air toxics: current status, new directions kenneth l. mitchell, ph.d.; chief air toxics assessment...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions
Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; ChiefAir Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyAtlanta, Georgia
![Page 2: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Good Afternoon!
• What are Air Toxics?
• Program Overview
• Current Status
• Future Directions
![Page 3: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
What do we mean by “Air Toxics?”
The Federal Clean Air Act
Six“Criteria” Pollutants
O3, NO2, SO2, PbCO, PM
Mobile Source Pollutants
21 Chemicals & Mixtures
HazardousAir Pollutants(Air Toxics)
187 Chemicals &Compounds
![Page 4: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Why are air toxics a problem?
Millions of Sources
Sources/Populations Colocated
Some Persist & Bioaccumulate
Many are Highly Toxic
CancerKidney,Liver
Damage
Skin Rashes
Birth Defects,Miscarriages
Nervous System Damage
Developmental Problems in
Children
Cough,Throat
Irritation
Asthma,Chronic
Bronchitis
![Page 5: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WIND DIRECTION
TRANSFORMATION
DRY DEPOSITIONEVAPORATION/
REENTRAINMENT
IN AIR
INGESTION
WET DEPOSITION
DISPERSION
B A
INTAKE/UPTAKEEXCRETION
OTHER NON-CANCER ENDPOINTS
CANCERTARGET
ORGAN/TISSUE
WIND DIRECTION
BIOACCUMULATIONIN FOOD
INHALATIONDERMAL
![Page 6: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
There Are Sources Everywhere!
Courtesy of Sustaining the Environment and Resources for Canadians
![Page 9: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Types of SourcesTypes of Sources
Major Sources
10 TPY or more of one HAPOr
25 TPY or more of a combination of HAPS
Area Sources
Less than 10 TPY of one HAPOr
Less than 25 TPY of a combination of HAPS
![Page 10: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of SourcesTypes of Sources
Indoor Sources
Not regulated but pose(on average) 3-5 times the concentrations of
outdoor air
Mobile Sources
On- and Off-road;Engines, fuels, and operation
all contribute to pollution;21 MSATs
Outdoor Air
![Page 11: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
THE NATIONAL AIR TOXICS PROGRAM(Stationary, Mobile, and Indoor Air Sources)
Risk Assessment Methods for
Facility Specific &Community-Scale
Risk Decision Criteria for
Facilities and Communities
Education and
Outreach
VoluntaryReduction
Options
SLT Program
Structure Design
RegulatoryApproaches
Achieve Meaningful ReductionsAt The Local Level
![Page 12: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Residual Risk – Mandate from Congress
• Assess risks from stationary sources that emit air toxics after technology-based (MACT) standards are in place
• Set additional standards if MACT does not protect public health with an “ample margin of safety”
• Set additional standards if necessary to prevent adverse environmental effects
![Page 13: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Residual Risk – Status
• Coke ovens – April 2005
• March 2006 – Industrial cooling towers– Magnetic tape– Ethylene oxide sterilizers– Gasoline distribution
• Dry cleaning – July 2006
• HON – December 2006
• Halogenated Solvents – December 2006
![Page 14: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Residual Risk – New Directions
• Develop “total facility low-risk demonstration (TFLRD)” rule
• Develop comprehensive or generic residual risk rule (GRRR)
![Page 15: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Area Sources – Current Status
• The Integrated Urban Strategy was published July 19, 1999– Identified chemicals of concern– Identified initial list of area source categories
• 70 source categories have been listed– Listing completed in November 2002– Source categories required to be “subject to
regulation”– 16 rules completed– 4 under court order
20 of the 70 Standards
![Page 16: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Area Sources – Recent Additional Court Ordered Schedule
• Dec. 15, 2006 4 categories
• June 15, 2007 6 categories
• Dec. 15 2007* 10 categories
• June 15, 2008 10 categories
• Dec. 15, 2008 10 categories
• June 15, 2009 10 categories 50 Categories
*3 area source standards subject to CAA 112(c)(6) (related to PBT chemicals) must be promulgated by this date.
![Page 17: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Area Sources – Future Directions
• National Rulemaking Approach– Establish national standards for
source categories that have a national level of concern
• Flexible Rulemaking Approach– Enact a rule, covering a set of
categories, that will regulate how categories are controlled at the local level based on local needs
– EPA will provide guidance on control approaches
![Page 18: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs) – Current Status
• In March 2001, EPA published first MSAT rule
• Toxics emissions performance standard for gasoline– Refinery-specific baselines to ensure no
backsliding from 1998-2000 performance
• No additional standards for fuels or vehicles
• Identified data gaps and committed to additional research
• Committed to additional rulemaking to evaluate the need for and feasibility of additional controls
![Page 19: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mobile Source Air Toxics – Future Directions
• Proposed Rule signed on February 28, 2006
• Public hearing on April 12
• 60-day comment period (through May 30th)
• Final rule by February 9, 2007
![Page 20: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mobile Source Air Toxics – Future Directions
• Benzene content standard for gasoline
• Vehicle standards– Exhaust emissions– Evaporative emissions
• Gas can standards
![Page 21: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Diesel Exhaust – Current and Future Directions
• Building on the successes of EPA’s regulatory and voluntary efforts to reduce emissions from diesel engines, EPA has created the National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC) – Successful implementation of the 2007 Highway Engine Rule and the
Clean Air Nonroad Diesel Rule
– Develop new emissions standards for locomotive and marine diesel engines
– Promote reduction of emissions for existing diesel engines through cost-effective and innovative strategies, including use of cleaner fuels, retrofitting and repairing existing fleets, idling reduction among others
![Page 22: Air Toxics: Current Status, New Directions Kenneth L. Mitchell, Ph.D.; Chief Air Toxics Assessment & Implementation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081515/5697bf8b1a28abf838c8b1b5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dr. Ken MitchellU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (404) [email protected]
http://www.epa.gov/region4/air/airtoxic/index.htm
Thanks for your attention!