aiub b.sc.(eee) syllabus

7/22/2019 AIUB B.Sc.(EEE) Syllabus

1/17

Jiar`bjg @gtargjt`fgjl Qg`vars`ty-OjgcljkasnO.Rb. (Alabtr`bjl & Alabtrfg`b Agc`gaar`gc) Bfursa Katj`ls

AGC ::5:= AGCL@RN :

Urjbt`bjl Crjiijr= Unfgat`b Ryiofls4 Xfbjouljry4 Jrt`bla4 Jkmabt`vas4 Xaros4 Guioar, Ujrts fh

Rpaabn4 Xf`ba4 [agsa4 Ragtagbas4 Bljusa4 Urapfs`t`fgs4 Uugbtujt`fg4 Lattars jgk Iassjcas,

Ojs`b Agcl`sn Bfgvarsjt`fgs jgk Urfgugb`jt`fg4 l`stag`gc.

AGC :?5?= AGCL@RN ?

Agcl`sn js j Ljgcujca, Jspabts fh Ujrjcrjpn`gc, Hfris fh K`sbfursa (Axpfs`t`fg, Gjrrjt`fg,

Kasbr`pt`fg, Uarsujs`fg), crjiijr, tagsas, carugk, quast`fg hfris, axprass`gc qujgt`ty,

rasajrbn pjpar - staps, hfrijt jgk kfbuiagtjt`fg.

AGC ?:5:= OQR@GARR BFIIQG@BJ[@FG

[n`s bfursa `s kas`cgak tf nalp tna stukagts `g lajrg`gc tna tabng`quas jgk jbqu`r`gc tna sd`lls

gaakak tf bfiiug`bjta ahhabt`valy `g tna ous`gass wfrlk. [na bfursa kajls w`tn tna ojs`b

Agcl`sn `g tna prjbt`ba tf bfiiug`bjt`fg `g k`hharagt ous`gass s`tujt`fg. Xjr`fus tabng`quas fh

bfiiug`bjt`fg subn js ous`gass lattars, rapfrts, prfmabt prfpfsjl jgk ftnar iak`j hfri jg

`gtacrjl pjrt fh tna bfursa.

OOJ ::5? U_@GB@ULAR FH JBBFQG[@GC[n`s bfursa kajls w`tn tna jbbuiuljt`fg jgk usa fh jbbfugt`gc kjtj `g ous`gass, hugkjiagtjl

prfbakuras jgk rabfrks, `gbfia iajsuraiagt jgk prapjrjt`fg fh h`gjgb`jl stjtaiagt. @t

`gtrfkubas bfgbapts, pr`gb`plas jgk systai fh offd daap`gc jgk jbbfugt`gc. [na wnfla

jbbfugt`gc prfbass (hrfi trjgsjbt`fg tf h`gjgb`jl stjtaiagts prapjrjt`fg) `s tna ij`g hfbus fh

tn`s bfursa.

OOJ :?5;= U_@GB@ULAR FH ABFGFI@BR

[na `gtagt`fg fh tn`s bfursa `s tf `gtrfkuba tna stukagts tf pr`gb`plas assagt`jl tf ugkarstjgk`gc

tna ojs`b abfgfi`z`gc prfolai jgk spab`h`b abfgfi`b `ssuas jgk pfl`by jltargjt`vas hfr kajl`gc

w`tn tnai. [wf hfrtugjta futbfia fh tn`s bfursa jra jo`l`ty tf rajsfg jbburjtaly jgk

k`spjss`fgjtaly jofut abfgfi`b ijttars jgk j ljst`gc `gtarast `g abfgfi`bs. [fp`bs `gblukak

jra bfgbapt fh kaijgk jgk supply, aljst`b`ty, tnafry fh prfkubt`fg, tnafry fh bfst, ijrdat

strubtura, ugaiplfyiagt, ghljt`fg, h`sbjl jgk ifgatjry pfl`b`as.


2/17

IC[ 2?5?= IJGJCAIAG[ & F_CJG@]J[@FG

[na purpfsa fh tn`s bfursa `s tf jbquj`gt agc`gaar`gc jgk sbàgba stukagts w`tn bartj`g

ijgjcaiagt pr`gb`plas jgk tabng`quas njv`gc jppl`bjt`fgs `g agc`gaar`gc jgk sbàgt`h`b hàlks.

[fp`bs bfvarak jra pr`gb`plas jgk hugbt`fgs fh ijgjcaiagt, ijgjcar`jl wfrd rflas, hugbt`fgs

fh frcjg`zjt`fgs, h`gjgba, prfkubt kavalfpiagt, fparjt`fgs ijgjcaiagt, qujl`ty, prfmabtpljgg`gc jgk ijgjcaiagt, nuijg rasfurbas ijgjcaiagt, fparjt`fgs rasajrbn jgk

agc`gaar`gc ijgjcaiagt g prjbt`ba.

UNP ::5:= UNPR@BR :

Iabnjg`bs=

:.D`gaijt`bs

(j) Crjpn`bjl raprasagtjt`fgs fh k`spljbaiagt-tìa, valfb`ty-tìa jgk jbbalarjt`fg-tìa.

(o) Ift`fg `g twf jgk tnraa kìags`fgs - prfmabt`la ift`fg.

?.Jppl`bjt`fgs fh Gawtfg's ljws fh ift`fg, Hraa ofky k`jcrjis, Jgjlysas fh hrjias fh trussas,

Hr`bt`fg, Aqu`lòrùi fh hfrbas.

2.Sfrd-d`gat`b agarcy tnafrai. Ufwar, Bfgsarvjt`va hfrbas. Bfgsarvjt`fg fh agarcy.

;.Bfgsarvjt`fg fh l`gajr ifiagtui hfr j systai fh pjrt`blas. Bagtar-fh-ijss ift`fg. Aljst`b

jgk `galjst`b bfll`s`fg `g fga kìags`fg.

1._ftjt`fgjl d`gaijt`bs. Jgculjr ifiagtui fh j s`gcla pjrt`bla. Bfgsarvjt`fg fh jgculjr

ifiagtui. Ifiagt fh @gart`j, Ojljgb`gc fh rftjt`gc ijssas.

8.Crjv`tjt`fg= Crjv`tjt`fgjl hàlk. Daplar's ljws.

3._foft`bs= @gtrfkubt`fg tf rfoft`bs, assagt`jl bfipfgagts fh j rfoft & tna`r d`gaijt`bs, l`gds,

hrjias, spjt`jl ift`fgs, prfcrjii`gc rfofts, blfbds, sagsfrs, jbtujtfrs jgk bfgtrfl.

[narifkygji`bs=

:.]arftn, :st jgk ?gk ljw fh tnarifkygji`bs.

?._avarsòla jgk `rravarsòla prfbassas, Bjrgft bybla, _jgd`ga bybla, Jutf bybla, Kàsal bybla jgk

tna`r Ahh`bàgby.

2.Bljusùs' tnafrai. Agtrfpy. Josfluta sbjla fh taiparjtura. Bljusùs Bljpayrfg aqujt`fg.

[narifkygji`b hugbt`fgs.

;.Ijxwall's tnarifkygji`b raljt`fgs. Urfolai's `gvflv`gc tnarifkygji`b raljt`fgs jgk

hugbt`fgs. Còo's pnjsa rula.

UNP::5? UNPR@BR : LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg UNP ::5:

UNP :?52= UNPR@BR ?

Alabtrfstjt`bs=


3/17

:.Bfulfio's Ljw. Alabtr`b hàlk. Jgk Bjlbuljt`fg fh alabtr`b hàlk.

?.Alabtr`b hlux, Cjuss' ljw jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fg `g alabtr`b hàlk bjlbuljt`fg.

2.Alabtr`b pftagt`jl jgk ts bjlbuljt`fg g vjr`fus bjsas.

;.Bjpjb`tfrs. Bjlbuljt`fg fh bjpjb`tjgba. Ujrjllal jgk saràs bfio`gjt`fg fh bjpjb`tfrs.

Alabtrfstjt`b agarcy g j bjpjb`tfr. Alabtrfstjt`b hàlk agarcy. Kàlabtr`bs.Burragt Alabtr`b`ty=

:.Alabtr`b burragt. Fni's Ljw jgk ras`stjgba. K`rabt-burragt b`rbu`ts. D`rbnnfhh's rulas. _B

b`rbu`ts.

?.Ijcgat`b hàlk. Hfrba fg burragt bfgkubt`gc bfgkubtfrs `g j ijcgat`b hàlk. Ift`fg fh j pf`gt

bnjrca `g j ijcgat`b hàlk. [na Njll ahhabt.

2.O`ft-Rjvjrt ljw jgk ts jppl`bjt`fgs. Jipara's ljw jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fgs.

;.Hjrjkjy's ljw. Ift`fgjl aih. Jppl`bjt`fg fh Hjrjkjy's ljw. L_ b`rbu`t. Alabtrfijcgat`b

fsb`lljt`fgs, LB jgk L_B b`rbu`ts.

Fpt`bs=

:.Lags Joarrjt`fgs, I`brfsbfpas jgk Bjiarj.

?.Sjvas- Rìpla Njrifg`b ift`fg, [rjvall`gc jgk Rtjgk`gc wjvas, Kfpplar ahhabt.

2.@gtarharagba fh l`cnt.

;.K`hhrjbt`fg fh wjvas. K`hhrjbt`fg hrfi j s`gcla sl`t. K`hhrjbt`fg crjt`gc.

1.Ufljr`zjt`fg fh alabtrfijcgat`b wjvas.

8.Ljsar ojs`bs jgk jppl`bjt`fgs, Fpt`bjl ahhabts `g brystjls, Gfgl`gajr fpt`bs-jg `gtrfkubtfry

k`sbuss`fg.

3.Alaiagtjry k`sbuss`fg fg hòar fpt`bs.

UNP:?5;= UNPR@BR ? LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg UNP:?52

UNP ?:51= UNPR@BR 2

Cagarjl Urfpartàs fh Ijttar

Aljst`b`ty, aljst`b bfgstjgts, raljt`fg oatwaag aljst`b bfgstjgts, surhjba tags`fg, iflabuljr

tnafry fh surhjba tags`fg, bjp`lljr`ty, v`sbfs`ty, Gawtfg's ljw fh v`sbfs`ty, Uf`sau`lla's hfriulj,

Rtfda's hfriulj, Nykrfkygji`bs - aqujt`fg fh bfgt`gu`ty, Oargfull`'s tnafrai, vagturì`tar,U`tft tuoas.

Urfpartàs fh Agc`gaar`gc Ijtar`jls

Jg `gtrfkubtfry bfursa `g tna sbàgba fh agc`gaar`gc ijtar`jls, [na agc`gaar`gc prfpartàs

(iabnjg`bjl, tnarijl jgk alabtr`bjl) fh iatjls, pflyiars jgk barji`bs, bfrraljtak w`tn= (`) tna`r

`gtargjl strubturas (jtfi`b, iflabuljr, brystjll`ga, i`brf-jgk ijbrf-) jgk (``) sarv`ba bfgk`t`fgs

(iabnjg`bjl, tnarijl, bnai`bjl, alabtr`bjl, ijcgat`b jgk rjk`jt`va).


4/17

Ifkarg Unys`bs

Rpab`jl tnafry fh raljt`v`ty- Ijss-agarcy raljt`fg, Zujgtui tnafry fh rjk`jt`fg- Uljgbd's ljw,

ka-Orfclà wjvas, Rbnrfk`gcar aqujt`fg jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fg. Na`sagoarc's Qgbartj`gty raljt`fg,

Jtfi`b strubtura, _jk`fjbt`v`ty Njlh-l`ha, Gublajr h`ss`fg jgk hus`fg.

UNP ?:52= IFKA_G UNPR@BR

Rpab`jl tnafry fh raljt`v`ty= Gawtfg`jg raljt`v`ty, A`gsta`g's pfstuljtas, [na Lfragtz

trjgshfrijt`fg, tìa k`ljt`fg, lagctn bfgtrjbt`fg, tna raljt`v`st`b Kfpplar ahhabt, tw`g pjrjkfx,

tna valfb`ty trjgshfrijt`fg, raljt`v`st`b ifiagtui, raljt`v`st`b agarcy, `gvjr`jgt ijss, ijss-

agarcy aqu`vjlagba.

Sjva-Ujrt`bla kujl`ty= [na pjrt`bla gjtura fh l`cnt, oljbdofky rjk`jt`fg, Uljgbd's qujgtui

tnafry fh l`cnt, tna pnftfalabtr`b ahhabt jgk Bfiptfg sbjttar`gc, wjva prfpartàs fh pjrt`blas,

Ka Orfclà's nypftnas`s jgk ijttar wjvas, Na`sagoarc's ugbartj`gty pr`gb`pla jgk wjva

pjbdats, tna prfojo`l`ty jipl`tuka.

Zujgtui Iabnjg`bs= @gtrfkubt`fg, pjrt`bla `g j ofx, tna tìa-`gkapagkagt Rbnrk`gcar

aqujt`fg jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fgs, h`g`ta pftagt`jl wall, tuggal ahhabt, njrifg`b fsb`lljtfr, tìa-

kapagkagt Rbnrk`gcar aqujt`fg.

Jtfi`b Unys`bs= [na _utnarhfrk-Ofnr ifkal fh tna jtfi, agarcy lavals jgk spabtrj, jtfi`b

axb`tjt`fg, tna Ljsar, Zujgtui tnafry fh tna nykrfcag jtfi, tna ]aaijg ahhabt, alabtrfg sp`g,

ijgy alabtrfg jtfis jgk tna axblus`fg pr`gb`pla.

Gublajr Unys`bs= @gtrfkubt`fg, gublajr bfgst`tuagts, gublajr o`gk`gc jgk gublajr strubtura,

gublajr stjo`l`ty jgk rjk`fjbt`v`ty, kabjy rjtas jgk njlh-l`vas, gublajr h`ss`fg jgk hus`fg.

Iflabulas jgk Bfgkagsak ijttar=[ypas fh iflabuljr ofgks, strubtura fh sfl`ks, brystjl ljtt`bas,

Orjvj`s ljtt`bas jgk brystjl systais, I`llar `gk`bas, agarcy ojgks, hraa-alabtrfg ifkal fh iatjls,

Hari` agarcy jgk tna s`cg`h`bjgba fh tna bfgbapt fh tna Hari` surhjba, sai`bfgkubtfrs, bjrràr

bfgbagtrjt`fg `g `gtr`gs`b sai`bfgkubtfrs, sai`bfgkubtfr stjt`st`bs, alabtr`bjl bfgkubt`v`ty `g

sai`bfgkubtfrs, suparbfgkubt`v`ty.

Rai`bfgkubtfr kav`bas= [na p-g mugbt`fg, ift`fgs fh tna ijmfr`ty jgk i`gfr`ty bjrràrs, tna

kaplat`fg zfga jt tna mugbt`fg, tna mugbt`fg rabt`hàr, tna mugbt`fg trjgs`stfr, tna l`cnt-ai`tt`gc

k`fka(LAK), tna pnftf-k`fka, tna sai`bfgkubtfr LJRA_ jgk ftnar kav`bas.

Kàlabtr`b jgk fpt`bjl prfpartàs fh sfl`ks=_avàw fh ojs`b hfriuljs, tna kàlabtr`b bfgstjgt &pfljr`zjo`l`ty jgk tna bfgbapt fh lfbjl hàlk, sfurbas fh pfljr`zjo`l`ty, k`pfljr pfljr`zjo`l`ty,

k`pfljr k`spars`fg, k`pfljr pfljr`zjt`fg `g sfl`ks, `fg`b pfljr`zjo`l`ty, alabtrfg`b pfljr`zjo`l`ty,

Uàzfalabtr`b`ty, Harrfalabtr`b`ty.

BNAI :?5:= BNAI@R[_P


5/17

Jtfi`b strubtura, qujgtui guioars, alabtrfg`b bfgh`curjt`fg, par`fk`b tjola. Urfpartàs jgk

usas fh gfola cjsas. K`hharagt typas fh bnai`bjl ofgks jgk tna`r prfpartàs. Iflabuljr

strubturas fh bfipfugks. Ralabt`va frcjg`b rajbt`fgs, K`hharagt typas fh sflut`fgs jgk tna`r

bfipfs`t`fgs. Unjsa rula, pnjsa k`jcrji fh ifgf bfipfgagt systai. Urfpartàs fh k`luta

sflut`fgs. [narif bnai`stry, bnai`bjl d`gat`bs, bnai`bjl aqu`lòrùi, @fg`zjt`fgs fh wjtar. jgkpN bfgbapt. Alabtr`bjl prfpartàs fh sflut`fgs.

IJ[ ::5?= IJ[N : (K@HHA_AG[@JL BJLBQLQR JGK BF-F_K@GJ[A CAFIA[_P)

K`hharagt`jl Bjlbulus=

Lì`t, bfgt`gu`ty jgk k`hharagt`jo`l`ty, subbass`va k`hharagt`jt`fg fh vjr`fus typas fh hugbt`fgs,

Laòg`tz's rula, [jylfr's tnafrai `g h`g`ta jgk `gh`g`ta hfris. Ijbljur`g's tnafrai `g h`g`ta jgk

`gh`g`ta hfris. Ljcrjgca's hfri fh raij`gkars. Axpjgs`fg fh hugbt`fgs. Avjlujt`fg fh lì`t fh

`gkatari`gjta hfris oy L' Nfsp`tjl's rula. Ujrt`jl k`hharagt`jt`fg, Aular's tnafrai. Aqujt`fgs fh

[jgcagt jgk gfrijl. Katari`gjt`fg fh ijxìui jgk i`gìui vjluas fh hugbt`fgs jgk pf`gts

fh ghlax`fg. Jppl`bjt`fgs, burvjtura, rjkùs fh burvjtura jgk bagtar fh burvjtura.

Bf-frk`gjta Cafiatry =

Bnjgca fh jxas, trjgshfrijt`fg fh bf-frk`gjtas jgk sìpl`h`bjt`fg fh aqujt`fgs fh burvas.

Uj`r fh strj`cnt l`gas, bfgk`t`fgs ugkar wn`bn cagarjl aqujt`fgs fh tna sabfgk kacraa ijy

raprasagt j pj`r fh strj`cnt l`gas. Nfifcagafus aqujt`fgs fh sabfgk kacraa. Jgcla oatwaag

tna pj`r fh l`gas. Uj`r fh l`gas mf`g`gc tna fr`c`g tf tna pf`gt fh `gtarsabt`fg fh twf burvas.

Rtjgkjrk aqujt`fgs fh b`rbla, pjrjoflj, all`psa jgk nyparoflj w`tn axpljgjt`fgs. Bfg`b tfcatnar

w`tn `ts Bjrtas`jg jgk pf:jr aqujt`fgs. K`sbuss`fgs fh tna cagarjl aqujt`fg fh sabfgk kacraa `g

x jgk y hfr hfr raprasagt`gc j bfg`b.

_aprasagtjt`fg fh j pf`gt `g j spjba. _abtjgculjr Bjrtas`jg bf-frk`gjtas. K`stjgba jgk K`v`s`fg

hfriulja. K`rabt`fg bfs`gas jgk k`rabt`fg rjt`fs fh j l`ga. Jgcla oatwaag twf l`gas. Urfmabt`fg fh

j saciagt.Urfmabt`fg fh tna mf`gt fh twf pf`gts fg j l`ga. [na aqujt`fg fh j pljga, `ts gfrijl

hfri jgk `gtarbapt hfri. Jgcla oatwaag twf pljgas. [na aqujt`fg fh j l`ga `g syiiatr`bjl

hfri. Aqujt`fgs fh spnara, pjrjoflf`k jgk all`psf`k.

IJ[ :?51= IJ[N ? (@G[AC_JL BJLBQLQR & K@HHA_AG[@JL AZQJ[@FGR)

@gtacrjl Bjlbulus=Kah`g`t`fgs fh `gtacrjt`fg. @gtacrjt`fg oy tna iatnfk fh suost`tut`fg. @gtacrjt`fg oy pjrts.

Rtjgkjrk `gtacrjls. @gtacrjt`fg oy tna iatnfk fh subbass`va rakubt`fg. Kah`g`ta `gtacrjls, `ts

prfpartàs jgk usa `g suii`gc saràs. Sjll`s hfriulj, @iprfpar `gtacrjls, Oatj hugbt`fg jgk

Cjiij hugbt`fg. Jraj ugkar j pljga burva `g Bjrtas`jg jgk pfljr bf-frk`gjtas. Jraj fh tna

rac`fg agblfsak oy twf burvas `g Bjrtas`jg jgk pfljr bf-frk`gjtas. [rjpazf`kjl rula. Rìpsfgs

rula. Jrb lagctns fh burvas `g Bjrtas`jg jgk pfljr bf-frk`gjtas, pjrjiatr`b jgk pakjl aqujt`fgs.


6/17

@gtr`gs`b aqujt`fg, Xfluias fh sfl`ks fh ravflut`fg. Xfluias fh nfllfw sfl`ks fh ravflut`fgs oy

snall iatnfk. Jraj fh surhjba fh ravflut`fg.

K`hharagt`jl Aqujt`fgs=

Kacraa jgk frkar fh frk`gjry k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs. Hfrijt`fg fh k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs.

Rflut`fgs fh h`rst frkar k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs oy vjr`fus iatnfks. Rflut`fgs fh cagarjl l`gajraqujt`fgs fh sabfgk jgk n`cnar frkars w`tn bfgstjgt bf-ahh`bàgt. Rflut`fg fh nfifcagafus

l`gajr aqujt`fgs. Jppl`bjt`fgs.

Rflut`fg fh k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs fh tna n`cnar frkar wnag tna kapagkagt jgk `gkapagkagt

vjr`jolas jra josagt. Rflut`fg fh k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fg oy tna iatnfk ojsak fg tna hjbtfr`zjt`fg

fh tna fparjtfrs.

IJ[ ?:5:= IJ[N 2 (BFIULA^ XJ_@JOLA, LJULJBA [_JGRHF_I JGK ] -[_JGRHF_I)

Bfiplax Xjr`jola=

Bfiplax guioar systai. Cagarjl hugbt`fgs fh j bfiplax vjr`jola. Lì`ts jgk bfgt`gu`ty fh j

hugbt`fgs fh j bfiplax vjr`jola jgk raljtak tnafrais. Bfiplax k`hharagt`jt`fg jgk tna Bjubny-

_àijgg aqujt`fgs. Ijpp`gc oy alaiagtjry hugbt`fgs. L`ga `gtacrjl fh j bfiplax hugbt`fg.

Bjubny's gtacrjl tnafrai, Bjubny's gtacrjl hfriulj, L`fuv`lla's tnafrai. [jylfr's jgk Ljuragt's

tnafrais. R`gculjr pf`gts. _as`kua, Bjubny's ras`kua tnafrai, Avjlujt`gc fh ras`kuas, bfgtfur

`gtacrjt`fg, bfghfrijl ijpp`gc.

Ljpljba [rjgshfri=

Kah`g`t`fg, Ljpljba trjgshfrijt`fg fh sfia alaiagtjry hugbt`fgs. Ruhh`bàgt bfgk`t`fgs hfr

ax`stagba fh Ljpljba trjgshfris. @gvarsa Ljpljba trjgshfris fh kar`vjt`vas. [na ug`t stap

hugbt`fg. Uar`fk`b Hugbt`fg's. Rfia spab`jl tnafrais fg Ljpljba trjgshfris. Ujrt`jl hrjbt`fg.

Rflut`fgs fh k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs oy Ljpljba trjgshfris. Avjlujt`fg fh iprfpar gtacrjls.

K`hharagba Aqujt`fgs=

[na z-trjgshfris4 Jppl`bjt`fg fh tna z-trjgshfris tf tna sflut`fg fh l`gajr k`hharagba aqujt`fgs.

IJ[ ??5?= IJ[N ; (IJ[_@BAR, XAB[F_R JGK HFQ_@A_ JGJLPR@R)

Ijtr`bas=

Kah`g`t`fg fh ijtr`x. K`hharagt typas fh ijtr`bas. Jlcaorj fh ijtr`bas.

Jkmf`gt jgk `gvarsa fh j ijtr`x. _jgd jgk alaiagtjry trjgshfrijt`fgs fh ijtr`bas. Gfrijl jgkbjgfg`bjl hfris. Rflut`fg fh l`gajr aqujt`fgs. Ijtr`x pflygfi`jls. A`cag vjluas jgk

a`cagvabtfrs.

Xabtfrs=

Rbjljrs jgk vabtfrs4 aqujl`ty fh vabtfrs. Jkk`t`fg .jgk suotrjbt`fg fh vabtfrs. Iult`pl`bjt`fg fh

vabtfrs oy sbjljrs. Rbjljr jgk vabtfr prfkubt fh twf vabtfrs jgk tna`r cafiatr`bjl

`gtarpratjt`fg .[r`pla prfkubts jgk iult`pla prfkubts. L`gajr kapagkagba jgk `gkapagkagba fh


7/17

vabtfrs. K`hharagt`jt`fg jgk `gtacrjt`fg fh vabtfrs tfcatnar w`tn alaiagtjry jppl`bjt`fgs.

Kah`g`t`fg fh l`ga, surhjba jgk vfluia `gtacrjls, Crjkàgt, k`varcagba jgk burl fh pf`gt

hugbt`fgs. Xjr`fus hfriulja, Cjuss's tnafrai, Rtfda's tnafrai, Craag's tnafrai.

Hfuràr Jgjlys`s =

_ajl jgk bfiplax hfris. H`g`ta Hfuràr trjgshfri. Hfuràr `gtacrjl. Hfuràr trjgshfris jgk tna`rusas `g sflv`gc ofugkjry vjlua prfolais.

IJ[ 2:52= R[J[@R[@BR JGK U_FOJO@L@[P

Urfojo`l`ty tnafry, k`sbrata jgk bfgt`gufus prfojo`l`ty k`stròut`fgs, sjipl`gc tnafry jgk

astìjt`fg, tast fh nypftnas`s, racrass`fg jgk bfrraljt`fg jgjlys`s, jgjlys`s fh vjr`jgba, kab`s`fg

ijd`gc us`gc prfojo`l`tàs, kab`s`fg traas, jppl`bjt`fg fh cjia tnafry.

IJ[ 2:5:= IJ[NAIJ[@BJL IA[NFKR FH AGC@GAA_@GC

@gtrfkubt`fg, Rflut`fg fh jlcaorj`b jgk trjgsbagkagtjl aqujt`fgs= Iatnfk fh `tarjt`fg, Hjlsa

pfs`t`fg iatnfk, Gawtfg-_njpsfg iatnfk, Rflut`fg fh sìultjgafus l`gajr aqujt`fgs=

Brjiar's rula, @tarjt`fg iatnfk, Cjuss-Mfrkjg Alì`gjt`fg iatnfk, Bnflasd`'s prfbass,

@gtarpfljt`fg= K`jcfgjl jgk nfr`zfgtjl k`hharagbas, K`hharagbas fh j pflygfi`jl, Gawtfg's

hfriulj hfr hfrwjrk jgk ojbdwjrk `gtarpfljt`fg, Rpl`ga `gtarpfljt`fg, @gtacrjt`fg= Cagarjl

qujkrjtura hfriulj, [rjpazf`kjl rula, Rìpsfg's rula, Sakkla's rula, Rflut`fg fh frk`gjry

k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs= Aular's iatnfk, U`bjrk's iatnfk, I`lga's iatnfk, [jylfr's saràs

iatnfk, _ugca-Duttj iatnfk. Lajst squjras jpprfxìjt`fg fh hugbt`fgs= L`gajr jgk pflygfi`jl

racrass`fg, H`tt`gc axpfgagt`jl jgk tr`cfgfiatr`b hugbt`fgs.

BRB ::5?= U_FC_JII@GC LJGCQJCA : (U_FBAKQ_JL U_FC_JII@GC LJGCQJCA-B)

@gtrfkubt`fg tf k`c`tjl bfiputars. Urfcrjii`gc jlcfr`tnis jgk hlfw bnjrt bfgstrubt`fg,

@ghfrijt`fg raprasagtjt`fg `g k`c`tjl bfiputars4 Sr`t`gc, kaoucc`gc jgk rugg`gc prfcrjis

(`gbluk`gc h`la njgkl`gc) fg vjr`fus k`c`tjl bfiputars us`gc B. @gtrfkubt`fg tf B- ljgcujca.

BRB ??53= U_FC_JII@GC LJGCQJCA ? (FOMAB[ F_@AG[AK U_FC_JII@GC LJGCQJCA-

B++)

Un`lfsfpny fh Fomabt Fràgtak Urfcrjii`gc (FFU)= Jkvjgtjcas fh FFU fvar Rtrubturakprfcrjii`gc= Agbjpsuljt`fg. Bljssas jgk fomabts jbbass spab`hàrs. Rtjt`b jgk gfg-stjt`b

iaioars, Bfgstrubtfrs, Kastrubtfrs jgk bfpy bfgstrubtfrs, Jrrjy fh fomabts, fomabt pf`gtars

jgk fomabt raharagbas, @gnar`tjgbas, R`gcla jgk iult`pla `gnar`tjgba, pflyifrpn`si,

fvarlfjk`gc, jostrjbt bljssas, v`rtujl hugbt`fgs jgk fvarr`k`gc, Axbapt`fg= Fomabt Fràgtak @/F=

[aipljta hugbt`fgs jgk bljssas= Iult`-tnrajkak Urfcrjii`gc.


8/17

AAA :?5:= ALAB[_@BJL B@_BQ@[ : (KB)

Qg`ts, KB sfurbas, ras`stjgba jgk bfgkubtjgba, Fni's ljw, pfwar jgk agarcy, saràs jgk

pjrjllal b`rbu`ts, D`rbnnfhh's ljws, Iasn jgk Gfkjl jgjlys`s, P-Kaltj Bfgvars`fg, B`rbu`t

tnafrais, Alabtr`bjl hàlk, Bjpjb`tfrs, Ijcgat`b B`rbu`ts, @gkubtjgba, [rjgsàgt jgjlys`s fh _-B

jgk _-L b`rbu`ts w`tn KB axb`tjt`fg.

AAA :?5?= ALAB[_@BJL B@_BQ@[ : LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA :?5:

AAA ?:5:= ALAB[_@BJL B@_BQ@[R ? (JB)

Jltargjt`gc burragt, JB qujgt`tàs, s`gusf`kjl wjvahfris, JB B`rbu`t Jgjlys`s= _B, _L, _LB saràs

jgk pjrjllal b`rbu`ts, Ufwar jgk Ufwar Hjbtfr. Gatwfrd [nafrais. Kapagkagt sfurbas.

_asfgjgba jgk Z-hjbtfrs, Uflypnjsa systais - ojljgbak jgk ugojljgbak, Bfuplak b`rbu`ts,

H`ltars.

AAA ?:5?= ALAB[_@BJL B@_BQ@[R ? (LJO)

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ?:5:

AAA ?:52= ALAB[_FG@B KAX@BAR

Rai`bfgkubtfrs, Mugbt`fg k`fka bnjrjbtar`st`bs, O`pfljr Mugbt`fg [rjgs`stfr= bnjrjbtar`st`bs,

sijll s`cgjl lfw hraquagby n-pjrjiatar ifkal, nyor`k p`-ifkal, Jipl`hàrs= Xfltjca jgk

Burragt jipl`hàrs. @gtrfkubt`fg tf MHA[, IFRHA[, UIFR, GIFR jgk BIFR= o`js`gc jgk

jppl`bjt`fg `g sw`tbn`gc bnjrjbtar`st`bs jgk jppl`bjt`fg. @gtrfkubt`fg tf rabt`hàrs, h`ltars,

raculjtak pfwar supply. @gtrfkubt`fg tf @B hjor`bjt`fg tabng`quas.

AAA ??51= K@C@[JL LFC@B KAR@CG

Guioar systais jgk bfkas, K`c`tjl lfc`b= Offlajg jlcaorj, Ka-Ifrcjg's ljw, Lfc`b cjtas jgk

tna`r trutn tjolas, bjgfg`bjl hfris, bfio`gjt`fgjl lfc`b b`rbu`ts, i`gì`zjt`fg tabng`quas,

Jr`tniat`b jgk kjtj njgkl`gc lfc`b b`rbu`t, kabfkars jgk agbfkars. Iult`plaxars jgk

Kaiult`plaxars. Bfio`gjt`fgjl B`rbu`t kas`cg, Hl`p-hlfps, rjba jrfugk prfolais, Bfugtars=

Jsygbnrfgfus jgk Rygbnrfgfus bfugtars jgk tna`r jppl`bjt`fgs. Rygbnrfgfus jgkjsygbnrfgfus lfc`b kas`cg= stjta k`jcrji, Iajly jgk Iffra ijbn`ga. Rtjta i`gì`zjt`fg jgk

jss`cgiagts. Uulsa ifka lfc`b. Hugkjiagtjl ifka lfc`b kas`cg.

AAA ??58= K@C@[JL LFC@B KAR@CG (LJO)

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ?:51


9/17

AAA ??53= ALAB[_@BJL IJBN@GAR :

KB Cagarjt`fg= Ur`gb`plas, Bfgstrubt`fg, bljss`h`bjt`fg, jrijtura w`gk`gc, vfltjca ou`lk up,

jrijtura rajbt`fgs jgk bfiiutjt`fg, parhfrijgba jgk tast`gc.

KB Iftfr= fparjt`fg, typas, tfrqua-spaak bnjrjbtar`st`bs, jgk iatnfks fh spaak bfgtrfl.

[rjgshfriars= pr`gb`pla, bfgstrubt`fg, bffl`gc, vabtfr k`jcrjis jgk vfltjca raculjt`fgs,aqu`vjlagt b`rbu`t, njrifg`bs g pflypnjsa trjgshfriars, lfssas jgk ahh`bàgby.

@gkubt`fg Iftfr= pr`gb`plas fh fparjt`fg, strubturjl katj`ls, aqu`vjlagt b`rbu`ts, spaak-tfrqua

raljt`fgs, lfssas jgk ahh`bàgby, b`rbla k`jcrji, gkubt`fg cagarjtfr.

Rygbnrfgfus cagarjtfr= cagarjl futl`gas4 sjlàgt pflas jgk gfg-sjlàgt pflas, jrijtura jgk

hàlk bfras, bffl`gc, j`r cjp hlux, raculjt`fg, vabtfr k`jcrjis, jrijtura rajbt`fg, lfssas jgk

ahh`bàgby, trjgsàgt bfgk`t`fgs, pjrjllal fparjt`fg, lfjk snjr`gc.

Rygbnrfgfus Iftfr= [nafry fh fparjt`fg, vabtfr k`jcrjis, X-burvas, [asts, lfssas, ahh`bàgby

jgk stjrt`gc.

AAA ??5>= ALAB[_@BJL IJBN@GAR : (LJO)

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ??53

AAA ??50= JGJLFC ALAB[_FG@BR :

Fparjt`fg jgk sijll s`cgjl ifkals fh k`fkas. B`rbu`t jppl`bjt`fg fh k`fkas. OM[ jgk HA[ o`js`gc

jgk tnarijl stjo`l`zjt`fg4 OM[ jgk HA[ jt lfw hraquagbàs= Nyor`k p`-ifkal hfr sijll s`cgjls. N-

pjrjiatars. Jgjlys`s fh trjgs`stfr jipl`hàr us`gc n-pjrjiatars, n`cn `gput ras`stjgba trjgs`stfr

b`rbu`ts4 OM[ jgk HA[ jt n`cn hraquagbàs= Nyor`k p`-ifkal,. BA snfrt b`rbu`t burragt cj`g, burragt

cj`g w`tn ras`st`va lfjk, s`gcla stjca BA trjgs`stfr jipl`hàr raspfgsa, lfw jgk n`cn hraquagby

raspfgsa fh _-B bfuplak jipl`hàr, ahhabt fh njrifg`bs fg jipl`hàrs. _aculjtak pfwar supply=

saràs vfltjca raculjtfr jgk ai`ttar hfllfwar raculjtfr.

AAA ??:5= JGJLFC ALAB[_FG@BR : LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ?:50

AAA 2:5:= K@C@[JL ALAB[_FG@BR

K`fka lfc`b cjtas, trjgs`stfr sw`tbnas, trjgs`stfr-trjgs`stfr cjtas, IFR cjtas, Lfc`b Hji`làs=[[L, ABL, @@L jgk BIFR lfc`b w`tn fparjt`fg katj`ls. Urfpjcjt`fg kaljy, Urfkubt jgk gf`sa

ìiug`ty, Fpag bfllabtfr jgk n`cn ìpakjgba cjtas. Alabtrfg`b b`rbu`t hfr hl`p-hlfps, bfugtars

jgk rac`stars, iaifry systais. ULJs, J/K jgk K/J bfgvartars w`tn jppl`bjt`fgs. R/N b`rbu`ts.

LAK, LBK jgk fpt`bjlly bfuplak fsb`lljtfrs. Gfg-l`gajr jppl`bjt`fgs fh FU-JIUs. Jgjlfc

sw`tbnas. L`gajr wjva snjp`gc4 k`fka wjva snjp`gc tabng`quas4 bl`pp`gc jgk bljip`gc b`rbu`ts,

bfipjrjtfr b`rbu`ts, sw`tbn`gc b`rbu`ts. Uulsa trjgshfriars pulsa trjgsi`ss`fg. Uulsa cagarjt`fg.


10/17

Ifgfstjola, o`stjola jgk jstjola iult`vòrjtfrs4 Rbni`t tr`ccar4 olfbd`gc fsb`lljtfrs jgk tìa

ojsa b`rbu`t. [ì`gc b`rbu`t, sìpla vfltjca swaaps, l`gajr burragt swaaps.

AAA 2:5?= K@C@[JL ALAB[_FG@BR (LJO)

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA 2:5:

AAA 2:52= ALAB[_@BJL UFSA_ [_JGRI@RR@FG JGK K@R[_@OQ[@FG

@gkubtjgba fh trjgsi`ss`fg l`gas= Hlux l`gdjca, @gkubtjgba kua tf `gtargjl hlux, @gkubtjgba fh

s`gcla pnjsa twf w`ra l`gas, Hlux l`gdjca fh fga bfgkubtfr `g j crfup, @gkubtjgba fh bfipfs`ta

bfgkubtfr l`gas. CIK axjiplas4 2 pnjsa l`gas w`tn aqu`ljtarjl spjb`gc jgk ugsyiiatr`bjl

spjb`gc. Ujrjllal b`rbu`t 2 pnjsa l`gas. Qsa fh tjolas. Alabtr`bjl hàlk4 pftagt`jl k`hharagba

oatwaag pf`gts kua tf j bnjrca, bjpjb`tjgba fh j twf-w`ra l`ga. Crfup fh bnjrcak bfgkubtfrs.

Bjpjb`tjgbas fh 2 pnjsa l`gas w`tn aqu`ljtarjl jgk w`tn ugsyiiatr`bjl spjb`gc. Ahhabt fh ajrtn,

pjrjllal b`rbu`t l`gas. _as`stjgba jgk sd`g ahhabt= _as`stjgba jgk taiparjtura, sd`g ahhabts,

`ghluagba fg ras`stjgba, usa fh tjola, Burragt jgk vfltjca raljt`fg fg j trjgsi`ss`fg l`ga, [- jgk

p`- raprasagtjt`fg, axjbt sflut`fg. Aqu`vjlagt b`rbu`t fh j lfgc l`ga. Iabnjg`bjl bnjrjbtar`st`bs fh

trjgsi`ss`fg l`ga= Rjc jgk strass jgjlys`s4 S`gk jgk `ba lfjk`gc, suppfrts jt k`hharagt alavjt`fg

bfgk`t`fgs jt arabt`fg4 ahhabt fh taiparjtura bnjgcas. Cagarjl`zak l`ga bfgstjgt= Cagarjl l`ga

aqujt`fg `g taris fh J, O, B, K bfgstjgts. _aljt`fg oatwaag bfgstjgts, bnjrts fh l`ga bfgstjgts,

bfgstjgts fh bfio`gak gatwfrds, iajsuraiagt fh l`ga bfgstjgts. B`rbla K`jcrjis= _aba`v`gc

agk jgk sagk`gc agk pfwar b`rbla k`jcrjis. Xfltjca jgk pfwar hjbtfr bfgtrfl `g trjgsi`ss`fg

systais. [jp bnjgc`gc [rjgshfriars4 fg lfjk tjp bnjgc`gc. @gkubtjgba raculjtfrs. Ifv`gc bf`l

raculjtfrs4 Offst`gc trjgshfriars. Ufwar hjbtfr bfgtrfl4 stjt`b bfgkagsars4 sygbnrfgfus

bfgkagsar. @gsuljtfrs hfr fvarnajk l`gas4 typas fh `gsuljtfrs, tna`r bfgstrubt`fg jgk

parhfrijgba. Uftagt`jl k`stròut`fg `g j str`gc fh `gsuljtfrs, str`gc ahh`bàgby. Iatnfks fh

aqujl`z`gc pftagt`jl k`stròut`fg4 spab`jl typas fh `gsuljtfrs, tast`gc fh `gsuljtfrs. @gsuljtak

bjolas, bjolas varsus fvarnajk l`gas, `gsuljt`gc ijtar`jls. Alabtrfstjt`b strass crjk`gc. [nraa

bfra bjolas4 kàlabtr`b lfssas jgk najt`gc. Ifkarg kavalfpiagt4 f`l h`llak jgk cjs h`llak bjolas.

Iajsuraiagt fh bjpjb`tjgba. Bjola tast`gc. @gtrfkubt`fg tf trjgsi`ss`fg l`ga prftabt`fg= fvar

burragt raljy jgk tìa crjk`gc, ravarsa pfwar raljys. K`hharagt`jl prftabt`fg. K`stjgt raljys.

K`stròut`fg= K`stròutfr bjlbuljt`fg, r`gc ij`gs jgk gtarbfggabt`fgs.

AAA 2:51= ALAB[_FIJCGA[@B H@ALKR JGK SJXAR

_avàw fh vabtfr jgjlys`s. (j) Alabtrfstjt`bs= Bfulfio's ljw, hfrba, alabtr`b hàlk `gtags`ty,

alabtr`bjl hlux kags`ty. Cjuss's tnafrai w`tn jppl`bjt`fg, Alabtrfstjt`b pftagt`jl, ofugkjry

bfgk`t`fgs, iatnfk fh ìjcas, Ljpljba's jgk Uf`ssfg's aqujt`fgs, agarcy fh jg alabtrfstjt`b

systai, bfgkubtfr jgk kàlabtr`bs. (o) Ijcgatfstjt`bs= Bfgbapts fh ijcgat`b hàlk, Jipara's


11/17

ljw, O`f-Rjvjrt ljw, vabtfr ijcgat`b pftagt`jl, agarcy fh ijcgatfstjt`b systai, Iabnjg`bjl

hfrbas jgk tfrquas `g Alabtr`b jgk Ijcgat`b hàlks. Burv`l`gajr bf-frk`gjtas, rabtjgculjr,

byl`gkr`bjl jgk spnar`bjl bffrk`gjtas, sflut`fgs tf stjt`b hàlk prfolais. Crjpn`bjl hàlk ijpp`gc

w`tn jppl`bjt`fgs, sflut`fg tf Ljpljba aqujt`fgs, rabtjgculjr, byl`gkr`bjl jgk spnar`bjl

njrifg`bs w`tn jppl`bjt`fgs. Ijxwall's aqujt`fgs= [na`r kar`vjt`vas, bfgt`gu`ty fh bnjrcas,bfgbapts fh k`spljbaiagt burragts. Ofugkjry bfgk`t`fgs hfr tìa vjry`gc systais. Uftagt`jls

usak w`tn vjry`gc bnjrcas jgk burragts. _atjrkak pftagt`jls. Ijxwall's aqujt`fgs `g k`hharagt

bffrk`gjta systais. _aljt`fg oatwaag b`rbu`t tnafry jgk hàlk tnafry= B`rbu`t bfgbapts jgk

kar`vjt`fgs hrfi tna hàlk aqujt`fgs. N`cn hraquagby b`rbu`t bfgbapts, b`rbu`t rjk`jt`fg

ras`stjgba. Rd`g ahhabt jgk b`rbu`t ìpakjgba. Bfgbapt fh cffk jgk parhabt bfgkubtfrs jgk

kàlabtr`bs. Burragt k`stròut`fg `g vjr`fus typas fh bfgkubtfrs, kaptn fh pagatrjt`fg, `gtargjl

ìpakjgba, pfwar lfss, bjlbuljt`fg fh `gkubtjgba jgk bjpjb`tjgba. Urfpjcjt`fg jgk rahlabt`fg

fh alabtrfijcgat`b wjvas `g ugofugkak iak`j= pljga wjva prfpjcjt`fg, pfljr`zjt`fg, pfwar

hlfw jgk Ufygt`gc's tnafrai. [rjgsi`ss`fg l`ga jgjlfcy, rahlabt`fg hrfi bfgkubt`gc jgk

kàlabtr`b ofugkjry k`spljy l`gas `fg `g kàlabtr`bs, l`qu`ks jgk sfl`ks, pljga wjva prfpjcjt`fg

tnrfucn tna fgfspnara. @gtrfkubt`fg tf rjk`jt`fg.

AAA 2?53= R@CGJLR JGK L@GAJ_ RPR[AIR

Bnjrjbtar`st`bs fh j l`gajr systai, iatnfks fh trjgsàgt jgk stajky stjta sflut`fg fh k`hharagt`jl

jgk `gtacrf-k`hharagt`jl aqujt`fgs. Gatwfrd tnafrais. Jgjlfcfus systais. Jgjlys`s oy Hfuràr

iatnfks. Ljpljba trjgshfri jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fg tf l`gajr b`rbu`ts. Bfgvflut`fg `gtacrjl jgk tna`r

jppl`bjt`fgs. Ijtr`x w`tn sìpla jppl`bjt`fgs `g b`rbu`t= gatwfrd hugbt`fg, pflas jgk zarfas fh j

gatwfrd. K`stjgba s`cgjls jgk z-trjgshfri iatnfks. Rystai bfgbapts= stjta aqujt`fg jgk stjta

vjr`jolas hfr sijll l`gajr systais.

AAA 2?50= JGJLFC ALAB[_FG@BR ?

Haakojbd jipl`hàrs= bljss`h`bjt`fg, haakojbd bfgbapt, ahhabt fh haakojbd fg trjgshar cj`g,

jipl`hàr bnjrjbtar`st`bs, typas fh haakojbd, gacjt`va haakojbd jipl`hàrs jgk tna`r jppl`bjt`fgs.

R`gusf`kjl fsb`lljtfrs= bfgk`t`fgs fh salh-fsb`lljt`fg4 pnjsa sn`ht rasfgjgt b`rbu`t4 Bflp`tts jgk

Njrtlay fsb`lljtfr, Sa`g or`kca jgk brystjl fsb`lljtfrs. Fparjt`fgjl jipl`hàrs (FU-JIU)=

@gtrfkubt`fg tf FU-JIUs, @gvart`gc jgk Gfg-`gvart`gc jipl`hàr, pnjsa `gvartar, sbjla bnjgcar,`gtacrjt`gc jgk k`hharagt`jt`gc b`rbu`ts, jkkar fr suii`gc jipl`hàr, vfltjca tf burragt jgk

burragt tf vfltjca bfgvartar, vfltjca hfllfwar, jgjlfc alabtrfg`b bfiputjt`fg, k`hharagt`jl,

`gstruiagtjt`fg jgk or`kca jipl`hàrs. JB parhfrijgba fh FU-JIUs= Ojgkw`ktn, slaw rjta,

gf`sa jgk hraquagby bfipagsjt`fg, jbt`va h`ltars. Qg-tugak pfwar jipl`hàrs= Bljss J, Bljss O,

Uusn-pull jgk Kjrl`gctfg pj`r jipl`hàrs. [ugak vfltjca (_.H. jgk @.H.) jgk pfwar (Bljss O, Bljss


12/17

B) jipl`hàrs. Ifkuljt`fg= Jipl`tuka Ifkuljt`fg (JI) jgk Kaifkuljt`fg, Hraquagby

Ifkuljt`fg (HI) jgk kaifkuljt`fg.

AAA 2?:5= JGJLFC ALAB[_FG@BR ? LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA 2?50

AAA 2?::= K@C@[JL R@CGJL U_FBARR@GC

K`sbrata tìa s`cgjls jgk systais. K`sbrata trjgshfris= K`sbrata Hfuràr trjgshfri (KH[),

@gvarsa K`sbrata Hfuràr [rjgshfri (@KH[), Hjst Hfuràr [rjgshfri (HH[), @gvarsa Hjst Hfuràr

[rjgshfri (@HH[), [na ]-trjgshfri jgk `ts jppl`bjt`fg `g R`cgjl prfbass`gc. Bfrraljt`fg jgk

Bfgvflut`fg= _avàw fh bfgvflut`fg, b`rbuljr bfgvflut`fg, jutf-bfrraljt`fg, brfss bfrraljt`fg,

ìplaiagtjt`fg fh bfrraljt`fg jgk bfgvflut`fg. K`c`tjl h`ltars= @gtrfkubt`fg tf H`g`ta @ipulsa

_aspfgsa (H@_) jgk @gh`g`ta @ipulsa _aspfgsa (@@_) k`c`tjl h`ltars, vjr`fus tabng`quas fh H@_ jgk

@@_ h`ltar kas`cg, rajl`zjt`fg fh H@_ jgk @@_ h`ltars, h`g`ta-prab`s`fg ahhabts. J oràh fvarvàw fh

jrt`h`b`jl gaurjl gatwfrds, huzzy lfc`b jgk cagar`b jlcfr`tni. IJ[LJO jppl`bjt`fg tf k`c`tjl s`cgjl

prfbass`gc (KRU).

AAA 2?:2= ALAB[_@BJL IJBN@GAR ?

@gkustr`jl iftfr bfgtrfls, KB cagarjtfrs. Jrijtura rajbt`fg `g sygbnrfgfus cagarjtfr. [wf

rajbt`fg jgjlys`s jgk bfgbapt fh k`rabt jx`s jgk qujkrjtura jx`s rajbtjgba. [rjgsàgt

parhfrijgbas fh rftjt`gc ijbn`gas. Hugkjiagtjls fh alabtrfiabnjg`bjl agarcy bfgvars`fgs,

agarcy stfrjca. Cagarjl`zak parhfrijgba aqujt`fgs fh ijbn`gas. @gtarbfggabtak systai fh

jltargjtfrs jgk lfjk snjr`gc. Axb`tjt`fg sbnaias fh sygbnrfgfus ijbn`gas, stjrt`gc fh

sygbnrfgfus ijbn`gas. Rtjrt`gc fh `gkubt`fg iftfrs, tfrqua jgk spaak bfgtrfl raqu`raiagts.

KB jgk JB iftfr bfgtrfl oy trjk`t`fgjl iatnfks jgk oy us`gc RB_s. Alabtr`bjl orjd`gc fh KB jgk

JB iftfrs, Akky burragt orjdas. Jipl`kyga, Iatjkygas, sygbnrfgfus bfgvartars, stjt`b pfwar

bfgvartars. Rtappar iftfr pr`gb`pla, vjr`jola ralubtjgba stappar iftfr.

Alabtr`bjl ijbn`ga kas`cg, kas`cg hjbtfrs, kas`cg pr`gb`plas, trjgshfriar kas`cg, kas`cg fh sijll

s`gcla pnjsa trjgshfriars, kas`cg fh s`gcla pnjsa `gkubt`fg iftfrs.

AAA 2?:;= ALAB[_@BJL IJBN@GAR ? LJOLjofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA 2?:;

AAA 2?:8= ALAB[_FG@BR RNFU

Urjbt`bjl stuky fh alabtrfg`b aqu`piagt= rjk`f raba`vars, talav`s`fg raba`vars, Juk`f Bjssatta

jgk BK pljyar, XB_, XBU, KXK pljyar, sjtall`ta [X raba`var systai.


13/17

AAA ;555= U_FMAB[ JGK [NAR@R

Rtuky fh prfolais `g tna hàlk fh Alabtr`bjl jgk Alabtrfg`b Agc`gaar`gc.

AAA ;:5:= BFG[_FL RPR[AIR

@gtrfkubt`fg tf haakojbd bfgtrfl, tari`gflfcàs w`tn axjiplas. [rjgshar hugbt`fg ifkal`gc fhKB jgk JB sarva jgk ftnar hji`l`jr systais. Olfbd k`jcrji raprasagtjt`fg jgk sìpl`h`bjt`fg tf

bjgfg`bjl hfri oy Ijsfg's rula, [ìa kfij`g spab`h`bjt`fgs, ug`t stap raspfgsa. Lfbjt`fg fh

pflas jgk stjo`l`ty oy _futn's br`tar`fg, _fft lfbus= Bfgstrubt`fg rulas, kfi`gjgt pflas, stjo`l`ty,

U+@, U+K, jgk U+@+K bfipagsjt`fg us`gc rfft lfbus. @gtrfkubt`fg tf pfla pljbaiagt

bfipagsjt`fg. Rtajky stjta parhfrijgba= typas fh systais, axjiplas, stajky stjta arrfr jgk

stjt`b arrfr bfahh`bàgt. Hraquagby raspfgsa= Ofka, Gyqu`st's jgk G`bnfl's plfts, Cj`g ijrc`g,

pnjsa ijrc`g, ijxìui ijcg`tuka, rasfgjgt hraquagby jgk ojgkw`ktn bfrraljt`fg w`tn tìa

raspfgsa. Rtjo`l`ty hrfi Gyqu`st k`jcrji (k`rabt= pfljr plft). Cj`g jkmustiagt us`gc G`bnfl's

bnjrt. Rtjta spjba raprasagtjt`fg= hfrijt`fg fh stjta aqujt`fgs, trjgshar hugbt`fg hrfi stjta

aqujt`fg, stjo`l`ty jgk a`cag- vjluas fh stjta trjgs`t`fg ijtr`x. @gtrfkubt`fg tf k`c`tjl bfgtrfl.

AAA ;:52= UFSA_ RPR[AI JGJLPR@R

Ufwar gatwfrd raprasagtjt`fgs, par ug`t systai fh bjlbuljt`fgs, rajbtjgba fh jsygbnrfgfus

cagarjtfrs jgk `ts aqu`vjlagt b`rbu`t, vfltjca bnjrjbtar`st`bs fh lfjks, pfwar jgk rajbt`va pfwar

hlfw `g sìpla systais, lfjk hlfw stukàs fh ljrca systais us`gc tna Cjuss-Ra`kjl iatnfks,

bfgtrfl fh vfltjca, pfwar jgk rajbt`va pfwar, usa fh gatwfrd jgjlyzars jgk k`c`tjl bfiputars,

syiiatr`bjl hjult bjlbuljt`fg, lì`tjt`fgs fh snfrt b`rbu`t burragt us`gc raculjtfrs.

Ryiiatr`bjl bfipfgagts- pfs`t`va, gacjt`va jgk zarf saquagba gatwfrds fh cagarjtfrs,

trjgshfriars jgk l`gas, saquagba gatwfrd fh systais, ugsyiiatr`bjl hjult bjlbuljt`fgs. Ufwar

systai stjo`l`ty `gvflv`gc twf ijbn`ga systais, sw`gc aqujt`fg. Aqujl jraj br`tar`fg fh stjo`l`ty

jgk ts jppl`bjt`fgs, sflut`fg fh sw`gc aqujt`fg, hjbtfrs jhhabt`gc trjgsàgt stjo`l`ty.

AAA ;:51= [ALABFIIQG@BJ[@FGR AGC@GAA_@GC

Fvarvàw fh bfiiug`bjt`fg systais, s`cgjl spabtrj, Jipl`tuka ifkuljt`fg jgk kaifkuljt`fg=

KRO-RB, RRO, XRO. Hraquagby ifkuljt`fg jgk kaifkuljt`fg= GOHI, SOHI jgk Unjsa

Ifkuljt`fg (UI). Uulsa Ifkuljt`fg= UJI, UBI, Kaltj Ifkuljt`fg, Hraquagby k`v`s`fg jgk tìak`v`s`fg iult`plax`gc jgk tna`r jppl`bjt`fg. K`c`tjl Ifkuljt`fg systais, Ifkais, @gtrfkubt`fg

tf talatrjhh`b tnafry. _jk`f wjva prfpjcjt`fg, ahhabts fh `fgfspnara jgk ajrtn's burvjtura.

@gtrfkubt`fg tf sjtall`ta bfiiug`bjt`fg. @gtrfkubt`fg tf balluljr ifo`la bfiiug`bjt`fg.

@gtrfkubt`fg tf talapnfgy, k`hharagt typas fh sw`tbn`gc, RUB jgk k`c`tjl sw`tbn`gc systais, tìa

jgk spjba sw`tbn`gc. @gtrfkubt`fg tf J[I, RKN, RFGA[ jgk fpt`bjl bfiiug`bjt`fgs. _JKJ_

jgk ts jppl`bjt`fgs.


14/17

AAA ;:58= [ALABFIIQG@BJ[@FGR AGC@GAA_@GC LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ;:51

AAA ;:53= ALAB[_@BJL U_FUA_[@AR FH IJ[A_@JLR

Brystjl strubturas= [ypas fh brystjls, ljtt`ba jgk ojs`s, Orjv`js ljtt`ba jgk I`llar `gk`bas.@gtrfkubt`fg tf Zujgtui Iabnjg`bs= Sjva gjtura fh alabtrfgs, Rbnrfk`gcar's aqujt`fg, fga

kìags`fgjl qujgtui prfolais, `gh`g`ta qujgtui wall, pftagt`jl stap jgk pftagt`jl ojrràr.

Na`sagourc's ugbartj`gty pr`gb`pla, qujgtui ofx.

Bljss`bjl tnafry fh alabtr`bjl jgk tnarijl bfgkubt`fg= sbjttar`gc, ifo`l`ty jgk ras`st`v`ty,

taiparjtura kapagkagba fh ras`st`v`ty fh iatjls jgk Ijtnlassag's rula, Njll ahhabt, tnarijl

bfgkubt`v`ty.

Ojgk tnafry fh sfl`ks= ojgk tnafry hrfi iflabuljr fro`tjl, Olfbn tnafrai,, Drfg`c-Uaggy

ifkal, alabtrfg ahhabt`va ijss, kags`ty fh stjtas.

Bjrràr stjt`st`bs= Ijxwall Ofltzijg jgk Hari` K`rjb k`stròut`fg, Hari` agarcy.

Ifkarg tnafry fh iatjls= Katari`gjt`fg fh Hari` agarcy jgk jvarjca agarcy fh iatjls ojsak

fg agarcy ojgk ifkal jgk Hari`-K`rjb k`stròut`fg hugbt`fgs, bljss`bjl jgk qujgtui

iabnjg`bjl spab`h`b najt fh alabtrfgs `g j iatjl.

Kàlabtr`b prfpartàs fh ijtar`jls= Ufljr`zjt`fg jgk kàlabtr`b bfgstjgt, alabtrfg`b, `fg`b jgk

fràgtjt`fgjl pfljr`zjt`fg, Bljusùs-Ifsftt` aqujt`fg, hraquagby kapagkagba kàlabtr`b

bfgstjgts, kàlabtr`b lfss jgk pàzfalabtr`b`ty.

Ijcgat`b prfpartàs fh ijtar`jls= Ijcgat`b ifiagt, ijcgat`zjt`fg jgk raljt`va pari`tt`v`ty,

k`hharagt typas fh ijcgat`b ijtar`jls, fr`c`g fh harrfijcgat`si jgk ijcgat`b kfij`gs.

@gtrfkubt`fg tf Ruparbfgkubt`v`ty= ]arf ras`stjgba jgk Ia`ssagar ahhabt [ypa : jgk [ypa ?

suparbfgkubtfr jgk br`t`bjl burragt kags`ty.

AAA ;?51= I@B_FSJXA AGC@GAA_@GC

N.H trjgsi`ss`fg l`gas, Ri`tn bnjrt, @ipakjgba ijtbn`gc tabng`quas jgk jppl`bjt`fgs. Cu`kak

A.I. wjvas, Ujrjllal pljga jgk _abtjgculjr wjvacu`kas, Bjv`ty rasfgjtfr.

Jgtaggjs jgk rjk`jt`fg, Rijll burragt alaiagt jgtaggj, Lfgc strj`cnt jgtaggj, _jk`jt`fg

pjttargs jgk cj`g. Hraquagby @gkapagkagt jgk Lfcpar`fk`b jgtaggjs. Jgtaggj jrrjys=

Orfjks`ka jgk Agkh`ra jrrjy, Unjsa sbjgg`gc fh Jgtaggjs jrrjys.[rjgs`t tìa ahhabts, Xalfb`ty ifkuljt`fg, I`brfwjva tuoas= Dlystrfg jipl`hàr, Iult`bjv`ty

Dlystrfg jipl`hàr, _ahlax Dlystrfg fsb`lljtfr, Ijcgatrfg Fsb`lljtfr, [rjval`gc Sjva [uoa

Jipl`hàr ([S[J), Ojbdwjrk Sjva Fsb`lljtfr (OSF).

AAA ;?53= XNKL IFKAL@GC JGK LFC@B RPG[NAR@R


15/17

@gtrfkubt`fg tf XNKL. Ojs`b XNKL bfgstrubts. Kas`cg fh bfio`gjt`fgjl lfc`b (jkkars, iult`plàrs,

bfipjrjtfrs, iult`plaxars/ kaiult`plaxars, JLQs atb.) jgk saquagt`jl lfc`b (hl`p-hlfps, rac`stars,

sn`ht rac`stars, rjgkfi guioar cagarjtfrs, bfugtars, HRIs atb.) w`tn oanjv`frjl XNKL

kasbr`pt`fgs. Qsa fh jg `gkustr`jl AKJ tffl hfr hugbt`fgjl jgk pfst-rfuta sìuljt`fgs, lfc`b

sygtnas`s jgk jutfijt`b pljba jgk rfuta. Sr`t`gc tastoagbnas. Kas`cg fh HRIs. Bfgvart`gcjlcfr`tnis tf njrkwjra us`gc JRI bnjrts jgk tfp-kfwg kas`cg iatnfkflfcàs w`tn BULKs jgk

HUCJs js tjrcat tabngflfcàs. Aipnjs`s fg HRI kas`cg tabng`quas. Bfgtrfllar-kjtjpjtn

pjrt`t`fg`gc. Jlcfr`tnis tnjt kasbròa kjtjpjtn alaiagts. I`brfbfgtrfllars. Kas`cg fh sìpla

jgk _@RB prfbassfrs. U`pal`g`gc.

AAA ;?5>= XNKL IFKAL@GC JGK LFC@B RPG[NAR@R LJOF_J[F_P

Ojsak fg tna bfursa AAA ;?53.

AAA ;?::= I@B_FU_FBARRF_ JGK @.F. RPR[AI

@gtrfkubt`fg tf k`hharagt typas fh i`brfprfbassfrs (> o`t, :8 o`t atb.) @gtrfkubt`fg sats.

Njrkwjra frcjg`zjt`fg. I`brfprfbassfr `gtarhjb`gc. @gtrfkubt`fg tf jvj`ljola i`brfprfbassfr

@B's. I`brfprfbassfr jppl`bjt`fgs. Kas`cg fh k`c`tjl bfiputar suosystai. Hlfw fh `ghfrijt`fg

jgk lfc`bjl hlfw k`jcrji `g tì`gc jgk bfgtrfl s`cgjls. Rystai frcjg`zjt`fg= Njrkwjra

strubturas. Kas`cg fh bfgtrfl ug`t fh k`c`tjl bfiputar. @gtrfkubt`fg tf i`brf-prfcrjii`gc.

Iult`prfcrjii`gc, rajl tìa jgk tìa snjr`gc bfiputar systais. Kjtj jgk `gstrubt`fgs. Kjtj

systais, jkkrass`gc fh fparjt`va iaifry. Ijbn`ga `gstrubt`fgs. Bnjggal prfcrjis. Jssaiolar

prfcrji. Urfcrji axabut`fg. Urfcrji axabut`fg. @gtarrupt systais, @/F systais.

@gtarbfggabt`fg fh bfiputars. Fparjt`gc systais. Bfgtrfl prfcrji. H`la njgklar. Urfcrji

strubtura. X`rtujl iaifry.

AAA ;?:?= I@B_FU_FBARRF_ JGK @.F. RPR[AI LJO

Ljofrjtfry wfrds ojsak fg AAA ;?:?

AAA ;?:2= @GKQR[_@JL ALAB[_FG@BR

@gtrfkubt`fg tf sfl`k stjta kav`bas jgk tnyr`stfrs= (`) Rbnfttdy rabt`hàr (``) ]agar k`fka (```) K`fka

jgk trjgs`stfr pjbdjcas (`v) RB_ jgk (v) [_@JB. @gtrfkubt`fg tf tr`ccar`gc kav`bas= QM[, QM[raljxjt`fg fsb`lljtfr, pnjsa bfgtrfl b`rbu`t4 Urfcrjiijola QM[ (UQ[), UQ[ raljxjt`fg fsb`lljtfr4

Rbnfttdy k`fka4 R`l`bfg Qg`ljtarjl Rw`tbn (RQR)4 K@JB4 R`l`bfg O`ljtarjl Rw`tbn (ROR)4

Jsyiiatr`bjl JB tr`ccar`gc kav`bas. Iftfr Bfgtrfl= KB Iftfr orjd`gc jgk plucc`gc b`rbu`ts,

trjgs`stfr kygji`b orjd`gc b`rbu`t, typ`bjl iftfr plucc`gc b`rbu`t, aiarcagby stfp plucc`gc

b`rbu`t,4 spaak bfgtrfl UI/Rnugt iftfrs4 alabtrfg`b spaak bfgtrfl us`gc jrijtura vfltjca

bfgtrfl iatnfk. Rfl`k stjta iftfr spaak bfgtrfllar= R`gcla trjgs`stfr spaak bfgtrfl4 FU-JIU


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jgk Kjrl`gctfg pfwar jipl`hàr spaak bfgtrfl, FU-JIU jgk IFRHA[ pfwar jipl`hàr bfgtrfl

hfr UI/Rnugt iftfrs. RB_ spaak bfgtrfl b`rbu`ts hfr UI/Rnugt iftfrs4 sìpla RB_ b`rbu`t, RB_

plus QM[ b`rbu`t vjr`jt`fg fh j pulsa w`ktn ifkuljt`fg (USI) spaak bfgtrfl b`rbu`t. Rpaak

bfgtrfl fh saràs / ug`varsjl iftfrs= Raràs / ug`varsjl iftfr bfgtrfl b`rbu`t us`gc RB_ (njlh wjva

bfgtrfl)4 [_@JB jgk K@JB (hull wjva bfgtrfl)4 [_@JB bfgtrfl w`tn Nystaras`s bfipagsjt`fg, KBiftfr pnjsa bfgtrfl4 ojljgba or`kca (ravars`gc) kr`va hfr UI fr snugt iftfrs, pnjsa bfgtrfl

b`rbu`t hfr Kb saràs iftfr. KB-KB bnfppar bfgtrfl, Ojs`b Mfgas Bnfppar b`rbu`t. Rtappar iftfrs4

stappar iftfrs kr`va b`rbu`t us`gc trjgs`stfrs, Kjrl`gctfg trjgs`stfr jgk IFRHA[s. Rpaak bfgtrfl

fh JB iftfrs= Xjr`jola hraquagby bfgvartar olfbd k`jcrji, sìpl`hàk s`gcla pnjsa

byblfbfgvaratar. [_@JB bfgtrfl, s`gcla pnjsa `gvartar, tnraa pnjsa s`x stap `gvartar. Alabtrfg`b

tìars. Rw`tbnak ifka pfwar supplàs. Xfltjca iult`plàrs. Ijcgat`b Jipl`hàrs. _as`stjgba

walkar bfgtrfls. @gkubt`fg najt`gc. Kàlabtr`b najt`gc.

AAA ;?:3= XLR@ B@_BQ@[R

XLR@ tabngflfcy= [ari`gflfcàs jgk tragks, IFR trjgs`stfr bnjrjbtar`st`bs jgk aqujt`fgs,

GIFR jgk BIFR `gvartars, KB jgk trjgsàgt bnjrjbtar`st`bs, Ujss trjgs`stfrs jgk pjss cjtas,

BIFR ljyfut jgk kas`cg rulas, Bfiplax BIFR cjtas, _as`stjgba jgk bjpjb`tjgba, Astìjt`fg

jgk ifkal`gc, R`cgjl prfpjcjt`fg, kaljy, gf`sa ijrc`g jgk pfwar bfgsuipt`fg, @gtarbfggabt

O`BIFR b`rbu`ts. BIFR ou`lk`gc olfbds, Jkkars, Bfugtars, Iult`plàrs jgk ojrral sn`htars. Kjtj

pjtns, Iaifry strubturas, ULJs jgk HUCJs. XLR@ tast`gc, Fomabt`vas jgk strjtacàs.

OJA ::5:= AGC@GAA_@GC K_JS@GC

@gtrfkubt`fg, krjht`gc `gstruiagts jgk ijtar`jls, lattar`gc, jlpnjoat fh l`gas, kìags`fg`gc,

cafiatr`b bfgstrubt`fg, bfg`b sabt`fgs, frtnfcrjpn`b prfmabt`fg, `sfiatr`b jgk fol`qua vàws,

hraa njgk sdatbn`gc, bfgstrubt`fg fh sbjla, sabt`fgs jgk bfgvagt`fgs, surhjba kavalfpiagt.

Ijd`gc pljg, sabt`fg jgk alavjt`fg fh ras`kagt`jl ou`lk`gc.

OJA ?:5:= BFIUQ[A_ J@KAK KAR@CG JGK K_JH[@GC

Rjhaty rulas, alabtr`b`ty rulas jgk alabtr`b`ty bfkas. Alabtr`bjl jgk Alabtrfg`b syiofls. Alabtr`bjl

w`r`gc, nfusa w`r`gc jgk gkustr`jl gstjlljt`fg w`r`gc. @gsuljt`fg iajsuraiagt. Qsa fh Iaccjrs.

Ojttary bnjrc`gc. Brajt`gc UBO ljyfut, ak`t`gc UBO ljyfut, pr`gt`gc UBO ljyfut.

OJA :?5:= OJR@B IABNJG@BJL AGC@GAA_@GC

Rtuky fh staji cagarjt`fg ug`ts jgk tna`r jbbassfràs jgk ifugt`gcs4 Urfpartàs fh Rtaji,

`gtargjl agarcy, agtnjlpy jgk qujl`ty fh staji, sjturjtak jgk suparnajtak staji, usas fh

staji tjolas, Ifllàr Bnjrts. Rtaji pfwar byblas, _jgd`ga bybla, Lfw prassura jgk n`cn

prassura haak najtars. Kajrarjtfrs jgk bfgkagsars. Rabfgk ljw fh tnarifkygji`bs,=


17/17

jvj`ljo`l`ty, `rravarsò`l`ty jgk agtrfpy. @gtrfkubt`fg tf `gtargjl bfioust`fg agc`gas jgk cjs

turo`gas. Rtaji turo`gas jgk tna`r ìpfrtjgt jbbassfràs= lfw prassura jgk n`cn prassura

turo`gas, stjrt, fparjt`fg jgk snut kfwg, luor`bjt`fg, turo`ga cljgks jgk cljgk sajl`gc. Rtaji

axtrjbt`fg jgk racagarjt`va haak najt`gc. @gtrfkubt`fg tf puips, olfwars jgk bfiprassfrs,

rahr`carjt`fg jgk j`r bfgk`t`fg`gc systais. I`xturas fh j`r jgk vjpfr. Qsas fh Usybnfiatr`bbnjrt. X`s`t tf pfwar cagarjt`gc stjt`fg `g frkar tf hji`l`jr`za stukagts w`tn jll tna cagarjt`gc

aqu`piagt jgk jssfb`jtak jux`l`jry pljgt aqu`piagt `g fparjt`fg. [nay iust v`s`t sfia

salabtak pfwar stjt`fgs `g tna bfugtry ugkar tna suparv`s`fg fh hjbulty iaioars js kab`kak oy

tna bfgbargak kapjrtiagt. [na v`s`t iust oa `gblukak js jg assagt`jl pjrt fh tna bfursa jgk js

subn tna sjia ijy oa tjdag `gtf bfgs`karjt`fg `g crjk`gc fh tna stukagts `g tn`s bfursa.

aiub b.sc.(eee) syllabus

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