Aim:

What are the different types of Asexual Reproduction?

Do Now:Explain the process of cloning.

How is an organism cloned?

• Remove the haploid nucleus from an ova & the diploid nucleus from a somatic cell

• Insert the diploid nucleus into the donor ova

•Now we have a diploid ova (zygote)

Rapid mitosis will occur!!

What is the difference between offspring and the parent in

cloning?

In asexual reproduction, offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

In sexual reproduction, the offspring is a mix of mom and dad traits.

What are the phases of cell division?

Phases of Cell Division:

InterphaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesis

A way to remember this order….

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Terms for Chromosome #’s in Cells

• Monoploid or Haploid (n)• a single set of chromosomes, 1

gene per trait• only found in eggs and sperms

(gametes)• in humans: n = 23

• Diploid (2n)• two sets of chromosomes (one

from each parent)• 2 genes per trait• Chromosomes exist in pairs which

carry genes for same traits• Members of same pair are called

“homologous ”• in humans: 2n = 46

chromosomes

• Chromosome: tightly wound form of DNA that contains the information about an organism’s traits.

•Gene: one section of a DNA strand that codes for one trait.

What is the difference between a sister chromatid and a homologous chromosomes?

Sister chromatids: two identical copies of a

chromatid.

Centromere: where sister chromatids are held together and spindle fibers attach.

Homologous chromosomes: 2 different copies of the same

chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit,

one from each parent.

Each set is a pair of

homologous chromosomes

.

What is a zygote?

• a.k.a. a “Fertilize Egg”

• A single cell formed by union of egg and sperm.

There are 6 Different Types of

Asexual Reproduction

1.Binary Fission2.Budding3.Sporulation4.Regeneration5.Rhizomes6.Tubers

1. Binary Fission

• Organism splits into two equal halves • Most common method of reproduction

in unicellular organisms (BACTERIA)

Examples: Bacteria, ameba, paramecium…

• Offspring grows from a “bud” from a larger parent

• “Bud” eventually breaks off and live independently

• UNEQUAL DIVISION of CYTOPLASM

• occurs in: yeast, hydra (small animal) and many plants

2. Budding

A little "Buddy"

What is the difference betweenBudding

andBinary Fission?

Budding divides unevenly

Binary Fission divides evenly

- Spores are released in large numbers and are carried by wind or water.

- They can survive under suitable conditions that kill off parent.

- moisture, temperature, and food availability.

- Produced by many plants and fungi

- Spores live in a dormant stage (resting) and can germinate even after years of dormancy.

3. SporulationThe formation of spores

A spore is a reproductive structure, some of which are adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions.

What is a spore?

Examples of Sporulation:Bread, mushrooms, mold

Dormant = Resting

Germination is the process by which plants, fungus and bacteria emerge from seeds and spores, and begin growth

- ability to replace missing body parts

- occurs in all organisms to some degree

- can only produce new organisms in simpler species

4. Regeneration

Examples: Starfish, lizards, lobsters, planaria (flatworm)

- underground stems produced by plants

- As these stems grow through the soil, they produce more roots

which develop into plants

5. Rhizomes

Different Looks of Rhizomes:

- Modified rhizomes- Start out as a bud or eye on potatoes- Develop into root and then adult

6. Tubers- Enlarged part of underground stem that store food

Examples: potato, carrots

There’s the tuber!

Sexual Reproduction?

Sexual Reproduction:

The process combines the genetic material of two organisms (Male and Female) to create a new organism.

The joining of chromosomes from a sperm cell and an egg cell.

Sexual Reproduction Cycle

Function of Mitosis is to:- Repair- Grow- Reproduce cells

Function of Meiosis is:- Sexual

Reproduction

Gametes (sex cells) are haploid cells produced by meiosis.

The fertilization of these male and female haploid gamete cells are needed for sexual reproduction.

Meiosis is the cell division necessary for sexual reproduction.

Every organism has it’s own different number of diploid chromosomes:

• Humans = 46 • Chimpanzee = 48 • Adder’s tongue fern = 1262 • Dog = 78 • Horse = 64 • Cat = 32