air pollution related to cogeneration power plants
TRANSCRIPT
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04/12/2023
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COGENERATION POWER PLANTS
Team pHly Ash
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Table of Contents
I. IntroductionI. Basic ComponentsII. How does it work?
II. TechnologiesIII. Health and
Environmental Impacts
IV. EmissionsV. Control DevicesVI. RegulationsVII. Conclusions
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3 Introduction
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Introduction
Cogeneration Generation of multiple forms of useful energy in a
single integrated system
Power to Heat Ratio
Advantages High fuel efficiency Low emissions Versatile uses and fuel sources Exhaust captured for various processes
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Basic Components
Combustion Chamber
Prime Mover Turbine that transforms thermal or pressure energy to
mechanical
Generator Converts mechanical energy to electrical
Heat Recovery Captures exhaust for steam generation, process drying
or building cooling
Electrical Interconnection
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How does it work?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXLUoqzlT2k&feature=related
Green Peace UK
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7 Technologies
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Gas Turbine
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Gas Turbine
Advantages High reliability Low emissions No cooling
Disadvantages Requires high pressure gas Poor efficiency
Capacity 0.5 – 250 MW
NOx Emissions 0.036 – 0.05 lb/MMBtu
Cost Installed: $1,300/kW O&M: $0.01/kW
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Steam Turbine
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Steam Turbine
Advantages High efficiency, fuel
compatibility Very Reliable Compatible with many fuels
Disadvantages Long start up time Low power to heat ratio
Capacity 0.05 – 250 MW
NOx Emissions Gas: 0.1 – 0.2 lb/MMBtu Wood: 0.2 – 0.0.5 lb/MMBtu Coal: 0.3 – 1.2 lb/MMBtu
Cost Installed: $1,100/kW Cost: $0.005/kW
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Fuel Cell
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Fuel Cell
Advantages Low emissions Low noise High efficiency
Disadvantages High cost Low durability Hydrogen fuel processing
Capacity < 2 MW
NOx Emissions 0.0025 – 0.004 lb/MMBtu
Cost Installed: $6,500/kW Cost: $0.04/kW
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14 Health & Environmental Impacts
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Conventional vs. CogenerationConventional Largest contributor to
CO2 emissions
High NOx emissions Secondary concerns
CO, SO2, PM, NH4, THCs
Cogeneration
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Effects of CO2
Large contributor to global warming More severe weather systems Increased air pollution Saltwater intrusion Damages ecosystems Increases spread of disease
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Effects of NOx
Smog and reduced visibility Increases nutrient loading Forms toxic chemicals Respiratory problems Acid rain
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Other pollutants
PM Respiratory problems Reduced visibilityCO …SO2 Acid rain
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19 Emissions
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Emissions
CO2
Water Vapor (steam) NOx
SOx
CO PM
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Emission Concentrations
Gas Turbines Pollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)
NOx
No control 175 315 Water Injection 42 60 Steam Injection 25 42 Dry Low NOx Combustors 10 - 25 10 - 25 Selective Catalytic Reduction 5 - 10 5 - 10
SOx No control insignificant no dataCO No control no data no data
Lean Burn Reciprocating Engines Pollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)
NOx No control 350 no dataSOx No control no data no dataCO No control 1100 no data
Rich Burn Reciprocating EnginesPollutant Control Device Natural Gas (ppm) Fuel Oil (ppm)
NOx Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction 700 SOx Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction no data CO Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction 1100
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Primary Pollutants
Gas turbine Thermal NOx, CO, and VOC’s
Microturbines Thermal NOx, CO, and unburned
hydrocarbons Reciprocating engines
Thermal NOx, CO, and VOC’s
Steam turbines Thermal NOx, SOx, CO, and PM
http://inhabitat.com/does-pollution-actually-fight-global-warming/
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Progress Energy Emissions
Time Fuel Volume Flow(MCF/hr)
Steam to Fuel Ratio
Gross Megawatts
NOx (lb/hr)
1:00 432.54 1.8 46.9 37.37
2:00 433.96 1.8 47.07 37.75
3:00 433.85 1.79 47.07 38.18
4:00 434.54 1.8 47.16 38.18
5:00 434.97 1.8 47.18 38.18
6:00 434.7 1.79 47.16 38.18
7:00 434.2 1.79 47.1 38.18
…
Daily Average
432.03 1.81 47.03 37.74
Gas Turbine using natural gas for fuel source
* At the time of visit CO2 readings were 324.5 ppm
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24 Control Devices
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Control Technology
Control peak flame temperatures
Feature lean premixed burners
a) With no post-combustion emissions control
b) With selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Feature lean premixed burners With no post-
combustion emissions control
Gas turbines Microturbines
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Control Technology
Control of peak flame temperature
Non selective catalytic reduction (NSCR)
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
Flue gas desulphurization (FGD)
Flue gas recirculation (FGR)
Reciprocating engines Steam Turbines
Control technologies and emitted pollutants depend on the fuel selected for combustion.
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27 Regulations
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Progress Energy Cogeneration Pollutants of concern
NOx CO2
Emission standards NOx:
25 ppm, 39.6 lb/hr Plant has two hours to get within these
standards
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State Regulations (FDEP)
62-296.405 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators with More Than 250 Million Btu Per Hour Heat Input. Visible emissions – 20 percent opacity except for either one six-minute period opacity
shall not exceed 27 percent, or one two-minute period per hour during which opacity shall not exceed 40 percent.
Particulate Matter – 0.1 pound per million Btu heat input, as measured by applicable compliance methods.
Sulfur Dioxide, as measured by applicable compliance methods. Emissions units burning liquid fuel.
2.5 pounds per million Btu heat input. Emissions units burning solid fuel.
6.17 pounds per million Btu heat input. Nitrogen Oxides (expressed as NO2) – as measured by applicable compliance methods.
62-296.406 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators with Less Than 250 Million Btu Per Hour Heat Input Visible Emissions – Same as 62-296.405 Particulate Matter – Best available control technology. Sulfur Dioxide – Best available control technology.
62-296.702 Fossil Fuel Steam Generators. Particulate Matter - 0.10 pounds per million BTU Visible emissions the density of which is greater than 20 percent opacity
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National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS)
Primary Standards Secondary Standards
Pollutant Level Averaging Time LevelAveraging
Time
Carbon Monoxide
9 ppm 8-hour None
35 ppm 1-hour
Lead0.15 µg/m3
Rolling 3-Month Average
Same as Primary
1.5 µg/m3 Quarterly Average Same as Primary
Nitrogen Dioxide
53 ppb Annual Same as Primary
100 ppb 1-hour NonePM10 150 µg/m3 24-hour Same as Primary
PM2.5
15.0 µg/m3 Annual Same as Primary
35 µg/m3 24-hour Same as Primary
Ozone
0.075 ppm (2008 std)
8-hour Same as Primary
0.08 ppm (1997 std)
8-hour Same as Primary
0.12 ppm 1-hour Same as Primary
Sulfur Dioxide
0.03 ppm Annual 0.5 ppm 3-hour
0.14 ppm 24-hour 75 ppb 1-hour None
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31 Conclusions
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Conclusions
Cogeneration has many benefits over traditional processes
The type of fuel and system used varies greatly and depends on Location Capital Regulations
Cogeneration is becoming more popular
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33 Thank You