air pollution tolerance indices (apti) of chromolaena
TRANSCRIPT
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AIR POLLUTION TOLERANCE INDICES (APTI) OF Chromolaena
odorata (L) AROUND EBEDEI GAS PLANT IN DELTA STATE,
NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle Page iCe!ti"i#ati$% iiDe&i#ati$% iiiA#'%$le&gee%t *Ta+le $" C$%te%t *A+t!a#t i-CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Ba#'g!$/%& $" te St/& 11.1 P$ll/ti$% 21.3 Ai! P$ll/ti$% 10
1.3.1 S$/!#e a%& Clai"i#ati$% $" Ai! P$ll/ti$% 111.4 Ai $" St/& 131.5 O+6e#ti*it $" St/& 141.7 Liitati$% 14CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW3.1 T$tal &!$#a!+$% C$%te%t (TC) 15
3.3 B$ta% $" Sia 9ee& (Chromoleana Odorota) 13.3.1 Sia 9ee& (Chromolaena Odorata) 1
3.4 A#$!+i# A#i& 123.4.1 Relati*e 9ate! C$%te%t 123.4.3 Lea" E-t!a#t ; 30
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3.4.4 Cl$!$;ll 30CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS4.1 A!ea $" St/& 344.3 Sa;le C$lle#ti$% 344.4 la+$!at$! A%ali P!$&/#e 35
4.5 Relati*e Lea" 9ate! C$%te%t (R9C) 354.7 Lea" E-t!a#t ; 374. A#$!+i# A#i& (AA) C$%te%t A%ali 374.< Ai! P$ll/ti$% T$le!a%#e I%&e- (APTI) Dete!i%ati$% 34.8 T$tal Cl$!$;ll C$%te%t (TC) 3CHAPTER FOURRe/lt 38CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Di#/i$% 457.3 C$%#l/i$% 47.4 Re#$e%&ati$% 4
Re"e!e%#e 48
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ABSTRACT
Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i te i%t!$&/#ti$% i%t$ te at$;e!e a%& #ei#al,;a!ti#/late atte!, $! +i$l$gi#al ate!ial tat #a/e a! $!&i#$"$!t t$ /a%, ;la%t a%& $te! li*i%g $!ga%i, $! #a/e&aage t$ te %at/!al e%*i!$%e%t. Ti t/& i &eig%e& t$
i%*etigate ai! ;$ll/ti$% t$le!a%#e i%&i#e (APTI) $" chromolaen odorata a!$/%& E+e&ei ga ;la%t i% Delta State, Nige!ia. Pla%ta;le e!e #$lle#te& "!$ t!ee &i""e!e%t l$#ati$% '%$% a;$i%t A, B, a%& C. Te ;i$#ei#al ;a!aete! e!e tea#$!+i# a#i& (A) !elati*e ate! #$%te%t (R9C), t$tal #l$!$;ll(TC) a%& te ; $" te lea" e-t!a#t (P). 7g $" te "!e lea*e a$$ge%i=e& i% 10l &ei$%i=e& ate! ile a#$!+i# a#i& #$%te%t(e-;!ee& i% g>g) a ea/!e& /i%g ;e#t!$;$t$et!i#et$&. Te !e/lt $" te t/& $e& tat ite B 700 aa
"!$ te ga ;la%t (ESB) a te iget ate! !ete%ti$% #a;a#ita%& e-;e!ie%tal ite A (ESA) a te l$et !elati*e ate!!ete%ti*e #a;a#it a%& e-;e!ie%tal ite A (ESA) a te igetAPT *al/e ile e-;e!ie%tal ite C (ESC) a te l$et APT*al/e. It a #$%#l/&e& tat ;la%t ;$e &i""e!e%t ;$ll/ti$%t$le!a%#e &e;e%&i%g $% te ;e#ie a%& te e%*i!$%e%tal "a#t$!a""e#ti%g te, i# ea% &i""e!e%t ;la%t. D/e t$ te #$%#l/i$%,it a !e#$e%&e& tat ;la%t it ig APTI $/l& +e g!$%a6$!l i% te ;$ll/te& e%*i!$%e%t a%& alte!%ati*e t$ ga "la!i%g
i al$ !e#$e%&e& i# i ga !ei%6e#ti$%.
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te ai! e%*i!$%e%t it *a!i$/ e-te%t "$! &i""e!e%t ;e#ie (Li/
a%& D/%g, 3008) ;la%t a!e /e& a a+$i%at$! $" ai! ;$ll/ti$%
+e#a/e ;la%t a!e te i%itial a##e;t$! $" ai! ;$ll/ta%t a%& te
$ *a!i%g &eg!ee $" e%iti*e a%& t$le!a%#e $" ai! ;$ll/ti$%
t!e (J$i a%& Sa!t, 3002? "l$e! et al., 300
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i# i $%e $" te a6$! #a/e $" gl$+al a!i%g. Te +/!%i%g
$" "$il "/el, ai%l #$al, $il a%& ga, a le& t$ te a!i%g $"
#a!+$% &i$-i&e (CO3) a te ai% g!ee%$/e ga (Elle% a%& Ba!!,
3007) a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate& al/i%/. Te "la!e al$
#$%t!i+/te t$ a#i& !ai%, i# a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate&
al/i%/!$$", a#i&i" te $il, te!e+ #a/e $il "e!tilit, l$
a%& &aagi%g #!$;. St/&ie a*e $% tat i% Sla% ee&
(C!$$lea%a) te!e i &e#!eae i% ;!$tei% a%& a#$!+i# a#i& (TC)
#$%te%t (Ie+$!e a%& A&eei, 1281) ile $te! ;la%t /# a
;al t!ee a!$/%& te "la!e &$ %$t "l$e!, a%& te!e"$!e, &$ %$t
"!/it. It i a;;a!e%t tat te i/e $" ga "la!i%g i a e!i$/ ;!$+le
t$ te e%*i!$%e%t /tai%a+ilit.
Te!e"$!e, ti t/& "$#/e& $% te aee%t $" te i;a#t
$" ga "la!i%g $% te #!$; ;e!"$!a%#e a%& iel& i% te t/& a!ea,
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e;e#iall e!e ga "la!i%g i &$i%a%t ag!i#/lt/!al a#ti*it a
al$%g i%#l/&e& a&a;tati$% t$ a %/+e! $" &i*e!e t!ee a%&
$;;$!t/%itie. I%#!eae i% #!/&e $il a#ti*itie /# a &!illi%g a
!e/lte& t$ $!e "a!i%g $" ga i# a*e a&*e!e, e""e#t $% /a%
ealt, ;la%t, a%ial a%& te /a% e#$te, a tee t$-i#
/+ta%#e $! ;$i$%$/ #ei#al i# i%#l/&e %it!$ge% $-i&e,
/l;/! $-i&e, *$latile $!ga%i# #$;$/%& a%& $te! #aa%$ge%$/
/+ta%#e #ae !e;i!at$! ;!$+le, i# #$/l& lea& t$ ata
a%& *a!i$/ +l$$& &ieae li'e Le/'eia (a!la%& et al., 3007).
Ga "la!i%g a""e#t ;la%t &i!e#tl t!$/g lea*e a%& i%&i!e#tl
t!$/g $il a#i&i"i#ati$%. $t ;la%t e-;e!ie%#e ;i$l$gi#al
#a%ge +e"$!e e-i+iti%g *ii+le &aage t$ lea*e e% e-;$e&
t$ ai! ;$ll/ta%t (Li/ a%& Di%g, 3008).
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F$/! ;i$l$gi#al ;a!aete! i# a!e, a#$!+i# a#i&,
#l$!$;ll, !elati*e ate! #$%te%t a%& lea" ; a*e +ee% /e& t$
e*al/ate te ;$ll/ti$% $" ga "la!e (PGF) $% e""e#te& ;la%t.
N%ga#'(% I)*ac# o" +a F-ar'g o P-a# a! E('ro)%#
Te!e a!e %/e!$/ t$-i# $" $! ;$i$%$/ ga tat a
i;a#te& %egati*el $% ai! ;la%t, e*e% !e/lt $" ga tat a!e +ei%g
"la!e& i%t$ te at$;e!e + $il ;!$&/#i%g #$;a%ie. Tee
gae i%#l/&e, $-i&e $" %it!$ge%, #a!+$% a%& /l;/!e, (NO1,
CO3, SO), ;a!ti#/late atte!, &!$#a!+$% a%& a
;$t$#ei#al $-i&a%t a%& &!$ge% /l;i&e (3S) i# a
#$%t!i+/te& t$ a#i& !ai%, i# a;a!t "!$ #$!!$&i%g #$!!/gate
al/i%i/ !$$", a#i&i" te $il, te!e+ #a/i%g $il "e!tilit l$
a%& &aagi%g #!$; (O+i$, 1222)? La%&i$!'i, 3000). Tee
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gae al$ &e#!eae te le%gt, eigt #$%te%t $" ;la%t
(Lie!+$!e a%& A&eei, 1281).
Ga "la!i%g al$ a*e a %egati*e i;a#t $% #liate te!e+
i%#!eai%g te te;e!at/!e te ea!t, #ai%g #liate #a%ge a%&
&e;leti$% $" te $=$%e lae!. Ie&iate i;a#t $" ga "la!i%g.
Cl$e t$ "la!e ite a%& +e$%&, a#i&i"i#ati$% a%& !ai% ate!, &e;$it
$" +la#' ;$&e! #$*e! tee !e/lt i% ;la%t g!$t !eta!&ati$%,
&it$!ti$% $" a@/ati# li"e a%& !e;i!at$! &i$!&e!, all $" i#
#$+i%e t$ +/t ealt a%& li*eli$$& at !i' (A6ai a%& I';$!/;$,
3007? A&ee$, 300).
+a F-ar'g: N'g%r'a ' #$% +-oa- P'c#ur%
Gl$+all, Nige!ia i te t$;$t #$/%t! i% ga "la!i%g t!aile&
#l$el + R/ia, I!a@, a%& I!a%. I% 3004, Nige!ia le& $te!
#$/%t!ie i% ga "la!i%g. Nige!ia le& $te! ig%i"i#a%t ga "la!i%g
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#$/%t!ie, i%#l/&i%g R/ia, I!a@ a%& I!a%, + +etee% t$ a%& %i%e
+illi$% #/+i# ete!. I% a&&iti$%, it "la!e /lti;le $" $te!
#$/%t!ie /# Alge!ia, USA, Ga+$%, U a%& N$!a.
+a F-ar'g a! #$% E('ro)%#
$!e ta% e*e! +e"$!e /a% a#ti*it !elati%g t$ /%#$%t!$lle&
g!ee%$/e ga (GG) a%& it e""e#t $% te ea!t i gai%i%g
g!eate! ;a#e i% te gl$+al a#a&ei# a%& ;$li# &i#/i$%. Rii%g
te;e!at/!e, elti%g gla#ie!, g!eate! ;!e#i;itati$%, e-t!ee
eate! e*e%t, a%& *$latile a!e %$ $" "!igte%i%g &ie%i$%.
Te g!ee%$/e e""e#t #$$%l !e"e! t$ a Gl$+al 9a!i%gH,
i# #$&i"ie te $+e!*ati$% !elati%g t$ i%#!eae& a!i%g $" te
%$!te!% ei;e!e + $!e ta% 1$F $*e! te lat 100 ea!,
a%& i% ;a!ti#/la! te 1280 a%& 1220 t!$/g te ta!t $" te 31t
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#e%t/! a*e +ee% a#e!tai%e& t$ +e te a!et i% te lat 1000
ea!.
Te a+$*e #$%#e!% a%& it #$%e@/e%#e a*e +!$/gt ga
"la!i%g i%t$ g!eate! *ii+ilit i% te lat "e &e#a&e. S#ie%tit a*e
"$/%& $/t tat $il &e;$it e-it al$%g it it %at/!al ga &e;$it.
Te ;!$#e $" $il e-;l$!ati$% i% a% ;a!t te $!l&, &e*el$;i%g
#$/%t!ie i% ;a!ti#/la! lea*e ga #$;$%e%t $" te !$#a!+$% t$
e#a;e &eli+e!atel /%t!a;;e& a%& +/!%t $% te /!"a#e. Ti
;!$#e i te#%i#all #alle& ga "la!i%g. Ga "la!i%g i te ;!a#ti#e
$" +/!%i%g $"" %at/!al ga a it get t$ te /!"a#e i% ;la#e e!e
te!e a!e %$ i%"!at!/#t/!e t$ #a;t/!e a%& #$%*e!t te i%t$
#$e!#iall *al/a+le !e$/!#e (Ogi"$, 3011). Ga eii$%
!e&/#e te $il $it/!e (Sa*a+i a%& St$#'le, 3001) a%& #a;a+le
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$" a""e#ti%g #!$; iel& t!$/g i;a#ti%g %/t!ie%t a*aila+ilit i%
te $il (Be&ell et al., 3004).
Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i $%e $" te e*e!al ;!$+le "a#i%g te $!l&
t$&a, &/e t$ te #$%ti%/al #a!ge i% #$%#e%t!ati$% le*el $" $e
gae$/ a%& t!a#e etal i% te e%*i!$%e%t, !e/lti%g "!$ a%
a#ti*itie /# a !$a&, t!a%;$!tati$%, *ei#le t!a""i# a%& i%&/t!ie
(6$% a%& Ig+/l, 1223, J$i, et al., 3002). Ai! ;$ll/ti$% i te
i%t!$&/#ti$% i%t$ te at$;e!e a%& #ei#al, ;a!ti#/late atte!,
$! +i$l$gi#al ate!ial tat #a/e a! $! &i#$"$!t t$ /a%,
;la%t a%& $te! li*i%g $!ga%i, $! #a/e &aage t$ te %at/!al
e%*i!$%e%t.
All #$+/ti$% !eleae gae a%& ;a!ti#le i%t$ te ai!. Tee
i%#l/&e /l;/!, %it!$ge% $-i&e, #a!+$% $%$-i&e a%& $il
;a!ti#le a ell a alle! @/a%titie $" t$-i# etal, $!ga%i#
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$le#/le a%& !a&i$ i$t$;e. Te a6$! #a/e $" ti ai! ;$ll/ti$%
i i%&/t!iali=ati$%, te /e $" "/el /# a ;et!$le/ &!$#a!+$%
a%& #$al "$! t!a%;$!tati$%, i%&/t!ie a%& $/e$l&, ag!i#/lt/!al
la%& /e, +/ +/!%i%g, i%#i%e!ati$% $" ate a%& al$ "la!i%g $"
ga. Tee ;$ll/te te e%*i!$%e%t, &et!$ te at$;e!i#
$=$%e iel& tat ;!$te#t $!ga%i=ati$% "!$ ig le*el $"
/lt!a*i$let !a&iati$% #$i%g "!$ te /%, te!e+ !e/lti%g i%
gl$+al a!i%g a%& #liate #a%ge (IPEC, 300
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a%& !e&/#e g!$t a%& iel& i% e%iti*e ;la%t ;e#ie (Tia!i et
al., 300).
1.1 Po--u#'o
P$ll/ti$% i te i%t!$&/#ti$% $" #$%tai%a%t i%t$ a %at/!al
e%*i!$%e%t tat #a/e a!, &i#$"$!t a%& &i$!&e! t$ te
%at/!al e#$te, tat i, ;i#al te $! li*i%g $!ga%i
(A6ie et al., 122).
P$ll/ta%t a!e /+ta%#e i% te ai! tat #a% #a/e a! t$
/a% a%& te e%*i!$%e%t. P$ll/ta%t #a% +e i% te "$! $" $li&
;a!ti#le, li@/i& &!$;let $! gae, a&&iti$% te a +e %at/!al $!
a%a&e (A%&e!$%, 3017).
P$ll/ti$% #a% ta'e te "$! $" #ei#al /+ta%#e $! e%e!g
/# a %$ie, eat, ligt. Te #$;$%e%t $" ;$ll/ti$% #a% +e
"$!eig% /+ta%#e>e%e!gie $! %at/!all $##/!!i%g #$%tai%a%t.
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P$ll/ti$% #lai"ie& i%t$ ;$i%t $/!#e a%& %$%;$i%t $/!#e ;$ll/ti$%
(G/;ta, 1280), te t;e $" ;$ll/ti$% a!e ai!, la%&, a%& ate!
;$ll/ti$%.
1./ A'r Po--u#'o
Ai! ;$ll/ti$% #a% +e &e"i%e& a te ;!ee%#e i% te $/t&$$! $!
i%&$$! at$;e!e $" gae$/ $! ;a!ti#/late #$%tai%a%t i%
@/a%titie, /# a t$ +e i%6/!ie t$ /a%, ;la%t a%& a%ial
i# i%te!"e!e it te #$"$!t $" li"e a%& ;!$;e!t (O&ig/!e,
1280). O%e $" te a6$! e""e#t $" ai! ;$ll/ti$% t$ te e%*i!$%e%t
i te &e;leti$% $" $=$%e lae! a%& tee a +ee% !e#$g%i=e& a a
t!eat $" /a% ealt a ell a te e#$te. Te &e;leti$% $"
te $=$% lae! #a/e gl$+al a!i%g i% te e#$te i# a'e
li"e /%+ea!a+le "$! /a%, ;la%t a%& a%ial li*i%g i% te
e#$te.
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1./.1 Sourc% a! C-a'"'ca#'o o" A'r Po--u#'o
S$/!#e $" ai! ;$ll/ti$% !e"e! t$ te *a!i$/ l$#ati$%,
a#ti*itie $! "a#t$! i# a!e !e;$%i+le "$! te !eleai%g $"
;$ll/ta%t i%t$ t$ #ateg$!ie i# a!e:
A#$ro*og%'c Sourc%: Tee a!e $/!#e #a/e& + /a%
a#ti*itie i# a!e:
i.
B/!%i%g $" "$il "/el
ii.
Bi$a #$+/ti$%
iii.
Re"/e +/!%i%g
i*. T!a""i# eii$%
*. B/ +/!%i%g
*i.
I%&/t!ial eii$%
*ii.
Ga "la!i%g
*iii.
Pi;e
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Na#ura- Sourc%: Tee i%#l/&e:
i.
D/t "!$ little $! %$ *egetati$%
ii.
eta%e eitte& + te &igeti$% $" "$$& + a%ial
iii.
S$'e a%& #a!+$% $%$-i&e "!$ il&li"e
i*. Ra%&$ ga "!$ !a&i$a#ti*e &e#a
*.
$l#a%i# a#ti*itie
1.0 A') o" S#u!&
Te ai $" t/& i t$ '%$ te e""e#t $" ga "la!i%g $% $e
;la%t g!$i%g a!$/%& a ga "la!e tati$% t$ '%$ te le*el $" a#i&it
a%& a#$!+i#, t$tal #l$!$;ll, !elati*e ate! #$%te%t $" Sia ee&
;la%t.
1. O2%c#'('#& o" S#u!&
i.
T$ a##e te a$/%t $" %/t!ie%t a%& a#$!+i# i% ele#te&
;la%t a!$/%& te ga "la!e tati$%.
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ii.
T$ &ete!i%e te le*el $" t$-i# a##//lati$% $% ;la%t
a!$/%& a ga "la!e tati$% at E+e&ei, Delta State.
1.3 L')'#a#'o
Sa;le #$lle#ti$% a a &i""i#/lt ta' &/e t$ te "a#t tat $il
#$;a%ie e!e g/a!&e& + $l&ie!. Te ;!ee%#e $" e#/!it a
a #alle%ge a%& te!e"$!e t$$& a i%&!a%#e t$ te #$lle#ti$% $"
a;le.
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TO +ET THE FULL PRO4ECT MATERIAL 5CHAPTER 1 TO
FIVE6 FOLLOW THIS SIMPLE STEPS:
STEP 1: (''# a& Ecoak rac$ %ar%# #o &ou a! *a&
'#o #$% accou# !%#a'- %-o7:
ACCOUNT NAME: TEE8ED BUSINESS ENTERPRISESACCOUNT NUMBER: 039011;10,
STEP /: A"#%r *a&)%#, SMS #$% T%--%r Nu)%r, #$%*ro2%c# co!% 5ca % "ou! a# #$% $%a!%r o" #$'*ro2%c# 7ork6 a! &our E)a'- a!!r% TO9