Air PollutionAir Pollution

Structure of the AtmosphereStructure of the Atmosphere

Structure of the AtmosphereStructure of the Atmosphere

Ozone Formation and DestructionOzone Formation and Destruction

CycleCycle OO33 + UV + UV O O22 + O + O..

O + OO + O22 O O33

CHAPMAN CYCLECHAPMAN CYCLE IS THE RATE OF O3 FORMATION = RATE OF O3 DESTRUCTION ?IS THE RATE OF O3 FORMATION = RATE OF O3 DESTRUCTION ?

CFC and Ozone DestructionCFC and Ozone Destruction

Composition of the AtmosphereComposition of the Atmosphere

78% Nitrogen78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen 0.9% Argon0.9% Argon 0.03% Carbon 0.03% Carbon

dioxide dioxide Trace amounts of Trace amounts of

other gases other gases

Two Types of Air PollutionTwo Types of Air Pollution

1. Outdoor Air Pollution1. Outdoor Air Pollution 2. Indoor Air Pollution2. Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air PollutionOutdoor Air Pollution

Volcanic eruptionVolcanic eruption

- when massive injections of sulfur dioxide - when massive injections of sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate are emitted and and suspended particulate are emitted and wafts away the air. wafts away the air.

Outdoor Air PollutionOutdoor Air Pollution

- - Industrial SmogIndustrial Smog- burning coal and - burning coal and heavy oil that contain heavy oil that contain sulfur impurities in sulfur impurities in power and industrial power and industrial plants, consists mostly plants, consists mostly of a mixture of sulfur of a mixture of sulfur dioxide and fog. dioxide and fog.

Outdoor Air PollutionOutdoor Air Pollution

Acid RainAcid Rain

- When a pollutant - When a pollutant combines with droplets combines with droplets of water in the air or in of water in the air or in the water, It can the water, It can become acidifiedbecome acidified

Acid RainAcid Rain

NONOXX + water + water

SOSOXX + water + water

COCO22 + Water + Water

SmogSmog

Smoke + FogSmoke + FogPhotochemical Photochemical

Smog: pollutants Smog: pollutants react with sunlightreact with sunlightCreates ground-level Creates ground-level

(tropospheric) ozone(tropospheric) ozone unburned gasoline emitted by unburned gasoline emitted by

automobiles and other automobiles and other combustion sources.combustion sources.

Particulate PollutionParticulate Pollution

Solid materials Solid materials suspended in airsuspended in air

Health HazardsHealth Hazards

RespiratoryRespiratorySkin/eye irritationSkin/eye irritationAllergiesAllergiesSkin, Lung CancerSkin, Lung Cancer

• physical, chemical and biological characteristics of air in the indoor environment within a home, building, or an institution or commercial facility

WHAT IS INDOOR AIR POLLUTION?

1. Those that release gases or particles into the air

2. Inadequate ventilation

3. Hot temperature and humidity levels

CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION

Indoor Air QualityIndoor Air Quality

Indoor Air PollutionIndoor Air Pollution

““sick building syndrome”.sick building syndrome”.

People suffer from the effects of indoor air People suffer from the effects of indoor air pollution than outdoor air pollution, pollution than outdoor air pollution,

air circulation may be restricted.air circulation may be restricted.

indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater indoor air pollutant levels are 25-62% greater that outside levels and can pose serious health that outside levels and can pose serious health problems. problems.

Indoor Air PollutionIndoor Air Pollution

Sources:Sources:

- copying machinescopying machines- electrical and telephone cableselectrical and telephone cables- cleaning fluidscleaning fluids- cigarette smokecigarette smoke- paintpaint- vinyl moldingvinyl molding- linoleum tilelinoleum tile- formaldehyde formaldehyde

Indoor Air PollutionIndoor Air Pollution

Sources:Sources:

- Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, Radon is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, naturally occurring radioactive gas naturally occurring radioactive gas produce by the radioactive decay of produce by the radioactive decay of Uranium. Uranium.

- It is the major indoor-pollutant and It is the It is the major indoor-pollutant and It is the second cause of lung cancer before second cause of lung cancer before smoking.smoking.

Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide- one major pollutants of the atmosphere.- one major pollutants of the atmosphere.- comes from burning of fossil fuels and - comes from burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.deforestation.- With 80% of the world’s people, are - With 80% of the world’s people, are responsible for 35% of CO2 emission but responsible for 35% of CO2 emission but may contribute 50% by 2020. may contribute 50% by 2020. - Co2 Emissions are increasing by 4% a - Co2 Emissions are increasing by 4% a year.year.

Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants

Nitrogen DioxideNitrogen Dioxide- Comes from the burning of biomass and - Comes from the burning of biomass and fossil fuels.fossil fuels.

- 30-50 million tons per year from human - 30-50 million tons per year from human activities, and natural 10-20 million tons per activities, and natural 10-20 million tons per year.year.

- Has a role in reducing stratospheric ozone.- Has a role in reducing stratospheric ozone.

Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants

Nitrous OxideNitrous Oxide

- Important in the greenhouse effect and - Important in the greenhouse effect and causes nitrogen loading.causes nitrogen loading.

- Human inputs 6 million tons per year - Human inputs 6 million tons per year and 19 million tons per year by nature.and 19 million tons per year by nature.

- Comes from nitrogen based fertilizers, - Comes from nitrogen based fertilizers, deforestation, and biomass burning.deforestation, and biomass burning.

Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants

Sulfur DioxideSulfur Dioxide- Produced by combustion of sulfur-- Produced by combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and fuel oils.containing fuels, such as coal and fuel oils.

- Potential effect is to make breathing - Potential effect is to make breathing more difficult by causing the finer air tubes more difficult by causing the finer air tubes of the lung to constrict.of the lung to constrict.

Sources of PollutantsSources of Pollutants Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s)

- - It lowers the average concentration of ozone in It lowers the average concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.the stratosphere.- It stays in the atmosphere from 22 to 111 - It stays in the atmosphere from 22 to 111 years. It moves up to the stratosphere gradually years. It moves up to the stratosphere gradually over several decades. over several decades.

Under high energy ultra violet radiation, they Under high energy ultra violet radiation, they break down and release chlorine atoms, which break down and release chlorine atoms, which speeds up the breakdown of ozone into oxygen speeds up the breakdown of ozone into oxygen gas.gas.

Indoor Air Pollution: Biological Indoor Air Pollution: Biological PollutantsPollutants

FungiFungi MoldsMolds YeastYeast

BacteriaBacteria VirusesViruses

Yeast

Bacteria Virus

Biologicals- this include pollen from plants, mite, hair from pets, fungi, parasites, and some bacteria

Sources: Wet or moist walls, ceilings, carpets, and furniture; and air conditioners; household pets.

Indoor Air Pollution: Chemical Indoor Air Pollution: Chemical PollutantsPollutants

ExamplesExamplesCigarette smokeCigarette smokeChlorine treated water Chlorine treated water

in hot showersin hot showersAsbestos source: fire Asbestos source: fire

proofing and pipesproofing and pipesLead from paintLead from paint

Organic Gases- originate mainly from solvents and chemicals

Sources: Household products including: paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; wood preservatives; aerosol sprays; disinfectants; moth repellants and air fresheners; stored fuels and automotive products; dry-cleaned clothing.

Radon (Rn)- it is a gas that is emitted naturally by the soil

Sources: Earth and rock beneath home; well water; building materials.

Health Effects: No immediate symptoms. Estimated to contribute to between 7,000 and 30,000 lung cancer deaths each year. Smokers are at higher risk of developing radon-induced lung cancer.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)- colorless, odorless gas that is produced by incomplete burning of carbon-based fuels

Sources: Unvented kerosene and gas space heaters; gas water heaters, woodstoves and gas stoves. Automobile exhaust from attached garages. Environmental Tobacco Smoke.

Pesticides

Sources: Products used to kill household pests (insecticides, termiticides, and disinfectants). Also, products used on lawns and gardens that drift or are tracked inside the house.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Source: Cigarette, pipe, and cigar smoking.

Tobacco smoke is one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not only the smoker who is infected, but everyone who inhales the polluted air. There is a very strong connection between smoking and lung cancer..

Formaldehyde - is a gas that comes mainly from carpets and particle boards- an important chemical used widely by industry to

manufacture building materials and numerous household products

Sources: Pressed wood products (hardwood plywood wall paneling, particleboard, fiberboard) and furniture made with these pressed wood products. Combustion sources and environmental tobacco smoke. Durable press drapes, other textiles, and glues.

Asbestos - is a mineral fiber that has been used commonly in a variety of building construction materials for

insulation

Sources: Deteriorating, damaged, or disturbed insulation, fireproofing, acoustical materials, and floor tiles.

Health Effects: No immediate symptoms, but long-term risk of chest and abdominal cancers and lung diseases. Smokers are at higher risk of developing asbestos-induced lung cancer.

Indoor Air Pollution: Health Indoor Air Pollution: Health HazardsHazards

Colds, Headaches, Colds, Headaches, DrowsinessDrowsiness

Eye irritation, Asthma, Eye irritation, Asthma, AllergyAllergy

Nerve disorderNerve disorder Damage to liver, kidneysDamage to liver, kidneys Heart diseaseHeart disease SterilitySterility CancerCancer

ConsequencesConsequencesGreenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect Also known as Global WarmingAlso known as Global Warming Carbon Dioxide is responsible for 57% of Carbon Dioxide is responsible for 57% of the global warming trend.the global warming trend.

- Chemicals released by our activities - Chemicals released by our activities affect the stratosphere. The release of affect the stratosphere. The release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) from aerosol chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) from aerosol cans, cooling systems and refrigerator cans, cooling systems and refrigerator equipment removes some of the ozone, equipment removes some of the ozone, causing “holes” to open up in this layer causing “holes” to open up in this layer and allowing the radiation to reach the and allowing the radiation to reach the Earth.Earth.