aix foundation-basic commands+
TRANSCRIPT
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AIX (Foundation)–Basic Commands +
Basic Commands:
●pwd (present/current working directory)
●cd .. (to go previous directory)
●cd (to go home directory)
To List:
●ls -l (list/long list)
●ls -lr (list reverse)
●ls -lrt (list times based)
●ls -li (list inode values)
●ls -la (list hidden files)
●ls -ld (list directory)
FILE MANIPULATION: Create Files
●touch (to create a file)
●ex: touch file1
Cat:
●cat (to view files)
●ex: cat > file1 (to print in a file)
●ex: cat >> file1 (to append text in a file)
●ex: ls -l > file1 (to save the listed text in a file)
●ex: ls –l /tmp > file1
Copy, remove, move, and rename files:
●cp
●ex: cp file1 file2 (relative path)
●ex: cp /etc/passwd /tmp/test/passwd (or) nil[space] (absolute path)
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●cp -p [p-preserve] (to copy with the same time of the file and ownership)
●ex: cp - /etc/passwd /tmp/test
●cp -p /etc/group . (. Represents the current working directory)
●rm <file>
●ex: mv file2 file3
DIRECTORY MANIPULATION: Create,copy,delete,move directories:
●mkdir (to create a directory)
●ex: mkdir /tmp/testdir
●ex: mkdir -p /tmp/testdir/dir2/dir3 [parent] (to create sub folders)
●ex: cp -rp [r-recursive, p-preservative] cp -rp dir1 dir2
●cp -rp dir/* /tmp/testdir (copy all files)
●mv dir1 dir2
●rmdir dir1 (remove empty directory)
●ex: rm -rf dir1 [force](to remove directory files and contents)
●ex: cat file1 |pg (to view page by page)
●pg file1
●ex: cat /etc/security/user |pg
●pg /etc/security/user
GREP: (To get particular string or pattern)
●ex: cat /etc/security/user |grep -i admin
●ex: grep -i admin /etc/security/user (to get exact word “admin”)
●ex: wc -l /etc/security/user (to get word count of the file)
HEAD,TAIL:
●ex: head -5 /etc/security/user (to list first 5 lines of the file)
●ex: tail -5 /etc/security/user (to list last 5 lines of the file)
●*By default 10 lines will be listed if not mentioned in specific like “-5”+
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Other Commands:
●bc (background calculator)
●who (to check logged user)
●uptime (to check the uptime of the server)
●who -b (to check the server boot time)
●hostname (to check the server name)
●id (to get the details of the user)
CHECK ML/TL WITH SERVICE PACK:
●oslevel -s [o/p = 5.3.0.0(Version) -04(TL) -25(AIX SP)
●oslevel -r [o/p = 5.3.0.0(Version) -04(TL)
BOOT INFO COMMANDS:
●bootinfo -r (to check RAM size in KB by default)
●bootinfo -K (to check the kernel version of the current os)
●bootinfo -y (to check hardware supported kernel)
●bootinfo -b (to check the last boot device through which the server was booted)
●bootinfo -s <diskname> (to check the HDD size in MB)
●bootinfo -p (to check platform in specific)
FILESET & PACKAGE INSTALLATION:
●ex: installp -a -d /dev/cd0 bos.net.nfs.server (a-apply mode, d-device location)
●ex: installp -a -c -d /dev/cd0 bos.net.nfs.server (c-commit mode_apply & commit mode
simultaneously)
●ex: installp -c bos.net.nfs.server (to apply commit mode later)
●ex: installp -r bos.net.nfs.server (to reject)
●ex: installp -u bos.net.nfs.server (to uninstall)
●installp -C bos.net.nfs.server (to clear the failed and improper filesets)
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●lppchk -v (v-verify filesets)
●g _ dependent filesets
●p _ preview
●X _ expand /tmp for install
●Y_ accept the license
●-ag (or) –ap (or) -aX (or) -aY
●ex: installp -L -d /dev/cd0 (to list the fileset in cdrom)
●lslpp -l (to list all installed filesets)
●ex: lslpp -l | grep -i bos.net.nfs.server (to list the particular fileset)
●ex: lslpp -h bos.net.nfs.server (to check updated level (or) history of the fileset)
●lslpp -f bos.net.nfs.server
▪o/p > /sbin/automount (to list files in the fileset)
●lslpp -w /sbin/automount
▪o/p > bos.net.nfs.server (to find out the fileset in which the file is available)
●smitty (system management interface (or) interactive tool
●Smitty is a command line graphical tool. i e. Menu based.
●stty erase (backspace) enter-to set backspace key to delete commands for this session.
●istat <filename> (or) <directory name> (to list file (or) directory full details)
USER ADMINISTRATION:
●File Permission: r-read[4], w-write[2], x-execute[1]
●Maximum Permission for File → 666 (777), Maximum Permission for Directory → 777
●UMASK-Reversal of file permission (000-full permission)
●chmod (to change permission)
●ex: chmod 644 <filename>
●ex: chmod 755 <directory>
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●chmod -R 755 <directory> (to change permission for all files and sub directories)
●chgrp <group name> <file>/<directory> (to change the group of the file or directory)
●chown <username>:<groupname> <directory>/<file> (to change the ownership of a file or
directory) (or)
● chown <username>.<groupname> <directory>/<file> (to change the ownership of a file or
directory)
●Extended file permissions:
●suid (set user id)***
●suid-set for commands, to allow all users to run command with root (owner) privileges at
the time of execution.
●ex: chmod 4555 <cmd> ex: passwd
●ls -al <cmd> → [-r-sr-xr-x]
●sgid (set group id)
●set for command (or) directory
●sgid-if set for directory, group privileges will be granted for the time of running cmd
●ex: chmod 2555 <cmd> ex: crontab
●sgid-if set for directory, any file created by any user will have group membership of that
directory
●ex: ls -ld <directory> → *dr-xr-sr-x]
●STVX-sticky bit:***
●set for a directory
●ex: chmod 1777 /dir
●ls -ld <directory> → drwxrwxrwt
●Restrict the users to remove/rename of other users files/sub directory under the directory,
but we can work on other user files.
●ex: By default /tmp is set as sticky bit
●mkuser <username> (to add a user)
●mkuser ,attributes- <username> (to add attributes to user while creating username)
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●smitty mkuser (to add user through graphical cmd line)
●chuser ,attributes- <username> (to modify attributes)
●lsuser ALL (to list all users details)
●lsuser <username> (to list the specific user details)
●lsuser -f <username> (to list the user details in stanza format)
●rmuser <username> (to remove user account & not the home directory)
●userdel -r <username> (to remove user details with home directory)
●rm -r /home/<username> (to remove the home directory of the specific user)
●Important Files_User Administration:
●/etc/passwd (contains basic user attributes)
●/etc/security/user (contains extended user attributes)
●/etc/security/passwd (contains password information for all users)
●/etc/security/limits (contains user limits for users)
●/etc/security/lastlog (keeps the last successful & last unsuccessful login default)
●/etc/environment (contains global environment variables applicable to all process & users)
●/etc/profile (contains global variables applicable for all users)
●$HOME/.profile (contains customized variables/commands only applicable for a user)
●/etc/security/failedlogin (contains failed login information of all users){use who -a,strings}
●/etc/utmp (contains currently logged in details)
●/var/adm/wtmp (contains connect time details of all users since server build)
●/etc/security/login.cfg (login settings applicable for entire OS)
●/usr/lib/security/mkuser.default (used during user creation for setting basic user
attributes)
●/etc/group (contains group details and its group users)
●/etc/motd (message of the day)
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DEVICES MANAGEMENT:
●Device Database - /etc/objrepos/*
●▪PdDv - Predefined Devices (supported devices), CuDv – Customized Devices
(supporting/currently configured devices)
●▪Device status- 1.Available, 2.Defined, 3.Removed
●lsdev -C (to list all devices)
●lsdev -C –c disk (list the hard disks)
●mkdev -l hdisk# (to make available of a device) [defined to available]
●rmdev -l hdisk# [available to defined]
●rmdev -dl hdisk# (to remove a device permanently from ODM database)
●cfgmgr (to add (or) detect new hardware)
●cfgmgr -i /usr/sys/inst.images/drivers/
●lsdev -C -r class (to list customized class)
●lsdev -P -c disk (to list predefined devices)
●lsdev -C -l cd0 -F parent (to find the parent of particular child device)
●lsdev -p scsi0 (to list child devices in a parent)
●lscfg -vpl hdisk# (to list virtual product information)
●lsattr -EHl hdisk# (to list device attributes)
●prtconf (to print the configuration of the server)
●prtconf -m (memory of the server)
●prtconf -c (cpu type of the server [32/64 bit])
●prtconf -k (current kernel of the server [32/64 bit])
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LOGICAL VOLUME MANAGEMENT:
*PV-Physical Volume, *VG-Volume Group, *LV-Logical Volume, *PP-Physical Partition,
*LP-Logical Partition, *FS-File System, *VGDA- Volume Group Descriptor Area, *VGSA-
Volume Group Status Area.
●QUORUM-Its is a feature of a VG in a line condition, where minimum 51% of VGDA
information should be maintained.
●VG Types: Normal VG, Big VG, Scalable VG.
●Normal VG: No of PV’s=32,No of LV’s=256,PP Size=1MB-1GB, No of PP’s/PV=1016
●Big VG: No of PV’s=128,No of LV’s=512,PP Size=1MB-1GB, No of PP’s/PV=1016
●Scalable VG: No of PV’s=1024,No of LV’s=4096,PP Size=1MB-128GB, No of PP’s/PV=1016
●chvg -t 2 <vgname> *“t” factor]
●lspv ( to list all PV’s & to check free PV’s+
●chdev -l hdisk1 -a pv=yes
●lspv <pvname> (to list PV related information)
●ex: lspv hdisk0
●lspv -l <pvname> (to list all LV in the PV)
●migratepv -l <lv> <source> <destination> (to move one LV from one PV to another PV)
●ex: migratepv -l lv1 hdisk0 hdisk1
●migratepv hdisk# hdisk# (to move all LV from one PV to another PV)
●ex: migratepv hdisk0 hdisk1
●lsvg (to list all VG)
●lsvg -o (to list online VG’s only)
●varyonvg <vgname> (to activate a VG)
●varyoffvg <vgname> (to deactivate a VG)
●lsvg <vgname> (to list VG related information)
●lsvg -p <vgname> (to list PV’s in the VG)*
●lsvg -l <vgname> (to list LV’s in the VG) *
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●Create VG’s:
●Normal VG: f-force, y-yes, name , s-size(in MB)
●mkvg -f -y <vgname> -s <pp size> hdisk#
●ex: mkvg -y newvg -s 64 hdisk2
●Big VG:
●mkvg -B -y <vgname> -s <pp size> hdisk#
●Scalable VG:
●mkvg -S -y <vgname> -s <pp size> hdisk#
●Convert VG’s
●chvg -B <vgname> (to convert Normal VG into Big VG)
●varyoffvg <vgname>
●chvg -G <vgname> (to convert Normal VG into Scalable VG)
●varyonvg <vgname>
●chvg -Q y <vgname> (to enable QUORUM)
●chvg -Q n <vgname> (to disable QUORUM)
●Mirror RootVG:
●lspv (to get the free hdisk & space)
●ipl_varyon -i (to check boot image)
●extendvg rootvg hdisk# (to add additional PV into rootvg)
●mirrorvg -S rootvg hdisk1 (to copy rootvg from hdisk0 to hdisk1 in background)
●bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk1 (to update boot image manually)
●bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1 (to change boot order)
●lsvg -l rootvg (to confirm rootvg mirror)
●sync -v rootvg (sync mirrored VG manually)
●syncvg -fl <lvname> (sync particular LV manually)
●chvg -an <datavg> (to disable auto varyon feature of datavg)
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●Unmirror RootVG:
●unmirrorvg rootvg hdisk1 (to remove data from hdisk1)
●chpv -c hdisk1 (to remove boot records from hdisk1)
●reduce rootvg hdisk1 (to remove hdisk1 from rootvg)
●rmdev -dl hdisk1 (to remove hdisk1 from ODM)
●Rename DataVG (or) Export&Import storage disk:
●unmount the filesystem in datavg
●varyoffvg datavg (to temporarily deactivate the VG)
●exportvg datavg (to remove VG related info from ODM & /etc/filesystem entries related
datavg)
●importvg -y datavg/newvg hdisk1 (it will update ODM from VGDA info of hdisk1 & update
entries in /etc/filesystem)
●Logical Volume:
●Create LV: y-yes, name, t-filesystem type, c-no of copies
●mklv -y <lvname> -t jfs2 <vgname> 5 {hdisk#}
●mklv -y <lvname> -t jfs2 -c 2 <vgname> 5 hdisk1 hdisk2 (to create LV with copy(mirror)
while creating LV)
●mklvcopy <lvname> 2 hdisk2 (to make a copy after creating a LV)
●rmlvcopy <lvname> 1 hdisk2 (to remove a copy)
●extendlv <lvname> 2 (not possible to reduce PP in a LV)
●rmlv <lvname> ( to remove a LV completely)
●lslv <lvname> (to list LV related information’s)
●lslv -m <lvname> (to check LV is mirrored or not)
●lslv -l <lvname> ( to check the PV in which LV is created)
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FILESYSTEM MANAGEMENT:
●Filesystem types: jfs/jfs2
●Super Block: When creating a filesystem in LV, one of the block is reserved for super block.
●Super block contains Total no of inodes & Total no of data blocks.
●Create Filesystem: v-vfs(virtual filesystem), d-directory, m-mountpoint
●crfs -v jfs2 -d /dev/<lvname> -m /<filesystem>[mountpoint name] (In already created LV)
●mount /<filesystem> (to mount the filesystem)
●unmount /<filesystem> (to unmount the filesystem)
●crfs -v jfs2 -g <vgname> -a size=100M -m /<filesystem> (to create LV and filesystem
simultaneously)(it’s not possible to specify PV for creating LV)
●lsfs /<filesystem> (to list filesystem information)
●lsfs -q /<filesystem> (to list filesystem information)
●mount (to check mounted filesystem)
●df -m /<filesystem> (to check free space in specific filesystem in MB)
●du -sm /<filesystem> (to check disk usage of specific filesystem)
●Increase FS size:
●chfs -a size=+100M /<filesystem> (to increase filesystem size)
●Reduce FS size:
●chfs -a size=-100M /<filesystem> (to reduce filesystem size)
●Set FS for automount:
●chfs -A yes /<filesystem> (to set filesystem for automount)
●To rename FS names:
●ex: chfs -m /newfs /orafs[old] (to rename filesystem name)
●unmount /orafs
●mount /newfs
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●To remove FS:
●unmount /newfs
●rmfs /newfs
●Check → tail /etc/filesystem
BACKUP & RECOVERY:
●Rootvg backup: i-create /image.data, e-exclude any FS in rootvg, f-device file.
●mksysb-make system bootable
●mksysb -i -e -f /dev/rmt0
●tcopy /dev/rmt0 (tape copy) (or)
●smitty lsmksysb
●smitty mksysb (backup rootvg)
●smitty restmksysb (restore rootvg)
●Datavg backup:
●savevg -i -e -f /dev/rmt0 <vgname>
●smitty savevg (to backup datavg)
●smitty restvg (to restore datavg)
●Files Backup (TAR): c-create, v-view, f-filename
●ex: tar -c -v -f f5.tar f1 f2 f3 (relative path)
●ex: tar -cvf f5.tar /home/f1 /tmp/f3 /usr/f3 (absolute path) (files will be restored in the
same path)
●ex: tar -tvf f5.tar (to verify files in tar)
●ex: tar -xvf f5.tar /etc/group (to extract (or) restore all files from a tar file)
●ex: gzip f5.tar {t5.tar.gz (2mb-less compressed)}
●ex: gunzip f5.tar.gz {f5.tar(10mb-more compressed)}
●ex: tar -xvf f5.tar f1 ( to restore (or) extract a particular file)*
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●ex: tar -rvf f5.tar f4 (to add (or) append additional files in a tar file)*
●Files Backup (PAX for Unlimited size of compression)
●ex: pax -wvf f5.pax f1 f2 f3 (to create)
●ex: pax -vf f5.pax (to verify)
●ex: pax -rvf f5.pax f1 ( to restore a particular file)
●ex: pax -avf f5.pax f6 (to add (or) append a additional file)
●File Systems Backup: u-update
●All backup information’s of filesystems will be updated in /etc/dumpdates
●ex: backup -0uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Sunday)
●ex: backup -2uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Monday)
●ex: backup -3uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Tuesday)
●ex: backup -4uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Wednesday)
●ex: backup -5uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Thursday)
●ex: backup -1uf /dev/rmt0 /home (Friday)
●restore -Tvqf /dev/rmt0 (to verify)
●restore -rvqf /dev/rmt0 (to restore entire filesystem)
●restore -xvqf /dev/rmt0 <filename> (to restore particular file)*
●tctl -f /dev/rmt0 rewind (to rewind the tape)
●tctl -f /dev/rmt0 offline (to eject the tape)
●tctl -f /dev/rmt0 fef 3 (to move the pointer to the 4th location)
●restore -xvqf /dev/rmt0 <filename>* (to restore a particular file)
●restore -s 4 -xvqf /dev/rmt0 <filename> (skip to the 4th location)
●Clone RootVG: (alternate disk installation) ***
●During TL update (or) when major OS related changes.
●lspv
▪o/p hdisk0 rootvg
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▪o/p hdisk1 rootvg
●bootinfo -b
●unmirror rootvg and remove hdisk1
●lspv
▪o/p hdisk0 rootvg
▪o/p hdisk1 none
●alt_disk_install -B -C hdisk1 (B-not to update boot order once cloning completed, C-clone)
●alt_disk_copy -d hdisk1
●smitty alt_clone
●lspv
▪o/p hdisk0 rootvg
▪o/p hdisk1 altinst_rootvg
●bootlist -m normal hdisk1 (change the boot order before reboot)
●shutdown -Fr (reboot)
●lspv
▪o/p hdisk0 old_rootvg
▪o/p hdisk1 rootvg
●bootlist -m normal hdisk0 (change the bootdown to (hdisk0) actual/original rootvg &
reboot
●shutdown -Fr
●lspv
▪o/p hdisk0 rootvg
▪o/p hdisk1 altinst_rootvg
●alt_disk_install -X altinst_rootvg (to remove the clone disk)
●lspv ▪o/p hdisk0 rootvg
▪o/p hdisk1 none (then reattach the hdisk1 into rootvg and then remirror)
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MULTI BOS:
●multibos -sX (to create standby bos and if required filename), X-extend the space
●multibos -S (to enter into standby bos)
●multibos -m (to mount multibos filesystem)
●multibos -u (to unmount multibos filesystem)
●bootlist -m normal hdisk0 blv=hd5 hdisk0 blv=bos,hd5 (to change boot order)
●multibos -R (to remove multibos)
PAGING SPACE:
●Paging Space is support time for Main Memory. a-activate automatically swap space, s-size
●mkps -a -s 10 swapvg hdisk3 (create paging space with 10-no of LP’s)
●swapon /dev/paging00 (to activate paging space)
●lsps -a (to get detailed output of a paging space)
●lsps -s (to get summary of paging space usage)
●swap -l (to list paging space usage in pages)
●ex: chps -s 2 paging00 (to increase the size of paging space dynamically [online] 10+2=12)*
●ex: chps -d 5 paging00 (to reduce the size of paging space dynamically [online] 12-5=7)*
●swapoff /dev/paging00 (deactivate the paging space to remove)
●rmps paging00 (remove paging space)
SYSTEM RESOURCE CONTROLLER: (SRC)[Services]*
●SRC-Daemon controlling Mechanism
●ps -ef (to check all (b/g & f/g) process running in the server)
●kill -9 <pid> (to kill the process immediately)
●kill -15 <pid> (to save and kill the process properly)
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●ps -ef |grep -i defunc (to list the defunction process only)
●inetd(Internetworking Daemon (or) Super Daemon)
●vi /etc/inetd.conf (or)
●chsubserver -a -v <service name> -p <protocol> (a-add/activate (or) uncomment in
inetd.conf file)
●chsubserver -d -v <service name> -p <protocol> (d-delete/deactivate (or) comment in
inetd.conf file)
●refresh -s inetd (to update changes)
●To Start SRC: g-group,
●startsrc -g nfs (to start all daemons under the service nfs)
●startsrc -s nfsd, biod, named (to start only particular daemon)
●startsrc -t ftp, tftp, bootp
●To Stop SRC:
●stopsrc -g nfs (to stop all daemons under the service nfs)
●stopsrc -s biod, rpc.mounted (to stop only particular daemon)
●stopsrc -t ftp
●To List SRC:
●lssrc -a | more
●lssrc -g nfs, tcpip
●lssrc -s nfsd
●lssrc -t ftp
●lssrc -s inetd
●lssrc -ls inedt (to list running supported daemons under this daemon)
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MANAGING LAN:
●ent-Physical (MAC) Address, en-Logical Interface(Assign IP Address)
●IPV4 Classes Subnet Mask
●CLASS A → 1-127 255.0.0.0
●CLASS B → 128-191 255.255.0.0
●CLASS C → 192-223 255.255.255.0
●CLASS D → 224-239 (Reserved for multicast)
●CLASS E → 240-255 (Reserved for experimental, used for research)
●Private Address Space
●CLASS A → 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
●CLASS B → 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
●CLASS C → 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
●127.0.0.1 (Loopback Address)
●smitty mktcpip (to assign IP permanently) (or)
●mktcpip -i <int> -h <hostname> -a <IP address> -m <subnet mask> -s
●Assign Alias IP:
●ifconfig <int> <ip> <network> alias (temp alias)
●ifconfig en# 192.168.10.10 alias (assign alias IP)
●ifconfig en# <ip> delete (delete IP address)
●ifconfig en# down (down the IP)
●ifconfig en# up (up the IP)
●chdev -l en# -a alias4=<ip address>,<subnet mask> (permanent alias)
●lsattr -EHl en# ( to find the IP is permanent (or) temporary)
●ifconfig -a (to display all interfaces IP details)
●lsdev -c adapter
●lsdev -c if
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●To Assign Gateway:
●smitty mkroute (permanent)
●route add -net 10.0.0.1(network) 192.168.0.1(gateway) (or)
●route add -host 10.0.0.1(host) 192.168.0.1(gateway) (to assign gateway IP temporarily)
●route add 0 192.169.0.1 (0-allow all networks)
●netstat -rn (to check routing table)*
●lsattr -EHl inet0 (to check the route in permanent)*
NFS (Network File System):
●mount -v cdrfs -o ro/rw /dev/cd# /<mount point>
●ex: mount -v cdrfs -o ro dev/cd0 /mnt
●Steps for NFS (Server):
●Filesets to install:
●lslpp -l bos.net.nfs.server
●installp -a -d /dev/cd0 bos.net.nfs.server
●Daemons for NFS:
●lssrc -g nfs
●lssrc -s portmap (port no 111)
●startsrc -g nfs (or)
●mknfs -N
●crfs -v jfs2 -g rootvg -a size=10G -m /nfs share
●Define Export:
●vi /etc/exports (edit to make permanent export) (or)
●smitty mknfsexp (to make permanent/temporary exports)
●Export Share:
●exportfs -a (export the directories configured) (or)
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●exportfs -i </dir> (export a directory)
●exportfs -u </dir> (to unmount the export directory)
●Remove Share:
●rmnfsexp (or)
●smitty rmnfsexp
●Check Exports:
●showmount -e (or)
●exportfs (&)
●mount -v nfs <server>:/<dir> /<local mount point>
●df -m /<local mount point>
●chmod 777 /nfsshare
●lmktemp file 512M (^)
●NFS Client: By default the client (bos.net.nfs.client) will be installed in AIX
●lssrc -s biod (daemons should be checked)
●lssrc -s portmap (daemons should be checked)
●showmount -e <nfs server name> (or) *
●showmount -e <nfs server IP>*
●smitty mknfsmnt (to mount permanently /etc/filesystem)
●mount -v nfs <nfs server>:/<share> /<local dir>
●chfs -A yes /nfsmnt (set false (or) true)
BOOT PROCESS:
●POST-Power On Self Test, IPL-Initial Program Loader
●ipl_varyon -i (to see the bootable disk)
●AIX Boot Phases: rc-run control, BLV-Boot Logical Volume
●1.ROS phase (Read Only Storage)-BIOS Initialization Phase, Kernel Initialization Phase
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●2.rc.boot phase-1.Access rootvg(Base Devices configuration),2.Activates rootvg(Primary
paging space activation), 3.Other than Base devices configuration.
●3.init phase-1.Initilization phase (/etc/inittab phase)[will make system ready for use. All
application, services started in this phase]
●1.ROS phase
●▪Locator IPL (software ROS)
●▪Locator BLV & loads control over BLV
●▪RAM FS created
●▪Kernel gets loaded into RAM FS.
●2.rc.boot phase1 (access rootvg)*
●▪restbase (loads ODM into RAM FS)
●▪cfgmgr -f (to configure rules to access rootvg devices)
●▪bootinfo -b (to check and confirm last boot device)
●rc.boot phase2 (activates the rootvg + primary paging system)
●▪ipl_varyon (to activate rootvg)
●▪fsck -f /dev/hd4 & mount / on RAM FS
●▪fsck -f /dev/hd9var (mount /var), fsck -f /dev/hd2 (mount /usr)
●▪copycore (to move any dump info in case of OS crash into /var/adm/ras/vmcore.x)
●▪swapon /dev/hd6
●▪/,/usr,/var unmounted & mounted on their own mount points (disk based)
●▪RAM FS cleared & used for further boot process
●▪fsck -y /dev/hd4, fsck -y /dev/hd2, fsck -y /dev/hd9var
●rc.boot phase3 (other than base devices configuration)
●▪mount /tmp
●▪syncvg rootvg (to synchronize any state of PP’s if rootvg mirrored in background)
●▪cfgmgr -p2 (to configure all devices except base devices)
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●▪cfgcon (to configure console device), 0C31-not configured, 0C32-is a lft, 0C33-is a tty,
0C343-is redirected to a file
●▪savebase (to synchronize ODM information in /[hd4] FS with BLV [hd5]
●▪syncd, err daemon started
●▪OP code display goes off
●▪mouse initialization completed
●▪starts the init phase
●3.init phase: (initialization phase)
●▪To make/bring the system really to use
●▪Application/session get started
●▪Refers /etc/inittab file
●AIX RUN Levels
●init 0, init 1 (reserved for future)
●init 2 (Default run level with NFS support)
●3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (customized run level)
●s,S,m,M (Single user mode/Maintenance mode)
●telinit
●Actions:
●wait-starts the process & wait for completion & scans next line
●once-starts the process & scans next time
●Respawn-1.starts the process if doesn’t exist, 2.restarts if it dies, 3.does nothing if
running.*
●/etc/rc (file)
●▪varyon all VG’s which are marked as auto_varyon=yes
●▪mounts all FS which are marked as mount=true, in /etc/filesystems
●▪activates all PS which are in /etc/swapspaces
●▪configure dump devices
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●/etc/rc.tcpip (file)
●▪configures all tcpip related daemons like inetd, rwhod, named, routed, sendmail, lpd etc...
●/etc/rc.net (file)
●▪configures IP address on interfaces
●▪configures router/gateway on OS
●COMMANDS FOR BOOT PROCESS:
●mkitab “lineid:runlevel:action:cmd” (to add entry)
●ex: mkitab “test:234:once:/usr/bin/date => /dev/pts2”
●ex: chitab “test:2:respawn:/usr/bin/date >> f1” (to change entries)
●rmitab <lineid>
●ex: rmitab test
●lsitab -a ( to list all entries)
●lsitab init (to see default run level set)
●lsitab test
●who -r ( to see running level [current])
KERNEL CONVERSION: 32 bit ↔ 64bit
●Kernel Directory → /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 (64 bit kernel), /usr/lib/boot/unix_mp (32 bit
kernel [multiprocessor])
●Convert 32bit → 64bit:
●To Check Kernel Version and Hardware type
●bootinfo -y
●prtconf -c
●getconf HARDWARE_BITMODE
●To check running Kernel
●bootinfo -k
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●prtconf -k
●getconf KERNEL_BITMODE
●ls -al /unix → /usr/lib/boot/unix_up
●To convert 32bit to 64bit:
●ln -sf /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 /unix
●ln -sf /usr/lib/boot/unix_64 /unix/lib/boot/unix
●bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk#
●sync; sync; reboot -q
LINKS:
●HARD LINK & SOFT LINK
●Hard Link:
●▪It is an alias to a file
●▪The inode value will be same for source & link file
●▪It can reside on source partition (LV)
●▪Even source file deleted, still link file will point to the data
●ex: ln f1 f2
●ex: ln f1 f3
●ex: ln -al f1 f2 f3
●Soft Link: s-soft link
●▪It is a shortcut to a source file
●▪It will have a different inode no, data of this file is pointing to the address of the source
●▪It can span across different partitions (LV)
●▪If the source file is deleted, then the link is broken.
●ex: ln -s /home/xyz/abc /hello
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ALOG:
●alog-To read some of the log files under /var/adm/ras (ras-reliable available serviceable)
●alog -L (to list alog supported database)
●alog -ot <database type> (or)
●alog -of <full path name of log file>
●ex: alog -ot boot, bosinst , nim* (or)
●ex: alog -of /var/adm/ras/bootlog
●Database & Related files
●boot → /var/adm/ras/bootlog
●bosinst → /var/adm/ras/bosinstlog
●console → /var/adm/ras/console
●nim → /var/adm/ras/nimlog
ERRPT:
●errpt-Used to read the information from /var/adm/ras/errlog
●Daemon → /usr/lib/errdaemon
●logfile → /var/adm/ras/errlog
●errpt (to list the details of errpt)
●errpt -aj <error id> |more (to view specific error id details)
●errpt -s <time stamp> -e <end time stamp)
●To clear error log entries: (errclear)
●errclear -d S 0 (to clear particular error log) (or)
●errclear -d H 0 (to clear particular error log) (or)
●errclear -d O 0 (to clear particular error log)
●errclear -j <error id> 0 (to clear specific error id)
●errclear 0 (to clear all the error log entries )
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●> /var/adm/ras/errlog (to nullify the errlog file) *Don’t nullify the errlog file]
●To rectify if the file is nullified:
●/usr/lib/errstop (to stop daemon)
●rm /var/ad,/ras/errlog
●/usr/lib/errdemon (to start daemon)
DUMP DEVICES:
●▪It is a LV type (sysdump), system usable created on rootvg disks.
●▪Dump Information: Used to hold the dump information in case of OS, Application, H/W
crash.
●▪Used for troubleshooting the crash reason (or) RCA (Root Cause Analysis)
●Types: Primary dump device & Secondary dump device: p-primary, s-secondary
●Primary dump device → /dev/hd6 (by default)
●Secondary dump devices → /dev/sysdumpnull
●{ /dev/lg_dumplv00 (or) /dev/dumplv00 } In Real
●{ /dev/lg_dumplv01 (or) /dev/dumplv01 } In Real
●To Define a Dump Device:
●mklv -t sysdump -y dumplv00 rootvg <size in PP’s *MB or GB+> hdisk0
●mklv -t sysdump -y dumplv01 rootvg
●sysdump -e (to estimate the dump LV size required)
●Primary: sysdump -P -p /dev/dumplv00
●Secondary: sysdump -P -s /dev/dumplv01
●sysdumpdev -l (to list dump LV’s configured *defined+)
●sysdumpdev -L (or) sysdumpdev -z (to view any dump occurred (or) not)
●savecore -f -d /var/adm/ras/<dump filename> (to move dump from LV into a
file[manually])
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●savecore -d /tmp/<dump filename>
●/var/adm/ras/vmcore.0 & /var/adm/ras/vmcore.1 (Default Dump moving directory during
crash followed by boot)
SCHEDULING TASKS:
●command-crontab
●crontab files → /var/adm/cron/cron.allow, cron.deny
●User job files → /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root,sys,oracle,test
●log file → /var/adm/cron/log
●Daemon → /var/sbin/cron & /var/bin/cron
●crontab -e (schedule root jobs)
●crontab -l (to list scheduled jobs)
ODM (OBJECT DATA MANAGER):
●ODM - It is an object oriented binary database (Configuration Information’s)
●Default ODM directory → /etc/objrepos
●Configuration information’s: Devices configuration, Fileset configuration, Network
configuration, LVM configuration.
●Commands for ODM:
●odmget CuDv | more (or) lsdev -C
●odmget CuAt | more (or) lscfg -EH
●odmget lpp | more (or) lslpp -l
●odmget CuVPD | more (or) lscfg -VP
●odmget product/inventory (or) lslpp -f
●odmget history | more (or) lslpp -h
●odmdelete; odmadd; odmchange; odmmodify
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●odmget -q name=hdisk0 CuDv | grep -i parent (or) lsdev -l hdisk0 -f parent
●odmget -q name=hdisk0 CuAt
●odmdelete -q name=hdisk# -o CuDv
●odmdelete -q name=hdisk# -o CuAt
●ex: mkdir /etc/objrepos/backup
●ex: cp -p /etc/objrepos/Cu* /etc/objrepos/backup/
VI EDITOR:
●3 modes of operation:
●▪Command Mode (or) Esc mode (to move cursor position)
●▪Insert\Edit\Append mode (to enter into edit operation)
●▪Last line mode (to quit, save, and exit options)
●ESC MODE/COMMAMD MODE [Navigation Keys]: ←↓↑→
●Esc + h [←] (moves 1 character left)
●Esc + l [→] (moves 1 character right)
●Esc + k [↑] (moves 1 line upwards)
●Esc + j [↓] (moves 1 line downwards)
●ex: esc + h [10 h] (moves 10 character left)
●ex: esc + l [20 l] (moves 20 character right)
●ex: esc + k [5 k] (moves 5 lines upwards)
●ex: esc + j [10 j] (moves 10 lines downwards)
●Esc + G (moves to the last line of the file)
●Esc + 1G (moves to the first line of the file)
●ex: esc + 20G (moves to the 20th line in a file)
●Esc + P (paste the content above the cursor position)
●Esc + p (paste the content below the cursor position)
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●Esc + u (undo the last/recent change)
●Copy:
●Esc + yy (copy a line)
●Esc + yw (copy a word)
●Esc + yl (copy a character)
●Cut:
●Esc + cc (cut a line)
●Esc + cw (cut a word)
●Esc + cl (cut a character)
●Delete:
●Esc + dd (delete a line)
●Esc + dw (delete a word)
●Esc + dl (delete a character)
●Esc + x (delete a character)
●Esc + r (replace a character)
●INSERT/EDIT/APPEND MODE:
●Esc + i (enter into insert mode)
●Esc + a (enter into append mode)
●Esc + I {i} (moves to the beginning of the line)
●Esc + A (moves to the end of the line)
●Esc + o (open a empty line below the cursor position)
●Esc + O (open a empty line above the cursor position)
●LAST LINE MODE (SAVE,QUIT,EXIT):
●Esc + w! (save the current file and remains editing)
●Esc + wq! (save and quit current file) (or) Esc + x
●Esc + w! <filename> (save to another file and remains editing) (or) Esc + x
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●Esc + wq! <filename> (save to another file and quit)
●Esc + q! (quit without any changes)
●Esc + set nu (add a line numbers in display)
●Esc + set nonu (removes the line numbers)
PROBLEM DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS:
●Boot Time problem: [rootvg]
●Need bos cd’s or NIM resource to rectify
●Enter into maintenance mode by pressing F5 or 5 (without entering into SMS menu)
●1.Define console (F1 & Enter)
●2.Define Installation Language as English (1 & Enter)
●3.Installation and Maintenance mode
●3a.Start with default settings and install
●3b.Change/Show installation settings and install
●3c.Maintenance Mode for System Recovery
●¤1.Access rootvg with mounted filesystems (OS) and start a shell
●¤2.Access rootvg before mounting filesystems and start a shell
●Important ERROR Codes:
●Error Code → 201: (Corrupted boot image [BLV]]
●Action: Select Option ¤1.Access rootvg with mounted filesystems and start a shell
●df / & df /tmp (check for free space in root and tmp, if no enough space)
●chfs -a size=+{n}M <FS>
●lslv -m hd5 (to define a BLV disk)
●bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk# (to rebuild BLV)
●bootlist -om normal (to check boot order)
●ipl_varyon -i
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●sync; sync; reboot -q
●Error Code → 0551, 0552, 0557, 0518: (Corrupted jfs/jfs2 FS and corrupted jfs/jfs2 log)
●Action: Select Option ¤2.Access rootvg without filesystems and start a shell
●fsck -y /dev/hd1, /dev/hd2, /dev/hd3, /dev/hd4, /dev/hd9var (run fsck to rectify FS
related mount issues)
●/usr/sbin/logform /dev/hd8 (to clear the jfs/jfs2 log)
●lslv -m hd5
●bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk#
●ipl_varyon -i
●bootlist -om normal
●sync; sync; shutdown -Fr
●Error Code → 0553: (Corrupted/missing /etc/inittab file)
●Action: Select Option ¤1.Access rootvg with mounted filesystems and start a shell
●df /, /tmp, /var (check for free space in root, tmp, var if no enough space)
●chfs -a size=+{n}M <FS>
●Check for /etc/environment & /etc/inittab files for any wrong/missing entries and rectify
them if any.
●bootlist -om normal
●sync; sync; reboot -q
●Error Code → 0552, 0554, 0556: (SuperBlock [damaged FS] corrupted (or) ODM corrupted
●Action: Select Option ¤2.Access rootvg without filesystems and start a shell
●fsck -y /dev/hd1, /dev/hd2, /dev/hd3, /dev/hd4, /dev/hd9var (If error like block number
0-8 damaged, superblock is corrupted)
●To rectify primary superblock issue:
●dd if=/dev/hd# of=/dev/hd# bs=4k count=1 skip=31 seek=1 ***
●/usr/sbin/logform /dev/hd8
●bootlist -om normal
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●sync; sync; reboot
●To rectify ODM corruption:
●mount /dev/hd4 /mnt & mount /dev/hd2 /usr
●mkdir /mnt/etc/objrepos/backup
●mv /mnt/etc/objrepos/Cu* /mnt/etc/objrepos/backup
●cp -p /etc/objrepos/Cu* /mnt/etc/objrepos/
●savebase -d /dev/hdisk#
●umount /usr & umount /mnt
●bootlist -om normal
●sync; sync; reboot -q (if error occurs even after reboot, restore bos)
●Failed PV replacement on Mirrored rootvg: ***
●Identify the failed PV:
●lsvg -l rootvg (look for any stale PP’s information)
●errpt | more -i hdisk
●Break the rootvg Mirror:
●unmirrorvg rootvg hdisk#
●Unconfigure any dump LV:
●lspv -l hdisk# (look for any dump LV)
●sysdumpdev -l
●sysdumpdev -P -p /dev/sysdumpnull (primary)
●sysdumpdev -P -s /dev/sysdumpnull (secondary)
●rmlv <dumplv#>
●Reduce the PV from VG:
●reducevg rootvg hdisk#
●Close the boot record info:
●chpv -c hdisk#
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●To remove a PV: [Hot pluggable hdisk bay]
●diag→task seleciton→hot plug task→hot plug (identify the PV location to be removed) PC1
RAID MANAGER
●rmdev -dl hdisk#
●Remove the failed PV from identified slot and insert new PV:
●cfgmgr
●Replace a PV:
●lspv
●extendvg rootvg hdisk#
●mirrorvg -S rootvg hdisk#
●Configure the dumplv:
●mklv -y <dumplv> rootvg <no of PV’s> hdisk#
●sysdumpdev -P -p /dev/<dumplv> (primary)
●sysdumpdev -P -s /dev/<dumplv> (secondary)
●Recreate BLV boot:
●bosboot -ad /dev/hdisk#
●lsvg -l rootvg
●errpt | grep -i hdisk#
●To rectify corrupted datavg: (Failed PV)
●exportvg datavg (to remove datavg from ODM & /etc/filesystems
●rmdev -dl hdisk# (to remove PV from ODM)
●smitty restvg (to restore backup from tape)
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PERFOMANCE MONITORING:
●Types of process: 1.Foreground process, 2.Background process, 3.Zombie process
●ps -ef (to list all f/g & b/g process)
●ps -ef | grep -i defunc (to list zombie process)
●kill -9 <pid>
●vmstat (to check virtual memory statistics)
●ex: vmstat 2 (to check every 2 sec’s)
●ex: vmstat 2 5 (to check only for 5 times)
●iostat (to check i/o data transfer in i/o devices [hard disk, cd drive])
●ex: iostat 2 5
●iostat -d hdisk0 2 5 (to check particular device [data read/write])
●To check LV level i/o transfer:
●lvmstat -v rootvg -e (to enable LV statistics)
●lvmstat -v rootvg (to display LV i/o usage)
●lvmstat -v rootvg -d (to display LV statistics)
●sar command: (system activity report)
●ex: sar 2 5 (to check CPU utilization)
●% usr→Application, %sys→System Process, %wio→ waiting i/o, %idle→idle
●topas command:
●topas (to check overall resource utilization)
●topas -P (to list only process)
●diag command:
●diag (for diagnostics)
●To check memory usage: (svmon-snapshot of virtual memory)***
●svmon -G -O unit=GB/MB (to display memory usage in GB)
●svmon -P <pid> -O unit=GB/MB (to check particular process’s CPU usage)
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●svmon -U <username> -O unit=GB/MB (to check CPU usage of process per user)
●svmon -P -t 5 -O unit=GB/MB (to list top most 5 process which are using more memory)
●netstat command:
●netstat -in (to check network related collisions)
●netstat -an | grep -i listen (to list the opened port in port numbers)
●netstat -a | grep -i listen (to list the opened port in names)
●netstat -rn (to list routing related information)
●netstat -v ent0 & netstat -d ent0 (to check network and statistics)
SNAP:
●snap -r (to remove old snap files)
●snap -gc (to create new snap files, to collect general information’s and compress)
●snap -e (HACMP related information collections)
FIXES MANAGEMENT:
●APAR: (Authorized Program Analysis Report) IX<no>,IY<no>,IX<no>
●instfix -k <APAR> -d /dev/cd0 (to install)
●instfix -ik <APAR no> (to verify)
●instfix -i | grep -i ML (to check the history of installed ML/TL)
●EFIX: (Emergency Fix)
●emgr -e <efix> -d /dev/cd0 (to install)
●emgr -l <efix> (to verify)
●emgr -r <efix> (to remove)
●ML/TL Installation: (Major OS related update) similar method for Service Pack installation)
●Pre-Check’s to be done:
●1.Take a backup of rootvg. (a)mksysb, (b)alternate disk (clone rootvg), multibos.
●2.Check for free space in filesystems and increase if necessary. (/, /usr, /var, /tmp)
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●3.Remove applied efix (old)
●4.Commit filesets which are in apply mode
●smitty maintain_software (commit)
●5.Check for broken or corrupted filesets
●lppcheck -v
●6.Take checklist of following commands
●lspv, lsvg, lsvg -o, lslpp -l, ifconfig -a, bootlist -m normal, df -m, oslevel -s,
lsvg -o | lsvg -il
●Install ML/TL:
●Download latest TL from IBM fix centre (or) through our NFS server
●ex: showmount -e nfsserver
●ex: mount -v nfs nfsserver:/exports/fixes /mnt
●Installation:
●smitty update_all
●▪o/p device location: /mnt
●▪o/p fileset to update: all
●▪o/p commit: no
●▪save replaced files: yes
●▪accept license agreement: yes
●Check after installation:
●oslevel -s, lppchk -v, oslevel -rl (should vary and updated)
●shutdown -Fr (reboot if everything is fine)
●Post-Check’s to be done:
●oslevel -s, lppchk -v, bootinfo -b, df -m, ifconfig -a, lsvg, lsvg -o | lsvg -il
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ETHERCHANNEL CONFIGURATION:
●It is a redundancy for network cards & switch
●Requirements: Minimum 2 network adapters and should not be configured with any IP
address (en0 &en1)
●Delete if any IP address configured in it by following commands
●ifconfig en0 down
●ifconfig en0 delete
●ifconfig en0 detach
●ifconfig -dl ent0
●cfgmgr
●Same steps to be done for en1:
●smitty etherchannel (list, create, change)
●One of the network adapter acts as primary and other adapter acts as backup.
●We will configure IP address for the etherchannel adapter
●etstat -d ent2 |grep -i active (to check the primary adapter)
●▪o/p ent:primary
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