Aim: What was the relationship between

England and its colonies?

Do Now: Read the Telescoping the Times Chapter 3, sect. 1 summary.Homework: Read Ch. 3, sect. 2 (only subsections 1,3,4) and answer #5. And read sect. 3 (only subsections 1,2) and answer #5Date: 9/22/10

Mercantilism

• Mercantilism- a belief that a country’s ultimate goal is self-sufficiency and to acquire as much gold as possible and out-compete other countries.

• Great Britain used their colonies for 3 reasons

1. a market for British goods2. a source of raw materials3. producers of goods and

materials to be sold in other countries

Emerging Colonial/British Tension

• Colonial merchants began trading their raw materials to other countries

• This resulted in the Navigation Acts- laws restricting colonial trade in 1651

• Many merchants still traded illegally and in 1684 King Charles II punished Massachusetts merchants by revoking their charter and making it a royal colony.

The Navigation Acts

1. No country could trade with the colonies unless the goods were either shipped in either colonial or English ships

2. All ships must be operated by crews that were at least ¾ English or colonial

3. The colonies could export certain products only to England

4. Almost all goods traded between the colonies and Europe first had to pass through an English port

Typical trade ships

Salutary (beneficial) Neglect

• Imagine that growing up as a child your parents are not very strict and allow you to do whatever you want. Then on your 17th birthday they decide they don’t like your attitude and begin enforcing very strict rules. What would be your reaction?

• England began turning its attention to a competition with France

• As long as the colonies exported raw materials to England and bought English goods, Parliament would not strictly enforce its laws or supervise the colonies closely

• Governors of the colonies appointed by the king were easily influenced by the powerful locally elected assemblies and the colonists grew comfortable with this relative amount of self-governing

Aim Revisited: What was the relationship between England and

its colonies?

• Using mercantilist theory British begin to restrict colonial trade

• British pass Navigation Acts to restrict colonial trade

• British policy of salutary neglect is exposed

Aim: How did the Southern and Northern colonies develop differently?

• Do Now: Write down some ways that the mercantilist system benefited the colonies.

• Homework: Read Ch.3, sect. 4 and answer ques. #3, 4

• Date: 9/23/10

The Southern Colonies’ Economy

• Based on geographic conditions Southern economy based on agriculture

• Plantations- large farms near a river where farmers grew crops and shipped them themselves

• Cash Crops- a single crop grown by the plantation owner to be sold for a profit, ex. Tobacco, rice, indigo

• So, to grow a cash crop in a plantation you need….?

Typical Southern plantation home

The Southern Labor Force

• The colonists needed laborers to help keep the plantations in operation

• Use of enslaved Native Americans and Indentured Servitude eventually failed.

• The English then turned to African Slaves.

The African Slave Trade

Triangular Trade

• Europeans send slaves to America from Africa to produce raw materials.

• Materials are then sent to Europe for production• The Goods are then traded in Europe and African Markets• Who made the most $ from this?

The Middle Passage• Read the document

entitled “The Middle Passage” and answer the following:

1. Describe many of the conditions facing the slaves while aboard the slave ships.

2. Why do you suppose many of the captains were “tight packers” in the later 18th century?

3. Describe the importance of cleaning the slaves up when arriving in America. What else did they do for them?

The Northern Diversified Economy

• New England and Middle Colonies produced several crops instead of a single cash crop

• Variety of services performed such as:

• Ship building• Wheat Grinding• Sawing Lumber• Harvesting Fish• Increase in number of

merchants and immigrants throughout the 1700’s

Aim Revisited: How did the Southern and Northern colonies develop

differently?

• South creates agricultural economy because of better geographic conditions

• Slaves begin to be imported into southern colonies as part of triangular trade network

• Northern colonies create diversified economy based on shipping and small farming

Aim: What effects did the French & Indian War have on the colonies?

• Do Now: Name at least 3 differences between the northern and southern colonies.

• Homework: Read Ch. 4, sect. 1 and answer ques. # 3, 4.

• Date: 9/24/10

France Vs. England(not Indians)

• Struggle for a world empire

• What side would the colonists side with? Why?

• The British because…

1.Colonists still thought of themselves as British

2.Colonists wanted to expand westward

3.Colonists still traded with British

France in North America

• First permanent French settlement- Quebec, New France

• Spread into N. America claiming entire Mississippi Valley- named it Louisiana

• Did not set up towns- wanted to trade furs and convert natives to Catholicism

• Developed friendly relations with Natives

• What are some differences between the English and French settlements?

Samuel de Champlain

The French and Indian War

• Read the document “The Origins of the French and Indian War.”

1.What was the role of the Natives on both sides in the war?

2.Describe the fighting techniques used in the war. How have they evolved over time?

3.How do you suppose the treatment Washington received from both the French and the British encouraged the idea of revolution? No Name Needed

Pitt Turns the Tide

• William Pitt turns the army around

• Wins battles against the French and the support of the Iroquois

• British achieve victory in Quebec

• War officially ends in 1763- Treaty of Paris

William Pitt

So What Was The Outcome???

Britain Gets:• All of North

America east of the Mississippi River

The Treaty of Paris

France Gets:France Gets:A few small islands in A few small islands in Newfoundland and the Newfoundland and the West IndiesWest Indies

Spain Gets:Spain Gets:1)1) All French Lands west of All French Lands west of the Mississippithe Mississippi2)2) The City of New Orleans The City of New OrleansHow did Britain’s victory How did Britain’s victory change the balance of change the balance of power in North America?power in North America?

The Aftermath…

• Proclamation of 1763- banned settlement west of the Appalachians

• Why would the British do this?

• Who would have a problem with this?

• Smuggling issues prompt:

• The Sugar Act- smugglers were to be tried in British military court rather than colonial court

Aim Revisited: What effects did the French & Indian War have on the colonies?

• Colonists side with British in French and Indian War (vs. France)

• Britain wins war and gains all French land east of Mississippi R.

• British create Proclamation line in order to keep colonists from advancing west and conflicting with Natives

Aim: What caused conflict to escalate between the colonists

and the British?

• Do Now: What would be some effects the French and Indian War had on the colonists?

• Homework: Read Ch. 4, sect. 2 and answer ques. # 3, 4

• Date: 9/27/10

The Stamp Act-1765

• England looks to the colonies resources to pay off debt from various wars including French/Indian war

• Stamp Act- required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for every legal document, license, newspaper and pamphlet

• Imposed tax on playing cards and dice

• Those who disobey are tried in the British military courts

• What do you suppose the reaction was to the Stamp Act?

• How would this affect the

colonists?

Stamp Act Protests

• Colonists unite in defiance of Stamp Act

• Sons of Liberty is formed as a secret resistance against British policies

• If you were the Sons of Liberty, what could you do to protest the Stamp Act and other harsh treatments by the British? Come up with some ideas!!! Samuel Adams- founder of the Sons of Liberty

What did they do?

Sons of Liberty:1. Harassed stamp agents,

custom workers, and politicians

2. Prevented stamps from being sold

3. Boycott imported manufactured British goods

• What might we call the Sons of Liberty today if they did these things?

• Delegates felt that Parliament could not impose taxes on colonists because colonists were not represented in Parliament

• Parliament repeals Stamp Act-1766

The Townshend Acts

• The Townshend Acts- indirect taxes on imported materials from Britain (glass, paper, paint)

• 3 penny tax on tea• What do you suppose

the reaction from the colonists will be this time? How will it compare to the Stamp Act?

Boston Tea Party

What was the reaction?

• Colonists protested- “no taxation without representation”

• Men and women form massive boycott of British goods

• Customs agents raid the ship of John Hancock claiming he smuggled goods and did not pay taxes

• Colonists riot against British “Red Coats” John Hancock

The Boston Massacre

• Conflict over jobs between colonists and off-duty British soldiers

• Mob gathers and taunts guards at Customs House

• Armed clash ensues- 5 colonists killed by guards

• Sons of Liberty label the attack The Boston Massacre

• Why do you suppose the S.O.L. decided to label this incident? What do you think were their intentions? Paul Revere’s engraving of Boston Massacre

Aim Revisited: What caused conflict to escalate between the colonists

and the British?

• British begin to tax colonists to pay for French/Indian War

• Sons of Liberty organize protests to Stamp Act and Townshend Acts including Boston Tea Party

• Boston Massacre propagandized to gain support for Sons of Liberty

Aim: What caused conflict to escalate between the colonists and the

British? (cont.)

• Do Now: Do you think the British government was justified in placing restrictions and taxes on the colonies?

• Homework: Read Ch. 4, sect. 3 and answer ques. #2, 4.

• Date: 9/28/10

Parliament Reacts

• King George III presses Parliament to pass

Intolerable Acts:• Boston Harbor is shut

down • Quartering Act-soldiers

could be housed in vacant private homes

• Boston placed under martial law- rule by military force

• What does this signify the end of?

King George III

The Continental Congress

• Committees of Correspondence- group meant to communicate grievances with England- becomes Continental Congress

• Meeting to draw up declaration of colonial rights:

1. Use force against British if they use it first

2. Support protests in Massachusetts

3. Right to run their own affairs

• What does it seem like they are planning? first Continental Congress Sept, 1774-

Independence Hall Philadelphia, Pa

Prepare for Battle!!!

• Take a moment to discuss what the reaction would be by the colonists to the actions of the Continental Congress

• What do you suppose the colonists will do to prepare?

• Minutemen- colonial civilian soldiers:

• Began to stockpile firearms and gunpowder

• British soldiers get word of stockpiles in town of Concord, Mass. and orders are sent to destroy them

Paul Revere• Revere learns of

Britain’s orders• Warns Hancock

and Adams as well as all Minutemen of the British army’s presence

• “The British are coming, the Regulars are coming!”

Lexington & Concord

• British destroy weapons at Concord and face little resistance

• British head back to Boston from L&C thinking they were victorious

• On their way back, they are ambushed by 3,000-4,000 Minutemen and are defeated and humiliated

• First military victory by the colonists over the British- April, 1775

• How does this victory help and hurt the Patriots’ cause?

• How has colonial reaction to British rule intensified since the Navigation Acts of 1651?

Aim Revisited: What caused conflict to escalate between the colonists

and the British? (cont.)

• British continue to place restrictions on colonists with Intolerable Acts

• Continental Congress meets in Philly to discuss colonist’s options

• Colonists begin to arm themselves inciting battles at Lexington and Concord

• April 1775: Revolution begins

Aim: What were some of the ideas that started the Revolution?

• Do Now: After everything that happened do you think it was too late for the colonists to reconcile things with England?

• Homework: Read Ch. 4, sect. 4 and answer ques. #3, 5.

• Date: 9/29/10

The Second Continental Congress

• Appoint George Washington as general of the first Continental Army

• Begin printing paper money to pay troops and trade with foreign nations

• Send King George III “Olive Branch Petition”- seeking return to peace

• Should the 2nd Continental Congress have offered such a petition?

Reconciliation vs. Independence

• Many colonists in 1775 not convinced that independence from Britain was good. They felt deep loyalty to the king and were accustomed to British rule.

• Others wanted to be rid of tyranny as well as be free to pursue their own economic gain and political ideals.

What factors do you What factors do you think would have most think would have most strongly influenced each strongly influenced each group’s preference for group’s preference for independence or independence or reconciliation? Which reconciliation? Which groups of people in groups of people in particular might have a particular might have a strong opinion? Why?strong opinion? Why?

Common Sense

• “No man was a warmer wisher for reconciliation than myself, before the fatal 19th of April, 1775, but the moment the event of that day was made known, I rejected the hardened, sullen tempered Pharaoh of England for ever…the wretch, that with the pretended title of Father of his people can unfeelingly hear their slaughter, and composedly sleep with their blood upon his soul.”—Thomas Paine

• How can this quote be influential to the colonists when considering revolt against the British?

Americans Choose Sides

• Loyalists- opposed independence and remained loyal to England

• Why remain loyal???• 1) served for the king-

judges, governors, etc.• 2) Lived far from the cities

and knew little of the events that took place

• 3) Believed British would win and did not want to get punished

• 4) Believed crown would protect their rights better than new colonial govt.

• 5) Can you think of other reasons?

►Patriots-Patriots- were in favor of were in favor of independence and wanted independence and wanted to break all ties with to break all ties with EnglandEngland►Why become a Patriot???Why become a Patriot???►1)1) Economic opportunity in Economic opportunity in an independent Americaan independent America►2)2) No oppression as well No oppression as well as representation in as representation in governmentgovernment►3) What could be some 3) What could be some other reasons???other reasons???

Benjamin Franklin: Mr. Cremeans’ Top 10 American

Heroes #1• Founding Father of US, author, printer,

satirist, politician, diplomat, scientist, inventor, guitarist, violinist, harp player, inventor of glass harmonica

• Inventor of lightning rod, Franklin’s stove, bifocal glasses, urinary catheter

• At 15 started a newspaper with his brother and wrote under the name Mrs. Silence Dogood.

• Famous quotes… “Time is money.” • “A penny saved is a penny earned.”• “Certainty? In this world nothing is certain but

death and taxes.”• “Guests, like fish, begin to smell after three

days.” • “By failing to prepare, you are preparing to

fail.” • “Diligence is the mother of good luck.”

“Free and Independent States”

• Declaring Independence:• June 7th, 1776- “these

United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states.”—Richard Henry Lee, Virginia Delegate

• 2nd Continental Congress chooses Thomas Jefferson to prepare the formal declaration

• July 4, 1776 Declaration of Independence adopted

Thomas Jefferson

Aim Revisited: What were some of the ideas that started the

Revolution?

• 2nd Continental Congress debates reconciliation with British or independence

• Colonists choose sides as loyalists or patriots• Thomas Paine convinces many through

Common Sense that independence is better option

• 2nd Continental Congress chooses independence and Thomas Jefferson issues Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776

Aim: What were the major ideas in the Declaration of

Independence?

Do Now: What do you remember about the Enlightenment? Write down as many facts as you can.

Homework: Write 1 paragraph (8-10 sentences) on the following topic.

• Why was the Declaration of Independence such a radical and world changing document? (include your own outside knowledge)

• ****Unit 2 Test on Tuesday****Date: 9/30/10

The Enlightenment(Age of Reason)

• 1700’s European intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and science to gain knowledge rather than relying on religion

• Also affected political thought such as…

• Thomas Hobbes- people entered into a social contract with government

• John Locke- people born with natural rights

• Baron de Montesquieu- government should have a separation of powers

• Voltaire- believed in freedom of religion and speech

Declaration of Independence

• As a class we will read the Declaration of Independence and identify the different sections by following the prompts at the top

• In a group you will…1. summarize the section that

I give you2. Write reasons why this was

included in the D. of I.3. Write any enlightenment

philosophy that may have influenced that section

Aim: Where did the major battles of the American Revolution take place?

• Do Now: How far would you be willing to go to fight for a cause you believed in knowing you would probably lose? Write down a few thoughts.

• Homework: None but study for test on Tuesday!

• Date: 10/1/10

Britain wants to relocate…

• Many of the early fighting took place around Boston and New England.

• Britain wants to move the fighting to the Middle States

• Why do you suppose this is so?

• Where would a good place be for the British to seize in order to control all of New England and move the fighting more to the south?

The Battle For New York

• 1776: British sail into N.Y. Harbor

• Britain=32,000 soldiers/ Americans = 23,000 untrained recruits

• Washington and his men are pushed out after a few months

• At this point, fewer than 8,000 men remained under Washington’s command

Map of New York City duringThe Revolutionary War

• What does Washington need to do to keep his remaining soldiers from going home?

• Washington decides to risk everything• Rallies every last one of his men to victory in both Trenton

and Princeton, New Jersey taking advantage of drunk Hessians (German mercenaries)

Washington Crossing the Delaware

Valley Forge

• Read the Diary entries from Valley Forge and answer the following…1. What were some of conditions faced by Washington’s troops at

Valley Forge?2. Washington hated cowardice more than anything, why do you think

he was so harsh about this?3. Would you put yourself through this for a cause you care about?

The Tide Turns• French support the

revolution and supply weapons and aid to Patriots

• French recognized American independence and formed an alliance with the Patriots

• France agreed not to make peace with Britain until they too recognized an independent America

• What are some possible advantages and disadvantages of having the French on your side?

• What are some possible benefits for the French in this scenario?

Victory at Saratoga

• British forces eventually seize American capital in Philadelphia

• At the same time, the British mobilized a unit from Canada to meet up with other forces in N.Y.C. and seal off New England

• They are stopped at the Battle of Saratoga by American troops

• From this point on, Britain kept its’ forces near the coasts

• Why do you suppose this is so? What can the coasts offer the soldiers? British forces surrender to General

Horatio Gates at Saratoga, 1777

Aim Revisited: Where did the major battles of the American Revolution take

place?

• Britain focuses fighting in middle colonies and captures New York

• After several losses Washington wins key battles in New Jersey

• French lend support of colonists and help ensure victory for colonies

Aim: How did the Revolution end and what was the outcome?

• Do Now: What does the American Revolution mean to oppressed people around the world? Jot down some ideas…

• Homework: Study for test tomorrow!!

• Date: 10/4/10

We get by with a little help from our friends…

• Friedrich Von Steuben- Prussian captain: “make regular soldiers out of country bumpkins”

• Marquis de Lafayette- French aristocrat: persuaded the French govt. to lend more support-also led a command at the end of the war

FriedrichVon Steuben

Marquis de Lafayette

Closing in on Victory

• British camp at Yorktown, Va.• French reinforcements arrive-

Lafayette suggests all American and French forces close in on Yorktown

• “With what soldiers in the world could one do what was done by these men, who go about nearly naked and in the greatest privation? Deny the best disciplined soldiers of Europe what is due to them and they will run away in droves, and the general will soon be alone. But from this one can perceive what an enthusiasm- which these poor fellows call “Liberty”-can do!”-Captain Johann Ewald

What does this quote say about the What does this quote say about the resolve of the Continental army?resolve of the Continental army?

What is their driving force which What is their driving force which leads them to victory?leads them to victory?

Read the document Read the document “The Siege at “The Siege at Yorktown”Yorktown” and review the map, then and review the map, then answer the following questions!answer the following questions!1.1.Summarize how the geography of Summarize how the geography of Yorktown led to the defeat of the Yorktown led to the defeat of the British.British.2.2.What is ironic about the English What is ironic about the English presence in North America coming presence in North America coming to an end in Yorktown?to an end in Yorktown?

Yorktown, Virginia• French Naval forces

defeat British navy• Block Chesapeake Bay• Why is this move so

strategically important?• 10/19/1781-Cornwallis

surrenders• How did the French

forces contribute to an American victory at Yorktown? Did they really “win the war” for America?

English General Charles Cornwallis

Seeking Peace

• Delegates from France, Britain, America and Spain meet in Paris in 1782

• Why these 4 nations? What do you suppose each nation wanted?

• September, 1783- Treaty of Paris is signed-confirmed U.S. independence and set boundaries of the new nation

• What impact do you suppose the Treaty of Paris had on the American Public?

Signing of the Treaty of Paris

Revolution becomes a model for democratic

ideals• Revolution seen by the world as an

inspiring victory against tyranny• New ideal of egalitarianism- equality

spreads among different classes• Who is not included in this?

• Now What?????

Aim Revisited: How did the Revolution end and what was the

outcome?

• French support leads to victory at Yorktown, VA

• 1783: Treaty of Paris confirms U.S. independence and sets new boundaries

• Revolutionary War seen as inspiration for oppressed colonized people around the world