the user enters a field in the form
� onBlur – Gets called when the user leaves a field
� We would use onChange
� Modifying the form now …
Modified HTML Page
� <html>
�
� <head>
<title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>
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� <title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>
� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pizzaDelivery.css" />
� </head>
�
� <body onLoad="document.forms[0].reset();">
� <form method="POST"
Writing the getCustomerInfo () Function – 1
� We need to obtain the value of the phone number entered by the user
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function getCustomerInfo () {
var phone = document.getElementById (“phone”).value;
Writing the getCustomerInfo () Function – 2
� Next, we want to request for the customer’s address
1. Create a request object.
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1. Create a request object.
2. Send the request, containing the phone number to the server.
3. Write the server-side code to process this request.
Writing the getCustomerInfo () Function – 3
function getCustomerInfo ( ) {
var phone = document.getElementById (“phone”).value;
var url = “lookupCustomer.jsp?phone=“ + escape
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var url = “lookupCustomer.jsp?phone=“ + escape (phone);
request.open (“GET”, url, true);
request.onreadystatechange = updatePage;
request.send (null);
}
Full HTML (C:\tomcat\webapps\examples\AJAX\pizza)
� <html>
� <head>
<title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>
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� <title>Pizza Delivery Page</title>
� <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="pizzaDelivery.css" />
� <script language = "javascript" type = "text/javascript">
� var XMLHttpRequestObject = null;
JSP Page
� <%
� for (int i=1; i<30000; i++)
for (int j=1; j<30000; j++)
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� for (int j=1; j<30000; j++)
� for (int k=1; k<5; k++);
� out.print ("Pune");
� %>
Exercise
� Modify the JSP page to read the address from a database
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Modified JSP
� <%@page import="java.sql.*" %>
� <%@page import="java.util.*" %>
<%
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� <%
� // Open Database Connection
� Class.forName ("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
�
� // Open a connection to the database
� Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:cust
Another Case Study – Coffee Maker
User Interface
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee Maker
#1
Idle
Coffee Maker
#2
Idle
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-ame: ________________________
Size
Small O Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
Requirements
� Initially, both Coffee Maker #1 and #2 would be idle
� Whenever anyone submits an order for
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� Whenever anyone submits an order for coffee, Maker#1 comes into action, and needs some time to make coffee
� During this time if another order comes, it needs to be processed by Maker #2
Application Structure
� Coffee maker HTML� Take orders, report status of the two makers
� JavaScript codeCreate a request object, a function to send order
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� Create a request object, a function to send order to the coffee-making script, serve a drink when ready, Event handlers to connect the form buttons to JavaScript functions
� Server-side code� Coffee-making script when an order is placed, should be able to handle two requests at a time
Application Flow – 1
� The Web page should display the status of both coffee makers (Idle initially)
Coffee Coffee
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: ________________________
Size
Small O Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
Coffee
Maker #1
Idle
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
Application Flow – 2
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee
Maker #1
Idle
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
The JavaScript should be
<script>
Var XmlHttp …
…
<!– Server side code for coffee making -->
<% if … %>
…
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: ________________________
Size
Small O Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
The JavaScript should be able to send requests to brew coffee to the coffee maker script on the server and handle response received from the server. It also needs to update the status of the coffee maker, and let the users know when the coffee is
ready.
Application Flow – 3
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee
Maker #1
Idle
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
The server-side code is quite
<script>
Var XmlHttp …
…
<!– Server side code for coffee making -->
<% if … %>
…
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: ________________________
Size
Small O Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
The server-side code is quite simple. It takes a request to brew coffee along with the cup size, coffee type, and
name of the person. Once the coffee is ready, it sends back the response along with the name of the person who placed the order.
Sample Flow – 1
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee
Maker #1
Idle
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
Sachin has placed an order for
<script>
Var XmlHttp …
…
<!– Server side code for coffee making -->
<% if … %>
…
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: __Sachin_____________________
Size
Small Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
Sachin has placed an order for small coffee of mocha type. This should cause the JavaScript code to send a request to the server-side for making this type of coffee. This order would be placed to
Coffee Maker #1.
Sample Flow – 2
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee
Maker #1
Busy
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
While Sachin’s order is being
<script>
Var XmlHttp …
…
<!– Server side code for coffee making -->
<% if … %>
…
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: __Rahul_____________________
Size
Small O Medium Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee
Order Coffee
While Sachin’s order is being processed, Rahul wants to
order a filter coffee of medium size. Since this is an
asynchronous application, it should allow Rahul to place his order. Rahul’s order will go to Coffee Maker #2. We have updated the status of Coffee
Maker#1, though.
Sample Flow – 3
Place your coffee order here:
Coffee
Maker #1
Idle
Coffee
Maker #2
Idle
When Sachin’s coffee is ready,
<script>
Var XmlHttp …
…
<!– Server side code for coffee making -->
<% if … %>
…
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Place your coffee order here:-ame: ________________________
Size
Small O Medium O Large O
Beverage
Mocha O Black Coffee O Filter Coffee O
Order Coffee
When Sachin’s coffee is ready, we send a message from the server-side code to indicate so. Also, the status of Coffee Maker #1 is changed back to Idle, indicating that it is ready
to take a fresh order.
Sachin: Your coffee is ready!
Thank you!
Any Questions?