airborne contaminants lab topics overview of workplace health and its regulation particulates and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Airborne Contaminants Lab
![Page 2: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Topics
• Overview of workplace health and its regulation
• Particulates and microscopy
• Gases and vapors– Monitoring– Real time
• Noise
![Page 6: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Format
• Lecture with break
• Break
• Hands-on
![Page 7: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Practical Application
• The terms– “Environmental Engineering” – “Environmental work
• Often extend to analyzing the workplace environment for contaminants– hence offering opinions on human health– firms often practice in this area.
![Page 8: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Alphabet Soup
• EPA
• OSHA
• NIOSH
• AIHA
• ACGIH
![Page 9: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Alphabet Soup
• OSHA, Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• NIOSH, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
• AIHA, American Industrial Hygiene Association
• ACGIH, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
![Page 10: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
OSHA and NIOSH
• Created in 1970’s by same act of congress• MSHA was earlier,
• OSHA– Law enforcement– Department of Labor
• NIOSH– Science– Center for Disease Control in PHS.
![Page 11: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
AIHA and ACGIH
• Industrial hygiene = science of workplace health
• AIHA accredits laboratories
• ACGIH produces TLV’s– “safe values”
![Page 12: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Occupational Standards
• OSHA, PELs– (CFR, code of federal regulations, on line)– PELs
• ACGIH, TLVs
• NIOSH, RELs
• DFK, MAKs
![Page 13: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
TLVs
• Of the approximately 450 standards– 15% have human or otherwise well tested– 25% have some animal testing– 60% Based on “analogy,” “supposed,” or
“traditional.”
![Page 14: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
OSHA
• OSHA main site OSHA – 1910 Subpart Z– 1910.1000
• History of Tables– ANSI list– lawsuits
![Page 15: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Contaminant Particulates
• Asbestos
• Quartz
• Dust
![Page 16: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Asbestos is useful
• Asbestos used since ancient times• Fireproof
• WW II ship building• Insulation
• 1950’s Schools• Sound proofing,
• Many materials• Strength of fibers, chemical resistant
![Page 17: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Asbestos kills• About 10,000 persons die each year from
asbestos related disease– 1,000 from mesothelioma– 4,000 from asbestosis– 5,000 from lung cancer
• (correlated with cigarette smoking)
• 20 to 40 year latency period• Airborne fibers, not parent material
![Page 18: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Asbestos is regulated
• OSHA regulates workplace exposures
• EPA regulates schools
• EPA regulates disposal process
![Page 19: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Asbestos Minerals
• Asbestos is a commercial term– Polysilicate minerals
Insert SiO4:Insert SiO4:
![Page 20: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
10 u +/-
![Page 21: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Amphiboles• Amosite (Mg, Fe)
• Actinolite (Ca, Mg, Fe)
• Anthophyllite (Mg, Fe)
• Crocidolite (Na, Fe+++, Fe++)
• Tremolite (Ca, Mg)
![Page 22: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Serpentine• Chrysotile (Mg)
![Page 23: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Respiratory Tract
• Anatomy
• Physiology
• Notes on the asbestos diseases
![Page 24: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Asbestosis
• Fibrotic lung disease
• Lungs fill with scar tissue– restrictive lung disease, stiff– oxygen transport reduced– breathing labored
![Page 25: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gallery
• Boston University School of Public Health
• Breath Taken: The Landscape & Biography of asbestos
• http://www/busph.bu.edu/Gallery
![Page 26: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Normal Lung:Normal Lung:
![Page 27: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
HoneycombingHoneycombing
![Page 28: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
AsbesosisAsbesosis
![Page 29: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Asbestos, clubbing of fingers
Asbestos, clubbing of fingers
![Page 30: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Hairdresser, combed from hair
Hairdresser, combed from hair
![Page 31: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Mesothelioma
• Cancer of the lining of the abdominal cavity
• Or thoracic cavity
• Fatal
![Page 32: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
childhood exposure father worked in plant and died of asbestosis note tumor on right side, fills with fluid
childhood exposure father worked in plant and died of asbestosis note tumor on right side, fills with fluid
![Page 33: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
• Mesothelioma is a rare cancer
• 2 deaths per million populations
• But in a study of asbestos insulation workers there were 175 deaths from mesothelioma.
![Page 34: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Lung Cancer
• 32 of 41 studies indicated statistically significant increase in lung cancer of asbestos workers
• Non-smokers were 5-fold higher than non-exposed
• Smoking asbestos workers were much higher 50- to 90-fold
![Page 35: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Toxicology, Fiber type• Some studies indicate chrysotile can
cause mesothelioma
• Most indicate amphiboles, especially crocidolite
• Some authors have concluded amphiboles are 100 times more potent than chrysotile in inducing mesothelioma.
![Page 39: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
particle
fiber
![Page 44: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Clearance and fiber size• Residents of cities breath several hundred
grams of particles over a lifetime• Only a few grams at autopsy• Most are cleared from lung• Sorting in the airways by aerodynamic
diameter• Thin fibers penetrate much deeper than
round particles of similar diameter
![Page 45: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Clearance mechanism by location of deposition
• Nasal clearance: – in from of ciliated, by sneezing or blowing– further back swept down and swallowed
• Tracheobronchial: cleared via cilia– mucociliary escalator
• Alveolar– macrophage
![Page 46: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Macrophages
• Digest particles
• Carry towards ciliated airway
• Can wind up in lymph nodes and elsewhere– especially is “surface” route is overwhelmed
Robins pg. 757Robins pg. 757
![Page 47: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Macrophage
![Page 48: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Macrophage
![Page 49: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Clearance
• Fibers less than 1 micron cleared half-life of 10 days
• Fibers longer than 16 micron, half-life over 100 days
• Maximum fiber length of one macrophage about 16-17 microns
![Page 50: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Disease vs. fiber length
• Animal studies
• Dust rich in f < 5 less lung cancer
• Dust rich in f > 5 more lung cancer
• Asbestosis associated f > 2 • Lung cancer f > 5 • Mesothelioma f > 10
![Page 51: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Dose-Response
• Measured in fibers per cc
• f/cc
• Usually states “longer than 5 u.”
• EPA uses “structures” for some purposes
• but
• Disease incidence is proportional to exposure.
![Page 52: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Dose-Response
• 10 f/cc-yr has been suggests as threshold for asbestosis. (0.2 f/cc for 50 years)
• OSHA PELs (over 5 microns)– 12 f/cc in 1971
– 5 f/cc in 1972
– 2 f/cc in the early 1980’s
– 0.2 f/cc in 1986
– Now 0.1 f/cc.
![Page 53: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Dose-Response, Epidemiology
• Lowest dose that produced tumors
• 16 of 19 studies lowest dose was > 10 f/cc yr
• 14 of 19 studies lowest dose was > 20 f/cc yr
• 3 studies lowest dose was < 10 f/cc yr
![Page 54: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Dose-Response, estimated• For 1 excess lung cancer / 10,000 [ATSDR]• For environmental (24 hrs, 365 days)
– 0.35 f/cc yr (non-smokers)
• For workers (40 hrs, 50 weeks)– 1.5 f/cc yr– 0.1 f/cc for 15 yrs– 0.05 f/cc for 30 yrs
• OSHA uses 1 / 1000 for “significance,” sometimes.
![Page 55: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
ACGIH TLVs
• Amosite 0.5 f/cc, A1
• Chrysotile 2.0 f/cc, A1
• Crocidolite 0.2 f/cc, A1
• “Other forms” 2.0 f/cc, A1
• (New TLV’s do not distinguish fiber type
![Page 56: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Toxicity, Summary
• Airborne asbestos fibers are a significant health hazard
• 0.1 f/cc (OSHA PEL) for mixed fiber types is reasonable
• Chrysotile is less toxic than amphiboles
• Fibers less than 5 microns long are less toxic than fibers over 16 microns
![Page 57: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Microscopy
• PCM phase contrast microscopy– and more PCM– NIOSH 7400– workhorse
• Cheap, done on job
• count all fibers longer than 5 microns
– Does not distinguish asbestos from non-asbestos
![Page 58: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
PCM of Fiber Bundle
![Page 59: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Microscopy
• TEM transmission electron microscopy– can distinguish asbestos fibers and their mineral
type– expensive (10-15 times PCM)– can count small fibers
• Beam of electrons from bottom– just like PCM
![Page 60: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
TEM of virus
![Page 62: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
SEM
• Scanning Electron Microscopy– Shines the electrons in from the top– Scans– Shows surface features.
![Page 63: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
SEM
![Page 64: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Microscopy
• PLM polarized light microscopy– can distinguish asbestos from non-asbestos– not used for air samples– yields percentage of asbestos fibers in bulk
![Page 65: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
• Most minerals are translucent (i.e., if the mineral grain is thin enough then the light will pass through).
• Analyst examines light that passes through a given sample
• It has interacted with the internal structure of the mineral grains.
• The light emerges from the sample it has been altered due to interactions within the mineral grains.
• Each mineral is unique in its composition and/or structure so each mineral has a unique affect on light when it passes through it.
• Thus interpreting the emergent light allows a geologist to identify minerals with great accuracy.
![Page 66: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
PLM of fibers
![Page 67: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Microscopy
• NIOSH 7400/7402– uses TEM to determine % of asbestos in PCM– standard method (“OSHA hybrid” similar)
• EPA Level II– TEM– measures small fibers (< 5 microns) as well as
larger
![Page 68: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Summary of Microscopes
• PCM, Phase Contrast Microscope– 400 X, transparent
• PLM, Polarized Light– 400 X, mineral identification
• Binocular– 400 X, dissection and gross identification
• TEM– very powerful, expensive, identification
• SEM– vivid pictures
![Page 69: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Quartz
![Page 70: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Quartz
• Silicon dioxide (SiO2)• Occurs in a crystalline or noncrystalline
(amorphous) form. • Crystalline silica may be found in more
than one form (polymorphism). • The polymorphic forms of crystalline
silica are alpha quartz, beta quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, keatite, coesite, stishovite, and moganite
• Some more toxic than others
![Page 71: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Inhalation of Quartz
• silicosis, kills 200 – 300 each year
• pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), lung cancer, and scleroderma.
• A rare multisystem disorder characterized by inflammatory, vascular, and fibrotic changes usually involving the skin, blood vessels, joints, and skeletal muscle
![Page 72: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Silicosis
• Silicosis is similar to asbestosis and emphysema, a scarring and hardening of the lungs
• Mediated by auto-immune problems• Can kill relatively quickly in sensitive
individuals, – 2 to 5 years of exposure– sandblasters (“sand” no longer used in US.)
![Page 73: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Monitoring Silica
• Particles size
• Crystal structure
• Use special techniques– XRD Spectrometry – IR Spectrometry – Colorimetric Spectrophotometry
![Page 74: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Dust
• Nuisance Dust
![Page 75: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
How to collect samples
• Draw known amount of air over a filter.• Filter traps particles• Dissolve filter for PCM
– material must permit
• For silica, use cyclone to separate respirable particles
• For dust, must weight filter before and after– Use PVC filter
• More on air volume a little later.
![Page 76: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
How about gases
• Hundreds on list(s)
• What are we monitoring
• And Why?
![Page 77: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
What Chemical
• Do we know?
• Liquid
• Gas
• Particle
![Page 78: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Chemical Properties
• Major division– Hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
• Reactive or
• Flammable
• Explosive
• Other chemicals present
![Page 79: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Process characteristics
• Sudden releases
• Ambient
• History
![Page 80: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Receptor characteristics
• Most highly exposed worker
• All workers
• Area
• Work tasks– exertions– clothing
![Page 81: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Exposure route
• Inhalation
• Dermal
• Ingestion
![Page 82: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Air contaminant terms
• Gas– gas at NTP
• Vapor
• fume
• aerosol
• fog
• smog
![Page 83: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Health Hazards
• Asphyxiation
• Narcosis
• Chronic toxicity
• Acutely toxic
![Page 84: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Once you know where you are going
• Regulations may specify
• Manufactures and suppliers literature
• Industrial hygiene professional(CIH)
![Page 85: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Two main divisions
• Air sampling– Take a sample and analyze elsewhere
• Direct reading– real time
![Page 86: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Explosive
• Sampling or Direct?
![Page 87: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Sampling Objective
• Documenting exposures
• Regulation compliance
• Pinpointing sources
![Page 88: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Acute Hazard
• Alarms
![Page 89: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Chronic hazard
• Usually health
![Page 90: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Summary of sampling method criteria**
• Sampling Objective
• Physical and chemical characteristics of chemical
• Presence of other chemicals
• Required accuracy and precision
• Regulatory requirements
![Page 91: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Summary of sampling method criteria, cont.**
• Portability and ease of operation
• Cost
• Reliability
• Type: area, personal, grab, integrated, etc.
• Duration of sampling and program.
![Page 92: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Air sampling devices
• Collect and take to laboratory
![Page 93: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
SKC
• SKC
![Page 94: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
6-9”
Breathing zone
![Page 95: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Suction pump
Flow rate control
Sampling Train
Collection device
Air inlet orifice
Airflow meter
![Page 96: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Grab vs. Integrated
• Vacuum bottles
• Bags
• http://www.skcinc.com/prod/tsb.html
![Page 97: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Integrated
• Absorption• Adsorption• Filters
– Cyclones– Electrostatic– Inertial– Impinger– Elutriators
![Page 98: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Absorption
• Highly soluble and non-reactive
• Reactive
• Similar– Gas wash– spiral– fritted glass– glass beads
![Page 99: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Gas Washing
http://www.skcinc.com/prod/impinger.html
![Page 100: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Adsorption
• http://www.skcinc.com/abosor.html
• Passive http://www.skcinc.com/passamp.html
![Page 101: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Filters
• http://www.skcinc.com/prod/filters.html (good intro)
• Respirable dust and selective filtration
• http://www.skcinc.com/prod/ACyclone.html
![Page 102: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Calibration
• Mass of chemical determined in laboratory
)(.
)(3mvolumeS
mgMassionconcentratTWA
![Page 103: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
TLVoffraction Expected F
)(mg/mLimitExposureEL
ug)(DetectionofLimitLOD
VolumeSampleSV
3
FxEL
LODSV
![Page 104: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Primary vs. Secondary
• Secondry– Gas meters– Rotameters
• http://www.skcinc.com/prod/frott.html
• Primary– http://www.skcinc.com/prod/sfflow.html
![Page 105: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Direct Reading
• Colormetric– Length of stain– Draeger
• Tubes
– +/- 25% is an oft quoted reliability– Advantages
• cheap
• fast
![Page 106: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Direct Reading, electronic
• Most use Wheatstone Bridge
R R
R
Variable R
M
![Page 107: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Sensor changes conductivity
• Change with temperature– LEL/UEL
• Change with gas– O2, etc.
![Page 108: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Calibration
• Gas supply
![Page 109: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
NFPA
• National Fire Protection Association
• Standards setting body
• Flammable Liquid
• Combustible Liquid
![Page 110: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Flash Point
• The flash point is a Temperature.
• It is lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture with the air above the mixture.
• Determined by closed-cup and a variety of test methods.
![Page 111: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Flammable Liquid
• Flammable has flash point below 100 F (37.8 C)
![Page 112: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Combustible Liquid
• Flash point above 100 F.
![Page 113: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Flammable RangeAKA Explosive Range
• LEL, Lower Explosive Limit. Minimum concentration of vapors, below which propagation of flame does not take place. The mix is too lean.
• UEL, Upper Explosive Limit. Maximum concentration of vapors, above which propagation of flame does not take place. The mix is too rich.
![Page 114: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
LEL-UEL
• Typically expressed as vapor % of atmosphere.• For many liquids (or gases), the LEL is 6 to 12 %• Table in book lists some in 1% to 2% range• Contrast with TLV. Most TLVs are 100s or 1000s
PPM, while 1% is 10,000 PPM. So if vapor is less than TLV, much less than LEL.
![Page 115: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
If you don’t remember anything else
• Cannot use combustion gas meters to check if low oxygen
![Page 116: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
“Environmental” vs. Workplace
![Page 117: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Chemical EPA(mg/m3) OSHA (mg/m3) %Carbon 10.4 58 555% monoxideStyrene 1 425 42500%
Carbon 0.7 62 8850% disulfide
![Page 118: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
MSDS• Material Safety Data Sheet• Manufactures and Suppliers of “chemicals” must
supply.• Here’s a site, Safety • Always start with MSDS
– Available – Simple– One place– Don’t rely on, dimethylmercury
![Page 119: Airborne Contaminants Lab Topics Overview of workplace health and its regulation Particulates and microscopy Gases and vapors –Monitoring –Real](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110401/56649e0b5503460f94af39f8/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Summary
• Must know what you are sampling for
• Why you are sampling
• Must calibrate
• Must keep records
• Talk to the lab.