Aim:

To present the concepts of basic structure of computers, arithmeticoperations, processing unit, memory system and I/O organization. 

Objective: • To introduce the concepts of basic structure of computers.• To give an idea about various arithmetic operations.• To study the concepts of basic processing unit such as hardwired control,

pipelining, etc.• To familiarize the students in the concepts of memory system such as ROM,

RAM, virtual memory, secondary storage.• To study the concept of II/O devices, interrupts, DMA, standard I/O interfaces. 

SyllabusUNIT- I BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS 9

Functional units – Basic operational concepts – Bus Structures –Performance andmetrics – Instructions and instruction sequencing – Hardware – Software interface –Instruction set architecture – Addressing modes – RISC – CISC – ALU design –Fixed point and floating point operations.

 UNIT –II BASIC PROCESSING UNIT 9

Fundamental concepts – Execution of a complete instruction – Multiple bus organization – Hardwired control – Micro programmed control – Nano programming.

 

UNIT -III PIPELINING 9Basic concepts – Data hazards – Instruction hazards – Influence on instruction sets –Data path and control considerations – Performance considerations – Exceptionhandling.

UNIT- IV MEMORY SYSTEM 9Basic concepts – Semiconductor RAM – ROM – Speed – Size and Cost – Cachememories – Improving cache performance – Virtual memory – Memory managementrequirements – Associative memories – Secondary storage devices.

 

UNIT- V I/O ORGANIZATION 9Accessing I/O Devices – Programmed I/O– Interrupts – Direct memory access –Buses – Interface circuits – Standard I/O interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB) – I/O devicesand processors.

TEXT BOOKS1. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic and

Safwat Zaky, “Computer Organization”, 5th Edition, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2002. 

2. Heuring, V.P. and Jordan, H.F., “Computer Systems Design and

Architecture”, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education, 2004.

 

REFERENCES1. Patterson, D. A., and Hennessy, J.L.,

“Computer Organization and Design:The Hardware/Software Interface”, 3rd Edition, Elsevier, 2005. 

2. William Stallings, “Computer Organization and Architecture – Designing forPerformance”, 6th Edition, Pearson Education, 2003.

 3. Hayes, J.P., “Computer Architecture and Organization”, 3rd Edition, TataMc-Graw Hill, 1998.

Introduction

UNIT-1Basic structure of computers

Functional units Bus structures Memory operations Instruction sequencing Addressing modes Basic I/O operations Stack and queue

Functional Units

Memory Unit

Arithmetic and Logic

Unit

Control Unit

Input Unit

Output Unit

UNIT –2 BASIC PROCESSING UNIT *Fundamental concepts*Execution of a complete instruction *Multiple bus

organization *Hardwired control *Micro programmed control *Nano programming. 

Micro programmed control unit

CLK

Control signals

IR Sequencer

Status flags

Condition codes

Control Address Register

Control Memory

Micro Instruction Register

Decoder

UNIT -3 PIPELINING

*Basic concepts *Data hazards *Instruction hazards *Influence on instruction sets –*Data path and control considerations*Performance considerations –*Exception handling.

DATA HAZARDS

UNIT-4Memory system

RAM ROM Cache memory Virtual memory Memory management Secondary storage

Classification of memories

Memory

ROM RAM

Masked PROM EPROM EEPROM Static Dynamic

ROM

UNIT-5I/O ORGANIZATION

I/O devices Interrupts DMA Buses Standard I/O interfaces

Block diagram of I/O system

Data Status

Control

Address lines Data

Status

Control lines Control

Data RegisterStatus/Control Register

External device interface logic

I/O logic

External device interface logic

Seminar Topics

Addressing modes Nano programming Exception handling Virtual memory Interface circuits

Bus Structures Micro programmed control Data hazards Memory managementrequirements Interrupts

Assignment Topics

URL http://www.indiastudychannel.com/

resources/13904-Pipelining-concept-computer-architecture.aspx

http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basiccomputerarchitecture/Computer_Architecture_Basics.

http://hubpages.com/hub/BASIC-CONCEPTS-OF-COMPUTER-ARCHITECTURE

http://www.cs.iastate.edu/~prabhu/Tutorial/title.html