air pollution v1
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Pollution
Presented by
Ruparel : 10Hardik : 11
Jnyanesh : 18
Vimal : 31
Anand : 59
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Presentation outline
What is pollution?
Kinds of air pollution sources
Sources of air pollutants Kinds of air pollutants
Effects of air pollutants
Green house effect and global warming
Acid rain
Indoor air pollution
Control measures
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This is what earth looks like
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Pollution - Definition:
Any addition to air, water, soil etc that
threatens the health, survival of humans or otherliving organisms
1. Natural - volcanic eruption
2. Anthropogenic - burning coal
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Types of Sources:
1. Point source - single,
identifiable source e.g.
smokestack, drainpipe etc
2. Non-point source -
dispersed source, e.g. runoff
from pesticides, fertilizers
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Non-point sources
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Point source
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Key environmental problems
Population growth
Resource use without preventing pollution and
reducing waste
Degrading habitats and reduction of biodiversity
Poverty
Failure of govt. to encourage earth sustaining economic
development
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The Atmosphere
Gases that envelop the Earth and are held here by gravity regulates
temperature.
Major gases: -
78.08% nitrogen
20.95% oxygen
0.93% argon
0.03% carbon dioxide
Trace amounts of water vapor (close to surface) 0.01% by volume near
poles to 5% near equator and many others hydrogen, neon, helium,
krypton, ozone and methane
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Composition of Air
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Layers of the atmosphere
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Major sources & Types of air
pollution
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Air pollution : Definition
Presenceof one or more chemicals in the
atmosphere in sufficient quantities and duration
to cause harm to humans etc.
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Air pollution - Facts
Air pollution results from human activities such as burning fossil fuels (oil, coal,
and gasoline) to create electricity and power automobiles, and manufacture industrial
products such as chemicals and plastic.
The air pollutants are particulates, HC, CO2, CO, NO, NO2, SO3 - source may
be industrial, autos, etc.
The increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contributes to the warming of
the global climate, the so-called "greenhouse effect."
The increased Chloro fluoro-carbons in the atmosphere has been depleting
stratospheric ozone.
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Sources of Air pollution
Natural:
Volcanoes, Fumaroles and Hot springs
Decay from marshes and bogs
Increase ozone due to thunderstorms, fires.
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Sources of Air pollution
Man made:
Stationary sources - Those that are fixed in location.
Point sources e.g. smoke stacks, 14% air pollution from plants generating
electricity; Fugitive sources e.g. construction sites, exposed areas;
Area sources e.g. dense urban community or agricultural area
Mobile sources -Those that move while polluting, e.g. trucks, cars, busses
etc.
60% of air pollution from motor vehicles. 80-88% in major cities!
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Main categories of Air
pollutants
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Main categories - Air pollutants
Primary:Those emitted directly into the air;
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Nitric oxide (NO)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Secondary: Those that form as a result of a chemical reaction of the
primary pollutant with a natural component of the environment.;
Sulfuric Acid
Nitric acids.
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Effects of Air pollution
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Effects of Air pollution
Reduces visual range & atmospheric clarity, less contrast, less visibility
Damages vegetation, including leaves, needles, fruit, growth rate,
reproduction, hardiness.
Crop losses 1.9-5.4 bn/yr and 150,000-350,000 deaths/yr.
Degradation of human health, from mild problems e.g. eye irritation
getting severe, respiratory disease asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, cancer.
CO, carbon monoxide released from incomplete combustion, cigarettes,
combines with hemoglobin and reduces bloods ability to carry oxygen.
Can overload or break down the natural defenses such as hair in our nose,
sticky mucus in the lining of the upper respiratory tract causing diseases
like lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis etc.
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Effects of Air pollution
Smoking is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon monoxide.
Exposure to air containing even 0.001% of carbon monoxide for several
hours can cause collapse, coma and even death.
CO is attached to blood hemoglobin reduces the oxygen carrying capacity
of blood. This impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes and causes
headaches, drowsiness, dizziness and nausea and blurred vision.
Nitrogen oxides and suspended particles both irritates lungs, aggravate
asthma or chronic bronchitis and increase respiratory infections.
Sulphur dioxide irritates respiratory tissues and chronic exposure causes
bronchitis.
It also affects photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolisms.
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Green House Effect
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Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, while others result from
human activities.
Naturally occurring greenhouse gases - water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Carbon dioxide is a product of burning fossil fuel and wood.
Nitrous oxide (NO2) - by fertilizer use and released from decomposition of animal
wastes.
Methane (CH4) - by bacteria from sediments, swamps, and in flooded rice
paddies.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Freon (a refrigerant) deplete the ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere.
Halons, such as halocarbons, are released from fire extinguishers.
Water vapor in clouds reradiate heat back to Earth.
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Green House Effect
Carbon dioxide and other gases allow light to pass, but trap heat in the
atmosphere much like glass in a greenhouse traps heat.
This greenhouse effect is thought to be responsible for global warming.
Carbon dioxide contributes to only 56% of greenhouse heating.
The average surface temperature of Earth is about 15C (59F).
Global Warming increases the average temperature of the atmosphere,
oceans, and landmasses of Earth.
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Green House Effect
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Impact of Global warming Extreme temperatures
Rise in sea level and change in precipitation
Injuries from storms and coastal flooding
Interruption of power supply, contamination of drinking water
Drought
Food shortages due to shift in agricultural food production
Air pollution
Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema complications
Strain on public health systems
Increased need due to population migrations
Unable to control spread of infectious diseases
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Conserve Energy
Be energy-wise
Explore alternatives
Recycle as much as is possible.
Take showers instead of baths.
Check your taps.
Check the lights
Check your stove.
Use less cooking water.
Check the refrigerator.
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Acid rain - Causes and Effects
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Environmental Impact
Sterilization of lakes and forests.
Reduce the populations of small invertebrates and decomposers.
Reduce agricultural yields.
Cause extensive structural damage by corroding marble, metal, and
stonework.
Degrade water supplies by leaching heavy metals from the soil into
drinking-water supplies.
Increases in lung cancer and colon cancer.
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Acid Deposition
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Acid Rain
The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic
components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles.
The more accurate term is acid precipitation.
It has a harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure.
Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur
dioxide and nitrogen oxides which react with the water molecules in the
atmosphere to produce acids.
The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-
generating plants.
The chemicals in acid rain can cause paint to peel, corrosion of steel
structures such as bridges, and erosion of stone statues.
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Effects of Acid Rain
Acidify lakes and disrupt the normal cycling of nutrients,
leaches metals out of rocks and soil,
kill fish, plants; stress and defoliate trees due to moss growth, insect
attack, and loss of nutrients.
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Acid rain - Causes
The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from
human sources, such as electricity generation, factories and motor
vehicles.
Coal power plants are one of the most polluting.
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What are the sources of indoor air
pollution?
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Sources of indoor air pollutants
building materials,
cigarette smoking,
pesticides,
volatile organics from paints,
furniture, rugs, insulation etc.
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Sources of indoor air pollution
11 common pollutants 2-5 times
higher indoors than outair inside car 18 times more polluted
than air outside
17% of commercial buildings haveserious indoor air pollution problems- sick building syndrome
A h l i d i
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Are there any natural indoor airpollutants?
Radon gas accumulates in homes located
in areas built on granites, phosphates,
shales. Synergistic effect with tobacco smoke;
second leading cause of lung cancer
Sources: soils, groundwater, buildingmaterials.
Cannot be filtered out. Must be vented
out.
M d i d i
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Most dangerous indoor airpollutants
Cigarette smoke
formaldehyde
radioactive radon 222 gas asbestos
Others include: bacteria, fungi, dusts and
other particulates, pollen, CO2, CO, O3,NOx, SO2, building materials such as
fiberglass, etc.
S i f h f
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Suggestions for the future:
pollution prevention
full cost pricing i.e. shift costs to the
production of air pollutantsimprove energy efficiency
reduce use of fossil fuelsslow population growth
H i i h bl f
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How serious is the problem ofindoor air pollution?
People with respiratory ailments are
most affected
Asbestos inhalation may cause:asbestosis, lung cancer,
mesothelioma.
Asbestos workers, insulators pipefitters, shipyard employees.
What are some of the symptoms
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What are some of the symptomsof indoor air pollution?
Irritation of mucous membranes,
coughing,
dizziness,
nausea,
death.
G l l i
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General solutions:
switch from coal to cleaner fuels - use
natural gas
reduce energy use, improve energyefficiency
burn less coal, use lower sulfur coals. Coal
gasificationAfter burning the SO2 can be cleaned out
by scrubbing
taxing emissions
General solutions to indoor air
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General solutions to indoor airpollution:
Ventilation: fans
source removal: no smoking
source modification: more efficientstove design.
pollutant removal: filters
education
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Thank
you