air & space transportation -flight simulator-

Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator �

Air & SpAce TrAnSporTATion-FLiGHT SiMULATor-

STUDenT inForMATion

Area of Study: Transportation

objectives:

Studentswillexplorethebasicprinciplesofflightandthepartsofanairplane.Studentswillflyaplaneinasimulatedairplaneflight.

related occupations:

Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers Pilotsarehighlytrainedprofessionalswhoflyaircraftandcarryoutawidevarietyoftasks.TherearetwopilotsinthecockpitcrewinlargeraircraftSomepilotsmaybeinsmallercraftandflytocompleteaspecifictasksuchasatestpilot,dustingcrops,forestreseeding,firefighting,trackingcriminals,monitoringautomobiletraffic,orperformingrescuesandevacuations.Mostpilotshavelearnedtoflyinthemilitary,buttherearemanyindividualswhohavelearnedincivilianflyingschoolsapprovedbytheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA).

Air Traffic Controllers Airtrafficcontrollerscoordinatethemovementofairtraffictomakesurethatplanesstayasafedistancefromeachother.Airtrafficcontrollersalsomustmanagetrafficdelays,andflightsbetweenairportsaswellaskeeppilotsadvisedaboutweatherconditions.NearlyallairtrafficcontrollersareemployedandtrainedbytheFederalGovernment.

Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians AvionicsMechanicsandServiceTechniciansperformscheduledmaintenance,makerepairs,andcompleteinspectionsrequiredbytheFAA.Inspectionstakeplaceonaircraftfollowingaschedulebasedonthenumberofhoursanaircrafthasflown.Themechanicortechnicianmayinspect,engines,landinggear,brakes,instruments,controlsurfaces,etc.

Flight Attendant FlightAttendantsprimaryresponsibilityistoensurethatsafetyregulationsarefollowed.Theyalsotrytomakeflightscomfortableforpassengers.Flightattendantsmayworknights,holidaysandweekends.Anintensiveformaltrainingadministeredbyanairlinecarrierwilllastfrom4to7weeksoncehiredforthejob.

Cessna 172N Skyhawk 100 - Airliners.net - Neville Murphy photo -

Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook 2006-2007 Edition

http://www.airliners.net/

Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator 2

FLiGHT SiMULAToroccupational choicesFocus: Aircraft pilot

enroll in these classes:

•Algebra•Geometry•ComputerScience•GeneralScience•Drafting•Electricity/Electronics•PhysicalEducation

After High School:Allpilotswhoarepaidtotransportpassengersorcargo,musthaveacommercialpilotslicensewithaninstrumentratingissuedbytheFAA.Toqualifyyoumustbe18yearsoldandhaveatleast250hoursoffighttime.Pilotsmustpassawrittentestthatincludesquestionsonsafeflight,navigationtechniques,andFAAregulations.Pilotsusuallystartwithsmallercommuterairlinestogainexperienceneededtoqualifyforhigherpayingjobswiththelargeairlines.Airlinepilotswhoflythelargepassengerjetsmustfulfilladditionalrequirements.ExperienceintheArmedForcesmaygivetheprospectiveemployeeanedge.

personal characteristics•GoodCommunicationsskills•Quickthinking•UnafraidofHeights•OverallGoodHealth•20/20visionwithorwithoutglasses.•Abilitytoreadandwritetechnicalreports•Mustworkinteamsituations

employment opportunities

•Military•CommercialAirlines•FlightSchools•PoliceForce

earnings:Earningsvarywidelydependingonfactorssuchastype,size,andspeedoftheplaneandthenumberofmilesflown.Forexample,jetpilotsgenerallyearnhigherpaythanturboproppilots.Earningsalsovarydependingonwhetheranindividualisflyingforanairlineorflyingasacom-mercialpilot.

InMay2006,medianannualearningsofairlinepilots,copilots,andflightengineerswere$141,090.Medianannualearningsofcommercialpilotswere$57,480in2006.

Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook 2008-2009 Edition

The Work:Pilotsmustplantheirflightsverycarefully.Pilotshavetobeabletoreadtheirinstrumentsatalltimesastheycannotalwaysseewheretheyaregoing.Theyhavepaperworktofilloutontheirflightoncecompletingit.Bylaw,airlinepilotscannotflymorethan100hoursamonthormorethan1,000hoursayear.Pilotsaregoneoftenfromhomeasmanyflightsareatleastovernighttrips.


Key Words and Definitions

1.Air Speed Indicator-gaugethatshowsthespeedoftheplanethroughtheair.

2.Altimeter-gaugethatshowshowhighabovesealeveltheplaneis.

3.Altitude-distanceabovesealevel. 4.Attitude Indicator-(ArtificialHorizon)aninstrumentinthecockpitthatusesaminiature airplaneandahorizonbartoreflectwhatyourplaneisdoinginrelation tothegroundandsky.

5.Control Tower-Inlargerairports,clearanceorapprovalfortakeoffmustbegivenbythe aircraftcontrollerwhomonitorstrafficinthecontroltower.

6.Descending-oppositeofclimbing,comingdowntoaloweraltitude.

7.Flight Plan-Adestinationispickedandtheroutemappedbeforetakeoff. 8.Global Positioning Satellite(GPS)-Navigationbetweendestinationsmaybedonewith on-boardGPSsystems.

9.Kneeboard -Clipboardinthecockpitoftheplanethatholdschartsandotherthingsthatthe pilotneedstohave.

10.Pitch-themovementoftheairplane’snoseupanddown.

11.Roll-thesidewaystiltoftheairplane,sometimescalledbank.

12.Taxi-tomoveanaircraftunderit’sownpowerontheground.

13.Throttle-thecontrolthatappliespowertotheplane,likeagaspedal.

14.Traffic Pattern-Trafficflowprescribedforanaircraftontakingoffandlandingatan airport.Acompletelandingpatternincludesadownwindleg,abaseleg, andafinalleg.

15.Transportation Technology-Allthemeansweusetohelpusmovethroughtheair,in water, or over land1. 16.Yaw-themovementoftheairplanetotherightorleft.Theverticalstabilizerandrudder controlthismovement.

17.Visual Flight Rules(VFR)-flyingyourplaneinclearweatherwithoutcloudcoverandnot havingtousespecialnavigationinstruments,butflyingby usinglandmarksandacompass.

� Brusic, S., Fales, J. and Kuetemeyer, V.


Transportation Technology:

Transportationtechnologyisallthemeansandprocessesbywhichwemovepeople,animals,products,andmaterialsthroughtheair,water,oroverland.Amodeisamethodofdoingsomething.Therearemanydifferentmodesoftransportationformovingpeopleorgoodsoverland,water,andair.Modesoftransportationareclassifiedbythewaygoodsorpeoplearetransported.Consequently,thesearethegeneralclassificationsoftransportation:Land,Air&Space,Marine,andPipelines&Conveyors.

Transportation Systems:

Regardlessofthemodeoftravel,allthecollectivepartsthatareusedinthemethodoftravelformasystemoftransportation.Therearemanypartstomakeasystemfunctionproperly.Forinstance,flyinganairplanewouldinclude,therunway,theterminal,thecontroltower, the aircraft controller, the fuel for the vehicles,ameanstotransportthefueltotheairplanes, the airplane, the airport, and the pilot andnavigatorfortheairplane.Manymorecomponentscouldbelistedtodescribeallthistransportationsystemwhichwouldberequiredforittooperateefficiently.

Everytransportationsystem,nomatterhowsimpleorcomplex,(fromwalkingtoaflyinganairplane)willbedesignedwiththesecommonelementswhichareinput(energy,people,andmoney),process(actionsrequiredtomovethegoods),andoutput(resultofarriving).

Aviation:

Thefocusherewillbeononeclassificationoftransportationknownasairandspace.Itwillspecificallylookintoairtransportationwhichisknownasaviation.Therearetwomajorcategoriesofaviation:militaryaviationandcivilaviation.Civilaviationincludesscheduledairtransportandgeneralaviation.Thefocuswillbeongeneralaviationwheremorepilotsandplanesareflying.

impacts of Aviation on Society

Aircraftflighthaspossibleforjustoverahundredyears.SincethetimeoftheWrightbrothers’1903historicflight,aviationsciencehasrocketedforwardandchangedsocietyforever.Thebiggestpositiveimpactonsocietyisthespeedbywhichapersoncanmovefromlocationtolocation.Airlineflightiscontinuingtogrowatarapidrateasdemandforthiseasywaytotravelhasnotdiminished.

Thisfastermeansoftravelhasallowedpeopletomovegreatdistancesaroundtheworld,fasterthananypreviousgenerationswithlessstressandwork.Consequently,ithasalsoallowedfamilymemberstomoveapartfromoneanotherovergreaterdistances.Thiscan

The terminal and control tower at Ogden’s Hinkley Airport are part of a aircraft transportation system.

- Mike Breen photo -


easilybeseenatholidaysaspeoplerushtogetbackhometotheirfamilies.

Environmentally,peoplewholiveclosetoairportscomplainofthenoisepollutionfromlowflyingaircraft.Aircraftalsopollutebygivingoffnitrogenoxidesandotherchemicalsatcruisespeedswhichcanbeharmfultotheozone.�

Therearealwayschallengesinanyformoftechnology,andaircrafttechnologyisnodifferent.Theindustryisconstantlychangingandwilladapttothechallengesthatarise.

Beforeapersoncanflyanairplaneandgettheirpilot’slicense,theyusuallyhavetocompleteaprograminaflightschool.Thetrainingincludeslearningabouttheforcesthataffectflight.Pilotsmustlearnthepartsoftheplaneandhowthecontrolsurfaceschangetheflightoftheplane.Theymustbeabletointerpretthegaugesandoperateflightcontrols.

Flight School

Theoperatorswillnowhaveashorttrainingtobesuccessfulflyingthecomputersimulator.Thisflightsimulatorprogram,justlikearealaircraft,hasmanycontrols.Allthecontrolsarenecessaryforasafeflight,butonlytheprimaryflightcontrolsareneededtoflyasimulatedplane.Someoftheprimaryflightcontrolsincludethefollowingandarevisuallyshowninthecockpitinfigure1.

Control yoke-asteeringwheel-likecontrolonmostplanesthatoperatestheaileronsandelevatorstocontrolpitch(upanddownmovementoftheplane’snose)androll(thesidewaystiltoftheplaneorbank).

Rudder Pedals - pedals that operate the rudderontheverticalstabilizercontrollingtheplane’syawmovement(sidewaysmovementfromrighttoleft).

Throttle - the throttle applies power to the planemuchlikethegaspedalofacar.

Brakes-thebrakesareusedtosloworstoptheplanewhenitisontheground.Thebrakesonmanyplanesarefootoperatedandtowardthetopoftherudderpedals.

� U.S. Global Change Research Information Office

The virtual cockpit.Figure 1

A real Cessna Skyhawk’s cockpit.


Joystick operation

Whenusingtheflightsimulatorprogram,thefourcontrolslistedpreviouslywillbeoperatedthroughtheuseofajoystick.Movingthejoystickwillmovecontrolsurfacesonthevirtualplane.TheplanethathasbeenchosenforthetrainingflightistheCessna172SPSkyhawk.Itisaplanethatmostpilotshavesometimeinasitisacommonaircrafttrainerandrentalplane.Nowthat the plane has been introduced, lets becomemorefamiliarwiththecontrolsandwhattheydo.

Movingthejoystickwillmovethecontrolsinthevirtualcockpit.Thecontrolyokewillmovewhenthejoystickismovedbackandforthifyouareviewingthecockpitwhenyouareflyingyourplane.ThesemovementsalsoarecontrollingsurfacesonyourvirtualCessnajustlikeitwouldinarealplane.

Forwardorbackwardmovementsofthejoystickoperatetheplane’s elevators which control the airplane’spitch(nose-upandnose-down)causingtheplanetogoupordown.Theelevatorsarehighlightedinfigure3. Leftandrightmovementofthejoystickoperatetheailerons which controls the bank(roll)causingtheplanetoturnrightorleft.Theaileronsarehighlightedinfigure4.

Twistingthejoystickhandleoperatesthe rudderwhichcontrolstheyawoftheplanewhichwillmovetheplane’snoseslightlytotherightorleft.Therudderishighlightedinfigure5.

Thejoystickbuttonsarealsonumbered.Asdirectionsaregiven,thebuttonnumberwillalsobegiven.Thepilotwillmakesmallmovementswiththestickorcontrolyoke.Alittlemovementwillgoalongwaywhenusingthejoystick

The elevators are highlighted in yellow.Figure 3

The “roll” of the plane is controlled by ailerons Figure 4

The yaw is controlled by the rudder.Figure 5

The virtual Cessna 172 SP Skyhawk at Hinkley Airport.Figure 2


KneeboArD inFo

Joystick buttons:

•Button#1=(Trigger)Brakes-(onlygoodontheground)

•Button#2=CycleViews •Button#3&4=ElevatorTrim-Thisis changediftheplanewants todriftupordown. .•Button#5&#6=Flaps-usedforflying at low speeds used on takeoffanapproachfor alanding.

•Button#7=Kneeboard-Willbeused forviewing other controls and the pre-takeoff check.

•Button#8=LandingGear-raisesorlowerslandinggear.(selectsmallerplanes’landinggear arealwaysoutanddonotretract).

•Lever=Throttle-pushingtheleverforwardwillgivetheenginemoregas.

•HatSwitch=letsyoulookaround(ifyouhavetime)whileyouareflying.

important Keyboard commands:

Occasionallyyoumaywanttouseakeyboardorthemouse.Youcancontrolanythingontheinstrumentpanelwiththemouse.Insomecases,keyboardcommandsarestillthefastestwaytogetdonewhatyouwantdone.Herearesomeofthemoreimportantones:

•CTRL+E=RestartsyourEngineifitshouldquitasyouarelookingatthedirections.•SHIFT+3=OpensuptheGPSnavigationscreen•~=(AccentKey[bythenumber1])Toturnon&offairtrafficcontrol•P=pausesthesimulation•F-9=VirtualCockpit•F-10=Cockpitview •W=Cyclescockpitview-(full,virtual,gaugesonly,nocockpit)•F-11=Spotview•F-12=Topdownview•G=Landinggearup/down(ThetricyclegearoftheCessnaSkyhawkdoesn’tretract)

Joystick controlsFigure 6

Quick buttons for the mouse on the instrument panel

Figure 7


Forces on an Airplane:

Thepilotofanairplanehastokeepinmindthefourforcesworkingonanairplaneinflightastheymanipulatethecontrolsofanairplane.

The forces on the plane are:

• Drag-theforcethatisknownasair friction which opposes forward motion.

• Gravity-theforcethatworkstopull theplanebacktotheground. • Lift-istheforcethatovercomes gravityandiscreatedbythe wings.Itistheshapeofthewing thatcreatesadifferenceinairpressureaboveandbelowthewingthatcreateslift.

• Thrust-Aforwardmovementwhichiscreatedbytheairplane’sengineandpropeller.Thrust iscontrolledbytheamountofthrottlethatisusedontheengine.

The cockpit instruments Thecockpitofanairplaneiswherethepilotiswhenflyingtheairplane.Fromthepilot’sseat,thepilotcancontroltheairplane,seetheinstrumentpanel,andlookoutthewindows.

Thegraphicinfigure9,showsaviewlookingstraightaheadfromthepilot’sseat.The top half of the picture shows a view lookingoutthefrontwindowoftheairplane.Theaircrew(pilotandcopilotinthiscase)islookingdownrunway3oftheOgden-HinkleyAirport.

ThebottomhalfofthepictureshowstheinstrumentpaneloftheCessnaSkyhawk172Airplaneyouwilllearntofly.Thispanelhasmanydifferentinstruments,indicators,andradios.Thepilotandcopilotwillonlyuseafewoftheseonyourfirstflight.Let’slearnabouttheonesyouneedtoknowtoflytheairplane.

The instrument panel Figure 9

Forces on an airplane. Cessna 172M Skyhawk Ramona CA, April 18, 2003

- Airliners.Net - Tony Zeljeznjak - PhotoFigure 8



AirspeedIndicator-Thefirstgaugeinthetopleftcorneroftheinstrumentpanelistheairspeedindicator.Itmeasurestheairplane’sspeedthroughtheairandismeasuredinknots(similartomilesperhour).

ArtificialHorizon-Thenextinstrument,displayedinfigure11,istheartificialhorizon.Thedarkerbottomhalfoftheinstrumentrepresentsthegroundandthetophalfrepresentsthesky.Thisinstrumentshowsyouiftheplaneis

goingupanddownandifitisbankingrightorleft.

Altimeter-Thenextgaugetotherightoftheartificialhorizonthatlookslikeaclockisthealtimeter.Thealtimetershowshowhighabovesealeveltheplaneis.Itdoesnottellhowhighabovethegroundyouaresincesealevelisnotthesameasgroundlevel.Eachnumberrepresents100feetsoiftheneedleispointingat6,theplaneis600feetabovesealevel.Theairportyouareflyingoutofisat4600feetabovesealevelkeepthatinmindwhenyouaremakingalanding

HeadingIndicator-Thenextgaugestraightbelowtheartificialhorizonisagyroinstrumentthataccuratelyandquicklyshowschangesinaircraftheading.Itworkslikeacompass.The3theplaneispointingatinFigure13represents30degrees-addazerotothenumbertogetthedegrees.Thepilotwouldreadthisaszero-three-zerodegrees.

Therearemanyotherinstruments,butthesewillbeenoughtogetyouflying.Otherinstrumentswillbeintroducedtotheaircrewinflightasyoumayneedthemtogettowherewearesupposedtogo.Thepilotwillalsobeusingthejoysticktocontrolthethrottle,elevator,aileron,andrudder.

planning your Flight

Whentheprogramloads,theaircrewwillfindthemselvesatOgden’sHinkleyAirportontherunwayreadyfortakeoff.Thisprogramallowstheaircrewtodothingsthatwouldn’tnormallyhappeninreallife.Forinstance,letsplantheflightforsomethingthatwouldnotnormallyhappen.LetsflytheCessnatoSaltLakeCityInternationaltomixitupwiththebigjets.Thiswilltakeabout20minutesofflighttime.TheaircrewwillflybyVisualFlightrules(VFR).Inmanysmallerairports,thismeanstheaircrewwouldhavetoannouncetheirtakeoffovertheradiobutwouldnothavetogetpermissiontotakeoff.However,thisaircrewisflyingoutfromanareawherethereisalotofairtraffic.Consequently,itisimportanttotalktothetowertogettakeoffclearance.

orientation

Letsalsounderstandwheretheplaneislocatedontheairportrunway.Theplaneisonrunway3.Thesenumbersmayseemarbitrarytoyoubutifyouhadazerototheend(30)andaddtheworddegrees,thepilotwillknowthatthreemeansthatyouarenowfacing 30degrees

Airspeed IndicatorFigure 10

Artificial HorizonFigure 11

AltimeterFigure 12

Heading IndicatorFigure 13

Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator �0

frommagneticNorth.Allrunwaysarenumberedinthisfashion.TherunwaynumberhelpsestablishwhichdirectionyouareheadedfrommagneticNorth.Lookatfigure14and15.Thinkforjustaminutebeforewegetflying.IftheaircrewweretoflytoSaltLakeCity,theplanewouldbeflownSouthfromOgden.Consequently,thepilotwouldtakeoffandaftergainingaltitude,makealeftturn,(leftturnsarestandardinairtraffic)calledtheCrosswindleg.Thecompassshouldreadabout300degreesduringthistime.Thepilotwillflyinthisdirectionforjustaminuteorsoandthenmakeaheadingchangetoflyparalleltotherunwaythatwasjustexitedonourtakeoff.Thiswouldbe210degrees.Thisisknownasthedownwindleg.LookatFigure16foragraphicalexample.

STUDenT AcTiViTY i:

Answerthequestionsonpage11.Atthistime,completequestions1-11beforegettingyourpilot’sandcopilot’sflightbooksandkneeboards.

Runways compared to a compass

Figure 15

Orientation - Cessna on runway 3 at Ogden’s Hinkley AirportFigure 14

Taking off from Ogden’s Hinkley AirportFigure 16

Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator ��

Air & SpAce TrAnSporTATionFLiGHT SiMULATor

STUDenT WorKSHeeTName:____________________________Period:__________Date:_______Directions:Intheblankontheleft,writethecorrectanswertothestatementorquestion.

1.____________________ Thegeneralclassificationsoftransportationtypesare________, Air&Space,Marine,andPipelines&Conveyors.

2.____________________ Thebiggestpositiveimpactofairplaneflightisthe____whicha personcanmovefromlocationtolocation.

3.____________________ Forwardorbackwardmovementofthejoystickoperatesthe plane’s_________whichcontroltheairplane’spitch.

4.____________________ Leftandrightmovementofthejoystickcontrolsthe_________ whichcontrolsthebankorrollofaplane.

5.____________________ Twistingthejoystickhandleoperatesthe_______whichcontrols theamountofyaw.Thisismovementofthenoseleftorright.

6.____________________ Aforcethatovercomesgravityandiscreatedbytheshapeofthe wingis___. 7.____________________ Theairspeedindicatormeasuresthespeedoftheairplane movingthroughtheairandismeasuredin_________.(Page9)

8.____________________Thealtimeteriscurrentlyat____feetabovesealevel

9.____________________ Thisheadingindicatorisat___degrees.

10.____________________Aplanelocatedatrunway6isfacing_____atdegrees.(Page10)

11.____________________Inatrafficpattern,___(rightorleft)turnsarestandardinairtraffic.

12.____________________Beforetakeoff,apilotgoesthroughachecklist.Duringthis procedurethepilotwouldalmostalwaysbelookingata____board.

13.____________________Themostdirectroutewasdeterminedby___navigation.(Copilot’s25)

14.____________________Glidesanddescentsarecontrolledbythe__onanairplane.(Pilot‘s16)

15.____________________Whenlanding,apilotlowersthe______toallowforgreatercontrol atslowerspeeds.(Pilot’s19)


piLoT’S FLiGHT booK

pLAne:

ceSSnA 172Sp SKYHAWK

MiSSion:

FLiGHT FroM KoGD To KSLc


STUDenT AcTiViTY ii:

TheflightSimulatorprogramshouldbeloadedandreadytogotodoournextstep.ClickontheicontwicetoopenuptheprogramorfinditunderthestartmenuandMicrosoftgames. pre-Takeoff check

Areyouareaboutoninformationoverload?Arealpilothasevenmorethingstobeawareofbeforetheytakeoff.Theflightcrewisgoingtoplotacourseonamapanddeterminedistanceandfuelneeds.Thecrewwillgothroughapreflightchecklisttomakesureeverythingisworkingandthatcontrolsaresetappropriately.Withthisactivity,thesimulatorhasdonemanyoftheseactionsforyousojustrelaxandfollowalong. Thepilotandcopilotshouldspendamomentandlookatthepreflightchecklistoncetheprogramloads.Thepilotshouldnowpushbutton#7 onthejoystick.Thiswillbringupthepilot’skneeboard asdisplayedinfigure17.Letslookatthechecklist.The copilot needs to takethemouseandclickontheiconlabeledchecklistthisiscircledinfigure17.Dragthekneeboarddownandtotherightbygrabbinganddraggingasshowninfigure18.

Youmayrefertofigure18tofindthecorrectspotinthechecklist.Lookthroughthelistandseeifyoucanfindtheinstrumentsyouaresupposedtobecheckinginthechecklist.Holdthemouseovertheinstrumentforamomentandapop-upscreenwillinformyouwhattheinstrumentiscalledifyoudonotalreadyknow. Asboththepilotandcopilotlookatthechecklist,theywillnothavetoactuallyperformtheproceduresonthisvirtualplaneastheprogramloadswiththecontrolsalreadysetfortakeoff.Scrollonthroughthechecklist.Anotherpartofthekneeboardyoumayhavetorefertoasyouareflyingisthe“key”icon.Itlistsallthekeyboardshortcutsfortheprogram.Thepilotshouldpushbutton#7onthejoystickuntilthekneeboarddisappears. The copilot should now push the“P”keyonthekeyboard.

Thisactivityisgoingtoassumethatthereisapilotandacopilot.The pilot is going to use the controls on the joystick to control the movements of the plane.The copilot in this lesson will use the keyboard to do all communication with the Control Tower and has all navigation responsibilities.Thetwoofyouwillhavetoworkasateamtobesuccessful.Usethe“P”pausekeywhenneeded.Theflightplanhasbeenfiled,nowyouneedtoreviewitinFigure19inyourownindividualpages.Thepilotreadsfrompage12andtheCopilotstartsonpage22.

The KneeboardFigure 17

A section of the flight checklist

Figure 18


STUDenT AcTiViTY iii: Takeoff and Two Left Turns - pilot

• The pilot will wait until the plane has clearancefromthecontroltower.

Note:Iftheenginehasstoppedwhileyouweregettingclearance,havethecopilotpushCTRL+Eatthesametimeandholdthemdownuntiltheenginestarts.

Afterthecopilothassecuredtakeoffclearance,thepilotthenwilldothefollowingsteps.Thecopilotmaypush“P”atanytimetopausetheflightiftheaircrewneedstoestablishhowtoaccomplishthenexttask.

1. Thepilotwillpushbutton5onthejoystickcontrolleroncetosettheflapsat10%fortakeoff.

2. Thepilotwillreleasethebrakesbypullingonthetrigger(joystickbutton#1).

3. Tobeginslowlytaxiingdowntherunway,movethethrottle(leveronthejoystick)allthe wayforwardandhangontothejoystick.Keepthejoystickinthecenterandpushedforward asyoubuildupspeed.Trytokeeptheplanedownthecenteroftherunwayastheplane movesforward.

4. Theplaneshouldbeslowlymovingdowntherunway.Slightlymovethejoystickback towardthecenter.Lookatyourairspeedindicator.Iftheneedleisat60orabove,gradually pullbackonthejoystick.Theplaneshouldliftofftherunwayandbegintoclimb.Donotpull backtoofaronthejoystickortheplanewillhavetoosharpanangleof attackonthewingsandtheplanewillstall.Iftheplanestalls,youcould losecontrolandcrash.

5. Thepilotwillpushbutton6onthejoystickcontrolleroncetosetthe flapsbackto0%fornormalflight.Onmanyplanesassoonasa steadyflightisobtained,thelandinggearwouldcomeup.TheCessna’s landinggeardonotretract,sowedonotneedtodoanythingwithit.

6. Onthealtimeter,lookattheneedlemovingslowlyclockwise.Each numberthelonghandequals100feet.Eachnumbertheshorthand pointstoequals1000feet.Climbtoanaltitudeofabout5,000feet andthenbeginagradualleftturnbypullingtotheleftslightlythenback tocenter.Thepilotwillwanttochangetheheadingfrom30degrees(3 ontheheadingindicator)to300degrees(30ontheheadingindicator)or yourcrosswindleg.Attheendofthecrosswindleg,bringyouraltitudeup to5,500feetasshownonthealtimeterinfigure20.

7. Astheplanemakesthelefthandroll,watchyourturncoordinator.Most beginnerstrytomakeaturntooquickly.Pulltotheleftwiththejoystick slightlyandthenbacktocenter.Theplanewillrespondbybankingslightly.

Flight PlanFigure 19

Altimeter at 5,500 FeetFigure 20

Turn coordinator Figure 21


Theplaneisinagoodturniftheplaneisbankingandthelittleballatthebottomoftheturn coordinatorremainsbetweenthelinesasshowninfigure21.Planeslosealtitudeduring aturnbecausetheforceofdragbecomesgreater,somakeyourturngradually.Itwillalso keepyourcopilotfromgettingsick.

8. Aftertheplaneisundercontrolandflyinglevelagain,itwillbe timeforthedownwindleg.Iftherewereproblemsgetting theplaneto300degrees(30ontheindicator)and5,500feetof altitude,don’tworryaboutitnow.Let’sgetstraightened outonthisturn.Turninganairplanedoesnottakemuch movementinthejoystick.Thistimetheheadingwillbe210degrees forthedownwindleg.Starttryingtostraightenoutyourturnatabout 240degreesandnoticetheplanewillcontinuetodrift slightlyaftertheturnismade.Makesurethewingtipsarestraight afterthecompletedturnbyreferringtotheturncoordinator!Theplane isnowheadedinthegeneraldirectionofSaltLakeCity!Referto figure22ifyouarenotsureofyourheading.

Levelofftheplane.Iftheplanewantstodriftupordownwhenthejoy-stickiscentered,checktheelevatortrimsetting,whichisinthelowerrightofthecontrolpanelbytheradiostack.Button3onthejoysticksetsthetrimdownandbutton4onthejoystickmovesthetrimup.Adjustments may not be needed..

• HavecopilotbringuptheGPSandchangetheviewonthescreen.

9.Keeptheplaneflyinglevelandprepareanotherheadingadjustment tolineupbetterwiththeSaltLakeCityAirportapproach.The pilotwantstodoverygentlecorrectionsuntiltheplaneisheading onorparalleltothepinklineasinfigure24.Theheadingindicator willbereadingcloseto160degreesasshowninfigure25.

• Havethecopilotsettheheadingautopilot...

Letstesttheautopilotsetting.Trytobanktheplaneslightly.Theplaneshouldstarttobank,butcomebacktotheheadingthattheflightcrewhassetontheautopilot.Ifitisnotset,alignyourplaneagainandhavetheco-pilothitthekeycombinationagain.

10.Taketheplanetoahigheraltitude.Thismayrequireusingelevator trim.Pushbutton4onthejoysticktohelpmaketheplanegainaltitude. Thismayneedtobedoneseveraltimes.Don’tpullbackallthewayon thejoystickortheplanewillstall.

Thechangeinelevationcanbealsobedoneautomaticallywiththeautopilot.Directyourcopilottosettheautopilotto7500feet.

• Havecopilotenter7500onthealtitudeautopilotandengage.

Heading Indicator at 210 degrees

Figure 22

Following GPS line Figure 24

Heading toward SLC at about 160 degrees

Figure 25

Elevator trim adjustmentFigure 23


Alittlepressurehasbeentakenoffthepilot.Nowthata“map”ofwhereyoushouldbegoingisbeingdisplayed,andtheplaneisgoingtoheadintherightdirectionandclimbtoalti-tudeonit’sown.Maintain7,500feetofaltitude.Theplanepracticallyisnowflyingitself.

STUDenT AcTiViTY iV:enjoying the view -pilot

Thecrewmaywanttolookaroundthevalleyareaasyouflyby.Useyourthumbonthe“hatswitch”and“look”totheleftorright.Ifyouhavedonethissoonenoughintheprogram,toyourleft,willbeHillAirForceBaseandtoyourrightwillbetheGreatSaltLake.Thepilot’sjobthiswholetimeistoflytheplaneandkeepitoncourse!Enjoytheride.EstimatedTimeforArrival(ETA)willbeabout17minutes.

• Thecopilotmaychangeviewsbyusingthekeyboard.Thetwoofyoucanworktogetherto lookaroundasyoufly.

STUDenT AcTiViTY V: Glides and Descents - pilot

AsyourplaneisflyingalongsidethepinkGPSgeneratedpath,itistimetostartmentallypreparingforthemostdifficultpartofflyingandthatisthelanding.Thedescentoftheplaneiscontrolledbythethrottle.Thepilotwillslowtheengine(takeawaypower)bycuttingbackonthethrottleandtheplanegraduallylosesaltitude.

Thekeytoanygreatlandingisplanningadescentoftheplanefromthecurrent7,500feetto4,227feetthattheplanewillbelandingat.Inlandingtheplane,thepilotdoesnotwanttoloseallthealtitudeatonce.Itisaverygradualprocessandweneedtopracticeitherebydrop-pingtoanewcruisingaltitudeof5,500.Holdtheplanesteady.Donotpushthecontrolyoke(joystick)forwardorbackward.Todropto5,500feetpullbackonthethrottle(takeawaymoregasfromtheengineandmakethepropellerturnslower).Don’tcutallthethrottle,butcutitbackabouta1/4oftheway.Theidealrateofdescentwouldbetolose500feetofaltitudepermile.

• Havecopilotshut-offtheautopilot.Makesureyourhandisonthejoystickandthatthe joystickiscenteredastheplanemayturnquicklyifthejoystickisnotcentered.

1. Adjustthethrottletobringtheplanetoanewcruisingaltitudeof5,500feet.

Theplaneshouldstartaslowdescent.Asyoudothismaneuver,iftheplanestartsgoingtoolow,giveitalittlebitmorethrottle;ifitisnotgoinglowenough,cutbackonyourthrottlesomemore.Tolandtheplane,thepilothastoglidetheplanedownseveralmilesfromtheairport.

• Havethecopilotsetthealtitudeontheautopilotto5,500.Havethecopilotturnonthe autopilotandactivatethe“HDG”and“ALT”buttons.

2.Oncetheautopilotisset.Adjustthethrottlebacktofull.


The copilot should have received land-ingclearancebynow.Ifyoudon’thaveland-ingclearanceyet,directthecopilottocontacttheSaltLakeTower.

STUDenT AcTiViTY Vi: pattern entry- pilot

ThecontroltoweratSLCInternationalhasinstructedyouonwhichrunwaytolandat.Findthecorrectrunwayinfigure26.Thecon-trollerhasgivenpatternentryinstructionsandmayhavestated:“Makeleftdownwindrunway34left.”Thecontrollerprefersthatyoulandon“34left”inthisscenario.Thecontrollerhasalso told the pilot which direction to enter the runwayfrom.Whenthecontrollerstated“makeleft”hewasstatingthattherunwayshouldbetoyourleftinyourdownwindlegandthattheplaneistouseleftturnstoreachtherunway.

Therunwaythatyoulandonwilldependonyourlocationfromtheairport,theweather,andtheothertrafficenteringandexitingtheairport.Theaircraftcontrollermayalsosay:“Makerightdownwindrunway35”or“Makeleftdownwind34right.”Thetwoaredifferentapproachestotheairportandeachisadifferentrunwayinthiscase.Refertofigure26and27forthecorrectpatternentry.

Note:Occasionallythecontroltowermaystate:“Make straight in runway �6 left (or right)” Inthiscase,thepilotwouldflystraightinandlandtheplane.Ifthisisthescenariothatisoccurring,jumpaheadintheflightbooktothesectiononlandingtheplane.

Whenyouareabout7milesoutfromtheairport,thepilotwillneedtotakebackoversteeringoftheplaneforthecorrectapproachtotherunway.Onceyouhavecontrol,remembertomakesmallmoveswiththejoystick.

• Havethecopilotshutoffthe“HDG”buttononthe autopilot7milesawayfromtheairport(beforethe greenILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)feathers ontheGPS)... 1. Maneuvertheairplanetowardthedirection instructedinyourapproachwhichis sevenmilesleftorrightoftheairport (right[70degrees]orleft[250degrees] dependsonthecontrollersdirectionstoland). Thepilotisactuallyflyingawayfromtheairport. Flythisheadingforabout2minutes.

Salt Lake International with runways marked.Figure 26

Typical landing pattern entry approaches.Figure 27


2. Afterflyingawayfromtheairportfortwominutesturnsouthand flythedownwindlegasinthediagraminfigure27and28.The headingwouldbeat160degrees.Theaircrewwillflyparallelto theairport.

Thepilotwouldnormallyenterthistrafficpatternata45%angle.Sincethisisourfirstflightasapilotletsjustkeepflyingsouthasyouarealreadyinthetrafficpattern.The45degreeentrytothepatternisimportantthoughasitallowspilotstoseeeachothersothereisn’tamid-aircollision.

Note: If the pilot wants the autopilot may be turned back on and the turns made by the copilot and the autopilot. Maintain 5500 feet of altitude.

3. Whentheplaneisabout7milessouthof theairport(justoutsideoftheGreenILS feathersontheGPS)turneasttoflythe baselegshowninfigure27and29.The headingwillbe70(zero-seven-zero) degrees.Theturnwillbeatastandard rateofturnof3degreespersecondand willtakeaboutminutetocomplete.

• Havethecopilotadjustaltitudeto6000ft.

4. Aftertheturniscompleted,itistimetoturnintothefinalapproach.TurnNorthtoflythe approach.Theheadingwillbe340(Three-four-zero)degreesfor(runways34)or350(Three- five-zero)degrees(runway35). The turn will be at a standard rateofturnof3degreesper secondandwilltakeaboutminuteto complete.Maintain6000feetuntil theairportisinview.

STUDenT AcTiViTY Vii:Landing -pilot

Landingtheplaneisthehardestpartofflyinganairplane.Iftheaircrewhasnotcracked-uptheplaneyet,youaredoingreallywell.Maintainyourheadingandholdthingssteady.Theairplaneneedstonowmakeaslowdescent.Itshouldloseabout500feetofaltitudepermile.

• Havethecopilotturnofftheautopilot.

1. Cutthethrottlebackontheplaneuntilthealtimeterneedleslowlystartsgoingdown.Thisis betweenhalfand3/4poweronthethrottle.

The bottom of the windshield should be lined up with the runway during the final approach for the correct rate of descent.

Figure 30

Flying the base leg for runway 35Figure 29

Flying the left downwind leg. Figure 28


Thebottomofyourcockpit’swindshieldshouldbelinedupwiththerunway.Ifitisnot,youmaybedescendingtoosoonortoolaterefertofigure30.Thisproblemisadjustedwiththethrottle.

2. Adjustthethrottleandheadingasnecessarytolineup withtherunway.Iftheplaneistoohighasyoureach theairport,thecopilotmayhavetorequesta“go around.”

Asyougetwithinatwoorthreemilesoftherunwayandarestartingtocomedownevenlowertotheground,itisimportanttoreducespeedandmaintaincontrol.Todothis,apilotwilllowertheflaps.Thecockpitcontrolfortheflapsareshownintheinsetoffigure31,andwillbeinthelowerrighthandcornerofthecockpit.

3. Pushthenumber#5onyourjoysticktolowertheflaps.Pushthebuttonuntiltheflapsareat30%. The flapsallowforgreatercontrolatslowerspeeds.

Note:Withtheflapsdownthepilotneedstotakecautionastheplanecanstallifittravellingtooslow(below40knots).

Apilotwouldalsolowerthelandinggearatthistime.Inthiscase,thewheelsdidnotretractsothatisnotsomethingtoworryabout.

The nose of the plane should be over the center of therunway.Thewhitestripesarewhatthepilotwouldideallyliketoputthenosewheelon.Thepilotalsowouldmakelastminutecheckstomakesuretheplaneisflyinglevel.Thisisdonebylookingattheartificialhorizonandthebankindicator.Iftheplaneisnotlevel,makesmalladjustmentswiththejoysticktogettheplanelevelasshowninfigure32.

4. Makeadjustmentstotheheadingbyslightlymovingthejoysticktolinetheplaneupwith therunway.Centerthejoysticktokeeptheplanelevelandremoveallthrottle.

Oneofthelastthingsapilothastodobeforetheyland,ispullthenoseoftheplaneupintotheair.Thisiscalledthelandingflair.Ifthenoseoftheplaneisnotpulledup,yourplanemaycrashrightontherunwayifyourdescentistoosteep.Thepilothastoestimatetheactuallandingandtheflair.Thejoy-stickispulledbackslightlyjustamomentbeforethewheelshitthegroundtocompletetheflair.Itisthebackwheelsthatthepilotwantstohittherunwayfirst.Thelandingflairisillustratedinfigure33. The landing flair.

Figure 33

Flaps highlighted in yellow on the plane. The inset is the control for setting the flaps

in the cockpit.Figure 31

Try to center the plane over the runway.Figure 32


Thepilotknowsthealtimeterreadingoftheairportthattheplaneislandingat.ThealtimeterreadingofSaltLakeInternationalisshowninfigure34andis4,227.Knowingthiswillgiveyoualittlemoreofanedgewhenitcomestothetimingofthelandingflair.

5. Pullbackonthejoysticktocompletethelandingflairandthelanding.

6. Bringtheplanetoastopusingthebrakes.Thisisbutton#1orthe “trigger”onthejoystick.

LadiesandGentlemen,welcometoSaltLakeCity,andCongratu-lationsonasuccessfulflight!

• Theco-pilotthencommunicateswithSaltLakegroundcontrol.

STUDenT AcTiViTY Viii:Taxiing & Alternative Activities-pilot

Theco-pilothasgainedinformationonwheretotaxitoandswitchedthescreentoanoverheadviewsothatyoucanfollowtheyellowarrowsandtakeoffimmediatelytogosight-seeing.Thiswilldependonthetimeyouhaveleftinclass.Thisnextpartisextraanddoesnothavetobedone.ItwillallowyoutoflyoverSaltLakeCityorotherareas.

• The co-pilot switches to the overhead view to followtheprogressivetaxi.

1. Taxitheplaneusingtheprogressivetaxias illustratedinfigure35.Followthearrowsand don’tgiveittoomuchthrottle.

2. Resetyourflapsto10%fortake-off.. The plane has taxied and is at the end of the runwayreadyfortakeoff.Thephotographthatisfigure36,isthedirectionyourplaneisfacingasitisgettingreadytotake-off.

• Theco-pilotwillhavereceivedtakeoffinstructionsfromATC.

Thereareseveralthingsyoucandoandgeneraldirectionswillbegiven.TakeoffandflydueEastfromSaltLakeInternational.Lookforlandmarks,buildings,orflyovertraffic.Don’tgettooexcited,yourhouseisnotgoingtobeseeninthecomputergraphics.Congratulationsagainonyoursuccessfulflight!

Following the progressive taxi. Figure 35

Salt Lake City -International (SLC/KSLC) Airliners.Net - Brett Wirick Photo -

Figure 36

The altimeter at SLC.Figure 34


Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator 2�

OnceyoulandedatSaltLakeyouareallowedtochangetoanothertypeofsingleengineplane.Eachwillhaveit’sownfeel when in the air and somecontrolsareindifferent places in the cockpit.

Ifyouswitchplanesyoumayneedtoraisethelandinggearaftertakeoff.(Button8onthejoystick)

Resetflapsespeciallyifyouswitchtoanotherplane.

Ifyouwishtoswitchplanes, hold down the “Alt”key.Amenuwillappear.Intheaircraftmenu,chooseSelect Air-craftasshowninfigure39.Chooseoneofthesingleenginetypesthatareavail-able.

•

•

•

•

Left:, A virtual Mooney Bravo flies over Interstate-15 traffic. Right: A real Mooney Bravo flies by.

Figure 38

Left: A virtual Maule Orion flying by Hill Air Force Base. Right: A real Maule Orion flies overhead. Notice the wheel out on the tail which is

why this type of plane is known as a “tail dragger” Figure 37

Left: A virtual Piper J-3 flying by Rice-Eccles stadium and the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park. Right : A Piper J-3 outside it’s hanger.

Figure 36

Left: A virtual Cessna flies by Utah’s capitol building. Right: A real Cessna comes in for a landing.

Figure 35

Select aircraft from menu Figure 39


copiLoT’S FLiGHT booK

pLAne:

ceSSnA 172Sp SKYHAWK

MiSSion:

FLiGHT FroM KoGD To KSLc


STUDenT AcTiViTY ii:

TheflightSimulatorprogramshouldbeloadedandreadytogotodoournextstep.ClickontheicontwicetoopenuptheprogramorfinditunderthestartmenuandMicrosoftgames. pre-Takeoff check

Areyouareaboutoninformationoverload?Arealpilothasevenmorethingstobeawareofbeforetheytakeoff.Theflightcrewisgoingtoplotacourseonamapanddeterminedistanceandfuelneeds.Thecrewwillgothroughapreflightchecklisttomakesureeverythingisworkingandthatcontrolsaresetappropriately.Withthisactivity,thesimulatorhasdonemanyoftheseactionsforyousojustrelaxandfollowalong. Thepilotandcopilotshouldspendamomentandlookatthepreflightchecklistoncetheprogramloads.The pilot should now push button#7 onthejoystick.Thiswillbringupthepilot’skneeboard as displayedinfigure17.Letslookatthechecklist.The copilot needs to takethemouseandclickontheiconlabeledchecklistthisiscircledinfigure17.Dragthekneeboarddownandtotherightbygrabbinganddraggingasshowninfigure18.

Youmayrefertofigure18tofindthecorrectspotinthechecklist.Lookthroughthelistandseeifyoucanfindtheinstrumentsyouaresupposedtobecheckinginthechecklist.Holdthemouseovertheinstrumentforamomentandapop-upscreenwillinformyouwhattheinstrumentiscalledifyoudonotalreadyknow. Asboththepilotandcopilotlookatthechecklist,theywillnothavetoactuallyperformtheproceduresonthisvirtualplaneastheprogramloadswiththecontrolsalreadysetfortakeoff.Scrollonthroughthechecklist.Anotherpartofthekneeboardyoumayhavetorefertoasyouareflyingisthe“key”icon.Itlistsallthekeyboardshortcutsfortheprogram.Thepilotshouldpushbutton#7onthejoystickuntilthekneeboarddisappears. The copilot should now push the“P”keyonthekeyboard.

Thisactivityisgoingtoassumethatthereisapilotandacopilot.The pilot is going to use the controls on the joystick to control the movements of the plane.The copilot in this lesson will use the keyboard to do all communication with the Control Tower and has all navigation responsibilities.Thetwoofyouwillhavetoworkasateamtobesuccessful.Usethe“P”pausekeywhenneeded.Theflightplanhasbeenfiled,nowyouneedtoreviewitinFigure19inyourownindividualpages.Thepilotreadsfrompage12andtheCopilotstartsonpage22.

The KneeboardFigure 17

A section of the flight checklist

Figure 18


STUDenT AcTiViTY iii:Takeoff - copilot

• The pilot will wait for the co-pilot receiveclearancefromthetower.

Note:Iftheenginehasstoppedwhileyouweregettingclearance,thecopilotmaypush“CTRL+E”atthesametimeandholdthemdownuntiltheenginestarts.

1.Thecopilotwillnowpushthe “P”keytostartthesimulation again.Anytimeyouwanttoread toseewhattodo....push“P”and pausethesimulation.Ifyoudonothearanysound(enginerunning),makesurethespeakers onthecomputerareonandturnedup.

2.Itistimetolettheairportofficialsknowthattheaircrewintheplaneisnowreadytotake off.Thecopilotatthekeyboardwillnowpushtheaccentkey(leftofthe1key=)onthekey boardtostartcommunicatingwithOgdenGround.

3.Ascreenthatistranslucent(seethrough)willappearonthescreen.Thecopilotwillpush the“2”keyonthekeyboardandlistentoatapedmessageaboutconditionsatthe airport.Thismessagehasbeenrecordedbytheflightcontrollerswithinthelasthour.

4.Afterlisteningtotheautomatedterminal informationservice(ATIS),thecopilotwill nowpushthe“1”keytolistentoOgdenGround. Anotherscreenwillappear.Bypushingthekey, theradiohasbeentunedtoadifferentfrequency.

5.Thecopilotwillselectthe“3”keywhichallows yourplanetotaxiandflystraightoutasshown infigure20.Thecopilotwillhearthepilot ofyourplanetalktothetowerandtheground controllerreply.

6.Thecopilotwillpushthe“1”keyandacknowledgethetaxiclearance.Theprogramwas alreadyloadedwiththeplaneattheendoftherunwaysowedonothavetotaxianywhere.

7.Thecopilotwillnowpushthe“1”keyandcommunicatewiththeOgdentower.Theradio willautomaticallybesettothecorrectfrequency.

8.Thecopilotwillpushthe“3”keytorequestflightclearancebyvisualflightrules(VFR).

9.Thepilotwill“talk”tothetowerandtheairtrafficcontrollerwillreply.Thecopilotwill nowpushthe“1”keytoacknowledgethetakeoffclearance.ReadyforTakeoff!

Flight PlanCopilot’s Figure 19

Air Traffic Control - Requesting TaxiCopilot’s Figure 20


10.ThecopilotcanclosetheATCscreenbyusingthemouseandclickingtheXinthecorner.

• Itisnowtimeforthepilottocontributebytakingoffandmakingaleftturn.

STUDenT AcTiViTY iV:GpS navigation - copilot

ThepilotwillbeflyingtheplaneandmaneuveringtoheadinthedirectionofSaltLake.Waituntilthepilotasksorthepilothastheplaneflyingatroughly210degreesasshowninfigure21.

• ThepilotwillaskfortheGPStobedisplayedortheheadingis210degrees.

1. Theco-pilotwillthenpushtheshiftkeyandholditdown.Astheshiftkeyishelddown, pushthenumber3(Shift+3).

ThiswillbringtothescreenaGlobalPositioningSatellite(GPS)NavigationSystemasseeninfigure22.ThepilotmaycheckthecoursewithGPS.

Infigure22aswellasonyourcomputermonitor,thepinklineisthedirectcoursetotheSaltLakeCityInternationalAirport.Followingthispinklinewilllettheaircrewguidetheplanetowardavisualofthelandingstrip.IfyouwishtoatanytimetoclosetheGPSnavigation,holdtheshiftkeyandpushthenumber3(Shift+3)andtheGPSwilldisappearonthescreen.Thecopilotmaywishtousethemousetozoominoroutonthisscreen.ThezoomfunctionisatthetoprightoftheGPSscreenandlookslikearrowtoggles.

STUDenT AcTiViTY V:Setting Autopilot - copilot

Nowthata“map”ofwhereyoushouldbegoingisbeingdisplayed,thecopilotwillsettheheadingonautopilotwhen the pilot is ready.

• Thepilotwillconfirmthattheheadingis160degreesandflyinglevel.

1. Thecopilotwillpushthecontrolkeyandholditdown.Asthecontrolkeyishelddown, pushthe“H”key(Ctrl+H).

Thiswillkeeptheplaneflyinginthedirectionthatyouhavesetuntilthesamekeycombinationisstruckagain.Thecopilotwillseeontheheadingindicatordoubleredlinesmovetotheheadingthathasbeensetasintheexampleinfigure23.Ifthelinesmoved,theheadingautopilothasbeenset.

Heading Indicator at 210 degrees

Copilot’s Figure 21

GPS displayCopilot’s Figure 22


• Thepilotwilltesttheheadingautopilotbymovingthejoystick Adjustmentstotheheadingcanbemadebyusingtheheadingbugas long as the heading autopilot is on. Asthemousecursorrollsovertheheadingbug,itwilldisplaytheheadingasitdoesinfigure24.Thecopilotcanclickontherightsideoftheheadingbugtoadjusttheheadingrightortotheleftoftheheadingbugtoadjusttheheadingtotheleft.Indoingthisprocedure,theredpointerontheheadingindicatorwillmoveandtheplanewillchangecourse.

Thepilotmayhaveproblemsbringingtheplaneuptothe7500feetormaintainingtheplaneat7500intheflightplan.Thecopilotcanhelpbysettingthealtitudeautopilot.Theautopilotisdownatthebottomoftheradiostackonthecopilot’ssideandtheautopilotisdisplayedinfigure25.

• Thepilotmaydirectthecopilottosetthealtitudeautopilot. Usetheupbuttonto(orclicktotherightorleftofthe numbersasintheheadingbug)settheautopilottothe correct altitude first ascircledinfigure25.Holdthecursor over the up or down button on the autopilot and push the leftmousebuttontochangethealtitude.Thenclickonthe “ALT”buttonwhichislitinfigure25toshowthatitis on.Theautopilotwilltaketheplanetothataltitudeand maintainit.

Thecopilotwillnoticethatthemaintainheadingandthealtitudeholdswitcharebothlit.Thebuttonontheleftmarked“AP”istheautopilotitself.Iftheautopilot,isturnedoffthecomputerwillgiveandaudibletonetoletthepilotknowthathe/shehasfullcontrol.Thepilotjustneedstokeeptheplaneflyingatabout7500feet.EstimatedTimeforArrival(ETA)willbeabout17minutes.

STUDenT AcTiViTY Vi: enjoying the views - copilot

NowthattheplaneisheadedSouth,letstakeamomentandchangetheviewsothecrewcanseebetter.Don’tspendtoolonglookingaroundasyouhaveonlyabout2or3minutesbeforeitistimetoprepareforlanding.Thesimplestthingistodoisadjustyourseat.

1 ThecopilotnowpushesShift+Enter.Toraisetheseatheighttoseeoutthewindow.Shift+ Backspacewilllowertheseat.Adjusttheseatifneeded.

2. Thecopilotnowshouldpushthe“F10”buttononthekeyboardtochangetheview. Thischangedtheviewfromthe“virtualcockpit”tothe“cockpitview”.Thenextsetofkeycommandswillonlyworkinthiscurrentview.Itwillallowthepilottolookattheobjects

Heading autopilot set at 160 degrees.


Heading bug can be used to make correctins in the heading.


Set the altitude before turning on the altitude hold button on the autopilot..



onthegroundaswellastheprimaryflightinstrumentsasshowninfigure29.

3.Push“W”again=“InstrumentPanel”4.Push“W”again=“VirtualCockpit”5.Push“W”again=“Gauges”6.Push“W”again=“NoGauges”7.Push“W”again=“Cockpitview”(theoriginalview)

• Thepilotcanmovethe“hatswitch”onthejoystickandyouwillbeabletolookleftandright.

STUDenT AcTiViTY Vii:ATc Airspace transition & Landing instructions - copilot

Theplaneisheadedintherightdirection,andweneedtomakecommunicationwiththeSaltLakeAirport.TheATCwindowmayhaveappearedearlierandyoumayhavebeennotifiedthattheplanewasleavingOgden’sairspacebytheOgdenTower.IfthishappenedthecopilotmayhavebeencontactedbytheSaltLaketowerandtoldthatyouareenteringtheirairspace.Thecopilotmayhavetoacknowledgeseveralscreenslikeanairspacetransition,asquawkcode,and/oraradarcontact.Ifthishasn’thappened,itsoonwillunlessyoucallanotherairportfirst.

1. Thecopilotcanchangetheradiofrequencyandinitiatecontact.Thecopilotwillusethe mouseshortcutorkeyboardaccentkeytobringuptheairtrafficcontrol(ATC)window ifitisnotalreadyup.Ascreencomesupwithtwochoices,pickthenumber2-”Selectan AirportOption.”Aseriesofairporttowerswillappearonthescreenasshowninfigure26.

2. Pickthenumber(theselectionnumberwillvarybydistancefrom airport)for“SaltLakeInternational”(KSLC).

3.Next,selectnumber1withthekeyboard,“TunetoSalt LakeTower”asshowninfigure27.

4.Thecopilotwillthenrequesta“fullstoplanding”which isselectedbyselecting4withthekeyboardasshownin figure28.

Theairportwillreplywithpatternentryinstructions.Inthissimulation,theairtrafficcontrollerpreferstohaveyoulandonrunway“34L,34R,or35”mostofthetime. 5.Thecopilotacknowledgesthepatternentryinstructions byselecting1onthekeyboard.

Itisimportanttohelpthepilotrememberyourpat-ternentryinstructions.(Runwaynumber&straight,leftorright)

ATC screen -tuning to Air traffic controlCopilot’s Figure 27

ATC screen -tuning to Salt Lake TowerCopilot’s Figure 28

ATC screen -Request Full Stop LandingCopilot’s Figure 29

The “W” key in the “2-D” mode allows ways of viewing the flight.Copilot’s Figure 26


STUDenT AcTiViTY Viii: Glides and Descents - copilot

• Thepilotwillstartadescentto5,500andanewcruisingaltitudeusingthethrottle.

Thedescentto5,500feetwillbewithouttheautopilot. 1.Thecopilotwillshutoftheentireautopilotby pushingthe“AP”buttonontheautopilotasshown infigure30.Anaudibletonewillbeheardtoletthe pilotknowthathe/shehasfullcontrol.

2.Oncethepilotiscloseto5,500theautopilotmay beturnedbackon.TheAltitudewillneedtobe setto5,500feetbeforeturningbackontheautopilot asshowninfigure31.Selectthe“ALT”button.

3.TurnbackontheHeadingholdbyusingthemouse andclickingonthe“HDG”buttonorbyusingthe keyboard(Ctrl+Z).Thebuttonshouldbelit. Thepilotwillnowdoaseriesofmaneuversforthepatternentry.Thefirstonewillbeabout7milesout.SevenmilesoutisapproximatelywhentheplanehasreachedtheothersideoftheGreatSaltLakevisually;orwhentheplaneontheGPSnavigation,isjustshortofthegreenILS(InstrumentLandingSystem)feathersasdisplayedinfigure32.

Thecopilot’sresponsibilityatthispointistohavethecorrectscreenshowingforthepilotanddisplayingtheGPSnavigationsystem.

4. Atsomepoint,thecopilotwillpushtheshiftkeyandholditdown. Astheshiftkeyishelddown,pushthenumber3(Shift+3)tobring uptheGPS.

STUDenT AcTiViTY iX: pattern entry - copilot

1.Whentheplaneis7milesout,andatthepilot’sdirection,turnoffthe “HDG”buttonontheautopilot.

• Thepilotwillturntheplanetothecorrectheading

Thepilotwillturntheairplaneasinstructedintheapproachwhichissevenmilesleftorrightoftheairport(right[70degrees]orleft[250degrees]whichdependsonthecontrollersdirectionstoland).Thepilotisactuallyflyingawayfromtheairport.Flythisheadingforabout2minutes.

The GPS also displays the distance away, how long it will

take to fly there, and a compass.Copilot’s Figure 32

The autopilot shutoff circled.Copilot’s Figure 30

Set 5500 first, then turn on AP (Autopilot) Copilot’s Figure 31


Thecopilotmaybedirectedtoturnbackonthe“HDG”autopilottomakethenextseriesofturns.Thiswilldependonthepilot.Thecopilotwoulddoasbefore,buttheheadingshouldstillbesetat160.

2.Ifdirectedbythepilot,turnbackonthe“HDG” buttonontheautopilotwiththeheadingat160and thealtitudeat5,500asitwasbefore.

Oncetheplanehasflownbytheairportandcompletedtheleftorrightdownwindleg,theplanewillturntocompletethebaselegandclimbtoanaltitudeof6000feet.Thepilotwillmaketheturnandthecopilotwilladjustfortheclimb.

• Thepilotwillstartaturntowardthebaseleg. Theheadingwillbe70(zero-seven-zero)degrees.

3.Settheautopilotto6000feetandturnoffthe “HDG”buttonagain.Onlythe“ALT” (altitude) buttonontheautopilotisactivatedtomakethe planeclimb.

Thereisonemoreturntomakeandthatisintothefinalapproach.

4. Settheheadingbugto350degrees(runway35)or340degrees(runway34).

5. Ifdirectedbythepilot,turnonthe“HDG”buttonontheautopilottoturntheplanetoward finalapproach.

STUDenT AcTiViTY X:Final Approach - copilot • Thepilotwillbeslowlydescendingaltitude&willasktohavefullcontroloftheplane. Iftheautopilotisstillonafterthelastturnitwillsoonneedtobeshutoffsothepilotcanlinetheplaneupwiththerunwayandlandtheplane.Thecomple-tionofthisstepwillvary.TheautopilotmaybeturnedoffbythegreenILSfeath-ersiftheplaneisnotwelllinedupwiththerunway.Iftheplaneseemswelllinedupwiththecorrectrunway,thecopilotcanwaituntiltheplaneisabouthalf-waydownthegreenlinesbeforeperformingthenextstep.

1. Thecopilotwillturnofftheentireautopilot.

Theautopilothasbeenremovedandnowthepilothasfullcontrol.

Typical landing pattern entry approaches.Copilot’s Figure 33

The autopilot needs to be turned off

before this point.Copilot’s Figure 34


STUDenT AcTiViTY Xi:Taxiing & Alternative Activities- copilot

The pilot lands the plane and theplanewillmovedowntherunway.Duringthistime,TheaircontrollerwillnotifythatyouarebeinghandedovertoSaltLakeGround.Thisnextpartisextraanddoesnothavetobedone.ItwillallowyoutoflyoverSaltLakeCityorotherareasandtotryotherplanes.

1.Atthispoint,onATCscreenselect progressivetaxi.

2.PushtheF12buttononthekeyboard togetthetopdownviewasshownin thecopilot’sfigure36.

• The pilot will taxi the plane followingtheprogressivearrowsonthetaxiway.

3.Pushthe+(plus)buttononthekeyboardtozoominif needed.The-(minus)buttonzoomsout.

4. Communicatewiththetowertogettakeoffclearance. Pushthe~(accentkey)tocommunicatewiththetower.

Theplanehastaxiedandisattheendoftherunwayreadyfortakeoff.Thephotographthatisfigure37,isthedi-rectionyourplaneisfacingasitisgettingreadytotake-off.

Thereareseveralthingsyoucandoandgeneraldirec-tionswillbegiven.TakeoffandflydueEastfromSaltLakeInternational.Lookforlandmarks,buildings,orflyovertraf-fic.Don’tgettooexcited,yourhouseisnotgoingtobeseeninthecomputergraphics.

Congratulationsonyoursuccessfulflight!

Salt Lake International with runways marked.Copilot’s Figure 35

Following the progressive taxi. Copilot’s Figure 36

Salt Lake City -International (SLC/KSLC) Airliners.Net - Brett Wirick Photo -




OnceyoulandedatSaltLakeyouareallowedtochangetoanothertypeofsingleengineplane.Eachwillhaveit’sownfeelwhenintheairandsomecontrolsareindifferentplacesinthecockpit.

Ifyouwishtoswitchplanes,holddowntheAltkey.Amenuwillappear.IntheAircraftmenu,chooseSelect Aircraft asshowninfigure38.Chooseoneofthesingleenginetypesthatareavailableasshowninfigures39-42.

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On the left, a virtual Cessna flies by Utah’s capitol building. On the right a real Cessna comes in for a landing.


On the left, a virtual Piper J-3 flying by Rice-Eccles stadium and the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park. On the right, a Piper J-3 outside it’s hanger.


On the left, a virtual Mooney Bravo flies over Interstate-15. On the right, a real Mooney Bravo flies by.


On the left, a virtual Maule Orion flying by Hill Air Force Base. On the right, A real Maule Orion is known as a “tail dragger” because of it’s tail wheel.


Select aircraft from menu Copilot’s Figure 38

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