air quality 2012

Trends in Air Quality

• Our air quality has been improving

- Air quality in ‘Good’ range 96% of the time in 2011 compared to 82% 10 years ago

68

49

61 64

49

7065

70

83 8293 88 88 85 95 96 91 93 96

32

4639

36

48

3035 30

17 18

712 12 14

5 4 9 7 4

0

20

40

60

80

100

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

% o

f D

ays

AIR QUALITY IN TERMS OF PSI ( 1993 TO 2011 )

Good Moderate Unhealthy


1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

20

40

60

80

PM10 (Annual Mean)

µg

/m 3

Transboundary haze with Unhealthy air quality days Transboundary haze with

Unhealthy air quality days

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20115

15

25

35

45

PM2.5 (Annual Mean)

µg

/m3

Ultra Low Sulphur Diesel (<0.005% S) from Dec 2005

Euro IV Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles from Oct 2006


1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

10

20

30

40

50Sulphur Dioxide (Annual Mean)

Limit S content n fuel oil to 1% from Dec 2005.

Natural gas for power generation

Ultra Low Sul-phur Diesel (<0.005% S) from Dec 2005

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

10

20

30

40

50 Ozone (Annual Mean)

µg

/m3


1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

2

4

6

8

10Carbon Monoxide (Annual Mean)

mg

/m3

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110

10

20

30

40

50Nitrogen Dioxide (Annual Mean)

µg

/m3

Air Quality Benchmarked Against Asian Cities - Asian Green City Index

The Asian Green City Index, a 2011 research project by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens, assessed the environmental performance of 22 Asian cities across 8 criteria (Energy and CO2, Land use and Buildings, Transport, Waste, Water, Sanitation, Air Quality, and Environmental Governance). The chart compares the air quality data presented in the report.

Air Quality Benchmarked Against European and US Cities

Compiled by NEA from various published sources

Atlanta (2011)

Boston(2011)

Los Angeles (2011)

New York(2011)

Washington DC (2011)

London(2011)

Paris(2011)

Singapore (2011)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

SO2 NO2 PM10 PM2.5

An

nu

al A

vera

ge

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n (

µg

/m3)

2 Air Pollution and Control Strategies

Air Pollution and Control Strategies

• Motor vehicles e.g. diesel vehicles account for about 50% of PM2.5

• Industries e.g. refineries & power stations account for more than 80% of SO2

Domestic sources of air pollution

• Smoke haze from land and forest fires in the region

Transboundary sources

• Integrated urban & industrial planning• Development control• Legislation, enforcement programme and monitoring

Air pollution management & control strategies

• SO2 and PM2.5 are of concern • NO2 and CO meet WHO AQGs. PM10 and ozone are marginally above WHO AQG

Pollutants of concern

3 Air Quality Targets for Singapore

2020 Air Quality Targets for Singapore

Pollutant Singapore Targets By 2020

Long Term Targets

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 24-hour mean : 50 µg/m3

(WHO Interim Target)Annual mean : 15 µg/m3

(Sustainable Singapore Blueprint)

24-hour mean : 20 µg/m3

(WHO Final)

PM2.5 Annual mean: 12 µg/m3

(Sustainable Singapore Blueprint) 24-hour mean: 37.5 µg/m3

(WHO Interim Target)

Annual mean: 10 µg/m3

24-hour mean: 25 µg/m3

(WHO Final)

PM10 Annual mean: 20 µg/m3


(WHO Final)

Ozone 8-hour mean: 100 µg/m3

(WHO Final)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Annual mean: 40 µg/m3


(WHO Final)

Carbon monoxide (CO) 8-hour mean: 10 mg/m3

1-hour mean: 30 mg/m3

(WHO Final)

3 Roadmap to Achieve Targets

Roadmap to Achieve 2020 Targets – Abatement Measures for Vehicles

1 July 2012

Min emission stds (US Tier 2/Japan Tier 1/EU Stage II) for off-road diesel engines imported for use

1 Jul 2013

Near sulphur-free diesel (0.001% S)

1 Oct 2013

Cleaner petrol for motor vehicles with sulphur content lower than 0.005%

1 Jan 2014

Emission standards for new diesel vehicles to be tightened from Euro IV to Euro V

1 Apr 2014

Emission standards for new petrol vehicles to be tightened from Euro II to Euro IV

New measures

Measures announced at earlier COS

Roadmap to Achieve 2020 Targets – Abatement Measures for Industries

Reduce SO2 emissions from refineries

• Cleaner fuels such as natural gas and lower sulphur fuel oil

• Improve sulphur recovery processes

• Adopt cost effective measures and practices to further reduce emissions eg. SO2 scrubbing system

Reduce SO2 emissions from power stations

• Currently, gencos use mainly natural gas (NG) and some fuel oil for power generation

• Gencos will increase use of NG and lower sulphur fuel oil

4 Enhancements to Air Quality Reporting

Enhancements to Air Quality Reporting

Retain Pollutant Standards Index (PSI)

Report PM2.5 levels daily

• As an internationally harmonised protocol for reporting air quality index is not available, countries adopt different index systems

• Most index systems are based on SO2, PM10, ozone, CO and NO2. Only the US, Canada, UK and New South Wales/Australia include PM2.5 in their Index

• Advisory Committee reviewed PSI adopted by NEA and has recommended retaining PSI as it is backed by health studies and is still relevant

• Countries in the region use indices similar to PSI. They do not include PM2.5 in their index

• NEA will report PM2.5 and issue health advisories by region

Enhancements to Air Quality Reporting

Existing

• PSI reported at 4pm by 5 regions (North, South, East, West & Central)

• Health advisory issued for the whole of Singapore (not by region)

• Hourly updates of 3-h PSI during smoke haze episodes

Enhancements

• PSI and PM2.5 levels by 5 regions 3 times a day at 8am, 12noon & 4pm

• Health advisories will be issued by region

• Continue with hourly updates of 3-h PSI during smoke haze episodes

To commence on 24 Aug 2012

Pollutant Concentration

Note: Air quality based on PSI is as follows:PSI Value Air Quality Descriptor 0 – 50 Good51 – 100 Moderate101 – 200 Unhealthy201 – 300 Very unhealthyAbove 300 Hazardous

PSI

Region

Air Quality at 8 am on 17 Aug 2012

Health Advisory

PSI24-hour PM2.5

Concentration (µg/m3)

North 44 34None for the general population. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

South 34 20None for the general population. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

East 42 26None for the general population. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

West 41 27None for the general population. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

Central 39 19None for the general population. Unusually sensitive people should consider reducing prolonged or heavy exertion.

Overall Singapore

34 - 44 19 - 34 -

*Sensitive groups : People with heart and lung diseases, older adults (ages 65 and above) and children.

Example of Air Quality Information Posted on NEA Website

Our Environment

Safeguard • Nurture • Cherish

Our Environment

Safeguard • Nurture • Cherish

air quality 2012

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