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By: Ajay Shokeen, Air India Limited, (NR)

Instruments Requirements and standards

Basic Flight and navigation instruments:

1. Altimeter adjustable for changes in barometric pressure

2. Airspeed indicator

3. Vertical speed indicator

4. Gyroscopic bank-and-pitch attitude indicator

5. Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator (with bank indicator)

6. Gyroscopic direction indicator

7. Magnetic compass

8. outside air temperature indicator

9. Clock

Pitot-static System :

Instruments 1, 2 and 3 above form part of an aircraft's pitot-static system, which must also conform tocertain requirements.

Gyroscopic Instruments :

Instruments 4, 5 and 6 above form part of an aircraft's Gyroscopic instruments ,these may be of thevacuum-operated or electrically operated type, but in all cases the instruments shall be provided with:

two independent sources of power, A means of selecting either power source, and A means of indicating that the power supply is working satisfactorily.

The installation and power supply system shall be such that failure of one instrument, or of the supplyfrom one source, or a fault in any part of the supply system, will not interfere with the proper supply ofpower from the other source.

Magnetic Compass:

The magnetic compass shall be installed so that its accuracy will not be excessively affected by theaircraft vibration or magnetic fields of a permanent or transient nature.

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By: Ajay Shokeen, Air India Limited, (NR)

Power Plant Instruments :

1. Tachometer to measure the rotational speed of a crankshaft or a compressor as appropriate to thetype of power plant.

2. Cylinder-head temperature indicator for an air-cooled engine to indicate the temperature of thehottest cylinder.

3 . Carburettor intake air temperature indicator .

4. Oil temperature indicator to show the oil inlet and/or outlet temperature.

5. For turbojet and turbo propeller engines a temperature indicator to indicate whether the turbine orexhaust gas temperature is maintained within its limitations.

6. Fuel-pressure indicator to indicate pressure at which fuel is being supplied and a means for warningof low pressure.

7. Oil-pressure indicator to indicate pressure at which oil is being supplied to a lubricating system and ameans for warning of low pressure.

8. Manifold pressure gauge for a supercharged engine.

9. Fuel-quantity indicator to indicate in gallons or equivalent units the quantity of usable fuel in eachtank during flight. Indicators shall be calibrated to read zero during cruising level flight, when thequantity of fuel remaining is equal to the unusable fuel , i.e. the amount of fuel remaining when, underthe most adverse conditions, the first evidence of malfunctioning of an engine occurs.

10. Fuel-flow indicator for turbojet and turbo propeller engines. For piston engines not equipped withan automatic mixture control a fuel flow meter or fuel lair ratio indicator.

11. Thrust indicator for a turbojet engine.

12. Torque indicator for a turbo propeller engine.