Air Emissions from Two Swine Finishing Buildings with Flushing:

Ammonia Characteristics

www.AgAirQuality.com

Agricultural and Biological Engineering

Purdue University

Al Heber, Pattie Tao, Teng Lim, Jiqin Ni, Purdue University; Amy Schmidt, University of Missouri

Swine Production Site in Northern Missouri

0

150

300

450

600

750

'46 '51 '56 '61 '66 '71 '76 '81 '86 '91 '96 '01

Year

Pig

s p

er

Fa

rm

0

25

50

75

100

125

Co

ws

pe

r F

arm

Hogs

Dairy

Average Size of Farms

Heber, A.J., T.-T. Lim, P.C. Tao, J.-Q. Ni, A.M. Schmidt. 2004. Control of air emissions from swine finishing buildings

flushed with recycled lagoon effluent. ASAE Paper #044156.

EPA Multi-State Consortium Animal Waste and Premium Standard Farms

Measured PM10, TSP, CH4, NMHC, NH3, H2S, CO2, odor for 11 months at two barns.

Soybean Oil Sprinkling Misting of Essential Oils Misting of Essential Oils

and Water

Collaborative study by Purdue University and University of

Missouri

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50

100

150

200

250

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Pig

ma

ss

, AU

Barn 7Barn 8

Barn Inventory (Total Live Mass, AU)

Trial 1: SOS

Trial 2: SOS+Doubled nozzles

Trial 3: MEO

Trial 4: MEOW

Mean pig mass ~ 64 kg

Mean barn inventory ~ 1,100

70% reduction

Each site had 8 tunnel-ventilated finishing houses

with flushing

Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emission from Two Swine Finishing Barns with Long Term Continuous Measurement

Barn 7 (control)

Barn 8 (treated)

1

2

3

4

5

6

J.Q. Ni , A.J. Heber, T.T. Lim, P.C. Tao, A. Longman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

A.M. SchmidtUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, MO

Livestock Environmental Initiative Symposium, Mississauga, Ontario, CAN, Feb. 7-8.

Barn Layout and Sampling Locations

Lab

Met tower

Relative humidity/temperature

Air sampling

Static pressure port

Temperature sensor

Barn 7 Barn 8

N

3

1

5

Fan stage # Summer air inlets

4

2

Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)

Instrument shelter

Small Propeller Anemometer (SPA)

Adapted from Heber et al., 2002

Shallow pit with recycle flush

Attic

PensDiffusers

Background air sampling

Exhaust air

80% full of pigs

1-5

Real Time Display (Front View)

Source: Ni, et al., 2005

Barn and Outdoor Temperatures

-30

-20

-10

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20

30

40

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Te

mp

era

ture

, oC

Ambient TBarn 7Barn 8

Barn Relative Humidity (Daily Means)

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100

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Exh

aust

Rel

ativ

e H

um

idit

y, %

Barn 7

Barn 8

Small Propeller

Anemometer

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0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of day, h

Ven

tilat

ion

rate

, m3/s

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

dP, p

a

Fan 3

dP

Dr. Teng LimFan tester

Fan Airflow Measurement

Anemometer

Real Time Display (Floor Plan)

Source: Ni, et al., 2005

Multi-Point Gas Sampling

Filter

Air sample

To Lab

Cal gas

Sampling control Data acquisition

S12

P1

P2

M3P3

F

Analyzers

Cal gases

S1

M: manifold

P: pumpS: solenoid

Sampling probes,

10-115 mlong

C6H14/CH4

CO2

Zero air

NH3

H2S

NO6-port diluter

(5 L/min)

p

M2

M1

Flow restrictors

Bypass pumping circuit

Mass flow meter

NH3

H2S

CO2

CH4/VOC

7.9/4.8 mm vinyl

22.2/15.9 mm vinyl

9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon

9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon

6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl

Exhaust

F

f

SO2

6-port manifold

Pressuresensor

M4Exhaust

AB

C

F: filter

F

Cal gas circuit

Bag fillport

JarP4

Rotameter

Leak test circuit

1

1

P Pressure gage

Air valve

S13 S14Barn 7 calibration

Barn 8 calibration

Remote Calibration of Gas Analyzers at Point D in Barn A

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45

21:00 21:10 21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50

Time of Day

NH

3, C

on

cen

trat

ion

, p

pm

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

H2S

, p

pb

; C

O2,

pp

m

Zero air

NH3

2500 ppb CO2

H2S

4000 ppm 40 ppm

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1000

1500

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2500

3000

3500

4000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)

CO

2 Con

cent

ratio

n, p

pm

60

20

Barn A

Barn B

Amb

November 8, 2002CAPESH Site

Real Time & History Display (Flush)

Source: Ni, et al., 2005

Flushing Peaks (no NH3 response)

-80

-70

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-40

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-10

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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Sta

tic

Pre

ssu

re, P

a

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60

70

80

Ven

tila

tio

n R

ate,

m3/s

Airflow Rate

Static Pressure

B7

B7

B8

B8

Barn Static Pressure and Airflow

Half of total capacity 19.2 m3/s

79.1%

54.6%25% of total capacity 9.6 m3/s

Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ventilation Rates

6661 hours318,045,000 m3

38.3 m3/s

8.6 m3/s

22.5%

Daily Mean Ammonia Concentration

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30

40

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n,

pp

m

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50

100

150

200

250

To

tal

Liv

e M

ass,

AU

Control B7 Treated B8

B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass

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50

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Percent Time Less Than

Co

nc

en

tra

tio

n, p

pm

; A

irfl

ow

ra

te, m

3 /sCumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ammonia Concentration

<23.6 ppm 75% of time

<17.2 ppm 50% of time

<9.6 ppm 25% time

Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (kg/d)

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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Em

issi

on R

ate,

kg/

d

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100

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200

250

Tota

l Liv

e M

ass,

AU

Control B7 Treated B8

B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass

Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-pig)

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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Em

issi

on R

ate,

g/d

-pig

0

50

100

150

200

250

Tota

l Liv

e M

ass,

AU

Control B7 Treated B8

B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass

Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-AU)

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175

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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Em

issi

on R

ate,

g/d

-AU

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250

Tota

l Liv

e M

ass,

AU

Control B7 Treated B8

B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass

Correlation Table

Variable Ammonia

Concentration Emission rate

Indoor temperature -0.71* 0.30*

Outdoor temperature -0.82* 0.23*

Pig activity 0.57* -0.27*

Ventilation rate -0.78* 0.26*

Total live mass -0.24* 0.45*

*p<0.05

Pig Activity Signals (3 sensors/barn)

Daily Mean Activity-Induced Voltage

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0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7

Date, mm/dd

Act

ivit

y, v

Barn 7

Barn 8

COLD HOTHOT

Winter Activity Pattern

(1 peak per day)

Summer Activity Pattern

(2 peaks per day)

Winter

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

12/31 00 12/31 12 1/1 00 1/1 12 1/2 00 1/2 12 1/3 00

Date, mm/dd hhA

ctiv

ity, V

Fall

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

9/27 00 9/27 12 9/28 00 9/28 12 9/29 00 9/29 12 9/30 00

Date, mm/dd hh

Act

ivity

, V

Hourly NH3 Emissions and Pig Activity Diurnal Patterns

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0

Time of day (h)

NH

3 E

mis

sio

ns

, mg

/s-A

U

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

An

ima

l Ac

tiv

ity

, v

Activity

Emissions

G3, 2 peaks

12oC 2.1oC21.5oC

G2, 1 peak

G1, 2 peaks

Effect of Ambient Temperature on Diurnal Emission of Ammonia

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-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Monthly Mean Outdoor Temperature, oC

Tim

e o

f D

ay,

hr

0

1

2

3

Nu

mb

er

of

Pe

ak

s

Time of daily maximum emission

Number of emission peaks

NH3 Emissions from Finishing Pigs (g/day-pig)

Dutch Standard 6.8 Oesthook (1993) 3-5 Kay & Lee (1997) 3.3-7.7 Hendrik & Vrielink (1997) 4.0 den Brok & Verdoes (1997) 4-5 Hendriks et al (1997) 4.8-10.8 Heber et al (1997), winter 5.8*

Koziel et al. (2005) 6.0 This study in Missouri 7.3 Hoff et al. (2005) 7.4 Thelosen, et al (1994) 7.9 Groot Koerkamp @ Uenk (1997)9.2 Ni et al (1998), summer 16.6

*Airflow estimated by heat balance

Conclusions

The overall mean NH3 concentration was 17 ppm in the control barn (n=184 d).

The overall mean NH3 emission from the control barn was 62 g/d-AU (n=175 d).

Pig activity and NH3 emission rate displayed similar diurnal patterns that were influenced by season.

Diurnal patterns of activity and ammonia emissions depended on daily mean temperatures.

55% of the annual barn airflow was delivered by 25% of the barn ventilation capacity.

The barn ammonia emissions were close to the Dutch standard of 6.8 g/day-pig.

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