air coupled ultrasonic imaging for non-destructive inspection gtl ultrasonics david lavery mario...
TRANSCRIPT
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Air Coupled Ultrasonic ImagingFor Non-Destructive Inspection
GTL UltrasonicsDavid Lavery
Mario Malavé
Andrew Ray
Final Design Report
April 23, 2009
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Problem Overview
Design Alternatives
Chosen Design Detail
Market Analysis
Transducer Performance
Circuitry Performance
Software Performance
Final Design Specifications
Unresolved Problems
Probable Solutions
Team Performance Review
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Air-Coupled Ultrasonics• Device for non-destructive inspection of
materials• Using novel polymer foam transducer• Incorporate new transducer material into
device to improve performance
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Objectives• Develop a working ACU-NDI system using a novel
transducer material– Complete
• Reduce Cost– Complete
• Increase Efficiency– Partially Complete
• Mobile System– Incomplete
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Unforeseen Obstacles• Electromagnetic Interference
– Overcome using circuit timing
• Poorly Conductive Transducer Surface– Overcome using compression contacts
• Highly Directional Signal– Overcome at cost of mobility
• High Impedance Between Air and Imaged Objects– Through Transmission Abandoned
– Pulse-Echo Setup Used
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Design AlternativesCylindrical Housing
•Portability
•Limited Circuitry Space•Poor Electrical Connections
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Design AlternativesPlate Mounted
• Portability
• Electrical Connection Issue Resolved
• Poor Stability
• Highly Variable Performance
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Chosen Design•Best Performance
•Marginal Portability
•Expandable Circuitry
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Design Tradeoffs• Excess Wire Length versus Expandability
– Potential for unwanted interference
– Ease of circuitry redesign/expansion
• Portability versus Stability– Highly directional signal
– Difficult to obtain useful data in handheld operation
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7.5mm Plexiglas
Copper Tape
BNC Fitting
Transducer Foam
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Parts ListItem # Name Material Description
1 Base Plate 7.5mm Plexiglas Forms base of the transducer device
2 Side Support 7.5mm Plexiglas Supports front plate and back support
3 Back Support 7.5mm Plexiglas Holds BNC connector in place
4 Front Plate 7.5mm Plexiglas Mounting location for transducer and circuitry
5 Compression Plate 7.5mm Plexiglas Compression connection for transducer/electronics
6 BNC Connector Multiple Connects transducer to user output device
7 Copper Tape Copper Ground connection of piezoactive transducer
8 Transducer Polymer Foam Live connection of piezoactive transducer
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Transducer Performance• High Quasi-Static Piezoactive coefficient
– 25-700pC/N
• Low Acoustic Impedance– 0.028MRayl
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Transducer Performance• 200V 300kHz 100pulse/sec
– Maximum Unimpeded Transmission Distance
356.3mm
– Peak-Peak Voltage Received
20mV
– Minimal Signal Distortion
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Silver Surface Etching• Photolithography Produces Exact
Shapes• Proof of Concept• Not Used for Transducers
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Circuitry Alternatives• Amplifier and Band Pass Filter
– Eliminates Background Noise– High Gain– More Complex Circuitry
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Circuitry Alternatives• Amplifier(s) Without Filters
– High Gain– Less Complex Circuitry– Noise Amplified With Signal
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Performance ComparisonAmplifier Filter - Amplifier
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Chosen Circuitry• Single Amplifier
– 35dB Gain– Less Complex - Fewer Failures– Fewer Points to Introduce Interference
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Amplifier Parts ListItem # Name Description
U1 Op-Amp Analog Devices AD8001 800MHz GBW Operational Amplifier
R1 Resistor 180k Axial Lead Resistor
R2 Resistor 2k Axial Lead Resistor
Conn1 DIP Socket Mounting for Op-Amp to Allow Quick Replacement if Failure
Conn2 Sockets Sockets for Resistor R1 to Allow for Changes to Alter Gain
PCB Proto Board PCB to Mount Components On
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Connection Alternatives• Single Adhesive Tape Contact
– Simple to Construct– Prone to Poor Connection– Impossible to Verify Contact
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Connection Alternatives• Double Adhesive Tape Contacts
– Simple to Construct– Prone to Poor Connection– Possible to Verify Connection
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Connection Alternatives• Double Mechanical Contact
– Complex to Construct– Unlikely to Lose Connection– Possible to Verify Contact
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Connection Alternatives• Single Mechanical Contact
– Less Complex to Construct– Unlikely to Lose Connection– Impossible to Verify Contact
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Mechanical Connection
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Mechanical Connection
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Connection Resistance• Mechanical Connections
– 6.3 Ω, 5.8 Ω, 4.5 Ω, 4.9 Ω
• Adhesive Connections– 368K Ω, 630 Ω, ∞ Ω, ∞ Ω
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Chosen Connection Design
• Double Mechanical Contact– Ability to Check Connection– Low Connection Resistance– Higher Performance– Greater Reliability
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Software Performance
• Wavelet Transform vs. Fourier Transform
• Advantages of the Wavelet Transform
• Ultrasonic Applications
• Analyzing Received Signal
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Fourier TransformCross products of changing complex exponentials (varying sinusoids)
Continuous Wavelet Transform
Cross products of a scaled and shifted wavelet
Wavelet Transform vs. Fourier Transform
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Predefined Wavelets
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Scaled Wavelet
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Generated Output
Fourier Transform (Spectrum)
Wavelet Transform (Scalogram)
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Advantages of the Wavelet Transform
• Detect transients in a signal
• Analyze non-stationary signals– All order statistics of the signal are changing with time
• Detect changing statistics even in the presents of noise– If the noise remains constant throughout the process
(stationary noise)
• Scalogram not depended on a windowing– Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) uses window to generate
a spectrogram
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STFT Example (T=25ms)
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STFT Example (T=1000ms)
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Wavelet Transform Example 1
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Wavelet Transform Example 2
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Ultrasonic Applications
• Pass through transducers– Received signal will contain frequency
components that change with time• Transient region detection
– This can be used to characterize different materials
– Due to different impedances of the materials
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Analyzing Received SignalLabVIEW Analysis of reflected data • Data extracted from the oscilloscope via Ethernet port• Analyzed with the “Mexican Hat” wavelet (reflection configuration)
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Analyzing Received Signal 1
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Analyzing Received Signal 2
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Results
• Emitting on different surfaces using reflection– Wavelet Analysis showed slight statistical changes
– Amplitude changes are present in the ultrasonic signal
• Wavelet transform results can be improved if a pass through transducer is used
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Damping DetectionLabVIEW Analysis of reflected data
• Detect amplitude changes with configurable thresholds
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Analyzing Received Signal
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Final Specifications• Refer to Specs Handout• Key Specifications
– 356.3mm transmissible distance– 7mm flaw detected 10 out of 10 times– 2mm flaw detected 2 out of 10 times
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Unresolved Issues• Pass-through capability
– Leads to software issues
• Compact mobile system– As a result of meeting other performance
specifications
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Probable Solutions• Pass-through
– Increase power to transducer– Identify better material– Circuitry design
• Mobile System– Add internal storage capacity– Create pass-through capability
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Market Analysis• Frequently used couplants used for
transmission– Oil, glycerin, and water– Success with air can open a new market of devices
• Possible Device Users– Aviation/Aerospace companies; Boeing, Lockheed
Martin, NASA• NASA Space Shuttle
– Currently uses Laser Dynamic Range Imager (LDRI)
• Only provides superficial data• Air Coupled Ultrasonics (ACU) provides information deeper
than the surface
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Updated Parts Cost TablePart Description Quantity Unit Price Price
2'x2' Printed Circuit Board (PCB) 2 $3.45 $6.90
Operational Amplifiers (Op-amp) 3 $1.25 $3.75
Resistor 10 $0.90 $9.00
Capacitor 5 $0.95 $4.75
BNC Connectors 4 $5.00 $20.00
200mm x 200mm Plexiglas Sheet 1 $10.00 $10.00
Cellular Polypropylene Foam (1m) 1 $15.00 $15.00
DC Power Supply (400 W) 1 $100.00 $100.00
Cable (10 ft BNC) 1 $20.00 $20.00
Mounting Hardware Kit 1 $20.00 $20.00
LabVIEW Software (Student Version) 1 $80.00 $80.00
Project Total $289.40
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Cost Analysis• 60 Engineering hour for each group member
– $50/hr give a cost of $9000 in labor• 21.7% profit at a sales price of 2,500 ($541 per unit sold)
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Team Performance• Deviations from Schedule
– Etching Research– Transducer Construction– Circuit Design
• Obstacles to Achievement– Lower Power Transducer– Surface Reflection Used
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Major Deviations
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Works Cited• http://www.mathworks.com• http://www.conceptualwavelets.com/