PHOTONIRVACHAK Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Vo1.17, No.3, 1989

AIR PHOTO APPROACH TO INVENTORY OF URBAN LAND USE IN CENTRAL AREA CASE STUDY - KANPUR

B. Ramesh*, E.A. Bueno**, Anjana Vyas ** and J.A. Mhando** * Human Sett/ement Ana/ysis Group, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun,

** Human Settlement Analysis Course Participants

A B S T R A C T The case study of Kanpur demonstrates the use of air photo approach to collect physical data, mainly landuse in central area. The study reveals that very less percentage of vacant land exists in central area for future development. Though this area consist CBD, even then commercial landuse accounts to be only 10%.of total area. Selective landuse inventory analysis was carried out for the landuse categories, commercial, industrial and vacant. Reliability of aerial photo=interpretation of over all lan'duse map found to be 91-95% and each sub-class of landuse reliability for omission and commission error found to be within limits for planning and design purpose.

INTRODUCTION. The main heart of the city is central area. It

provides services and economy not only to city extent but also to its region. This area was emerged from the process of development and it i~ the oldest part of the city, down town. It comprises diversified landuse pattern and densely built-up area at the same time due to increase of population, this area is becoming dense day by day, over loading the services initially designed for. To prepare any improvement scheme or to implement a plan, planners/administrators are want of up-to-date information regarding physical inputs. Since the area is highly dense and some areas are inaccessible too, it will be very difficult task to make conventional survey operations, at the same time, it takes years to finish. In this context, air photo approach is some times inevitable because it offers wide range of information, more than collected through ground survey and more than a map information. Some photos can be made use to collect different physical inputs for different studies depending upon the planners requirement. Collecting data through this technique proved to be cost effective and timeliness. With this technique urban planners/administrators can cope wi~h the pace of fast development in the city at the

same time, some remidical measures can be thought of.

One of the major physical input for the planning is dase map and existing landuse map without which, it is very difficult to understand the dynamics of the city. Here in this study, an attempt was made to collect such bas ic i n f o rma t i on t h r o u g h air photo-interpretation technique. Apart from preparation of landuse map, detailed landuse inventory analysis was carried out for the following landuse in central area of Kanpur.

- - Commercial landuse - - Industrial landuse - - Vacant landuse

BRIEF VIEW ABOUT THE CITY AND STUDY AREA

Kanpur is a major industrial/commercial metropolies of Uttar Pradesh having population of 14.82 lakhs as per the 1981 census. It is situated on the bank of Ganga river. The city is spread over an area of about 26.1 sq. kms. Out of totaf Kanpur area, about 25 sq. kms central part of the city was selected for this study purpose which includes central business district: This area comprises densely built-up area from the bank of Ganga river to

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approximately 6 kms inland (Refer Map-l). For the convenience of field work, physical boundaries were taken as limits of the study area. Area selection was done first spreading the loose mosaic of the city, then considering the pattern of development study limit was marked and time consideration was also taken into account, while selecting the area extent.

MAIN SOURCE OF DATA INPUT FOR THE STUDY

w Black and white conventional aerial photographs of April, 1986 at 1:10,000 scale

Guide map of 1971 at 1:20,000 scale and toposheets of 197"L at 1:50,000 scale.

Guide map and toposheets were used for orientation as well as for recording interpreted information.

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY For this study, following objectives were

formulated : - - Preparation of landuse nlap which

forms the basis for analysing above stated aspects

Detailed inventory and analysis of commercial, industrial and vacant landuse and to access the reliability of information

To demonstrate the applicability of aerial photographs for identifying detailed landuse.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY The scope of study is limited to central area

studies. The interpreters do not have any local knowledge in pre-field stage. No administrative boundry maps were available before pre-field for delineating the study area, therefore, comparison with. existing data was not possible. Emphasis was given only to air photo-interpretation data.

M E T H O D O L O G Y After formulation of study topic, general

landuse classification was developed suitable for the study depending on the physical characteristics of information availble from air photos. Base map was prepared at 1:10,000 scale enlarging Survey of India Guide Map incorporating major physical features for easy transfer of details. Interpretation of air photos was carried out using urban air photo-interpretation technique (shape, size, pattern, tone, association etc). Interpretation work carried out individually with mirror stereoscope and double scanning was done to check interpretation diffrences. Unresolved cases were marked for field check after discussion. Selection of sample points were marked using stratified random sampling method. Field work was carried out for accuracy testing and secondary source data collection. Cross checking was also done for some cases through the discussion with Development Authority personnel.

DESCP.!PTION OF GENERAL LAND USE ANALYSIS

General landuse map has been prepared adopting landuse classification shown in Table No.1. Delineation of each polygon was done using minimum curtilage of 5mm x 5mm which represents 0.25 hectare of land on pho-i-o scale. Transfer of details were carried out using existing pattern of guide map. Where the new development comes in open space, those details were transferred using KARGL Reflecting Projector. The details of landuse is given in Table No.2 and refer landuse Map No.2 for spatial location. As per Table No.2, only 10% of land found to be under commercial landuse, though it is treated as central area. Residential landuse amount to be 38% and open space and public utilities are very less compared to its development. Under transportation and communication landuse, major transportation nodes were located in central area.

116

I~~' ~,, (.rUT TAR ~,,~. ~D~H

' , f INDIA ' / e location map

\

LEGEND

I RESIDENTIAL il PLANNED (REGULAR LAY~OUT) 12 UNPLANNED (IRREGULAR- LAY-OUT)

2 COIv~IERC IAL

21 SHOPPING AREAS/MARKETS 22 COMMERCIAL CUM OFFICE 23 COMMERCIAL CUM RESIDENCE

3 INDUSTRIAL

LARGE {')~0 AND MORE HAS) 32 MEDIUM(>5 - 10 HAS) 3B SMALL C 0 - S HAS)

TRANSPORT ~Ir COMMUNICATIONS 41 ROAD {2 RAILWAY/ RAILWAY YARD 43 BUS DEPOT/STATION

5 PUBLIC UTILITIES 1WATER SUPPLY PLANTS

52 DRAINAGE (I~N'MADE) 6 INSTITUTIONAL

61 GOVERNMENT OFFICES e EDUCATION 63 CULTURAL

OTHER INST1TUT~0NS 7 OPEN SPACES

71 SPORTS GROUNDS/STADIUM 72 PARKS /RECREATION 73 CEMETERIES

# AGRICULTURAL 9 VACANT LANDS

91 WITHIN INSTITLrI'IONS ~OTHER VACANT LANDS

MAP NO.1

DISTRIBUTION OF LANDUSES I(ANPUR CITY CENTRAL AREA 1988

SCALE '

Ta'ble-1, Land Use Classification

10 RESIDENTIAL 11 PLANNED (REGULAR LAYOUT) 12 UNPLANNED (IRREGULAR LAYOUT) 20 COMMERCIAL 21 SHOPPING AREAS/MARKET 22 COMMERCIALCUMOFFEICE 23 COMMERCIALCUM RESIDENCE 30 INDUSTRIAL 31 LARGE (10 TO 10+ HECTARES) 32 MEDIUM (5 TO 10 HECTARES) 33 SMALL (0 TO 5 HECTARES) 40 TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION 41 ROAD 42 RAILWAY LINE/RAILWAY YARD 43 BUS DEPORT/STATION 50 PUBLIC UTILITIES 51 WATER SUPPLY PLANTS 52 DRINAGE (MAN MADE) 60 INSTITUTIONAL 61 SPORTS GROUND/STADIUM 72 PARK/RECREATION 73 CEMETRIES/CREMATORIA 80 AGRICULTURE 81 UNDER CROP 82 MARSH LAND 90 VACANT 91 VACANT WITH IN INSTITUTION 92 OTHER VACANT LANDS . VACANT ~ VACANT WITH IN RESIDENTIAL �9 VACANT WITH IN ALONG TRANSPORT NET-WORK �9 VACANT ALONG RIVERS CANALS

ACCURACY AND RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION

Locational accuracy test was carried out using stratified Random Sampling Method. A grid of 2cm x 2cm was laid on tanduse map and intersections of grid points were checked in the field. General logic adopted for selection of small grid was in central area landuse will be diversified nature and our minimum curtilage was 5mm x 5mm. It was expected that ample number of points could be available to determine accuracy for each landuse class (Refer Table No.3). For accuracy determination, minimum standard accuracy taken as 85%. A one tailed test was carried out. The 95% one tailed lower confidence limit for binomial distribution was obtained from the equation derived from Sandecor and Cochran

(for reference, Manual of Remote Sensing p 1604-1 605).

P=p+ {11 .645~pq /n +50In}

wherep= The accuracy of map expected as percentage

p = The sample value p or r/n expressed as percentage

q= 100-pand n= Sample size

Similarly, two tailed test was carried out to find individual class confidence limits using the following equation :

P= p+{1 .96 l ~ / n +50/n}

From the Table No.3, overall accuracy of the map was found to be 91-95%, which is above the minimum standard of accuracy 85%. For accuracy determination of individual class (Refer Table No.4) except commercial, institutions, open spaces, agriculture and vacant, all ott~er classes, both the commission and omission error accuracy found to be above limits of standard accuracy percentage. In general, commission error will be committed because of confusion between the landuse classes. This error will also be occured when the physical form of the landuses are similar, where interpretation key is difficult to adopt to differentiate between landuses. Omission error will be committed because of negligence of interpreter, delineation problems and lack of interpretation clues to identify omitted landuse. In commercial landuse, omission error observed below the standard. It is because of lack of interpretation clue between the commercial and residential landuse. Open space, vacant land and agriculture uses were very limited in central area. At the same time, very less number of sample points were observed on these categories compared to other classes. There was confusion between open space and vacant land, most of the open spaces appeared as vacant land in air photos because these lands were un-maintained and

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Table - 2: Land use distribution in central area Kanpur 1988 area is given in hectares

LU. Code Land Use Area %

1 Residential 971 38

2 Commercial 253 10

3 Industrial 291 11

4 Transport & 364 14

Communication

5 Public utilities 021 01

6 Institutional 421 17

7 Open space 136 05

8 Agriculture 034 02

9 Vacant Land 048 02

Total 2539 100

T a b l e - 3 : Accuracy map analysis

Total number of points correct = 603 (93 %) Total number of errors = 44 (7~ Total number of points = 647 (100)

Table - 5: Commercial land use in central area, Kanpur 1988

(Area in hectares)

Code Landuse Area %

2 Commercial land use - - 21 Shopping areas/market 53 22 22 Commercial cum office 70 28 23 Commerofal cum Residence 130 51

Total 253 100

T a b l e - 6 : Industrial land use/built-up area break-up in central area, Kanpur 1986

(area in hectares)

Code Lu Land use Total Built-up % of Bu.ilt-up

area area area to total area

3 Industrial - - - 31 Small 049 044 90 32 Medium 101 084 83 33 La~e 141 101 71

Toml 291 229 71

Table-4: Land use map accuracy analysis for commission and omission errors

Code Landuse Commission Error Omission Error Total Percent 95 Percent Total Percent 95 Per cent points correct confidence points correct confidence

Limits Limits Percentages Percentage

1 Residential 240 93 90 - 96 237 93 90-96 2 Commercial 062 100 99-100 081 77 67-87 3 Industrial 109 98 94-100 109 98 95-100 4 Transport & 054 100 99-100 054 100 99-100

communication 5 Public Utilities 004 100 87-100 004 100 87-100 6 Institutional 105 87 80-100 095 96 92-100 7 Open space 029 93 82-100 027 100 98-100 8 Agriculture 010 80 50-100 109 88 61-100 9 Vacant 030 90 78-100 027 100 98-100

Total 643 643

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they give same appearance as vacant land. Most of the agricultural land found to be institutional use in field just because these lands were attached to institution like agricultural university, crop research stations or sometimes, enclosed within the institutionat boundary.

ANALYSIS OF SELECTIVE LAND USE Commercial Land Use

General ly, in landuse classif ication, commercial land will be put under mixed landuse categorY. Sometimes, it is necessary to know the quantum of commercial landuse for CBD studies. In central area of Kanpur, only 10% of total land was found under commercial use. Main objective of analysis was

- - to determine how much data will be available in commercial use

- - to determine accuracy of interpretation with 100% field check

- - to list the air photo-interpretation parameters for identification

Observat ions As per the Table No.5,253 hectares of land

found under commercial use, out of which 51% of land was under commercial- cum-residential class, 28% commercial- cum-office class and 21% under shopping centre class. As per Map NO.2, most of the commercial area appeared as strip commercial like ribbon pattern. Any road which is passing through high dense built-up area had commercial use along the road. Main parameters for identifying commercial land use with associated frame of reference were shape, size, tone, traffic (texture on road) and road condition.

Accul:acy For accuracy determination, all probable

commercial areas were marked after interpretation and same were checked in field. Field check was carried out mainly through walk and sometimes, with slow moving vehicle,

cycle rickshaw. Each polygon was checked in the field for about five to eight points in different directions for finding the depth of commercial area. Total 295 hectares of land was delineated before field work and it reduced to 253 hectares after field check, thus the accuracy of interpretation found to be 85%. In most of the cases, commercial area was over-estimated because there was no set pattern for the delineation purpose. Some of the industrial pockets were also marked as commercial treating them as shopping centres.

Field f indings In CBD, small lanes are bifurcated from the

main road and each lane was found to be under intensive commercial activities. In day time, shopping hours vehicular traffic was restricted.

Wholesale activities were observed in temporary structure along the main roads

Some reserved open lands were used for temporary commercial activity mainly open market or weekly markets

In most of the cases, temporary structures of commercia l units observed similar roofing pattern of slum structures.

Industrial Landuse One of the major employment generation in

city originates from the industries at the same time it provides economy not only to city, but also to its region. It is very much essential to monitor such landuse because for planning the future requirement of industrial zone in city. In planning process initially industries are located out side the city following the general rules, but in course of time, residential area develops around the industries then these industries will become an integral part of central area. For analysis purpose of industrial landuse, the following objectives were formulated :

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NAC~R

MO'[HI JHIL

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SABZI

_LEGEND ~ ~ ~ _

ROADS

RIVERS 1

~ BOUNDARY LINE

2 COMMERCIAL

21 SHOPPING AREA/MARETS

~]~ 22 COMMERCIAL CUM OFFICE 23 COMMERCIAL CUM RESIDENCE

3 INDUSTRIAL

J [31 LARGE [,I0 AND MORE HECTARES

32 MEDIUM[ 5 TO 10 HECTARES]

7-[ 33 SMALL [ 0 TO 5 HECTARES]

MAP NO:2

DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL INDUSTRIAL LAND USES KANPUR CITY CENTRAL AREA 1968 ~ ) SCALE

Delineation of industrial landuse from air photographs

m "Making a study of utilization of land within the industries. Built-up/Non built-up

Field survey to mark industrial size boundaries.

Observat ions As per the Table No.6, total delineated

industrial land use was 291 hect., out of which type-wise area break-up observed were 49 hect. small, 101 hect. medium and 141 hect. large. As per the built-up area concernedl It was also understood that larger the industrial plot, samaller the percentage of built-up area vise-versa (Refer Map 2) for spatial location.

Findings in field In industrial area, road side industries were

found in temporary structures mainly workshpos which were not delineative from aerial photographs.

Marking of each industrial plot was not possible from aerial photographs, but aerial photographs were helpful to mark boundary of an industry because all reference points on ground were visible on aerial photograph.

Some slv ms were observed around the large industries.

Slumas were also observed on both sides of railway track which is passing through city, connecting industries for goods movement.

Vacant Landuse In central area, vacant lands are prime

important lands for the future development. For making any proposal for development, first question comes in planners mind that where the lands are available at what cost. It is also true that with heavy pressure of development,

moderately good vacant land will be filled with less development cost of land. The lands which are marshy or filled areas will remain vacant because of more investment is involved in development of land. In this study, an attempt is also made in field survey to record information regarding status of land through visual observation and with some interviews. For this study, the following objectives were fomulated for analysis purpose :

m To classify vacant land in terms of location, size and distribution

n Accuracy testing

To make inventory of temporary use on vacant sites, and to record status of vacant site in field work because aerial photography was of April, 1986 and field work was done December, 1988

m To analyse potential of vacant site with some indicators.

Observations As per the Table No.7, total 48 hect. of

vacant land was identified in 30 sites. In vacant within institutional category, 18% of the land was observed and most changes are also observed within this category (Refer Map3). Other classes vacant within risidential area and vacant within and along the transport/ communication network observed more then 10%. As per the status of vacant and all temporary uses were marked in the field (Refer Map 4). Most of the uses were carried out in temporary AC sheet roof or thatched roof structures. For finding the potential of sites, ownership, terrain condition, drainage and size were considered as indicators to evaluate the sites. This information was recorded for each site in field through visual observation and through some interviews. After studying all the sites, site No. 16,17,24 and 32 were found most potential sites for development.

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Table - 7" Vacant as per sites in central Area, Kanpur 1988

(Area in hectares)

Lu Code Land use No. Area %

sites

9 Vacant land use - - -

91 Vacant with in 10 18 37.6

institutions

92 Vacantwith in 12 12.3 25.7

residential

93 Vacant with in 4 10.4 21.8

along transport/

communication

network

94 Vacant along 3 6.5 13.6 the river

95 Other vacant 1 0.6 1.3

land use

To~l 30 47.8 100

Accu racy In central area, total 58 hect. of land

delineated as vacant land through air photos. Nter 100% field check this area was reduced to 48 hect. Thus, the accuracy estimated as 83%. Main reasons for over estimation in pre-field was, most of the unmaintained amenity green places were interpreted as vacant lands,

Field Findings Most of the enclosed vacant land remain

unchanged dur ing field work. Some encroachment were also observed along right of way.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Above study demonstrates the use of aerial photographs at 1:10,000 scale in central area studies to collect basic physical inputs mainly landuse with reliable accuracy for planning and design proposals within short time. However, commercial and vacant landuse studies in central area larger scale 1:5000 photographs are preferable. To determine accuracy of limited landuse, 100% field work method was found to be best suitable. Reconnaissance survey for local knowledge before pre-field can yield better results.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the Director,

National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, Head, IIRS, Head, Human Settlement Analysis Group, IIRS, for providing full support for the study. Thanks are also due for Kanpur Urban Development Authority, Uttar Pradesh Remote Sensing Application Centre, for providing facilities in field. Thanks are also due to Miss Shashi Garg ior secretarial support.

REFERENCES Bracken lan, 1981, "Urban Planning Methods, Research and Policy Analysis", Methuew & Co., USA. Chaplin IR and Kaiser S. Edward, 1979 "Land Use Planning", 3rd Edition by F. Stuart. City Centre Case Study - - Kanpur, 1988 unpublished report of Human Settlement Analysis Course. Manual of Remots Sensing, 2nd edition p.1571 & p.1665.

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