air pollution evs
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Air Pollution EvsTRANSCRIPT
AIR POLLUTION: PROBLEMS, AIR POLLUTION: PROBLEMS, CONSEQUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES AND
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
Dr. Madhoolika AgrawalProfessorDepartment of BotanyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221 005, India
Dr. Madhoolika AgrawalProfessorDepartment of BotanyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi-221 005, India
Air Pollution is very broad term, which actually covers lots of different types of Problems
Acid rainDomestic / Industrial smoke Smog The green house effect Particulates Radionuclides Ozone layer depletion
Air pollutants and their origin
Air Pollutants Source
Ozone Atmospheric photochemical reactions; storm centers
Sulphur dioxide Fossil fuels; petroleum and natural gas industries; metal smelting and refining processes
Oxides of nitrogen Cars and trucks; combustion of natural gas, fuel, oil, coal; refining of petroleum
Hydrogen fluoride Aluminium industry; steel manufacturing; phosphate fertilizer plants; brick plants
Hydrocarbon Motor vehicles; refuse burning; combustion of coal and oil; natural occurrence
Ammonia Leaks and brakdown in industrial operations; feedlots and stockyards; spillage of anhydrous ammonia
Chlorine Petroleum refineries; glass industries; plastic incineration; scarp burning; accidental spills
Metals Fossil fuel combustion; waste incineration and assorted industries; metal smelting and refining processes
CAUSAL FACTORS• Increase in urban population (1991- 2001)
• Urban agglomerates 23 to 53 cities
• Urban population 218 to 285 m
• % share 25.7 to 27.8• Increase in vehicles
• Total vehicles 59 m
• Personal vehicles 83 %• Domestic and commercial sources
• Use of polluting fuels (coal, biomass, etc.)
• Use of diesel generator sets due to frequent power cuts • Increase in industrial activities
• Small scale industries poorly equipped to handle pollution
• Many small scale industries located in densely populated areas
URBAN AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS AND THE ROLE OF TRANSPORT
• Predominance of 2 stroke in use vehicles (70 % total)
• Poor inspection/ maintenance for in use vehicles
• Important contributors to air pollution
• Fine and ultra fine particles in vehicle exhaust – Main concern
• Ozone precursors (HC and NOx) in vehicle exhaust – Emerging problem
• Future challenge
• Rising motorization will increase pollution
80.7
12.218.11
1.13
17.7
1.1 1.42.452.2
10.27.8
25.7
0.10.1
0.820.36
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BIOMASS BASED FUELS KEEP RURAL BIOMASS BASED FUELS KEEP RURAL INDIA ALIVEINDIA ALIVE
Tropospheric Ozone
Ozone from NOx
NOx + radiations (>380 nm) NO + O
O + O2 O3
Ozone from carbon monoxide
CO + 2O2 + hv CO2 + O3
Ozone from methane
CH4 + 4O2 + 2hv HCHO + H2O + 2O3
HCHO + hv H + HCO (λ < 330nm)
HCO + hv H + CO (λ < 360nm)
CO + 2O2 + hv CO2 + O3
Ozone from non methane hydrocarbons
RH + 4O2 + 2hv RCHO + H2O + 2O3
MASS EMISSIONS (Million Tons) FROM ENERGY ACTIVITIES IN INDIA
Species Vehicular transport
Power generation
Biomass burning
SO2 0.9 2.3 0.32
NOx 4.83 5.3 -
CO2 42.88 333 -
CO 2.16 - -
PM 2.07 0.8 2.04
HC 1.49 - -
Background, typical ambient and peak concentrations of gaseous air pollutants
Pollutants Background (ppb)
Typical ambient (ppb)
Peak
(ppb)
SO2 < 0.1 1 – 10 10 - 100
NOx < 1 5 – 50 > 100
O3 < 2.5 25 – 60 > 100
HC < 1 1 – 20 50 – 100
PAHs < 1 1 - 10 > 10
TRENDS IN AIR POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS (µg m-3) IN INDIA
Northern Western Southern Eastern
SO2 10–60 (Delhi 60)
10–-50 (Industrial
70)
10–40 10–50 (Industrial
85)
NOx 30–90 30–80 20–70 30–70
SPM 200–400 200–400 100–200 200–350
O3 20–273 (Delhi)
54 (Pune)
30 (Nilgiri forest)
48 (Varanasi)
Pb 1.0–2.3 0.5–1.3 - 0.5–2.96
AIR POLLUTANTS
O3 SO2 OXIDANT NO2
LEAST IMPORTANT AG. CHEMICALS
TOXIC ELEMENTS
MOST IMPORTANT
Impact singly and in combinationsBIOTIC
FACTORSPHYSIOLOGICAL
FACTORS[Acute & Chronic exposures]
LEAVES
STEM
PLANT
ROOTSIn
terR
elation
Pathogens Insects
Insects Pathogens Mycorrhiza
Nematodes N2 fixation
Competition
INTERACTION OF ABOVE
INTERACTION OF ABOVE
Temperature Moisture Nutrition O2/CO2 tension
Soil Type
Climatic Factors
Light Temperature Humidity Wind CO2
AIR
SOIL
AIR POLLUTANTSAIR POLLUTANTS
DIRECT DAMAGE ON LEAVES
DEATH
Damage to crop crown
Early leaf fall
Growth disturbance
Reduced photosynthesis
Increased susceptibility to frost and pests
Water deficitNutrient deficiency
Disturbance in nutrient & water uptake
DISTURBANCE OF NUTRIENT RELEASE
EFFECT ON SOIL
ORGANISM SOIL ACIDIFICATION
LEACHING OF NUTRIENTS
AIR POLLUTANTS AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
DAMAGE TO FINE ROOTS
RELEASE OF TOXIC ELEMENTS
INCREASED OR DECREASED TRANSPIRATION
DISTURBANCE OF STOMATAL ACTIVITY
DAMAGE TO PROTECTIVE SURFACE
MEASURE OF EFFECTS HOW THEY INTERRELATE?
BIOMASS GROWTH
Height Weight Area Number Volume
INJURY SYMPTOMS
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC
COMPOUNDS
CHANGES IN METABOLIC CONSTITUENTS
GERMINATION
YIELD
Fruit set Weight Number Quality
EXUDATES
Stem Leaf Root
AIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ON PLANTS INTERRELATIONSHIP
INDIRECT APPROACH
INDIRECT APPROACH
DEFINEOBJECTIVE
GROWTH MODEL APPROACH
POLLUTION LOSS ESTIMATE
CHEMICAL PROTECTANTS
AMBIENT EXPOSURE
AIR EXCLUSION
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
EXPOSURE FACILITY
ARTIFICIAL EXPOSURE
SIMULATED AMBIENT
EXPOSURES
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
CHAMBER
OPEN TOP CHAMBER
DIRECT APPROACH
RESEARCH APPROACHES TO POLLUTION LOSS ASSESSMENT
Crop Range of reduction Sensitivity range
Minimum Maximum
Triticum aestivum (Wheat) 30 50 S
Horedum vulgare (Barley) 25 40 S
Cicer arietinum (Gram) 10 15 R
Brassica campestris (Mustard) 10 15 R
Pisum sativum (Pea) 40 50 S
Zea mays (Maize) 20 30 I
Phaseolus mungo (Urd) 30 50 S
Oryza sativa (Rice) 30 40 S
Cajanus cajan (Arhar) 20 30 I
Sorghum vulgare (Jowar) 15 20 R
Sesamum indicum (Til) 10 15 R
YIELD REDUCTIONS(%) IN DIFFERENT CROP PLANTS GROWING IN OBRA- RENUKOOT -SINGRAULI AREA
S: Sensitive (<30); I: Intermediate (15-30); R: Resistant (<15)
EFFECT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT EMISSION ON BIOMASS AND YIELD OF WHEAT (T. aestivum L.) PLANTS
Parameters Distance (km) and direction from source
1.5 SE 3.0 SE 5.0SE 8.0SE 22.0 N (Reference site)
SO2 g m-3 ppb 139 52.8
100 38
76 28.8
56 21.8
20 7.6
NO2 g m-3 ppb 11.0 58.3
76 40.3
69 36.6
42 22.3
12 6.4
TSP g m3 764 385 275 152 42
Biomass g plant-1 1.45 (72%)
2.3 (55.1%)
3.1 (40%)
3.6 (31%)
5.2
Yield g m-2 205 (47%)
220 (43%)
259 (33%)
274 (29%)
386
Values in parenthesis are reduction as compared to reference site
Effect of ambient sulfur dioxide on yield of representative vegetables
Site
1 2 3 4 5 6
Sulfur dioxide
Average concentrations (ppb) during monitoring time
141 83 51 20 10 0 (Control)
Average concentrations (ppb) during exposure time
59 44 34 26 22 0 (Control)
Vegetable Yield as percentage of control
Potato (tubers) 44.4 68.0 83.1 90.4 98.3 100
Tomato 90.2 94.4 104.8 104.6 102.0 100
Spinach 94.7 92.8 101.4 93.3 103.5 100
MAP OF VARANASIMAP OF VARANASI
SO2 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Referencearea
Industrialand
periurbanarea
Periurbanarea
Urban area Rural area
Sites
SO
2 c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
(p
pb
)
summer winter rainy annual mean
NO2 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city
0
1020
30
40
5060
70
80
Referencearea
Industrialand urban
area
Periurbanarea
Urban area Rural area
Sites
NO
2 co
nce
ntr
atio
n (p
pb
)summer winterrainy annual mean
O3 concentrations in different areas in and around Varanasi city
0102030405060
Re
fere
nce
are
a
Ind
ust
ria
l an
du
rba
n a
rea
Pe
riu
rba
n a
rea
Urb
an
are
a
Ru
ral a
rea
Sites
O3
co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
pp
b)
summer winterrainy annual mean
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
20.1
2.02
27.1
2.02
3.01
.03
10.0
1.03
18.0
1.03
25.0
1.03
1.02
.03
8.02
.03
15.0
2.03
21.0
2.03
28.0
2.03
7.03
.03
14.0
3.03
21.0
3.03
28.0
3.03
4.04
.03
40 ppb
50 ppb
60 ppb
O3 Concentration In Varanasi Exceeding 40, 50 And 60 Ppb During The Month Of December 2002 - April 2003
Ho
urs
exc
eed
ing
Date of observation
PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC VALUE AND % LOSS IN ECONOMIC VALUE OF YIELD AT DIFFERENT SITES AROUND VARANASI CITY
Sites/Plants Production (q ha-1)
Economic value (Rs.)
%loss
Wheat Reference area 29.50 17995.0 Rural area 24.25 14792.5 17.80 Periurban area 22.15 13511.5 24.91 Urban area 20.60 12566.0 30.17 Industrial and Urban area
20.50 12505.0 30.50
Mung Reference area 10.11 13244.0 Rural area 7.20 9432.0 28.78 Periurban area 6.66 8724.6 34.12 Urban area 5.85 7663.0 42.14 Industrial and Urban area
6.00 7860.0 40.65
Pea Reference area 23.50 30550.0 Rural area 17.75 23075.0 24.47 Periurban area 16.57 21541.0 29.49 Urban area 15.92 20702.5 32.23 Industrial and Urban area
14.62 19012.5 37.76
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS AND REGRESSION EQUATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL POLLUTANTS AND YIELD OF MUNG PLANTS
Yie
ld (
g p
lan
t-1)
Mean pollutant concentration (ppb)
Single view of open top chamber
1.5 m
1.8 m
Experimental set of open top chambers
Parameters Open plots Non filtered Filtered
Plant height (cm plant-1) 15.58a (47) 16.52a (38) 22.88b
Leaf area (cm2 plant-1) 123.68a (36) 127.57a (32) 167.77b
Number of leaf (plant-1) 18.00b (22) 19.00a (16) 22.00b
Biomass (g plant-1) 3.59a (35) 4.24a (27) 5.40b
N (mg g-1 dw) 9.45a (33) 8.94a (40) 12.55b
Ca (mg g-1 dw) 7.08a (18) 7.58a (10) 8.35b
Fe (mg g-1 dw) 2.15a (22) 2.39a (17) 2.79b
SO2 (ppb) 35.09a 34.79a 4.46b
NO2 (ppb) 38.60a 38.90a 8.39b
O3 (ppb) 36.95a 38.15a 4.01b
Pollutant Concentrations and Changes in Selected Parameters of Palak Grown under Filtered and Non-filtered Conditions
Within each grouping, values not followed by the same letter are significant different at p < 0.05Values in parenthesis represent percent increment due to filtration
Mean concentrations (ppb) of different pollutants at the experimental site during winter
Diurnal variations in hourly O3 concentrations during March 1, 2007
Selected yield parameters of wheat cultivars grown in filtered and non-filtered chambers at a rural site
HUW -234 PBW- 343
FCs NFCs FCs NFCs
No. of ears (plant-1) 14.5± 0.42 11.66± 0.66
16.9± 0.525 12.8± 0.48
Wt of ears ( g plant-
1)29.66± 0.88 23.16±
1.0134.8± 0.72 25.6± 0.37
No. of grains (plant-
1)568± 14.26 485.8±
18.89674.5± 4.23 568.2± 4.02
Wt of grains (g plant-1)
27.16± 1.02 21.55± 0.85
31.81± 0.27 27.65± 0.22
Yield (g m-2) 977.88± 36.76
775.8± 30.92(21%)
1145.16± 10.04
995.4± 8.07(13%)
HI (g g-1) 0.39± 0.01 0.36± 0.01 0.41± 0.006 0.38± 0.002
Seed weight (yield), test weight, pod weight and harvest index of mustard plants grown in FCs, NFCs and OPs at different levels of NPK
MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF AIR QUALITY THROUGH VEGETATIONTHROUGH VEGETATION
Restrict the spread of pollutants Reduce the concentration of pollutants Provide shelter belt for wild life Provide shade Improvement of microlevel hydrologic nature Check contamination of soil and water Recharge the environment with O2
Reduce hazards of noise Provide green therapy
Plants the ‘living filters’ for air pollutants
ADDITIONAL BENEFITS OF VEGETATION FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Decrease in GHG emissions as transport sector accounts for the largest increases in emissions in developing countries
Strong climate benefits due to air quality improvements
Nitrate (mg m-2 d-1)
2 km 8 km 18 km 29 km0
1
2
3
4
Winter
Distance from source
2 km 8 km 18 km 29 km0
1
2
3
4
Sulphate (mg m-2 d-1)
2 km 8 km 18 km 29 km0
1
2
3
4
Winter
2 km 8 km 18 km 29 km0
1
2
3
4
Clearfall Throughfall
Summer Summer
Seasonal variations in deposition of nitrate and sulphate ions (mg mSeasonal variations in deposition of nitrate and sulphate ions (mg m--
22 d d-1-1) in clearfall and throughfall samples in the down wind of ) in clearfall and throughfall samples in the down wind of
thermal power plantsthermal power plants
Total litterfall
high biomass Low biomass
kg h
a-1
yr-1
0
20
40
60
806 km 15 km 25 km
Annual return of N (kg haAnnual return of N (kg ha-1-1 yr yr-1-1) through total litterfall in Sal ) through total litterfall in Sal forests in the down wind of thermal power plantsforests in the down wind of thermal power plants
Sulphate sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur Sulphate sulphur, organic sulphur and total sulphur concentrations (mg gconcentrations (mg g-1-1 dry wt) in herbaceous vegetation in the dry wt) in herbaceous vegetation in the
down wind of thermal power plantsdown wind of thermal power plants Distance from TPP(km)
Month Sulphate-S
Organic S
Sulphate S / Organic
S
Total S
1.5 JulyOctober
0.92.1
1.20.8
0.752.6
2.12.9
3 October 1.7 0.8 2.1 2.5
5 October 1.2 0.7 1.7 1.9
10 JulyOctober
0.40.5
1.00.7
0.40.7
1.41.2
Characteristics of plant species for efficient mitigation of air pollutants
Evergreen Large leaved Rough bark Indigenous Ecologically compatible Low water requirement Minimum care High absorption of pollutants Resistant to pollutants
AIR POLLUTION TOLERENCE INDEX (APTI)
APTI = A(T+P)+R
10
T = Total chlorophyll (mg g-1dry weight)
A = Ascorbic acid content (mg g-1fresh weight)
P = Leaf extract pH
R = Relative water content (%)
Plant species (deciduous) arranged in the decreasing order of their air pollution tolerance index (APTI)
Plant species T P A R APTI
Albizzia lebbek Benth. 8.00 6.3 18.00 53 32
Cassia fistula L. 6.89 6.2 16.00 72 28
Zizyphus jujuba Lamk. 10.26 6.0 10.50 80 25
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. 7.50 6.3 10.21 77 22
Ficus religiosa L. 14.86 8.0 4.78 87 20
Psidium guajava L. 7.13 6.3 7.78 73 18
Phyllanthus emblica L. 10.00 6.0 4.27 75 14
Tamarindus indica L. 4.89 4.0 6.00 85 14
Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. 8.34 5.2 3.40 85 13
Moringa oleifera Lam. 6.60 6.2 2.50 87 12
Morus alba L. 3.45 5.4 6.42 60 12
Madhuca indica J.F. Gmet. 5.21 5.8 2.74 64 9
Aegel marmelos Correa. 3.28 6.0 1.92 74 9
Delonix regia Rafin. 6.27 6.4 2.00 45 7
Tectona grandis L. 4.50 7.3 .35 54 6
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 6.00 6.7 1.00 40 5
Plant species (evergreen) arranged in the decreasing order of their air pollution tolerance index (APTI)
Plant species T P A R APTI
Pithecolobium dule Benth 16.41 6.0 7.05 87 24
Ficus bengalensis L. 6.94 8.0 7.49 79 19
Polyalthia longifolia Benth. 5.78 6.2 8.68 80 18
Ficus glomerata Roxb. 14.89 8.4 4.79 71 18
Terminalia arjuna Bedd. 4.86 6.1 7.98 75 16
Ficus infactoria Roxb. 8.60 7.0 5.00 81 16
Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit. 12.50 5.8 5.80 86 19
Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.ra 4.25 5.0 4.49 80 12
Acacia arabica Willd. 4.54 6.5 5.98 79 15
Mangifera indica L. 4.28 5.4 3.78 87 12
Annona squamosa L. 4.00 5.6 3.75 71 10
Alstonia scholaris R. Br. 4.00 6.3 2.49 79 10
Eugenia jambolana Lamk. 6.07 4.6 2.91 72 10
Artocarpus heterophylla Lam. 6.60 6.3 3.56 48 9
Casuarina equisetifolia L. 0.75 5.4 2.59 58 5
Plant species (shrubs) arranged in the decreasing order of their air pollution tolerance index (APTI)
Plant species T P A R APTI
Bougainvillea spectabilis Willd. 11.70 6.1 12.79 74 30
Calotropis gigantes Ait. Hort. 13.00 6.4 9.00 94 27
Poinsettia pulcherrima R. Grah. 17.10 6.0 7.00 80 24
Ricinus communis L. 17.20 6.2 5.00 93 21
Citrus lemon (L.) Burn.f. 6.68 6.0 6.25 74 15
Lantana indica Roxb. 7.51 7.6 4.63 65 14
Duranta pulmieri Jacq. 7.50 5.8 6.50 70 16
Murraya exotica L. 6.00 6.2 4.67 78 14
Laserstroemia parviflora Roxb. 6.98 6.4 5.39 50 12
Rosa indica L. 4.50 5.5 4.75 74 12
Pollutant tolerant trees and shrubs Pollutant tolerant trees and shrubs
Acacia arabica (Kateri Babul) Aegal marmelos (Bel)Artocarpus heterophyllus (Kathal) Azadirachta indica (Neem)Bougainvillea spectabilis (Baganvilas) Butea monosperma (Palas)
Cassia sophera (Kasunda) Citrus medica (Lemon)Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham) Eucalyptus citriodora (Safeda)Ficus bengalensis (Bargad) Ficus religiosa (Peepal)Lantana indica (Chaueri) Madhuca indica (Mahua)Murraya exotica (Kamini) Nerium odorum (Kaner)
Peltophorum ferrugineum (Copper pod) Phyllanthus emblica (Amla)
Pithocolobium dulce (Jangal Jalebi) Psidium guyava (Guava)Syzigium jambolana (Jamun) Tamrindus indica (Imli)
Zizyphus jujuba (Ber)
Vegetables tolerant to different pollutants
Pollutants Vegetables
Sulphur dioxide Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Cauli flower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
Brinjal (Solanum melangena)
Hydrogen fluoride Tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum)
Squash (Cucurbita maxima)
Pumpkin (Curcurbita pepo)
PAN Cabbage (B. oleracea capitata)
Cauli flower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)
Carrot (Daucus carota)
Onion (Allium cepa)
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)
Ozone Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Mint (Mentha pepracea)
Turnip (Brassica rapa)
Carrot (Daucus carota)
Cabbage (B. oleracea capitata)
Cowpea (Vigna sinensis)
Pollutants which irritate and inflame
Nitrogen Oxides (Nox)
Absorbed into the mucosa of respiratory tract. NO and N2O detected in blood and urine, mild inflammation, bronchities.
Ozone (O3) Cellular and structural changes in lung; primary target ciliated cells which clear the airways of inhaled foreign material.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
& Particulate matter
Particulate <5 m respirable
SO2 80 g m-3 annual average
SPM 75 g m-3 annual average
Pollutants producing toxic systemic effects
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Lead (Pb)
Absorbed by lung & carried in blood, form carboxyhaemoglobin (CoHb), impair O2 carrying capacity of blood
Risks: Heart, Central Nervous System & the foetus, Neurobehavioural effect, Cardiovascular effect (above 30%),
Symptoms: Headache & dizziness (10-30%), above 40% coma & death.
Normal CoHb, 0.5%
One pack cigarette 4-7%
80-90% inorganic
1% tetra alkyl lead (organic)
Gastrointenstinal problem, Acute colic
Damage kidney
95% bone
Converted into tri alkyl lead in liver
Neurological development in infants
0.5-1 g m-2 long time
Pollutants with potential carcinogenic effects
Benzene
PAH (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon)
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Constituents of crude oil
Enhance anti knocking
Highly liposoluble
Lung cancer; leukamia
Incomplete combustion of fuel
Mutagenic
Absorb in lungs
Eye irritation
Coughing; nausea; asthma
Dermal allergy
Possible carcinogenic
Estimates of annual health incidences in Indian cities due to ambient air pollution levels exceeding WHO guidelines
Cities Premature deaths Hospital admissions and sickness requiring medical treatment
Incidence of minor sickness
Ahmedabad 2,979 1,183,033 72,177,644
Bangalore 254 135,887 8,326,282
Calcutta 5,726 3,022,786 179,479,908
Delhi 7,491 3,990,012 241,958,219
Hyderabad 768 420,958 25,177,173
Jaipur 1,145 520,947 31,708,958
Kanpur 1,894 812,381 49,247,224
Madras 863 461,966 27,859,487
Mumbai 4,477 2,579,210 156,452,916
Patna 725 319,242 19,561,109
Note: WHO: World Health Organization
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (CPCB), 1997)
Pollutant Time weighted Average
Concentration in Ambient
air (g m-3)
Industrial Rural and Residential
Sensitive
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
Annual Average * 80 60 15
24 hr ** 120 80 30
Oxide of nitrogen (NO2)
Annual average * 80 60 15
24 hr ** 120 80 30
Suspended Particulate matter (SPM)
Annual average * 360 140 70
24 hr ** 500 200 100
Respirable suspended particulate matter (<10 micron) (RSPM)
Annual average * 120 60 50
24 hr ** 150 100 75
Lead
Annual average * 1.0 0.75 0.50
24 hr ** 1.5 1.00 0.75
Carbon monoxide (mg m-3)
8hr 5.0 2.0 1.0
1 hr 10.0 4.0 2.0
•Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurement in a year taken for a week, 24 hourly at uniform interval.•** 24 hour/ 8 hourly values should meet 98% of the time in a year
SO2 and NO2 concentrations (µg/m3) at various sites
during 1989, 1990, 1994 and 2002
SiteSite SOSO2 2 (µg/m(µg/m33)) NONO
2 2 (µg/m(µg/m33))
1989*1989* 1990*1990* 19941994 20022002 1989*1989* 1990*1990* 19941994 20022002
BHUBHU 1414 1616 2626 1414 1616 1717 2929 2020
GodowliaGodowlia 3131 3232 4242 3333 3030 3030 4848 7676
GolgaddaGolgadda 4444 5050 5050 4444 3434 3535 5757 8282
Cantt Cantt Railway Railway StationStation
4343 5151 4444 5252 3232 3737 4747 116116
* Pandey et al. (1992)
IMPROVEMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN VARANASI
Pollutants % Reduction
SO2 71
NO2 59
O3 48
SPM 61
RSPM 54
Exceedance Factor = Observed annual mean concentration of a pollutant
Annual standard for the respective pollutant and area class
Air Quality Categories:
Critical pollution (C) EF> 1.5High pollution (H) EF between 1.0 – 1.5Moderate pollution (M) EF between 1.0 – 0.5Low pollution (L) EF < 0.5
CLASSIFICATION OF CITIES AS PER AQI- 2002
Critical pollution: Jodhpur, Agra, Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Dehradoon, Pune, Delhi, Raipur, Solapur, Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Jamnagar
Heavy pollution: Ahmedabad, Baroda, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Kota, Patna, Surat, Vapi, Udaipur
Moderate pollution: Nagpur, Nasik, Panaji, Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Mysore, Hyderabad, Coimbatore, Madurai
Low pollution: Cochin, Shillong, Pondicherry, Salem
Impact of interventions on Air Quality of Delhi (2000 vs. 2007)
SPM - 8 %
RSPM - 30%
CO - 48 %
NOx + 18 %
SO2 - 38 %
Pb - 60 %
- Decrease + Increase
ConclusionConclusion
Air pollution negatively affects the yield and quality of crops Sensitivity of crops differs among species and cultivars Meteorological conditions during crop growing season affect the
degree of negative effects on growth and yield of crops Ozone poses the greatest threat to agriculture Plants also differ in their response to different air pollutant
combinations
Vegetation can intercept, absorb, assimilate and significantly reduce the concentrations of SO2 and NO2.
Trees are more efficient in reducing pollutant concentrations than other vegetation.Sulphur and nitrogen being major nutrients may be beneficial to plant growth in nutrient poor soil.Plants vary in their capacity of absorbing pollutants.Plants also vary widely in their susceptibility to S and N pollutants.