air navigation - provide services and infrastructure to ensure the safety and efficiency of traffic...
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AIR NAVIGATION - Provide services and infrastructure to
ensure the safety and efficiency of traffic flow.
Air Traffic Flow Infrastructure (Communications,
Navigation and Surveillance)
Aeronautical information
Air traffic
Main Objective:Reduce to zero the conflicts between aircraft.
Security boundaries in two levels:
– Structure of airspace
– Control and surveillance of aircraft system
*A conflict is an event in which two or more aircraft lose the established minimum separation of safety
Separation assurance
Every aircraft has an associated Volume of Protection (VoP)
The VoP of the aircraft must not intersect!!
In the same airspace, between aircraft there must be:
• Vertical separation• Horizontal separation.
Air traffic structureControl zones
ATZ: Aerodrome Traffic Zone. Responsibility of the control tower.
CTR: Control Zone. It facilitates the entrance and deparuture of IFR flights from and to the airport. It is the responsibility of the approach control.
TMA: Terminal Control Area. It marks the boundary of the en-route phase. It might contain one or more airports.
+ En-route control
Airspace structure
Controlled airspace: Airways, TMA, CTR and ATZ.
FL 0
FL 245
FL 460
>FL460 services of warning and flight information
Controlled airspace
FIR
UIR
Vertical distribution of airspace
Separation. Horizontal separation
Horizontal plane separation:• Route definition
8 NM (or 5NM)
Separation minima, in time or in distance:– 8NM or 5NM at en-route phase.– 3NM in TMA .
Concept of surveillance
Who
To what
What provides
Air Traffic Controller (ATCO)
Where
Aircraft
Airspace under responsibility: sector ATC sector
• Current position of aircraft• Intention of aircraft
Objetive: The air traffic Controller should know the aircraft position and intention which allows him to use this information to take the control actions needed to maintain the aircraft flow safe and efficient.
Surveillance
• Flight plan to foresee the intention
• Control and surveillance
Position and WayPoints are notified / Radar position of aircraft
Through:
Kind of traffic depending of area
En-route phase Climb/ Descent phase Airport operations
En-route control (ACC)
Approach control (APP) Aerodrome control (tower)
Evolution sector
Kinds of control and dependencies
Feeder
Control. Aerodrome control
TAXI / SURFACE controlResponsible for the traffic organization and other vehicles on the platform.
Kinds of aerodrome control:
CLEARANCES controlOrganization of the aircraft departures.LOCAL control
Maintain separation of aircraft operating in the airside. Separation of arrivals and departures operations.
Control. Departure operations.Before flight.
Flight Plan (FP):
Send to all the affected ATC.
IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).
PILOT Information about any incident which might affect the flight:
• AIP• NOTAM• Meteorological information
TOWER CONTROL
START UP request
START UP y DELIVERY clearance
Tower control
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
TOWER CONTROL
Surface control
PUSH BACK request
PUSH BACK and
TAXI until HOLDING POSITION
Tower control
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
Departure / Aerodrome control
LINE UP and TAKE OFF
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
Surface controlTower control
TOWER CONTROL
Approach control
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
TOWER CONTROL
Departure / Aerodrome control
Surface controlTower control
En route control
Climb clearance
Meteorological information of the destination airport (ADES)
SRM 4
LEMD
SRM 1
SRM 3
SRM 2
LIRF
LIML
LEBL
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
TOWER CONTROL
Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or landing approach.
Clearance for final approach.
TOUCH DOWN
Approach control
SRM 4
LEMD
SRM 1
SRM 3
SRM 2
LIRF
LIML
LEBL
RUNWAY IN USE
STAND/PARKING POSITION
TAXIWAY
TOWER CONTROL
En route control
INSTRUMENTAL APPROACH
From en-route phase:• Arrival route allocation.• Approach starts at the Initial Approach
Fix (IAF).
At the IAF:• Holding pattern• The controller can fix the aircraft to
manage and assure separation.
TOWER CONTROL
VISUAL APPROACH
Objective: the aircraft should perform a maneuver which allows landing, always with the runway on-sight, which can only be performed in VMC conditions.
Visual approach circuit or aerodrome circuit: This allows the guidance of the aircraft from visual flight towards the runway in use, and set up with the segments (tail wind, base and final).
The aircraft arrives to one of the segments, usually at the one with tail wind or base, and the aircraft holds until the Tower authorizes the proceeding to the next segment. This circuit is usually leftwards defined.
Wind
Tail wind
Base
Final
Leftwards circuit
RUNWAY IN USE
TOWER CONTROL
Aerodrome control
Clearance for landing
HOLDING POSITION
SRM 4
LEMD
SRM 1
SRM 3
SRM 2
LIRF
LIML
LEBL
TOWER CONTROL
En route control
Approach control
SRM 4
LEMD
SRM 1
SRM 3
SRM 2
LIRF
LIML
LEBL
Movement control on platform
TAXI until parking position (STAND)
TOWER CONTROL
Aerodrome control
En route control
Approach control
Air Navigation
Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by the controllers, on ground, and which are able to provide indications to the aircraft to modify their trajectory on ground and in the trajectory within controlled airspace.
Objectives: • Avoid collisions
• Organize and merge the flow of aircraft
• Provide flight information and support for the pilots.
Flight information: depending on the rules followed to navigate a specific flight (Visual – VFR or Instrumental – IFR) and the kind of airspace, ATC provides instructions and notifications that the pilots must know (NOTAMs, AIP and Meteorological Information)Kinds of control.
- Tower/Aerodrome Control (TWR)
- Approach Control (APP)
- En-Route Control (ACC)
Air Navigation
Phases of a flight:
- Flight planning- Reception of aerodrome information- Start-up and Delivery request- Push-back and taxi until Holding Position- Holding position- LINE UP and TAKE OFF- En-route phase - Instrumental approach / Holding pattern- Landing and taxi to the stand position
DEPARTURE FROM AD
APPROACH TO ADES
EN - ROUTE
Air Navigation
Flight planning:
Pilot / Company fill the Flight Plan (FP) document with the information of the flight between Aerodrome Departure (AD) and destination (ADES)
- Sent to all ATC affected.
- IFPS (Integrated Flight Plan Processing System).
- Inform about any issue that may affect the flight:
• AIP• NOTAM• Meteorological information
Air Navigation
Flight planning: Flying under instrumental rules (IFR), the following are needed: Standard Instrumental Departure chart (SID); En-route (airspace); Standar Arrival chart (STAR); and Instrumental Approach chart (IAC)
The planner will need the frequencies of the towers and the Navigation Aids.
Air Navigation
ATIS message (ATIS Broadcast)
Recepción de la información de aeródromo
This is (TWR) information (letra del informe) (hora local) weather
Wind (procedencia viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots
Visibility (X) kilometers, Ceiling (techo de nubes) feet
Temperature (ºC) celsius
Altimeter (Altitud de aeródromo) meters , QNH/QFE (xxx) hectopascal
IFR approach is ILS or visual
Departures, runway (XX)
All aircraft read back all hold short instructions. Advise controller on initial contact that you have Bravo.
End of information Kilo
(AD) Tower/Ground, Good morning, (Ident.) IFR to (ADES)
request departure information.
(Ident.), departure runway (RW), (Wind), (QNH),
(temperature).
Start-up requestStart-up request
Start-Up Clearance
Good morning (AD) ground, (ID) request taxi, following (SID name)
departure
(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South),
report at holding point (RW), (QNH).
Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), to
holding point, (QNH), (Ident.)
(Ident.) taxi for (RW) via taxiway (North/South), hold
sort of (RW), (QNH).
Roger, taxi to runway (RW) via taxiway (North/South), holding
sort of (RW), (QNH), (Ident.)
or
Clearance Delivery (Autorización)(AD) Tower/Ground, Good
morning, (Ident.) at (Actual position) request taxi for IFR
Flight to (ADES)
(ID) cleared to (ADES) airport as field, (SID) departure. Climb and maintain (altitude) feet expect
(time) minutes after departure. Departure frequency is (FREQAPP)
Cleared to (ADES) airport as field, following (SID) departure
(ID) read back correct, contact ground on (FREQTWR)
(Ident.) line up (RW)
line up (RW)
(Ident.) at holding position (RW), ready for departure.
(Ident.) hold position. You are number (position) following an aircraft
holding position (Ident.)
(Ident.) (RW), be ready for immediate departure
line up (RW), (Ident.)
Hold Position
(Ident.) cleared for take-off (RW), Wind (procedencia
viento) degrees at (velocidad) knots
(AD) tower, (Ident.) ready for
departure (RW) following (SID) Take-off request
Cleared for take-off (RW)
(Ident.) climb straight ahead to (Altitud) ft before turning
(direction), cleared for take-off (RW)
Straight ahead, (Altitude) ft before turning (direction), cleared for take-off (RW),
(Ident.)
LINE UP and TAKE OFF
Transfer to Approach Control (APP)
(Ident.) contact departure on (FREQAPP).
Roger (FREQ.APP), (Ident.)
Follow the chosen SID with the NavAids support
•Control with pilot reports
•Control RADAR.
CALLSIGN TYPEAFL XPT GSCFL XFL ADESHDG SPD CD
En-route flight phase
(ADES) approach, (ID) with you (distance to aerodrome) heading (rumbo magnetico)
(ID) (ADES) approach, radar contact, descend
and maintain 3000, turn (right/left) to (heading)/
(STAR)
Approach to ADES
Position report to ADES
Clearance to final approach
TOUCH DOWN
Holding pattern (STAR), ILS or approach to land.
(ID) Roger. (STAR description)
(ID), go-around
Holding pattern
or
(ID) Roger. On the go-around
(ID) request permission to land
(ADES) tower, (ID) you are cleared to land
Instrumental approach
IAF
Clearance for landing to HOLDING POSITION