airmanship knowledge learning outcome 1 air traffic control uncontrolled copy not subject to...
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Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 1Air Traffic Control
Uncontrolled copy not subject to amendment
Revision 1.00
Airmanship KnowledgeLearning Outcome 1
Understand the types of airfield operations used for the control of aircraft
Contents
• Control Towers• Controllers• Communication
Systems• Visual
Communications• RADAR• Approach Aids
Air Traffic Control
Introduction
On RAF Airfields all movements of aircraft, both on the ground and in the air are monitored by Air Traffic Control (ATC)
The Control Tower
• Is always in a prominent position in the aircraft manoeuvring area
• Houses electronic & radio equipment and may also have a Bird Control Unit
The Control Tower The size & design of ATC Towers varies considerably.
Aerodrome ControllerIs in charge of movements:Is in charge of movements:• On the GroundOn the Ground• In the AirIn the Air
Sometimes Called:Sometimes Called:• Airfield ControllerAirfield Controller• Local ControllerLocal Controller
On large airfields this is split in two as there is too much work for one person.On large airfields this is split in two as there is too much work for one person.
Aircraft movements on the ground up to the runway are controlled byAircraft movements on the ground up to the runway are controlled bya controller called Ground.a controller called Ground.
Aircraft movements on the runway and in the local area are controlledAircraft movements on the runway and in the local area are controlledby a controller called Tower.by a controller called Tower.
Approach Controller
They control aircraft:• departing the airfield • making instrument approaches
Both use RADAR displays, RT and landline communications
On light usage airfields On heavy usage airfieldsThe departures are separatedout under the Departures Controller
Runway Controller
For more effective control a Runway Controller may be used:
• At small airfields with lots of take-offs and landings
• They are in direct contact with Aerodrome/Local Controller
Runway ControllerThe Runway controller can refuse aircraft permission to move onto the runway, land or take-off in some circumstances
Runway Controller
For example they might:
• Prevent an aircraft from landing with its undercarriage retracted by firing a RED flare.
• Stop an aircraft from taking-off which had for example a panel unlocked or a fuel leak, by showing a steady RED on the signalling lamp.
Runway Controller
• Warn vehicles or aircraft on the ground to move clear of the landing area, by showing RED flashes on the signalling lamp.
• Give permission to take-off, with a steady GREEN on the signalling lamp.
Communication SystemsGood Communications are essential to Air Traffic Control
Communication Systems
Swift and accurate contact is achieved through the use of:•Special Telephones•Tele-Talk Systems•Radio Telephony (RT) (Ground To Air)
– Uses VHF and UHF to talk to aircraft and vehicles.– These frequencies provide clear lines of
communications.– Each airfield and its section have their own
frequencies.
Visual Communications
Stationary Object Hazard
Bad Ground Markers0.61 metressquare
Visual Communications
Helicopter Operating Areas:• The ‘H’ is 4 metres high by 2 metres across• It may also have a box around the ‘H’.• Well clear of fixed wing aircraft
OR
Radar
Stands For:
RAdio
Detection
And
Ranging
Radar
• Consists of a Transmitter and a Receiver
• A short pulse energy is transmitted from an aerial and the receiver “listens” for an echo.
Radar
• The receiver detects which reflections are from aircraft, and it can determine their position, direction of travel and speed.
• This information is then displayed through a cathode ray tube onto a screen. In this way radar has become the “eyes” of air traffic control
Radar Aids
The two main radar aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are:
•Surveillance Radar
•Precision Approach Radar (PAR)
Surveillance Radar
Is used both to monitor air traffic passing through an area and as an airfield approach aid.
Surveillance Radar
Enables the controller to locate the aircraft and direct it to a position and height near the airfield
Surveillance Radar
Can be used for an airfield approach:
Surveillance Radar Approach (SRA)
The pilot hears directions to put him on the runway centreline and also heights that he should be passing every mile i.e.
“On runway centre line at 5 miles, should be passing1850Ft”
Precision Approach RadarThe controller has two screens, one for the aircraft’s elevation (height) and one for azimuth (left and right), relating to the approach path
Precision Approach Radar
The controller passes instructions by RT to the pilot to guide the aircraft down the correct glideslope and
centreline towards the touch-down point
The procedure is called a Ground Controlled Approach (GCA) or PAR Approach.The pilot hears directions to put him on the runway centreline and the ideal glidepath i.e.
“Left of centre line, come right 2 degrees, slightly low on glidepath, not correcting”
Precision Approach Radar
Precision Approach Radar
PAR 2000 Radar
Radio Aids
The two main Radio Aids likely to be seen at Royal Air Force airfields are:
•Digital Resolution Direction Finding (DRDF)
•Instrument Landing System (ILS)
DRDF• It is a common airfield approach aid at small airfields but
is seldom used at large busy airfields• It receives a carrier wave only transmission (no speech)
from an aircraft and displays it on a CRT as a green line called a “trace”.
• Enables the approach controller to tell the pilot what course to fly to the vicinity of the airfield for a visual approach
Instrument Landing System
ILS is a runway approach aid:
• Fixed transmitters on the ground send out a special pattern of radio signals
• These define a radio beam that is like a pathway in the sky
• The pathway then leads to the touch-down point on the runway
LocalizerTransmitter
GlidepathTransmitter
Runway
90Hz
150Hz
Glidepath
Instrument Landing System
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
Glidepath
90Hz signal is strongest, so aircraft is above the Glidepath
LocalizerTransmitter
GlidepathTransmitter
Runway
90Hz
150Hz
Glidepath
Instrument Landing System
Glidepath
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
150Hz signal is strongest, so aircraft is below the Glidepath
LocalizerTransmitter
GlidepathTransmitter
Runway
90Hz
150Hz
Glidepath
Instrument Landing System
Glidepath
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
Both signals are equal, so aircraft is on the Glidepath
LocalizerTransmitter
GlideslopeTransmitter
RunwayRunway Centre Line
90Hz
150Hz
Instrument Landing System
Localizer
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
90Hz signal is strongest, so aircraft is right of the Localizer
LocalizerTransmitter
GlideslopeTransmitter
RunwayRunway Centre Line
90Hz
150Hz
Instrument Landing System
Localizer
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
150Hz signal is strongest, so aircraft is left of the Localizer
LocalizerTransmitter
GlideslopeTransmitter
RunwayRunway Centre Line
90Hz
150Hz
Instrument Landing System
Localizer
ILS transmits 2 frequencies
Both signals are equal, so aircraft is on the Localizer
LocalizerTransmitter
GlideslopeTransmitter
RunwayRunway Centre Line
90Hz
150Hz
LocalizerTransmitter
GlidepathTransmitter
Runway
90Hz
150HzGlidepath
GPS Approach
Some airfields have been approved for GPS Approachesas long as the aircraft equipment has been approved.
The GPS Approach is flown on the same instruments as an ILS Approach and gives the same indications.
Questions?
WHICH BUILDING ON AN AIRFIELD HOUSES THE PEOPLEWHICH BUILDING ON AN AIRFIELD HOUSES THE PEOPLETHAT MONITOR AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND AND IN THE AIR?THAT MONITOR AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND AND IN THE AIR?
QUESTIONQUESTION
A.A. AIR TRAFFIC CO-ORDINATION ROOMAIR TRAFFIC CO-ORDINATION ROOM
B.B. AIRBORNE TRAFFIC CONTROL ROOMAIRBORNE TRAFFIC CONTROL ROOM
C.C. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERC.C. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWERAIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TOWER
D.D. AIR TRAFFIC CO-ORDINATION TOWERAIR TRAFFIC CO-ORDINATION TOWER
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD NORMALLY WORK IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD NORMALLY WORK IN A GLASS WALLED ROOM IN A CONTROL TOWERA GLASS WALLED ROOM IN A CONTROL TOWER
QUESTIONQUESTION
A.A. PAR CONTROLLERPAR CONTROLLER
B.B. AIR CONTROLLER AIR CONTROLLER
C.C. APPROACH CONTROLLERAPPROACH CONTROLLER
D.D. AIRFIELD CONTROLLERAIRFIELD CONTROLLERD.D. AIRFIELD CONTROLLERAIRFIELD CONTROLLER
HOW DOES AN APPROACH CONTROLLER RECEIVEHOW DOES AN APPROACH CONTROLLER RECEIVEINFORMATION ABOUT AN AIRCRAFTINFORMATION ABOUT AN AIRCRAFT
QUESTIONQUESTION
A.A. RT, LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADARRT, LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
B.B. RADAR ONLYRADAR ONLY
C.C. RT ONLYRT ONLY
D.D. RT AND LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONSRT AND LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONS
A.A. RT, LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADARRT, LANDLINE COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
QUESTIONQUESTION
WHAT COLOURED SIGNAL WOULD BE USED BY A RUNWAY WHAT COLOURED SIGNAL WOULD BE USED BY A RUNWAY CONTROLLER TO CLEAR AN AIRCRAFT FOR TAKE-OFF ?CONTROLLER TO CLEAR AN AIRCRAFT FOR TAKE-OFF ?
A.A. A STEADY REDA STEADY RED
B.B. A FLASHING GREENA FLASHING GREEN
C.C. A FLASHING REDA FLASHING RED
D.D. A STEADY GREENA STEADY GREEND.D. A STEADY GREENA STEADY GREEN
QUESTIONQUESTION
HOW DOES THE CONTROLLER PASS PAR INSTRUCTIONSHOW DOES THE CONTROLLER PASS PAR INSTRUCTIONSTO THE PILOT ?TO THE PILOT ?
A.A. RTRT
B.B. RADARRADAR
C.C. MORSE CODEMORSE CODE
D.D. RF BEAMRF BEAM
A.A. RTRT
QUESTIONQUESTION
WHERE DOES THE PAR ALLOW THE PILOT TO GUIDE WHERE DOES THE PAR ALLOW THE PILOT TO GUIDE THE AIRCRAFT TO ?THE AIRCRAFT TO ?
A.A. TO THE DESIGNATED DISPERSAL AREATO THE DESIGNATED DISPERSAL AREA
B.B. TO THE CORRECT GLIDESLOPE AND CENTRELINETO THE CORRECT GLIDESLOPE AND CENTRELINE
C.C. TO AN AIRWAY IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACETO AN AIRWAY IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
D.D. TO THE TAKE-OFF POINTTO THE TAKE-OFF POINT
B.B. TO THE CORRECT GLIDESLOPE AND CENTRELINETO THE CORRECT GLIDESLOPE AND CENTRELINE
QUESTIONQUESTION
DRDF IS USED TO ?DRDF IS USED TO ?
A.A. DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT WHILE TAXYINGDIRECT AN AIRCRAFT WHILE TAXYING
B.B. DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT AFTER TAKE-OFFDIRECT AN AIRCRAFT AFTER TAKE-OFF
C.C. DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE VICINITY OF THE DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE VICINITY OF THE AIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACHAIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACH
D.D. DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE RUNWAY DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE RUNWAY TOUCHDOWN POINTTOUCHDOWN POINT
C.C. DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE VICINITY OF THE DIRECT AN AIRCRAFT TO THE VICINITY OF THE AIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACHAIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACH
QUESTIONQUESTION
AN ILS APPROACH IS USED TO ?AN ILS APPROACH IS USED TO ?
A.A. TALK AN AIRCRAFT ONTO THE CORRECT TALK AN AIRCRAFT ONTO THE CORRECT GLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINEGLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINE
B.B. FOLLOW ELECTRONIC SIGNALS ONTO THE FOLLOW ELECTRONIC SIGNALS ONTO THE CORRECT GLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINECORRECT GLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINE
C.C. APPROACH THE AIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACHAPPROACH THE AIRFIELD FOR A VISUAL APPROACH
D.D. DEPART THE AIRFIELDDEPART THE AIRFIELD
B.B. FOLLOW ELECTRONIC SIGNALS ONTO THE FOLLOW ELECTRONIC SIGNALS ONTO THE CORRECT GLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINECORRECT GLIDEPATH AND CENTRELINE
QUESTIONQUESTION
A GPS APPROACH IS DISPLAYED ON THE SAME A GPS APPROACH IS DISPLAYED ON THE SAME INSTRUMENTS AS ?INSTRUMENTS AS ?
A.A. A PARA PAR
B.B. A DRDFA DRDF
C.C. AN ILSAN ILS
D.D. AN SARAN SAR
C.C. AN ILSAN ILS