air journal 2

STUDIO AIR2016, SEMESTER 1, CANHUI CHENJIELUN YANG (692329)

PART A CONTENTS

4 INTRODUCTION

6 A1 DESIGN FUTURING

10 A2 DESIGN COMPUTATION

14 A3 GENERATION & COMPOSITION

16 A4 CONCLUSION

17 A5 LEARNING OUTCOMES

17 A6 APPENDIX

4 CONCEPTUALISATION CONCEPTUALISATION 5

INTRODUCTION

My name is Jielun Yang, this is my third year commencing architectural major in Bachelor of Environments. I was born in Fuzhou, China, a coastal city right next to Taiwan Channel. Due to its special coastal weather and environments, there are huge contrasts and differences in architectural practice compared to inland cities. Gradually, the building comparasion becomes my interest in architecture, and i am keen to explore during the university studies.

Before Year 2, I have not yet convinced myself to choose civil engineering or architecture, because materials are the specific aspects that I am glad to spend time on. Later on, I found civil engineering was mostly doing the projects according to drawings given by architects, which is a sort of restriction of design skills. As a result, I fianlly choose architecture major, as I would prefer to be the man that hand out the drawings, but not simply follow the instructions.

Personally, I think architecture is a major that practise patience and self-esteem. Like those world famous architects, it is quite proud to see city landmarks are designed by themselves, because it is the stage to raise self-confidence. I would like to be the person like one of them, even though i am not so far, I am going to...

CONCEPTUALISATION 7

Garden City.

In the previous architectural design, fancy building facades were regarded as most critical aspects while juding beauty, but today architects start to turn around and think more about the relationship between design and sustainability, which performs dominant position in design future with respect to environmental issues.

FIg.1: gArdEN CITY, OFIS ArChITECTUrE

A1. DESIGN FUTURING

The idea of garden city is pointed out by OFIS architecture, which is composed by proposed buildings and landscape. It is aiming to create a sustainable environments for residents.This project combines both commerial and residential uses within one huge buildings, and provides easy access to overhang balcony and garden. In my opinion, design futuring should be created in this form, residential area could not only be the place where people sleep, but also a semi-openable space where people could touch the environments closely.

From the above space arrangement, the project is still mainly focusing on residents’ living quality. The ‘topography’ goes up and down illustrates different experiences of garden views from various orientatations. One advantage of this design is that each ‘block’ is piled up with eath other without restricting others’ sightseeing. The public access area also enhances and encourages people passing through, so that it conveys an idea that we live in the garden city, while we are also parts of the garden city.

FIg.2: ExTENdEd BALCONY,gArdEN CITY, OFIS ArChITECTUrE

FIg.3: PEdESTrIAN BrIdgE FIg.4: VIEwS FrOm INSIdE

FIg.5: gArdEN CITY BIrd VIEw, OFIS ArChITECTUrE

FIg.6: gArdEN CITY FOOTPATh, OFIS ArChITECTUrE hTTP://PhOTO.zhULONg.COm/PrOj/dETAIL55785.hTmL

hTTP://PhOTO.zhULONg.COm/PrOj/dETAIL55785.hTmL


FIg.7: mACAU SCIENCE CENTrE

Centro de Ciência de Macau (Macau Science Centre):

Centro de Ciência de Macau is designed by famous architect Ieoh Ming Pei, it was built through land reclaimation of 62000 squared metres. The main buildings include two different parts, which is science building and conference building.It attracts visitors by its creative curly facades as well as complex bulding shapes.

The way of Macau Science Centre’s design is quite unique compared with other archtectural projects, since the land shortage became the restriction that limits architects’ creativity. Similarly in other island cities like Hong Kong, land reclaimation is considered as the only possible solution.

Land reclaimation costs much in the early period of construction, but it is beneficial in the long term development. For example, one obvious advantage of this peoject contains excellent sea views and sightseeing, which reach nealy 270 degrees like extented peninsula. Also, the external cladding perfectly reflects blue sky and matches with surrounding ocean, which makes the whole unit act like being in the nature but not just a compostion of architectural elements.

The following model shows the detaild information of Macau Science Centre, including site plan and surrounding landscaping plan. It is observed that each building performs its maximum efficiency in taking up seashore spaces, which is the best spot of the project. The complex geometry also emphasizes the key term of design futuring, ‘creativity’. This architectural stype conveys the idea of modern architecture and people’s understanding of beauty.

FIg.8: mACAU SCIENCE CENTrE mOdEL

FIg.9: mACAU SCIENCE CENTrE PErSPECTIVE VIEw

SOUrCE: hTTP://PhOTO.zhULONg.COm/PrOj/dETAIL22121.hTmL SOUrCE: hTTP://PhOTO.zhULONg.COm/PrOj/dETAIL22121.hTmL


FIg.10 gUANgzhOU TOwEr, gUANgzhOU, ChINA

Guangzhou Tower’s lighting system is also designed by software using rendering and 3D effect. The color constrast between back and forward gives people strong vision impression through computation. Especially, the lighting system could also be moderated under different weather conditions. Computation is quite essential in illustrating complicated patterns and gradual changed patterns, as the difference of detail blocks is minor, computation could not only provide previews, but also minimise tolerance during designing process.

Technicians also used software analyais to indicate surrounding landscape and envionments using different layers. The main tower has been painted into blue showing wireframe. Wireframes allows us to observe everthing inside the stucture, including joints, it tells where element should be located in correct position. This action highlighted the importance structural elements as well as visibility from internal spaces. Generally, computating such a tower is not a tower itself, but also the relationship between itself and surrounding landscape.

A2. DESIGN COMPUTATION

The Guangzhou Tower could be illustrated as a excellent example desinged by computer technology. During the computation process, the tower gives a general expression of lightweight, curly and smooth surface from aesthetic perspective.

The general texture of Guangzhou Tower is impressive, as it is composed by upper elipse and bottom elipe twisting each other and compressing at the mid point in the mean time. There are 24 straight conic steel columns forming the external structural elements, and 46 welded toruses following the twisted patterns. One advantage of using straight columns is cheaper costs and and easy fabrication, in this case, the whole buildings forms a web stucture, which is good for ventilation and prevention of damage from earthquake.

conic steel column framings around the building.

surrounded torus

FIg.12 gUANgzhOU TOwEr SOFTwArE ANALYSIS

FIg.11 gUANgzhOU TOwEr STEEL FrAmINg

FIg.13 LIghT BELT 1 FIg.14 LIghT BELT 2

`By using computer technology, the upper elipse and bottom elopse are divided into 24 segments, while the centre also shifting 10m in north and west direction. This computation process allow 24 columns to be straight acrross the tower.

FIg.15 UPPEr ELIPSE ANd BOTTOm ELIPSE

SOUrCE: hTTPS://zh.wIkIPEdIA.Org/wIkI/%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E5%A1%94

SOUrCE: hTTP://www.PANOrAmIO.COm/PhOTO/68729440

SOUrCE: hTTP://www.NIPIC.COm/ShOw/4009608.hTmL


FIg.19 UAE PAVILION UNdEr dAYLIghT FIg.20 UAE PAVILION ShANghAI ExPO 2010

FIg.16 UAE PAVILION, ShANghAI ExPO 2010

The UAE Pavilion in Shanghai Expo 2010 is another successful work finished by computational design. The consequent curve is made by lofting along specific directions, while the surface is hatched into triangular patterns.

In this example, cumputer technology allow this building to be spaned in huge and acceptable distance, and to have the ability to take distributed load from superstructure. The gridshell was also designed during computation process. Similar to Guangzhou Tower, straight supporting elements are used for the roof skeletons to divide UAE Pavilion into two part.

From the drawing on the right hand side, I also realise that computation process design the first part of building into water wave shape, this could only be done by computer since detailed calculation is required to ensure the internal ceiling height not to stress coming vistors.

The outer shell used web structure, the steel elements are divided into small segments and connected joints by joints.and form triangles within each region, which makes a more controllable surface according to geometric properties.

FIg.17 UAE PAVILION CONCEPT drAwINg, ShANghAI ExPO 2010

FIg.18 UAE PAVILION CUrVE ILLUSTrATION, ShANghAI ExPO 2010

South shell is different to north shells, similar to two different hills, one with one peak, and other with two peaks. The north shell applied symmetrical shell structure to expand the underneath spaces, but more importantly is to transfer the load into their edge beams (also called spine beams), and go downwards according to the load path.

FIg.21 UAE PAVILION ShANghAI ExPO ShELL STrUCTUrE

SOUrCE: hTTP://www.VIEwPICTUrES.CO.Uk/dETAILS.ASPx?Id=144690&TYPEId=1

SOUrCE: hTTP://PEICjPrIjN.BLOgSPOT.COm.AU/

SOUrCE: hTTP://hPSE.COm/NEwS/2

SOUrCE: hTTP://www.dESIgNBOOm.COm/ArChITECTUrE/

SOUrCE: hTTP://hPSE.COm/PrOjECTS/18

SOUrCE: hTTP://gULFArTgUIdE.COm/ABU-dhABI-2/ThE-UAE-PAVILION/ SOUrCE: hTTP://ASd-ddrS.Org/wILLIAm/2014/01/09/


A3.GENERATION AND COMPOSITION

During the recent years, computational technology has boosted the progress of generating ideas and construction stages, and consequently digital power becomes an advanced skills or tools to finalise the design projects.

Nympha Cultural Center in Bucharest is a concept proposal designed by Brasov-based upgrade.studio. In this project, computerational technology plays an important role in application of veins system, which is used to collect rainwater for both heating and cooling of the building. The veins system is indicated by red-shaded region on the left hand side.

The veins system is designed by computer software, it is comsist of combination of huge amount of irregular textures. By using digital tools, each texture can be precisely selected according to different pitches and orientations. After series of calculation conducted by computer, the general generated shapes become what we see today, it considered issues like sunpath, downpipe piches and electrical factors, and indirectly increase efficiency and effectiveness. In general, computation could help us generating new design ideas based on various purposes, I believe it can do more in the future.

FIg.22 NYmPhA CULTUrAL CENTrE, BUChArEST

FIg.23 NYmPhA CULTUrAL CENTrE VEINS SYSTEm

FIg.24 NYmPhA CULTUrAL CENTrE (CONCEPT drAwNg)

SOUrCE: hTTP://PArAmETrICgENErATIVE.BLOgSPOT.COm.

The Pudelma Pavilion is designed and constrcuted by Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture in collaboration with Finland’s University. Within this project, computation and digital fabrication are highly important during the shape generating stage.

Before actually doing this project, students have spent large amount of time in parametric design and scripting, especially on overhead dome structure. At that time, CNC machine was introduced, it allows each timber components to be cut into precise length and tilted angle, so that it made the assembling stage much easier. Personally, I think computation contributed a lot, for example, it knows how many segments required to make a curve without obvious sharp edges. The preview mode could also give instant feedback to minimise tolerance.

The most useful advantage is generating environments by computer. Since the project is not just a 1:1 model placed within classroom, it was left outside, so sun shadows as well as tree canopies are better to be stimulated under previewed mode. The above action can be achieved by computation, just few clicks, nearly 100% model has been done on the screen. Electronic models are also the essential reference for real constrcution, so I think digital power takes the dominant position in generating designs and projects.

FIg.25 ThE PUdELmA PAVILION (AT NIghT)

FIg.25 ThE PUdELmA PAVILION (INTErNAL SkELETON)

FIg.25 ThE PUdELmA PAVILION (UNdEr CONSTrUCTION)

SOUrCE: hTTP://www.AA64.NET/

SOUrCE: hTTP://CCgSAPP.Org/BrIEFS/2011/08/SUmmEr-dIgITAL-FABrICATION-PrOjECT-PUdELmA-PAVILION


Compared the first 3 topics in Part A, design futuring was relatively straightforward, as the term futuring is quite broad and simple to be explained and understood. However, it made me confused to distinguish between design computation and computerization in the beginning, but I became clear about the potentials in architecture practice after several precedents have been illustrated in class. Besides, by finding precedents, I gradually develop the ability to ask myself ‘what’ and ‘how’ questions to convince myself during precedent selections. Lastly, I think computation and digital power are not always better than traditional fabrication, since machines are produced by programs, one step wrong might cause failure of entire project, so we could choose design computation, but necessarily rely on them.

A4.CONCLUSIONS A5.LEARNING OUTCOMES

Design futuring, design computation and generation ideas are three important factors in architecture, and they link to each other closely at the same time. Design futuring could be seen as the stage of brainstorming, so that I can imagine what the general tends are going to be. Is it going to be sustainable? Or going to be modern and technological? In other words, design futuring pointed out the orientation I am working on. To finalise the product, design computation allows me to scan the informaton into digital forms, so that I can make good use of them for future reference while doing the real 1:1 model. In conlusion, the first three topic provides a general idea of design, by browsing precedents, I could pick up useful elements in my project and improve the aspects which are not good enough from others’ experiences.

CONCEPTUALISATION 19

A6.APPENDIX

The use of voronoi option gave this texture being composed by several different sections, the number of sections could be controlled by number sliders. This geometry might be considered to become general pattterns of walls, or void structure.

The second geometry has a tristed surface, similar to the surface of screws, which goes up and down and encloses whole the way around. This geometry might not be used individually, but more like to be one sections of another giant texture, either being extruded vertically and horizontally,

At the starting stage, the gemometry has only few segments that allow the all shapes to be twisted, it creates overhang surfaces and curly facades, which might likely to be recreation area under shading.

The third geometry has a circular shapes with stairs going upwards, each step is divivded by even distributed walls. This structure only shows the general design ideas, it can be extruded upwards and become bullet-shaped buildings, or be enclosed to be an interesting maze.

PART B CONTENTS

B.1 Research Field

B.2 Case Study 1.0

B.3 Case Study 2.0

B.4 Technique: Development

B.5 Technique: Prototypes

B.6 Technique: Proposal

B.7 Learning Objectives & Outcomes


B.1 Research FieldGEOMETRY

Fig.1 Kobe port tower, view From bottom oF tower1

Fig.2 public library and archive, city oF tromso, norway2

Fig.3 geodesic domes homes, interior design worKs3.

Background:

As computation technology became dominant in the 21th century, large amount of creative design ideas are emerged and finalised by softwares. Geometrical textures are the main aspects that i would focus on in Part B, since different combinations based on orginal elements could be re-assembled together and lead to brand new outcomes.

Ruled Surfaces:

The first type of geometry is the ruled surface, which indicates the surface that can be generated by a straight line5. Several precedents and towers have carried on this mathematical techniques to have curly and twisted visual impressions. Kobe Port Tower is shown as an appropriate example, each vertical elements are not in the same yz plane, but orientated frontwards and backwards. Besides, each layer of torus is able to fix the elements to perform as a unit, which has highly stable resisting lateral load as well. Compared with several precedents and projects of ruled surface, most of the works are made of steel due to consideration of tensile bearing capacity.

Fig.4 transFormation From cylinder to ruled surFace4.

Hypobolic Paraboloid:

The major advantage of hyperbolic paraboloid is the design simplicity which it offers, because all forces acting on the rood structure have been seperated into various directions, unlike normal building structures which loads are transferred in perpendicular angles. In real design, several possibilities could be discovered using hyperbolic paraboloid. For example, the figure 5 and 6 are similar to ruled surface, all of the strip elements are absolutely nice and straight, but create an illusion for observers.

Fig.5 saddle-shaped hyperbolic paraboloid6

Fig.6 PRZYSTANEK LiNii ŚREDNiCOWEJ, WARSZAWA OCHOTA7 Fig.7 motorway caFe, nottinghamshire8

Other hyperbolic paraboloid forms:

With other paraboloid design, architectects could be creative in different aspects, such as roof pitches, thickness of paraboloid, spanning of paraboloid and so on. I am thinking about what would possibly happen if more raising eaves are designed based on above precedents. is it going to affect spanning or material issues (or other associated factors)?

From the precedents on the right hand side, the hyperbolic paraboloid has been used as an efficient strcuture, not only considering asthetic views, but also being used as completed shading system according to local sun path. In my design, nice-looking geometry would definitely be combined with functions and utilities. Similar to Los Manatiales Restaurant, efficiency is the key term i will emphasize in my design. Fig.8 los manantiales restaurant oF 1958 in Xochimilco near meXico city9


1. Jan moren (2009). JAnne in osaka. retrieved from: http://janneinosaka blogspot.com.au/2009/05/golden-week-postscript.html2. Rivka Kofler (2015). Public Library and archive, City of Tromsø, Norway. Retrieved from: https://au.pinterest.com/pin/94012710941445545/3. Geodesic dome home interior (2016). geodesic domes homes, greenhouses and shelters. retrieved from: http://buildagreen.world/project/domes-geodesic/4. Ruled surface. nagoya city science museum. Retrieved from: http://www.ncsm.city.nagoya.jp/cgi-bin/en/exhibition_guide/exhibit.cgi?id=S4275. Ruled surface definition. Retrieved from: http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ruled-surface6. The hyperbolic paraboloid (1959). The Aberdeen Group. Retrieved from: http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/The%20Hyperbolic%20Paraboloid_tcm45-344029.pdf7. PRZYSTANEK LINII ŚREDNICOWEJ WARSZAWA OCHOTA. (2014). BAZA OBiektow architektonicznych. Retrieved from: http://www.obiekty.architektsarp.pl/pokaz/przystanek_linii_srednicowej_warszawa_ochota,678. London thru cafes (2013). Calling all Motorway cafe buffs to the London Literature Festival at Southbank. Retrieved from: http://www.londonthrucafes.com/2012/07/calling-all-motorway-cafe-buffs-to-the-london-literature-festival-at-southbank/9.FELIX CANDELA AND RESTAURANT LOS MANATIALES (2009). AN engineer’s aspect. Retrieved from: http://anengineersaspect.blogspot.com.au/2009/06/felix-candela-and-restaurant-los.html10. The Heart of the Campus: Visible Research Office Spruces Up California College of the Arts’ Student Lounge. (2010) interior design. Retrieved from: http://m.interiordesign.net/projects/9434-the-heart-of-the-campus-visible-research-office-spruces-up-california-college-of-the-arts-student-lounge/

Fig.9 caliFornia college oF art student lounge, visible research oFFice10

Minimal surfaces:

At the California College of the Arts, Visible Research Office decided to put a canopy above the concrete beam to attract students, because previously students thought this area was too exposed. During the design and fabrication stage of this canopy, minimal surface is the template they chose.

The main structure of the canopy is connected by top torus and hanged by steel cable from second floors. In general, the canopy form an semi-penetrable space,which provides functions of isolating spaces between floor levels, also reflect patterned shading on the ground (which is one part of art).

The connection of the artwork is not rigid, but flexible joints, so that good flexibility is another advantage of this design.




B.2 Case Study 1.0

Combined ruled Surface Lofted ruled Surface hyperbolic paraboloid

From different previous case study iterations, two could possibly selected as better outcomes which might be further developed, one is produced by combined ruled surface, and the other is using hyperbolic paraboloid.

Iteration 1: Combined Ruled surface The first iteration I selected is finished by

the combination of ruled surface and bended top surface. During the producing process, it is easy to control all individual elements using grasshopper, as whole geometry would change according to given statistics. In real structural practices, those ‘cylinders’ could be designed into complete load bearing systems by setting the spacing between each other.

When observing clearly, it is found that each facade of this geometry forms paraboloid curve. With the voids between each individual column, natural ventilation or wind load resist could easily be achieved. In general, considering issues from structural and aesthic points of views, this outcome allows several flexbile transformations based on current geometry, or prabably allows various function spaces in architectural practice as well.

The second iteration I chose is hyperbolic paraboloid, as large amount stadium roof designs often use similar design to achieve maximum spans and minimum columns. This geometry has good advantage in sunlight penetration and transportation of fresh air from outside. The thickness of this structure is thinner than normal concrete slabs, which could maximise the internal floor height. For dealing with the waterproofing issues, clear membranes can also be simply installed. Generally, this type of paraboloid is good in structural capacity, and general suitable for large spanning roofs.

Iteration 2: Hyperbolic paraboloid


B.3 Case Study 2.0

Gulf state park bench pavilion For the purpose of learning how the hyperbolic paraboliod applied in real building projects, the Gulf State Park Bench Pavilion has been selected to be analysized. We are about to find out how this geometry design related to surrounding environments, and how it would be useful in our own project. Based on this model, different transformation possibilities might be discovered and finalised using Grasshopper.

From the general understanding of this project, Gulf State Park Pavilion is located on the seashore of South Alabama. The roof of this building makes good use of hyperbolic paraboloid, which only two rows of concrete columns are required for load beaing. This design increases the spanning of roof surfaces and also releases large area of underneath spaces. The fly eaves conveys ideas of freedom or being away, so that they do not block customers’ sightseeing, but still achieve the functions of blocking sunlight exposure and rain hit.

Fig.12 gulF state parK bench pavilion




From structural points of view, this pavilion is not an enclosed structure, as it allows all wind passing through straight the way between columns. The overlap of beams also takes the place of concrete slab and reduces the thickness of roof structure.

Reverse engineering

1) At the beginning, the elipse was drawn and set up by Grasshopper, it shows the maximum distance that the hyperbolic paraboloid can span.

2) After that, the elipse is projected into given curves, the geometry is transformed from planes to 3D.

3) In order to modify the bending scale, I choose to use Rhino itself to make some changes. The model is streched in both horizontal and verical axis, the wireframe of ‘patato chips’ shape has been produced.

4) From step 4 and later on, render mode has been turned on to see the preview, those previous wireframes were inserted into loft command, but this is just the middle part of paraboloid, the side parts would be connected in next step.

5) In step 4, the edge of the paraboloid seemed to be shape, so in order to make both curve parallel to each other, I choose to use surface split command to produce 4 segments on 4 sides of the geometry.

5) Finally, to make specific thickness for the paraboloid, the model is baked into rhino. Under offset surface commands, thickness has been finished.

28 CONCEPTUALISATION

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