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Air Quality Considerations

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure CouncilApril 23rd, 2010

Tracy BabbidgeAir Planning and Standards

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Overview

• Update on Connecticut’s Air Quality Efforts and Emerging Challenges.

• Moving Forward on a Regional Low-Carbon Fuel Strategy.

• Environmental Considerations for the task force.

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The Good News

1-Hour Ozone

Annual Fine Particulate Daily Fine Particulate

8-Hour Ozone

• Air pollution levels continue to drop• Emission control programs are working• Controls have been equitably spread across all sectors

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 200880

120

160

131138 133 138 137 137

129 125 125 125 120 116

Ozo

ne (p

pb)

60

100

140

Ozo

ne (p

pb)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200810

14

18

Annu

al P

M2.

5 (u

g/m

3)

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 200830

34

38

42

46

40.17 40.17 40.8338.93

40.1038.33

36.47

33.57

Daily

PM

2.5

(ug/

m3)

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The Challenge• New, much tougher ozone

standard in 2010• Revisions to annual fine particle

standards under consideration– Tougher fine particle standard

likely in the 2011 timeframe• New air quality plan in 2013

– Called the SIP or State Implementation Plan

• Low hanging fruit is all gone• Climate change challenge is very

significant

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Ambient Monitoring:Near Roadway Emphasis

• January 22, 2010: EPA adopted stricter standards for NO2 emissions– Mandates changes to air monitoring near roadways

• December 9, 2009: EPA proposed new SO2 standard– Monitoring to focus on population and sources

• 2013: Monitors must be operational in New Haven, Fairfield, Hartford Counties

• Refocuses air quality measurement on transportation

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Transportation Emissions Account for Nearly 40% of Overall Emissions

Residential17%

Commercial7%

Industrial10%

Transportation39%

Electric Power21%

Agriculture1%

Waste4%

Connecticut Gross GHG Emissions2006

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Connecticut Gross GHG Emissions with Target Levels 1990-2006

19901993

19961999

20022005

20082012

20152018

20212024

20272030

20332036

20392042

20452048

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Gross Emissions1990 Baseline2020 Target2050 Target2020 Tar-

get

2050 Target

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Environment

Achieving Multiple Goals RequiresState-Wide Integrated Planning

Economic Development

TransportationEnergy

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Clea

ner

Fuel

sCleaner

Cars

Reduce VMT

Federal and State Tools for Reducing Transportation

Emissions

Economic Development Opportunities

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Effective Vehicle Strategies

• Clean Cars California LEV– One of 14 States adopting CA LEV

• Meet stringent, CA emissions standards as of 2008• GHG standards of CA LEV II effective in 2009

– CA LEV II is designed to gradually decrease the emissions coming from conventional ICE vehicles

– CA LEV III expected by end of year and will place more stringent limits on conventional vehicles

– CA LEV includes ZEV: designed to commercialize clean car technologies

– Basis for proposed federal vehicle program in 2012

Cleaner

Cars

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Federal Vehicle Program for 2012

• EPA/DOT GHG emissions and fuel economy standards for MY 2012 -2016

• Finalized: April 1, 2010• Single light-duty national fleet that satisfies

Federal and California requirements. • 21% of GHG emissions reduced from 2030

below “business as usual” • 950 MMT CO2 reduced from MY2012-2016• Improve Fuel Economy to 35.5 mpg

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Effective Vehicle Strategies

• Inspection & Maintenance– Mandated by Clean Air Act– 19 of the 200 tons per day of air pollutant

reductions included in Connecticut’s 2007 Ozone Attainment Plan

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Federal Clean Fuel Programs• 1973: Lead phased out of gasoline• 1995: Reformulated fuel reduces toxics and

ozone• 2005: Energy Policy Act creates Renewable Fuel

Standard (RFS) as an effective reduction strategy for gasoline

• 2010: New Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2)– EPA finalized February 5, 2010– Increases the volume of renewable fuel from 9

billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022.

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Federal Opportunities

• Proposed Surface Transportation Authorization Act of 2009 refocuses the CMAQ program to fund projects:– To improve air quality, – Reduce congestion, and – Improve public health and the livability of

communities.• Partner with DOT to align funding to

achieve state goals

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Regional Opportunities• Regional Collaboration through national

leaders in Energy, Environment and Transportation

• RGGI was developed to reduce CO2 emissions from power plants.

• Inviting state DOTs and Energy Departments to develop policies to reduce GHGs from transportation sector

• Options: Develop multistate alternate fuel infrastructure; coordinate VMT reductions Regional Greenhouse Gas

Initiative (RGGI) + Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) States

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The Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Low Carbon Fuel Initiative

• December 2009: Memorandum of Understanding signed by 11 states

• Market driven standard that achieves GHG reductions required by the Global Warming Solutions Act

• Covers transportation fuels and possibly heating oil

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Low Carbon Fuel Standard

• LCFS is not a cap on fuel or transportation emissions

• LCFS does not pick a necessary replacement/winner

• LCFS does not ban any specific fuel

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Regional Clean Fuels Initiative: Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS)

• Fuels have emissions not just when they are consumed in the vehicle, but along their entire lifecycle

• Direct emissions + Indirect Emissions= Carbon Intensity • LCFS focuses on Well-to-Wheel emissions of a fuel• See:

http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/air/climatechange/lcfs_mou_govs_12-30-09.pdf

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Low Carbon Fuel Standard• Will a Regional LCFS Include Home

Heating Oil?• Our region uses as much fuel for space

heating as for transportation.

• What Low Carbon Fuel Options Will be Available?• Advanced Biofuels • Woody biomass• Electricity (PHEV)

• How will Compliance be Handled?• By each state individually or regionally • Shared regional credit pool

• How will Carbon Intensity be Measured?• EPA/CARB Models or Northeast Calculations

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Major Milestones• 2010

– Stakeholder input– Economic analysis and develop program

framework options by December 2010• 2011

– Agree to program framework and develop model rule

– State rulemaking

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Linking the Task Force Initiative with Local Opportunities:

• Federal and State Partnerships– Sustainable Communities Initiative– Housing, Transportation and the

Environment-Convergence of Transit, Green Building and Brownfield Remediation

– Governor’s Steering Committee on Climate Change, Municipal Summit on Climate Action

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EV Planning Considerations

• Potentially shifting a significant portion of the State’s transportation emissions to stationary electric generation units.– 2010 IRP Emerging Technologies Whitepaper– Advanced Metering/ Smart Grid technology

deployment is critical from an environmental perspective.

– Infrastructure advancements coupled with dynamic pricing and consumer education on price and environmental benefits could be a major factor in changing behavior.

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EV Funding ConsiderationsRGGI

• CGS section 22a-200c specifies distribution of auction revenue for energy efficiency investments:– 69% of the allowance proceeds support energy

efficiency• CL&P (52%)• UI (13%)• CMEEC (4%)

• Consider prioritizing smart grid energy efficiency investments through RGGI proceeds utilizing the existing review and approval process through ECMB and DPUC.

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Questions?

Tracy Babbidge

CT DEP Air Planning and Standards

p: (860) 424-3027

Tracy.Babbidge@ct.gov