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Air QualityHow are we doing?

Where are we going?10/12/12

William O’Sullivan, DirectorDivision of Air Quality

NJ Department of Environmental ProtectionBill.o’sullivan@dep.state.nj.us

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Origin of Air Pollution Control Requirements

1. Federal Clean Air Act – Unlikely to change soon2. Federal EPA rules – many in progress, some delayed 3. States – primary responsibility for attaining health standards4. Regional Strategies

– Needed for regional problems– Ozone Transport Commission (Example)– State Rules still needed– Interstate transport of Air Pollution – significant impacts on health exceedances are prohibited

5. Local governments/Communities– More involvement– Cumulative impacts and EJ

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PollutantLevel Date Averaging Time9 ppm 1971 8-hour35 ppm 1971 1-hour

New monitors 2011 Likely to Attain No new Requirements

1.5 µg/m3 1978 Quarterly Average Attaining Attainment

0.15 µg/m3 2008 Rolling 3-Month Average Attaining Unclassifiable-Attainment

53 ppb 1971 Annual Attaining Attainment100 ppb and New

monitors 2010 1-hour Likely to Attain Unclassifiable-Attainment

PM10 150 µg/m3 1987 24-hour Attaining Attainment

15.0 µg/m3 1997 Annual Attaining Nonattainment/ Redesignation requested

35 µg/m3 2006 24-hour Attaining Nonattainment/ Redesignation requested

0.12 ppm 1979 1-hour Attaining Standard revoked/CDDs final

0.08 ppm 1997 8-hour Attaining Nonattainment/CDDs final0.075 ppm 2008 8-hour Not Attaining Nonattainment0.03 ppm 1971 Annual0.14 ppm 1971 24-hour

75 ppb 2010 1-hour

State designation recommendations - NA for 61

municipalities in 4 counties/unclassifiable rest of

state

Existing NAAQS and New Jersey StatusPrimary Standards Monitoring Data

Status Designation/SIP Status

COAttaining Attainment/Last Maintenance

Plan in progress

Attaining except for Columbia

Attainment except for Warren County

Lead

NO2

PM2.5

Ozone

SO2

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Pollutant StandardNAAQS

Promulgation Date

Designations Effective

110(a) SIPs Due

Attainment Demonstration/

NAA SIP Due

Attainment Date

Promulgated

PM2.5 35 µg/m3 daily Sep-06 Dec-09 Sep-09 (Done)

Dec-12, CDD in progress instead

Dec-14

Ozone 0.075 ppm 8 hour Mar-08 Jul-12 Mar-11

Marginal Inventory/ RACT: Jul-14

Moderate: Jul-15

Marginal: Dec-15Moderate: Dec-18

Lead 0.15 µg/m3 Oct-08 Dec-11 Oct-11 NA NANO2 Primary 100 ppb 1 hour Jan-10 Feb-12 Jan-13 NA NASO2 Primary 75 ppb 1 hour Jun-10 Aug-13? Jun-13? Jan-14? Aug-18?

CO 9 ppm 8 hour, 35 ppm 1 hour 1971 NA NA Maint Plan

Oct-10 NA

CO No change, new monitoring Aug-11 NA NA NA NA

NO2/SO2 Secondary No change Mar-2012 NA NA NA NA

Regional Haze Visibility FTS eff. Jan-09 NAProgress Report Jul-14

Dec-2018 NA

Not Yet Promulgated-Anticipated Schedule

PM2.5 12-13 µg/m3 annual

Proposed Jun-12, Final Dec-

12?Early 2015? 2015? 2018? 2020-25?

Ozone New 8-hour ??? ppm Jun-14? Jul-16? Jun-16? Jul-19? Jul-24?

Anticipated National Ambient Air Quality Standards Milestones and Regional Haze

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Recent Successes

1. Much lower Fine Particles– Well below current NAAQS

2. Lower Ozone– At 85 ppb NAAQS

3. Declining Air Toxics Levels

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Challenges

1. Fine Particles - continue improvement– Avoid nonattainment of lower NAAQS (Scheduled December 2012)

2. Ozone – exceeds 75 ppb ozone NAAQS– 2015 attainment deadline for 75ppb NAAQS– Could exceed 85ppb NAAQS with hot summers (Did in 2012)– New NAAQS (60 to 70ppb) expected in 2014

3. Air Toxics – Risks still high– Primarily Motor Vehicles– Diesel Dominates Risk– Cumulative Risk – Disproportionate Risk - EJ

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Focus on Particles1. Clean Data Determinations - Air Quality now better than current

NAAQS

2. Attainment Designations in progress – need to demonstrate maintenance of the NAAQS (10 years)

3. PM offsets - continue until redesignation- interpollutant offsets possible

4. New NAAQS – December 2012 EPA commitment

5. Need to continue fine particle downward trend – to avoid exceedances of new NAAQS

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New Jersey’s Multi-State PM 2.5 Nonattainment Areas

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Wood Smoke1. Primary Cause of Nonattainment in Rural States2. Growing Air Quality Problem in Northeast3. Outdoor Wood Burners

• Neighborhood Nuisance• NJDEP Enforcement – No visible smoke standard

4. Wood Stoves• Draft Federal standards for new stoves• Will not solve misuse• Will not address existing stoves

5. NJ Suburbs and Rural Areas• Future exceedances of health standards?• No burn days?• Woodstove changeout Programs?

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Sulfur Dioxide

1. Criteria Pollutant – Health and Welfare NAAQS

2. Converts to Sulfates – Major component of Fine Particles (Precursor)

3. Causes haze – Brigantine Wildlife Refuge (Class 1 area for visibility)

4. Causes acid rain – kills fish, damages plants and structures

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Sulfur Dioxide1. NJ Dominated by Coal in 2009 (10 units)

• 4 Units – had scrubbers prior to 2009 (1 will cease coal use in 2015)• 2 Units – ceased coal use in 2010• 3 Units – scrubbers operational in 2010• 1 Unit – will cease coal use in 2013

2. NJ Sulfur in Home Heating Oil Limits• 2000 ppm now• 500 ppm in 2014• 15 ppm in 2016

3. Diesel – EPA Rules• 15 ppm phased in over last 5 years

Result – Dramatic decrease in S02 and sulfatesChallenge – Coal in other states

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Out of State Powerplants1. EPA Prevention of Significant Deterioration Cases

• Air Pollution Control Technology Focus• Seek Best Available Control Technology• Examples – Ohio Edison, Homer City, Allegheny, GenOn

2. Clean Air Act Section 126 Petitions• Health Standard focus• Seek emission reduction sufficient to avoid exceedances of healthstandard• GenOn Portland example

3. EPA Mercury and Air Toxics (MAT) Rules• Indirectly controls SO2

4. EPA Cross State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR) – Court Overturned• SO2 – generally effective caps• NOx – not sufficient for 75 ppb ozone

 Pollutant

Max. Allowable Emissions (lbs/hr) Normalized Max. Allowable Emissions (lbs/MWhr)

PortlandCoal Units

NECGas Turbines

PortlandCoal Units

NECGas Turbines

Sulfur Dioxide 14,720 5.6 36.80 0.009Nitrogen Oxides 2,070 33.6 5.18 0.051

Particulate (TSP) 416.9 15.8 1.04 0.024

Table 1Comparison of Allowable Short-Term Emissions between the 400 MW Coal-Fired Portland Power

Plant and the Proposed 655 MW Natural Gas Fired Newark Energy Center 

 Pollutant

Portland Coal Units 2007-2010Actual Annual Emissions

(tons per year)

NEC Gas Turbines Allowable(tons per year)

Sulfur Dioxide 29,067 19.7

Nitrogen Oxides 3,321 136.9

Particulate (TSP) 295.5 57.27

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NJ Ozone Nonattainment

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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

4

11

16

4

0

53 3

0 0 1 0 0

18

34

45

18

13

2320

23

17

1

14

911

35

52

64

36

30

4139

44

30

9

35

2123

Number of Days Ozone StandardsHave Been Exceeded in New Jesey

2000 - 2012*

>0.12 ppm (1-Hour Max)>0.08 ppm (8-Hour Max)>0.075 ppm (8-Hour Max)

Num

ber o

f Day

s

* Data through Sept 21, 2012

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OTC States

Ozone Transport Commission (OTC)Regional Control Strategies

NOx Sources:

Model Rules/MOUs:1. EGU’s (Oil and Gas-fired Boilers)*2. High Electric Demand Day (HEDD)

Turbines*3. New Small Boilers4. Stationary Generators

Draft Model Rules:5. Non-Road Equipment Idling*6. Natural Gas Compressor Stations

Categories Under Review:7. Municipal Waste Incinerators8. Promote Energy Efficiency/

Renewable Energy9. Coal-fired Boilers (EPA)

VOC Sources:

Model Rules/MOUs:1. Large VOC Stationary Storage

Tanks*2. Autobody Refinishing3. Consumer Products4. Architectural/Industrial Coatings

Draft Model Rules:5. Solvent Cleaning

(Industrial/Commercial)6. Paint Thinners (Consumer)

Category Under Review:7. Stage 1 and 2 Vapor Recovery

*Existing NJ Rule Equivalent to Model Already Adopted

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Mobile Sources

Significant contributors to Ozone,Toxics, PM2.5, GHG

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Diesel Emission Reduction Efforts

1. Mandatory Retrofit Law • In last phase – DPWs and miscellaneous on and off-road

public diesel vehicles

2. Private off-road construction vehicles• Implementing EO60• 175 vehicle pilot program• Retrofits of certain engines used on state contracts

3. Ports• Trucks, ships, cargo handlers, cranes, trains, tugs• NJ NY Port Authority diesel emission reduction plan• Other ports also reducing emission (Camden, other states)• EPA 2015 sulfur limit for oil used by ships

4. Diesel I/M Program44

Continued – Diesel Emission Reduction Efforts

4. Stationary diesels• NOx RACT Rules• Cancer risk management with construction permits• Model fine particles and NO2 NAAQS

5. Emergency Electricity Diesels• Limited to blackouts and brownouts• Can be used for peaking or DSM only if well controlled (NOx and PM)

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SummaryWhere Do Emissions Need to Decrease?

1. Ozone• Vehicles – VOC & NOx• Area Sources - VOC• Point Sources – Out of State NOx

2. Particles• Wood Smoke• Diesel Engines – Especially NonRoad• Area Sources – Small Engines• Out of State S02 and PM

3. Air Toxics• Diesels• Small Neighborhood Sources

▫ Dry Cleaners▫ Autobody Repair/Painting

• Gasoline▫ New Vehicles▫ Maintain Existing Vehicles

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Division of Air Quality Website: http://www.nj.gov/dep/daq/ (links to programs, regulations and other topics found here)

Air Quality Permitting Program: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/ (applications, forms, testing information, etc.)

Bureau of Air Quality Planning: http://www.state.nj.us/dep/baqp/ (State Implementation Plans (SIPs), inventory, etc.)

Bureau of Air Monitoring: http://www.njaqinow.net/Default.ltr.aspx (monitoring data, NJ air quality forecast)

Bureau of Mobile Sources: http://www.nj.gov/dep/stopthesoot/ USEPA Greenbook for Nonattainment areas: http://epa.gov/oar/oaqps/greenbk/ (nationwide information on nonattainment areas and classifications for criteria pollutants)

USEPA State Implementation Plan Status and information:http://www.epa.gov/air/urbanair/sipstatus/

ISG notices come out on AQPP Listserv. Subscribing to Listserv can be found at : http://www.state.nj.us/dep/aqpp/listserv.html

AirNow: http://www.airnow.gov/ (air quality forecasts)