air quality in europe 1999

EUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGEEUROPEAN TOPIC CENTRE ON AIR AND CLIMATE CHANGEN:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stlN:\adm\arkiv\overhead\stl\etc-acc\geneve.ppt \etc-acc\geneve.ppt 11

Air Quality in Europe 1999Air Quality in Europe 1999Air Quality in Europe 1999Air Quality in Europe 1999

Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett, Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett, Jaroslav Fiala, Justin Goodwin,Jaroslav Fiala, Justin Goodwin,Leif Otto Hagen, Jan F. Henriksen,Leif Otto Hagen, Jan F. Henriksen,Frank de Leeuw and Leonor Frank de Leeuw and Leonor

TarrasonTarrason

State-Impact-Trends-Causes-State-Impact-Trends-Causes-ResponsesResponses

Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett, Steinar Larssen, Kevin J. Barrett, Jaroslav Fiala, Justin Goodwin,Jaroslav Fiala, Justin Goodwin,Leif Otto Hagen, Jan F. Henriksen,Leif Otto Hagen, Jan F. Henriksen,Frank de Leeuw and Leonor Frank de Leeuw and Leonor

TarrasonTarrason

State-Impact-Trends-Causes-State-Impact-Trends-Causes-ResponsesResponses


Overview of ReportOverview of ReportOverview of ReportOverview of Report

DPSIR SI – DP – RDPSIR SI – DP – R

DDriving forcesriving forces

Health-affecting APHealth-affecting AP SStatetate

Ecosystems-affecting APEcosystems-affecting AP IImpactmpact

Materials-affecting APMaterials-affecting AP Causes Causes ( (PPressure)ressure)

RResponses to policiesesponses to policies

DPSIR SI – DP – RDPSIR SI – DP – R

DDriving forcesriving forces

Health-affecting APHealth-affecting AP SStatetate

Ecosystems-affecting APEcosystems-affecting AP IImpactmpact

Materials-affecting APMaterials-affecting AP Causes Causes ( (PPressure)ressure)

RResponses to policiesesponses to policies


Development in Driving forcesDevelopment in Driving forcesDevelopment in Driving forcesDevelopment in Driving forces

Sector Driving force development 1990-1998

Emissions development 1990-1998

Energy +15.5 % energy consumption

-54 % SO2 emissions -38 % NOx emissions

Road Transport + 16 % passenger - km +35% tonne – km

-23 % NOx emissions -42 % VOC emissions

Industry Fairly stable industrial output

-54 % SO2 emissions -23 % NOx emissions

Agriculture Fairly stable agricultural output

-6 % NHx emissions.


IndicatorsIndicatorsIndicatorsIndicators

Topic Policy target indicator

Underlying indicators

Human health Area/cities with exceedance of LV

Exposure and health risk

Tropospheric ozone and ecosystems

Emissions of precursor gases

Area of exceedance of LV for crops/ forest

Acidification/ eutrophication

Emissions of acidifying gases (SO2, NOx)

Area of exceedance of critical loads


Pressures – Sectoral contributionsPressures – Sectoral contributionsPressures – Sectoral contributionsPressures – Sectoral contributions

8 %

26 %

7 %

13 %

9 %

12 %

13 %

18 %

34 %

25 %

5 %

53 %

65 %

32 %

46 %

31 %

4 %

8 %

4 %

20 %

34 %

16 %

8 %

61 %

0 %

0 %

1 %

1 %

1 %

2 %

0 %

0 %

7 %

3 %

6 %

6 %

3 %

1 %

0 %

1 %

0 %

0 %

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %

Eutrophyingpotential

Acidifying potential

Sulphur dioxide

Tropospheric Ozone

Nitrogen oxides

PM10

Energy Industry Transport Agriculture Waste Other Fugitive Emissions

He

alth

Ma

teria

ls

Eco

system

s

Potential Pollutant Emission Pressures

Contributing Economic Sector DriversPotential Impacts


Selected health-effect Selected health-effect related Indicatorsrelated Indicators

Selected health-effect Selected health-effect related Indicatorsrelated Indicators

PM10 - 36th highest day (24h)

Ozone - 26th highest day (8h)

NO2 - Annual average

SO2 - 4th highest day (24h)

CO - Max 8 hour value

PM10 - 36th highest day (24h)

Ozone - 26th highest day (8h)

NO2 - Annual average

SO2 - 4th highest day (24h)

CO - Max 8 hour value


Health-affecting Air Pollution - Health-affecting Air Pollution - SummarySummary

Health-affecting Air Pollution - Health-affecting Air Pollution - SummarySummary

Extent of exceedances Max

PM10 Urban:

In 15 % of 135 cities 2 x LV

Rural: Approaches LV in some areas

NO2 Urban:

In 21 % of 607 cities 3 x LV

Rural: Low concentrations

O3 Urban:

In 28 % of 406 cities 1.6 x LV

Rural: Higher than in urban areas

SO2 Urban:

In 6 % of 366 cities 2.5 > LV

Rural: Low concentrations


PM10PM10UrbanUrbanBackgroundBackground,,19991999

PM10PM10UrbanUrbanBackgroundBackground,,19991999


PM10 PM10 Hot spot,Hot spot,19991999

PM10 PM10 Hot spot,Hot spot,19991999


PM10PM10HighestHighestcities,cities,19991999

PM10PM10HighestHighestcities,cities,19991999

Annual average valueUrban background stations

0 20 40 60

OSTRAVA

DENHAAG

WOJ KOWICE

BERNBURG

VENTADEB.

GLIWICE

MAINZ

PIEKARY.

µg/m3

Annual average valueUrban hotspot stations

ITTTTTTTIT

TTT

TT

TI

0 20 40 60 80

CADIZLUDWIGSHAF

HALLESEGOVIAZAMORAHUELVA

ALMERIAZÜRICHZABRZE

LEONPRAHA

MADRIDKRAKOWSEVILLA

CORDOBAROMA

MEDINADELC.

µg/m3

36. highest daily valueUrban background stations

0 20 40 60 80 100

CHARLEROI

PRAHA

OPAVA

MOST

ROESELAERE

CHOMUTOV

HAVIROV

KARVINA

TEPLICE

PREROV

LUGANO

FRYDEK-MISTEK

KRAKOW

VENTADEBAÑOS

ROTTERDAM

BRUSSELS

V.N.TELHA

KATOWICE

DENHAAG

OSTRAVA

WOJKOWICE

ERMESINDE

MAINZ

BERNBURG

GLIWICE

PIEKARYSLASKIE

µg/m3

36. highest daily valueUrban hotspot stations

TTTTTTTTTTTTTITTTTT

TT

TITTITTI

T

0 20 40 60 80 100

PAMPLONA/IRUÑAAPELDOORN

ZARAGOZAGRANADA

EINDHOVENUTRECHT

VLAARDINGENZAMORA

WEISSENFELSALMERIASEGOVIA

SOSNOWIECBERLIN

CADIZBERNLEON

ZÜRICHLUDWIGSHAFEN

HUELVAAOSTAHALLE

CORDOBAZABRZESEVILLAMADRID

MEDINADELCAMPKRAKOW

PRAHACUSTÓIAS

ROMA

µg/m3

36. highest daily valueRural stations

0 20 40 60 80

CZ NL CH NL NL NL CZ PL

µg/m3


PM10 PM10 TrendsTrendsPM10 PM10

TrendsTrends

A n n u a l a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , a l l s t a t i o n t y p e s p m 1 0 , a v g , a l l , h o u r + d a y

0 , 0 0

1 0 , 0 0

2 0 , 0 0

3 0 , 0 0

4 0 , 0 0

5 0 , 0 0

6 0 , 0 0

1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9

ug/m

3

B E ( 1 2 )

C Z ( 5 6 )

F I ( 2 )

N L ( 1 9 )

N O ( 3 )

P L ( 8 )

E S ( 2 4 )

S E ( 2 )

C H ( 2 )

U K ( 4 9 )

9 5 t h p e r c e n t i l e d a i l y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (a p p r o x . 1 8 t h h i g h e s t ), a l l s t a t i o n t y p e s

(o n l y s t a t i o n s w i t h s a m p l e r s g i v i n g d a i l y d a t a ) p m 1 0 , p 9 5 , a l l , d a y

0 , 0 0

2 0 , 0 0

4 0 , 0 0

6 0 , 0 0

8 0 , 0 0

1 0 0 , 0 0

1 2 0 , 0 0

1 4 0 , 0 0

1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9

ug/m

3

B E ( 1 3 )

C Z ( 5 6 )

F I ( 2 )

N L ( 1 5 )

N O ( 3 )

P L ( 8 )

C H ( 1 )

U K ( 4 9 )


Ozone atOzone atruralruralstations,stations,19991999

Ozone atOzone atruralruralstations,stations,19991999


Ozone Ozone trendstrendsOzone Ozone trendstrends

H o u r l y m a x i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n , r u r a l s t a t i o n s , 1 9 9 0 - 1 9 9 9

O 3 , m a x , b a k , r u r , h o u r

0 , 0 0

5 0 , 0 0

1 0 0 , 0 0

1 5 0 , 0 0

2 0 0 , 0 0

2 5 0 , 0 0

3 0 0 , 0 0

1 9 9 0 1 9 9 1 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 3 1 9 9 4 1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9

ug/m3

A T ( 4 )

B E ( 3 )

F I ( 3 )

N L ( 8 )

C H ( 7 )

U K ( 1 1 )

H o u r l y m a x i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n , r u r a l s t a t i o n s , 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 9

O 3 , m a x , b a k , r u r , h o u r

0 , 0 0

5 0 , 0 0

1 0 0 , 0 0

1 5 0 , 0 0

2 0 0 , 0 0

2 5 0 , 0 0

1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9

ug/m3

A T ( 5 7 )

B E ( 1 0 )

C Z ( 1 2 )

D K ( 2 )

E E ( 3 )

F I ( 7 )

D E ( 5 4 )

L V ( 1 )

L T ( 1 )

N L ( 2 2 )

P L ( 8 )

S I ( 2 )

E S ( 5 )

C H ( 7 )

U K ( 1 1 )

A n n u a l a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n , r u r a l s t a t i o n s , 1 9 9 5 - 1 9 9 9

O 3 , a v g , b a k , r u r , h o u r

0 , 0 0

1 0 , 0 0

2 0 , 0 0

3 0 , 0 0

4 0 , 0 0

5 0 , 0 0

6 0 , 0 0

7 0 , 0 0

8 0 , 0 0

9 0 , 0 0

1 9 9 5 1 9 9 6 1 9 9 7 1 9 9 8 1 9 9 9

ug/m3

A T ( 5 7 )

B E ( 1 0 )

C Z ( 1 2 )

D K ( 2 )

E E ( 3 )

F I ( 7 )

D E ( 5 4 )

L V ( 1 )

L T ( 1 )

N L ( 2 2 )

P L ( 8 )

S I ( 2 )

E S ( 5 )

C H ( 7 )

U K ( 1 1 )


NONO22 in cities,in cities,19991999

NONO22 in cities,in cities,19991999

Urban BackgroundAnnualaverage


NONO22 trends, cities trends, citiesNONO22 trends, cities trends, cities

Annual average concentration, all station types NO2, avg, all, day

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

ug

/m3

AT(24)

BE(8)

DK(2)

FI(5)

GR(3)

NL(18)

ES(7)

SE(5)

UK(25)


SO2 SO2 in cities,in cities,19991999

SO2 SO2 in cities,in cities,19991999

UrbanBackground4th highestday


Impact of Urban Air Quality,Impact of Urban Air Quality,19991999

Impact of Urban Air Quality,Impact of Urban Air Quality,19991999

Population exposure estimate:Population exposure estimate:

Percentage of urban population in Percentage of urban population in Europe living in cities where LV is Europe living in cities where LV is exceeded in places:exceeded in places:

NONO22 40-60%40-60%

OO33 20-30%20-30%

PM10PM10 10-15%10-15%

BenzeneBenzene 50%50%

Population exposure estimate:Population exposure estimate:

Percentage of urban population in Percentage of urban population in Europe living in cities where LV is Europe living in cities where LV is exceeded in places:exceeded in places:

NONO22 40-60%40-60%

OO33 20-30%20-30%

PM10PM10 10-15%10-15%

BenzeneBenzene 50%50%


Regional NOx concentrations,Regional NOx concentrations,19991999

Regional NOx concentrations,Regional NOx concentrations,19991999


Total deposition of acidity,Total deposition of acidity,19991999

Total deposition of acidity,Total deposition of acidity,19991999

H+ equivalentsper hectare p.a.

Calculated by EMEP-MSCW


Trend in acidity depositionTrend in acidity depositionTrend in acidity depositionTrend in acidity depositionReductions sulphur and nitrogen,Reductions sulphur and nitrogen,1990-19991990-1999Reductions sulphur and nitrogen,Reductions sulphur and nitrogen,1990-19991990-1999

Average deposition of nitrogen in precipitation:

12-month running average as percentage of 1990 depositions

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Reduction inSulphur deposition1990/92-1997/99


Impacts of Impacts of ozone on ozone on crops,crops,19991999

Impacts of Impacts of ozone on ozone on crops,crops,19991999


Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile critical load for acidity (eq/ha/yr), 1999 percentile critical load for acidity (eq/ha/yr), 1999 Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile critical load for acidity (eq/ha/yr), 1999 percentile critical load for acidity (eq/ha/yr), 1999


Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile critical load for nutrient nitrogen (eq/ha/yr)critical load for nutrient nitrogen (eq/ha/yr) Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile Average accumulated exceedance of the 5-percentile critical load for nutrient nitrogen (eq/ha/yr)critical load for nutrient nitrogen (eq/ha/yr)


Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Impact of acidity, 1999Area of sensitive ecosystems in each country exceeding Area of sensitive ecosystems in each country exceeding critical load for acidity,critical load for acidity, 19991999 Area of sensitive ecosystems in each country exceeding Area of sensitive ecosystems in each country exceeding critical load for acidity,critical load for acidity, 19991999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Nethe

rland

s

Czech

Rep

.

Ger

man

y

Hunga

ry

Franc

eUK.

Slovak

ia

Luxe

mbo

urg

Poland EU

Belgium

Norway

Belaru

s

Irelan

dIta

ly

Austri

a

Switzer

land

Sweden

Europ

e

Finlan

d

Croat

ia

Mold

ova

Portu

gal

Denm

ark

Bulgar

ia

Russia

n Fed

.

Ukrain

eSpa

in

Eston

ia

Latv

ia

Lithu

ania

Sloven

ia

Bosnia

/Her

z.

Yugos

lavia

Roman

ia

Albania

FYRMac

edon

ia

Gre

ece


Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Impact of eutrophication 1999Area of each sensitive ecosystems country Area of each sensitive ecosystems country exceeding critical load for nutrient nitrogen, 1999exceeding critical load for nutrient nitrogen, 1999 Area of each sensitive ecosystems country Area of each sensitive ecosystems country exceeding critical load for nutrient nitrogen, 1999exceeding critical load for nutrient nitrogen, 1999

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Parties to LRTAP Convention

%


Ecosystem area potentiallyEcosystem area potentially

damageddamaged by air pollution, EEA18by air pollution, EEA18 Ecosystem area potentiallyEcosystem area potentially

damageddamaged by air pollution, EEA18by air pollution, EEA18

Ecosystem damage area (exceedance of 5th percentile critical load)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

pe

rce

nta

ge

of

co

un

try

are

a

Acidification

Eutrophication


Trend in impact on ecosystems, Trend in impact on ecosystems, 1990-19991990-1999


Area of each country exceeding Area of each country exceeding critical loadscritical loadsArea of each country exceeding Area of each country exceeding critical loadscritical loads

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Austri

a

Belgium

Denm

ark

Finlan

d

Franc

e

Germ

any

Greec

e

Irelan

dIta

ly

Luxe

mbo

urg

Nethe

rland

s

Portu

gal

Spain

Sweden

United

King

dom

Norway

Who

le ar

ea

%

1990

1999

Acidity




Area of each country exceeding Area of each country exceeding critical loadscritical loadsArea of each country exceeding Area of each country exceeding critical loadscritical loads

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80%

1990

1999

Nutrient Nitrogen


Sectoral contributions to emissions,Sectoral contributions to emissions,EU-1999EU-1999

Sectoral contributions to emissions,Sectoral contributions to emissions,EU-1999EU-1999

8 %

26 %

7 %

13 %

9 %

12 %

13 %

18 %

34 %

25 %

5 %

53 %

65 %

32 %

46 %

31 %

4 %

8 %

4 %

20 %

34 %

16 %

8 %

61 %

0 %

0 %

1 %

1 %

1 %

2 %

0 %

0 %

7 %

3 %

6 %

6 %

3 %

1 %

0 %

1 %

0 %

0 %

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %

Eutrophyingpotential

Acidifying potential

Sulphur dioxide

Tropospheric Ozone

Nitrogen oxides

PM10

Energy Industry Transport Agriculture Waste Other Fugitive Emissions

He

alth

Ma

teria

ls

Eco

system

s

Potential Pollutant Emission Pressures

Contributing Economic Sector DriversPotential Impacts


Trends in EU 15 Emissions,Trends in EU 15 Emissions,1990-19991990-1999

Trends in EU 15 Emissions,Trends in EU 15 Emissions,1990-19991990-1999

Compound Change 1990-1999

PM10, primary+precursors - 34.5 %

NOx - 25.5 %

Ozone precursors (TOPF equiv.)

- 28 %

SO2 - 60 %

Acidifying gases (acid equiv.) - 38 %

Eutrophying components - 17.5 %


Trends in emissionsTrends in emissionsTrends in emissionsTrends in emissionsExample: PM10, primary + precursorsExample: PM10, primary + precursors

Emissions of Primary PM10 and PM10 Precursors (NOx, SO2, and NH3) 1990 -1999

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

1980

Sec

tor

1999

Sec

tor

1990

poll

utan

t

1999

Poll

utan

t

Ma

ss

of

Pri

ma

ry P

M1

0 a

nd

Ae

ros

ol

(kt)

Other

Waste

Agriculture

Other Transport

Road Transport

Industry

Fugitive Emissions

Energy Industries

NH3

SO2

NOx

PM10 (Primary)

EU15 Total PM10 andsecondary aerosol


Summary of AQ trendsSummary of AQ trendsSummary of AQ trendsSummary of AQ trends NO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99)NO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99)

19th hour: 19th hour: 6-13% red. (95-99) 6-13% red. (95-99) PM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99)PM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99)

35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97) 35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97) O3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99)O3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99)

25th day: 12% red. (95-99) 25th day: 12% red. (95-99) SO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98)SO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98)

NO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99)NO2: Annual average: 12-15% red. (90-99) 19th hour: 19th hour: 6-13% red. (95-99) 6-13% red. (95-99)

PM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99)PM10: Annual average: 4-25% red. (97-99) 35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97) 35th day: 17-36% red. (95-97)

O3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99)O3: Annual average: 20% incr. (95-99) 25th day: 12% red. (95-99) 25th day: 12% red. (95-99)

SO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98)SO2: Annual average: 50% red. (93-98)

air quality in europe 1999

Documents

impact of eutrophication

percentile critical

acidity eqhayr

critical loadsaciditytrend

area of sensitive ecosystems

sensitive ecosystems

noxarea of exceedance

exceedance of lvexposure