air pollution episodes (3)

8/18/2019 Air Pollution Episodes (3)

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AIR POLLUTIONEPISODES


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DISEASE OFWEALTH


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EPISODES• EPISODE – used as a refned orm o

the word disaster/ incident.

•

Indeed it was the shoc o these disastersthat stimu!ated the frst modern!e"is!ati#e action to contro! o air$o!!utants.

• %are u! stud& o di'erent nown e$isodesre#ea! that a!! o the incidents hadsomethin" in common.


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• CRUCIAL INGREDIENTS FOR ANEPISODE TO HAPPEN:

– Lar"e num(er o $o$u!ation sources – A restricted air #o!ume – Fai!ure o o)cia!s to reco"ni*e that

an&thin" is wron" – The $resence o water dro$!ets o

the ri"ht si*eSource+ ,o!dsmith - 0


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Major air pollution episo es !"HO#$%&$' Donora#

$%()Lon on# $%*+

1o$u!ation -23455 035553555Weather Antic&c!one

in#ersion ando"

Antic&c!one

in#ersion ando"

To$o"ra$h& 6i#er #a!!e& 6i#er $!ain

7ost $ro(a(!esource o Industr&stee! and *inc Househo!d andcoa! (urnin


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Major air pollution episo es !"HO#

$%&$' Donora# $%() Lon on# $%*+8ature o

i!!nesses

%hemica! irritationo e9$osedmem(ranoussur aces

%hemica!irritation oe9$osedmem(ranoussur aces

: o deaths -;


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FOG – o" dro$!ets o the ri"ht si*e3 inthe - to 2 μm diameter or in the range below0.5 μm is one of the most crucial element in air

pollution episodes.



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• An >in#ersion? occurs when a sectiono the atmos$here (ecomes warmeras the e!e#ation increases.

In,ersion La-ersIn,ersion La-ers


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Air@conditioneris usua!!&

insta!!ed hi"h

on the wa!!

immersionheater is f9ed

near the(ottom


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In a fre3 wh& shou!d &ou craw! c!ose tothe oor in a smo e@f!!ed roomB

Smo e is warmer than the surroundin" air.

It rises C its $!aceswou!d (e re$!aced (&the surroundin"coo!er air.

Smo e

is to9ic.

We shou!d craw! c!ose

to the oor to $re#entsmo e inha!ation.


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• On a sma!!er sca!e nearcoast!ines3 con#ection isres$onsi(!e or sea (ree*es.

• Durin" the da&time3 !and is

much hotter than the ocean.• A sea (ree*e is created

when hot air o#er the !andrises due to con#ection andis re$!aced (& coo!er air

rom the ocean.• At ni"ht the tem$erature

re#erses so a !and (ree*e

CON.ECTION


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•

7uch o the Earth s c!imate is re"u!ated (& "iantcon#ection currents in the ocean.

CON.ECTION


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At/osp0eri1 pressure !/illi2ars'3 +33 (33 &33 )33 $#333$+3

$$3

$33%3

)3

43

&3

*3

(3

53+3

$3

3!SeaLe,el'

6)3 6(3 3 (3 )3 $+3Pressure 7 $#333

/illi2ars at8roun le,elTe/perature !9C'

A l t i t u

e

! : i l o / e

t e r s

'

A l t i t u

e ! /

i l e s '

4*

&*

**

(*

5*

+*

$*

*

T0er/osp0ere

Heatin8 ,ia o;one

Mesosp0ere

Stratosp0ere

O;one ro/ t0e eart0

Troposp0ere

Te/peraturePressure

Hi80li80ts:

1ressure decreaseswith a!titude unti! itreaches *ero

Tro$os$here is the!a&er we !i#e inmost!& 8 and Oweather co!der as&ou "o u$

Stratos$here+ has theo*one !a&er warmeras &ou "o u$

En#ironmenta! science

ocuses most!& onthose two !a&ers


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"ar/er air

In,ersion la-er

Cool la-er

MountaiMountain

.alle-

De1reasin8 te/perature

I n 1 r e a s i n 8 a

l t i t u

e

Tem$erature In#ersion

Tra$s $o!!utants near sur ace. 7ountains $re#ent

wind in area and shadow sun to ee$ !ower air coo!.


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In,ersion la-er

Mountainran8e

Sea 2ree;e

Des1en in8 ?ar/ air /ass

De1reasin8 te/perature

I n 1 r e a s i n 8 a

l t i t u

e

Tem$erature In#ersion

Tra$s $o!!utants near sur ace. 7ountains $re#ent

$o!!utants !ea#in". Sea (ree*e (!ows in3 not out.


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Marine In,ersionMarine In,ersion


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Re8ional Su2si en1eRe8ional Su2si en1eIn,ersionIn,ersion


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Hi80 Pressure In,ersionHi80 Pressure In,ersion


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ORIGIN AND FATE OF AIRPOLLUTANTS

CAR@ON MONO IDE @Incom$!ete com(ustion o car(on

@8atura! anaero(ic decom$osition ocar(onaceous materia!s (& mo s@Anthro$o"enic sources #ehic!es3

ossi! ue! (urnin"3 industria!$rocesses3 $ower $!ants3 so!id wastedis$osa!3 misce!!aneous (urnin"sG


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HABARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS!HAPs'@Fue! com(ustion3 7eta! $rocessin"@$etro!eum/natura! "as s&nthesis

@refnin"3 sur ace coatin" $rocesses@Waste treatment dis$osa!s3 e!ectro$!atin"@A"ricu!tura! chemica! $roduction

@1o!&mer/resin $roduction3 Dr& c!eanin"

@Atmos$heric trans ormation



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P0otol-sis – the chemica!ra"mentation or rearran"ement o a

chemica! u$on adsor$tion o radiationo the a$$ro$riate wa#e!en"th.



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LEAD@o!canic acti#it&@Air(orne soi!@Sme!ters3 refnin" $rocesses@Incineration

SULFUR O IDES@1ower $!ants3 industr&3 #o!canic eru$tions@Ocean aeroso!s3 com(ustion o ossi! ue!s



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NITROGEN DIO IDE@=acteria! action@%om(ustion $rocesses

PHOTOCHEMICAL O IDANTS@Atmos$heric reactions secondar& $o!!utantG

PARTICULATES@Sea sa!t3 soi! dust3 #o!canic $artic!es3 orestfres

@Anthro$o"enic sources



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An I!!inois coa! is (urned at a rate o-.55 " $er second. I the ana!&sis o

the coa! re#ea!s a su! ur content o 4.553 what is the annua! rate o emission

o SO 2 B

Su! ur in

Su! ur

dio9ideSO2G

Su! urdio9ide

ashG


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MASS @ALANCE:S in J S ash K S SO2

S in J - "/s 9 5.545 J 5.545 "/s

S in J .< 9 -5 "/&r

S ash J 5.5 G .< 9 -5 "/&rG J


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Determine whether or not a $u!#eri*ed coa!3dr& (ottom3 wa!!@fred (oi!er usin" (ituminous

coa! at $ower $!ant rate at - 7W meets the8S1S or SO 23 $articu!ate matter3 and 8O 9.

The $ower $!ant (urns (ituminous coa! with asu! ur content o -.0 and ash content o .2

. The coa! has a heatin" #a!ue o -


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%oa! frin" rate J - 7W / 5.4 J -;


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C0e1 e/ission rate:Estimated SO 2 emission rate

J 0.< !(/ton coa! . 9 -50

=tuG - ton/2555!(G5.- G -


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%hec the $articu!ate emission rate+Msin" the E1A emission actor o -5A or a

$u!#eri*ed coa!3 dr& (ottom3 wa!!@fred (oi!er+Mncontro!!ed $articu!ate emission

J -5G .2G J 2.5 !(/ton coa! (urned

Estimated $articu!ate emission with contro!J 2.5 !(/ton coa! . 9 -5 0 =tuG - ton/2555!(G

5.5-G -


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1articu!ate emission rate $er mi!!ion =tuJ -4.2 !(/ . 9 -5 0 =tuG -5 GJ 5.522 !(/ -5 =tu

%omment+

meets the standard o 5.54 !(/-5 =tu%hec the 8O9 emission rate+Msin" the E1A emission actor o 22 !(/ton3

Estimated emission rateJ 22.5 !(/ton coa! . 9 -5 0 =tuG - ton/2555!(G -


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Estimated emission rateJ < ;. !(/ . 9 -5 0 =tuJ ;.0 9 -5 @; !(/=tuJ 5.; !(/ -5 / =tu

%omment+-.The standard or (ituminous coa! is5. 5 !(/-5 / =tu. The $ower $!ant does

not meet the 8O P standard.


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6ecommendations+-. The su(stitution o su(@(ituminousor !i"nite coa! or the (ituminous coa!2. 7odifcation o (urner.


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6eaction 1a$er6eaction 1a$er• What did we !earn rom theWhat did we !earn rom the

e$isodesBe$isodesB•

What s di'erent with Donora andWhat s di'erent with Donora andLondon with then and nowBLondon with then and nowB• What made the e$isode ha$$enWhat made the e$isode ha$$en

(e oreB(e oreB• What ma es us certain it won tWhat ma es us certain it won t

ha$$en a"ainBha$$en a"ainB


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A M R T OI @ L C T


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A M R T OI @ L C T


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A M G N OI " L R T

air pollution episodes (3)

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