Air Pollution :Modeling and Its Application XIII

Previous Volumes in this Mini-Series

Volumes I-XII were included in the NATO Challenges of Modern Society Series.

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION I Edited by C. De Wispelaere

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION 11 Edited by C. De Wispelaere

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION III Edited by C. De Wispelaere

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION IV Edited by C. De Wispelaere

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION V Edited by C. De Wispelaere, Francis A. Schiermeier, and Noor V. Gillani

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION VI Edited by Han van Dop

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION VII Edited by Han van Dop

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION VIII Edited by Han van Dop and Douw G. Steyn

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION IX Edited by Han van Dop and George Kallos

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION X Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Millan M. Millan

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XI Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Francis A. Schiermeier

AIR POLLUTION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION XII Edited by Sven-Erik Gryning and Nadine Chaumerliac

Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XIII

Edited by

Sven ... Erik Gryning Ris~ National Laboratory Roskilde, Denmark

and

Ekaterina Batcbvarova National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology Sofia, Bulgaria

Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC

Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data

Air pollution Nodellng and lts appllcatlon XIII I Sven-Erlk Grynlng and Ekaterina Batchvarova.

p. CI. Includes blbllographlcal references and Index.

I. Air--Pollutlon--MatheNatlcal models Congresses. 2. At.ospherlc dlffuslon--Mathematlcal models Congresses. I. Gryning. Sven-Erlk. 11. Batchvarova. Ekaterina. 111. NATO/CCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Model ing and Its Appllcation (23rd : 1998 : Varna. Bulgarla) TD881.A47524 1999 628.5'3'015118--dc21 99-37360

CIP

fRONT COVER

Nessebar is one of the oldest towns in Bulgaria, famous for the ancient ruins, medieval and renaissance architecture and contemporary artistic spirit. Two thousand years B.C. Thracian people established the town of Messembria. In 510 B.C. the town became an ancient Greek colony. Starting from first century A.D., the town belonged to the Roman and laterto the Byzantine empire. The medieval time is connected with the history of the Bulgarian state.

The town in now included in the list of the world cultural heritage by UNESCO and has the status of a town-museum in Bulgaria. Tourists walk along the narrow streets of Nessebar, looking to the blue sea and the stands of the artists. The artist Emanuil Thaliovsky has drawn one of the picturesque small streets of Nessebar for the 23rd NATOjCCMS lTM.

Nessebar is situated on a small peninsula, 35 kilometers north of Burgass and 100 kilometers south of Varna. The excellent sand beaches with natural dunes attract many Bulgarian and foreign tourists.

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third NATOjCCMS International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application, held September 28-0ctober 2, 1998, in Riviera near Varna, BuIgaria

ISBN 978·1-4613·6863·2

©2000Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York in 2000

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No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

ISBN 978-1-4613-6863-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-4153-0 (eBook)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4153-0

PREFACE

The ITM conference series has always had a strong spirit of cooperation under the NATO/CCMS umbrella, and with the considerable interest fram Partner countries to participate in the ITM conferences, it provides an excellent opportunity to create ties between scientists. Whereas all previous ITM conferences have taken place in NATO countries, the 23rd ITM takes place in a Cooperative Partner country, Bulgaria, and is hosted by the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. This fact reflects a general wish for a closer connection and collaboration among scientists fram Partner and NATO countries.

This volume contains the papers from the 23rd NATO/CCMS International Technical Meetings on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application, being held September 28 -October 2, 1998, at Riviera Holiday Club, Varna, Bulgaria. It was attended by 120 participants from 30 countries. Thanks are due to all who made it possible to plan, carry through, and follow up the meeting, and to the participants who made the conference so successful. Special thanks are due to the sponsoring institutions:

ATO/CCMS EURASAP

BAS

3M

NATO/CCMS - Committee on the Challenges of Modem Society EURASAP - European Association for the Science of Air Pollution RIS0 - Ris0 National Laboratory, Denmark NIMH - National Institute of Meteorology and Hydralogy, Bulgaria BAS - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 3M Representation office, Bulgaria Prestige Business Ltd., Bulgaria

RIS0

The excellent collaboration with CIM (Company for International Meetings Ltd., Bulgaria) is specially acknowledged. The next conference in this series, the Millennium ITM, will be held in the Western USA.

Sven-Erik Gryning Chairman Scientific Committee

Ekaterina Batchvarova and Dimiter Syrakov Local hosts, Bulgaria

v

THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF THE 23rd NATO/CCMS INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETINGS ON AIR POLLUTION MODELLING AND ITS APPLICATION

G. Schayes, Belgium D. Syrakov, Bulgaria D. Steyn, Canada S. E. Gryning (chairman), Denmark H. R. Olesen, Denmark W. Klug, Germany N. Chaumerliac, France G. Kallos, Greece

D. Anfossi, Italy H. van Dop, Holland T. Iversen, Norway C. Borrego, Portugal R. Salvador, Spain B. Fisher, United Kingdom F. A. Schiermeier, USA Y. Schiffmann, USA

HIS TORY OF THE NATO/CCMS AIR POLLUTION PILOT STUDIES Pilot Study on Air Pollution: International Technical Meetings (ITM) on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application

Dates of Completed Pilot Studies:

1969 - 1974 Air Pollution Pilot Study (United States Pilot Country) 1975 - 1979 Air Pollution Assessment Methodologies and Modelling (Germany) 1980 - 1984 Air Pollution Control Strategies and Impact Modelling (Germany)

Dates and Locations of Pilot Study Follow-Up Meetings:

Pilot Country - United States (R.A. Me Co rm iek, L.E. Niemeyer)

February 1971 - Eindhoven, The Netherlands, First Conference on Low Pollution Power Systems Development

luly 1971 - Paris, France, Second Meeting of the Expert Panel on Air Pollution Modelling

All following meetings were entitled NATO/CCMS International Technical Meetings (ITM) on Air Pollution Modelling and Its Application

October 1972 - Paris, France - Third ITM May 1973 - Oberursel, Federal Republic of Germany - Fourth ITM lune 1974 - Roskilde, Denmark - Fifth ITM

Pilot Country - Germany (Erich Weber)

September 1975 - Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany - Sixth ITM September 1976 - Airlie House, Virginia, USA - Seventh ITM September 1977 - Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium - Eighth ITM August 1978 - Toronto, Ontario, Canada - Ninth ITM Oetober 1979 - Rome, Italy - Tenth ITM

Pilot Country - Belgium (c. De Wispelaere)

November 1980 - Amsterdam, The Netherlands - Eleventh ITM August 1981 - Menlo Park, California, USA - Twelfth ITM September 1982 - He des Embiez, France - Thirteenth ITM September 1983 - Copenhagen, Denmark - Fourteenth ITM April 1985 - St. Louis, Missouri, USA - Fifteenth ITM

ix

Pilot Country - The Netherlands (Han van Dop)

April 1987 - Lindau, Federal Republic of Gennany - Sixteenth ITM September 1988 - Cambridge, United Kingdom - Seventeenth ITM May 1990 - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada - Eighteenth ITM September 1991 - Ierapetra, Crete, Greece - Nineteenth ITM

Pilot Country - Denmark (Sven-Erik Gryning)

November 1993 - Valencia, Spain - Twentieth ITM November 1995 - Baltimore, Maryland, USA - Twenty-first ITM June 1997 - Clennont-Ferrand, France - Twenty-second ITM September 1998 - Vama, Bulgaria - Twenty-third ITM

x

CONTENTS

INTEGRA TED REGIONAL MODELLING

An Integrated Modeling and Observational Approach for Designing Ozone Control Strategies for the Eastern U. S. ............................................... 3

S.T. Rao, C. Hogrefe, G. Sistla, S.-Y. Wu, W. Hao, E. Zalewsky, I. G. Zurbenko, P. S. Porter, G. Kallos, K. Lagouvardos, V. Kotroni, D. A. Hansen, and M. Smith

A Regional Modelling Study of Transport Affecting the Canadien Southern Atlantic Region Oxidants .................................................. 19

W. Gong, X. Lin, S. Menard, P. Pellerin, and R. Benoit

Programme of Control Concepts and Measures for Ozone ("Summer Smog") .......... 29 A. Graff

Impact of Special Features of Numerically Predicted and Analysed Meteorological Data on the Results of Ozone Forecast by a PBL-CTM ............................ 39

J. Flemming, E. Reimer, and R. Stern

Modelling Photochemical Smog Episodes in Lombardy Region... ......... ........ . ...... 47 A. De Martini, F. Pasi, G. Maffeis, M. G. Longoni, M. Tamponi,

G. Graziani, and G. Lanzani

Local Forecast of Low Level Ozone by Use of Cluster Methods and Fuzzy-Models .... 57 E. Reimer and M. Dlabka

Improvements to Horizontal Transport in Grid Models ..................................... 67 R. J. Yamartino

Redistribution of Carbon Monoxide in Central Africa during Biomass Burning Events (EXPRESSO Experiment) .......................................... 75

D. Poulet and S. Cautenet

The Role of the Black Sea on the Long-Range Transport from Southeastern Europe towards Middle East during Summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 85

G. Kallos, V. Kotroni, and K. Lagouvardos

xi

Production and Transport of Ozone in Local Flows over Central Japan Comparison of Numerical Calculation with Airborne Observation.. . ..... . ..... . 95

T. Kitada, K. Okamura, H. Nakanishi, and H. Mori

On the Accounting for Some Sub-Scale Effects in the Long-Range Air Pollution Modelling over a Complex Terrain.................................................... 107

E. Syrakov and K. Ganev

Meso-Scale Modelling of Base Cation Deposition in Sweden .............................. 117 C. Persson, G. Lävblad, and E. Roos

Area of Influence: Identifying Regions Whose Sources Potentially Impact Downwind Air Quality ................................................................... 127

J. G. Wilkinson and Y.-J. Yang

Multiblock Dispersion Modelling for Urban and Regional Scale Interactions ............ 137 C. Mensink and K. De Ridder

Introduction of a Puff-Particle Approach for Near-Source Dispersion into the CALPUFF Model...... ... ............ ... ......... ....... ...... ........... ...... 147

P. de Haan, J. S. Scire, D. G. Strimaitis, and M. W. Rotach

The Description and Application of an Odour Dispersion Model........................... 157 T. Savunen and E. Rantakrans

Development and Initial Application of the MICRO-CALGRID Photochemie al Model for High-Resolution Studies of Urban Environments.................... ... 165

R. Stern and R. J. Yamartino

On the Summer Episodes of Total S02 Content in the Air Column over the City of Thessaloniki, Greece ..................................................................... 175

C. Zerefos, K. Ganev, A. Vasaras, D. Syrakov, K. Kourtidis, M. Tzortziou, M. Prodanova, and E. Georgieva

Ozone Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis Using DDM-3D in a Photochemical Air Quality Model........................................................................ 183

Y.-J. Yang, J. G. Wilkinson, M. T. Odman, and A. G. Russel

Preliminary Simulations of the BASYS 5 Lagrange Periods with the HILATAR Model ......................................................................... 195

M. Hongisto, K. Jylhä, and V. Flyktman

GLOBAL AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT

Calculated Global Distribution, Radiative Forcing and Climate Response of Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosol Particles from Fossil Fuel Combustion ...... 207

J. Feichter and W. F. Cooke

xii

Running Large-Scale Air Pollution Models on Parallel Computers..... . ......... .. . ..... 223 K. Georgiev and Z. Zlatev

A Long-Term Modelling of Distribution and Accumulation of the Mercury Species in the Northem Hemisphere .................................................. 233

M. Sofiev

Inverse Traces for the Passive Pollutants ...................................................... 243 E. G. Klimova and G. S. Rivin

Impact of the Great China Fire of 1987 on the Tropospheric Chernistry of East Asia ............................................................................... 249

M. J. Phadnis and G. R. Carmichael

A Hemispheric Dust Storm in April 1994-0bservations, Modelling, and Analyses .... 259 E. Özsoy, S. Nickovic, N. Kubilay, and C. Saydam

ETEX SESSION

Evidence for Mesoscale Influence on Long-Range Dispersion............................. 271 J. H. Sorensen, A. Rasmussen, T. Ellermann, and E. Lyck

Simulation of the ETEX First Release by Bulgarian Emergency Response Models ..... 281 D. Syrakov and M. Prodanova

Evaluation of a Simple Air Mass Trajectories Model against ETEX Data Base......... 291 F. Bompay, B. Audard, A.-C. Fontan, S. Voirin, and A. Pinault

On the Issue of Quality Control in Data Assimilation.. . ... ... . .... . . ..... .. . ...... . ..... . ... 299 L. Robertson and J. Langner

The Effect of Unresolved Mesoscale Wind Velocity Fluctuations on Dispersion Model Results .............................................................................. 311

A. Stohl

RTMOD: A Web-Based Real-Time Statistical Evaluation Package for Long-Range Dispersion Models........................................................ 321

R. Bellasio, R. Bianconi, S. Galmarini, G. Graziani, and S. Mosca

NEW DEVELOPMENTS

Studying Ozone Episodes in Europe with the Danish Eulerian Model... . . . ..... . . .... .. 331 C. A. Skjoth, A. Bastrup-Birk, J. Brandt, and Z. Zlatev

Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization in the Decaying Convective Residual Layer ......... 339 G. Degrazia, D. Anfossi, O.L.L. Moraes, A. Goulart, and S. Trini Castelli

xiii

On Chemistry Affecting Turbulent Flux and Turbulence Affecting Chemistry .......... 347 G. Verver

An Analytical Model of Thermal Internal Boundary Layer Growth on Near-Neutral Onshore Flows ........................................................... 357

A. K. Luhar

Secondary Pollutants Formation: Variation of Exposure due to Quantitati ve Change in Energy Emissions ........................................................... 367

A. V. Keiko

Sensitivity Analysis of Urban Photochemical Smog by Using a Reduced Version of an Air Quality Model ...................................................... 373

J. Calb6

Study on Air Pollutant Dispersion in Coastal Thermal Internal Boundary Layer ... ..... 383 A. Kouchi, R. Ohba, and Y. Shao

Footprint Analysis from Random Walk Models -Sensitivity to Boundary Conditions . 393 A. K. Vinther Falk and S.-E. Gryning

Towards Revision of Conventional Flux-Profile Relationships for the Stably Stratified Atmospheric Surface Layer ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 403

S. Zilitinkevich

Double-Flux Description of the Transport of Passive Scalars in the Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer ............................................ 409

E. Genikhovich

An Interscale Approach to Assess N02 and Ozone Levels in Urban Areas ............... 417 N. Moussiopoulos, P. Sahm, and G. Theodoridis

Gravity Wave Stress Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model.............................. 427 C. J. Nappo and W. Physick

A Skewed Puff Model... .................. ... ............... ............... ......... ...... ....... 437 T. Tirabassi, S. Malta, U. Rizza, and C. Mangia

Mean Height of a Passive Plume in an Urban Convective Boundary Layer: A Large-Eddy Simulation...................................................... 447

x. Cai

Clarifying the Relationship Between Urban Road Structure and Air Quality Excedences Using a Training Model.. ................. ...... ............ ...... ....... 457

B. E. A. Fisher and A. G. Newlands

Decomposition of the Emissions and Meteorological Components of the Hourly NO, Concentrations in Central London Using Artificial Neural Networks ...... 467

M. W. Gardner and S. R. Dorling

xiv

A New Model for Flow and Dispersion in a Street-Canyon ................................. 475

L. Soulhac and R. J. Perkins

Chaotic Advection and Geophysical Applications (A Review) ............................. 485 S. Panchev

A New High Performance Version of the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model SPRAY,Some Case Studies ... .... ..... ........ .... ......... ... ......... ...... 499

G. Tinarelli, D. Anfossi, M. Bider, E. Ferrero, and S. Trini Castelli

A Method to Speed Up a Lagrangian Stochastic Particle Model .. , .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 509 M. W. Rotach and S. Schwere

Modelling of Chemical Processes in Clouds: Scavenging and Partitioning of Species among Gas and Liquid Phases ............................................ 519

N. Chaumerliac, N. Audiffren, and S. Cautenet

ACCIDENTAL RELEASES

A New Model for Accidental Releases of S03 and Oleum (Cloud Behaviour) .......... 531 T. Kapias and R. F. Griffiths

Dispersion from Strongly Buoyant Sources ................................................... 539 J. Kukkonen, J. Nikmo, S. A. Ramsdale, D. Martin, D. M. Webber,

M. Schatzmann, and J. Liedtke

A Model of Transport, Deposition and Re-Suspending of Hazard Pollution Released by Point Large Source and Carried by the Polydispersional Particles ............. 549

M. V. Galperin, O. G. Scotnikova, and M. P. Panin

Climatological Trajectory Analysis for Potential Accidents at Kola Nuclear Power Plant..... . ...... ... .............. . ... ...... ... ......... . ..... . .. ...... .. . ... ....... 559

J. Saltbones, A. Foss, and J. Bartnicki

Stochastic Reconstruction of Intermittent Zero Concentration Periods in Plumes for Accidental Toxic and Flammable Releases...... ... ...... . ..... . .... ... 569

D. J. Wilson and T. L. Hilderman

MODEL ASSESSMENT AND VERIFICA TION

MAESTRO System 1.0 -A New Modelling System for Impact Studies over Complex Terrain................................................................... 581

A. Dutrieux and G. Schayes

A Verification of a New Coastal Area Dispersion Model................................... 589 1. Levitin

xv

Validation of Two Photochemical Numerical Systems under Complex Mesoscale Circulations .................................................................. 597

C. Borrego, N. Barros, A. I. Miranda, A. C. Carvalho, and M. J. Valinhas

The Use of Satellite Based Remote Sensing of Pollution to Define Background Concentrations for Atmospheric Models ............................................. 605

W. Debruyn, G. Lissens, and C. Mensink

A New Technique to Derive Mixed Layer Depth and Entrainment Zone Thickness from Lidar Profiles......................................................... 613

D. G. Steyn, M. Baldi, and R. M. Hoff

Verification of the Operational DACFOS Forecast of Surface Ozone in Europe.. . . .... 621 S. Kiilsholm, A. Rasmussen, and J. H. S0rensen

Estimation of Kolmogorov Constant Co from Sonic Anemometer Measurements in the Atmospheric Surface Layer ..................................................... 631

D. Anfossi, G. Degrazia, E. Ferrero, S.-E. Gryning, M. G. Morselli, and S. Trini Castelli

Air Pollutant Diffusion in Complex Terrain: An Application of the CALPUFF Modeling System ......... ... ... ...... .... ..... ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... 641

G. Carizi, S. Cinotti, F. Gianfelici, I. Giovannini, A. Levy, and L. Presotto

Mass Conservative Coupling of Non-Hydrostatic Meteorological Models with Air Quality Models ................................................................ 651

M. T. Odman and A. G. Russel

Modeling the Deposition of Acid Fog to High-Elevation Forests: Liquid Water Content and Sulfate Concentration ......................................... ... 661

J. Walmsley, N. Urquizo, J. R. Brook, W. R. Burrows, and R. S. Schemenauer

Model Validation, Science, and Application .................................................. 671 P. Builtjes and A. Flossmann

Comparison of Model Results and Measurement Data on Long-Range Transport of Pb And Cd Pollution ..................................................... 679

M. Pekar and A. Gusev

Aerosols at AirfWaterlLand Interfaces: Modelling and Measurements ................. ... 687 B. L. B. Wiman

Preoperational Ozone Forecasting at the Deutscher Wetterdienst....................... ... 699 S.Tilmes, J. Rissmann, I. Jacobsen, and J. Zimmermann

xvi

Lidar Observations ofthe Planetary Boundary Layer Aerosol Structure

and Comparisons with In Situ Measurements and Mixed-Layer Height Model Results ............................................................................. 709

O. Parvanov, E. Batchvarova, and A. Gizbreht

POSTER SESSION

Remotely Sensed Surface Heat Flux for Air Pollution Dispersion Studies ............... 719 K. De Ridder and C. Mensink

Study of the Effects of the Rila and Rhodope Mountains on the Mesoscale Pollution Transport......................................................... 721

K. Ganev and R. Dimitrova

Comparison of the Capabilities of the DECPAC and RAINS Models as Tools for Integrated Assessment in the Energy Planning Process ................. 723

A. Iotova, T. Todorov, and D. Atanassov

Estimate of Impact on RegionalOzone Level in Ontario due to Emissions Change of Fossil Power Generation ................................................... 725

X. Lin and W. Gong

The Use of Scavenging Ratios in Air Pollution Transport Modelling, and Calculated Ratio Values ............................................................ 727

G. Nordlund and V. Makara

An Investigation of the Dynamical and Physico-Chemical Features of Desert Aerosol over West Africa and Eastem Atlantic ...................................... 729

G. Cautenet, F. Pradelle, M. Legrand, O. Chomette, G. Bergametti, and B. Marticorena

Coupling of Sodar Data with Simple Numerical Models.................................... 731 D. Melas, G. Abbate, and H. Kambezidis

Parameterization of the Vertical Transports due to the Cumulus Convection Using a Mass-Flux Scheme ............................................................. 733

O. D. Valianatos and M. Caian

An Emergency Decision Support System with Integrated Regional, Meteorological Network for Real Time Modelling of Accidental Atmospheric Releases in Complex Mountain/Valley Terrain.................................................... 735

V. R. D. Hermberger

Measurement and Analysis of Photochemical Smog over Istanbul, Turkey.............. 737 M. Tayan~ and G. Gö~men

A Review of Models in Operational Use in Poland .......................................... 739 1. Burzynski

xvii

Long-Range Modelling of Pollutant Substances in the Atmosphere .................... ... 741 A. I. Degtiarev and N. V. Shtyreva

Aerosol Nitrate and Non-Sea-Salt Sulfate over the Eastem Mediterranean............... 743 T. Özsoy, C. Saydam, N. Kubilay, O. B. Nal'taci, and I. Salihoglu

Turbulence Parameterization for PBL Dispersion Models in all Stability Conditions ... 745 G. Degrazia, D. Anfossi, J. Carvalho, H. F. Campos Velho,

E. Ferrero, C. Mangia, U. Rizza, and S. Trini Castelli

A Fast Advection Scheme for Atmospheric Models with Little Pseudodiffusion .... ','" 747 M. V. Galperin

A Model of Plume Advection Velocity for Dispersion in Urban Arrays .................. 749 R. W. Macdonald, R. F. Griffiths, and D. J. Hall

Research Project for Observation and Modelling of Urban Air Pollution in UK West Midlands .................. '" ............ '" ...... ...... ... ... ...... ........ 751

R. M. Harrison, R. G. Derwent, R. H. Maryon, M. J. Pilling, P. W. Seakins, D. E. Heard, A. C. Lewis, S. A. Penkett, R. L. Jones, R. G. McGregor, and X.-M. Cai

Survey on Dispersion Models for Dangerous Substances ................................... 753 G. Erbes and U. Pechinger

Monitoring of the Atmospheric Radioactivity in Bulgaria and Its Possible Data Use in Modeling .. .......... ... ............... ...... ...... ... ........ 757

B. S. Veleva

Concept of a Model System for the Computation of Atmospheric Dispersion Close to Real Situations and the Immediate Assessment of the Radiation Exposure ... 759

H. Walter, R. Martens, H. Thielen, T. Sperling, and K. Massmeyer

A Dispersion Model Evaluation for Buoyant Releases....................................... 761 A. G. Ulke and M. I. Gassmann

Wind Flow and Concentration Fluctuations Data around an Obstacle: A Field Experimental Work. ... .... ................. ...... .................. ......... ... 763

J. M. Santos, I. D. Roberts, and R. F. Griffiths

Emissions ofSulphur, Lead, and Benzo(A)Pyrene in Bulgaria for 1990 and 1995 ...... 765 J. Ivancheva, P. Videnov, S. Bogdanov, and L. Asenova

Calculations of the Air Pollution and Pollutants Deposition due to a

xviii

Non-Ferrous Metal Plant................................................................ 767 D. Syrakov, A. Tzenkova, J. Ivancheva, T. Spassova,

V. Andreev, and G. Djolov

Online Coupling of Multiscale Chemistry-Transport Models with Non-Hydrostatic Meteorological Models. .................... ... ............... ...... ... ......... ... ..... . 769

R. Wolke, O. Knoth, and A. Münzenberg-St.Denis

A Model Validation Data Set Respect to the Air Pollution Deposition in Northem Winter Conditions ............... ............ .......... ......... ............... 771

M. Kaasik

Influence of the Near-Field Geometry on Field Measurements in Urban Street Canyons ................................................................... 773

S. Rafailidis

Analysis of Industrial Plumes Superposition Effects in a Mediterranean Coastal Region ........................................................................... 777

G. Tinarelli, P. Faggian, S. Finardi, and G. Brusasca

Air Pollution Studies for the Romanian Nuclear Power Plant - Cemavoda Based on the RIMPUFF Dispersion Model .......................................... 779

D. Gultureanu, B. Gultureanu, T. Mikkelsen, S. Thykier-Nielsen, and M. Matenciuc

Automated Meteorological Station and Appropriate Software for Air Pollution Distribution Assessment ................................................. .... 781

Z. Grsic and P. Milutinovic

Evaluation of Linear Wind Flow Models with Complex Terrain Field Data ............. 783 F. N. Dunkerley

Evaluation of S02 and N02 Concentration Levels in Vilnius (Lithuania) Using Passive Diffusion SampIers ..................................................... 785

D. Perkauskas and A. Mikelinskiene

PARTICIPANTS .................................................................................. 789

AUTHOR INDEX ................................................................................ 811

SUBJECT INDEX ................................................................................ 813

xix