aids to navigation

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CHAPTER 2 AIDS TO NAVIGATION

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Page 1: Aids to Navigation

CHAPTER 2

AIDS TO NAVIGATION

Page 2: Aids to Navigation

Galveston Bay

Barbour Cut Crossing Range Front Light

County Wharf Light 3

County Wharf Light 2

Barbours Cut

Morgans Point

Cedar Bayou Channel Daybeacon Z

Houston Channel Light O1

In piloting, a ship’s position isdetermined by bearings takenon objects whose locations areshown on a chart.

Page 3: Aids to Navigation

AIDS TO NAVIGATION

2

LIGHTHOUSE

LIGHT SHIPS

RADIO

BEACONS

FOG

SIGNALS

BUOYS

DAYBEACONS

Page 4: Aids to Navigation

• Color

• Pattern of flashes

• Visibility or timing

interval (period)

Light

Characteristics:

Page 5: Aids to Navigation

The timing interval of a light is

considered the most valuable

for identification purposes.

Page 6: Aids to Navigation

Symbols

describing

lights are printed

on navigation

charts.

Page 7: Aids to Navigation

• Fixed

• Flashing

• Occulting

Light characteristics have three

principal patterns of light flashes:

Page 8: Aids to Navigation

Fixed lights burn constantly.

Page 9: Aids to Navigation

Example ON – 5 seconds

OFF – 15 seconds

Flashing lights show a single flash at

regular intervals.

Page 10: Aids to Navigation

The duration of light being greater

than the duration of darkness

Occulting Lights

Page 11: Aids to Navigation

Always have two or more off

periods at regular intervals

Group Occulting Lights

Page 12: Aids to Navigation

Equal interval — Duration of light

equals that of darkness

Light characteristics

variations include:

Page 13: Aids to Navigation

Morse Code - Light

flashes represent

a Morse code

character (usually

the letter A)

Page 14: Aids to Navigation

Alternating - Rhythmic

lights show different

colors during each

sequence

Page 15: Aids to Navigation

Visibility of a Light

The distance, in

nautical miles, a

mariner can see

the light at night

Page 16: Aids to Navigation

Visibility Factors

• Intensity

• Weather

• Height of light

and observer

Page 17: Aids to Navigation

The distance a light

will shine in clear

weather, about the

distance a mariner

in a small boat can

usually expect to

see the light, is

printed on nautical

charts beside the

light symbol.

Charted Range

Page 18: Aids to Navigation

Many lighthouses and light towers

are found along the coastlines of

the United States.

Page 19: Aids to Navigation

A powerful light of a lighthouse

which may be of assistance to

navigators, or where very dangerous

water requires a warning beacon

of long-range visibility

Primary Light

Page 20: Aids to Navigation

Primary Light

Page 21: Aids to Navigation

Increase height of a light above sea

level

Purpose of lighthouses:

Page 22: Aids to Navigation

Lighthouses and light towers may

contain fog-signaling and radio-beacon

equipment.

Page 23: Aids to Navigation

A light tower

is located

where

conditions

make it

impossible

to build a

permanent

structure on

land.

Page 24: Aids to Navigation

N

175°

355°

True sector

bearings

clockwise around

the light — ―Red

sector indicates

Danger Sector‖

Page 25: Aids to Navigation

N

175°

355°

True sector

bearings

clockwise around

the light — ―Green

sector indicates

Turning Point or

the best water

across a shoal‖

Page 26: Aids to Navigation

Navigational Buoys

Page 27: Aids to Navigation

A distinctively shaped and marked

float, sometimes carrying a signal

or signals, anchored to mark a

channel, anchorage, navigational

hazard, etc., or to provide a mooring

place away from the shore

Buoy

Page 28: Aids to Navigation

They may be of various sizes and

shapes, but it is mainly coloring that

indicates their purpose.

Buoys

Page 29: Aids to Navigation

Buoy symbols are printed on charts,

so buoys can be used for determining

positions in piloting.

(Chart Symbol)

―9‖

GI G4 sec

Ra Ref

9

Page 30: Aids to Navigation

Can Buoy

CHART SYMBOL

RB

C‖N‖

Ra Ref

Page 31: Aids to Navigation

Types of Buoys used in the U.S.

1. Spar2. Can3. Nun4. Bell5. Whistle, or horn6. Gong7. Lighted8. Combination

Page 32: Aids to Navigation

Spar Buoy

Upright wooden

poles, or tubes

of steel, which

are often used

to mark

obstructions

Page 33: Aids to Navigation

Can Buoy

Cylindrical in

shape like an

oil drum; if

unlighted,

green left-hand

channel buoys

must be can

buoys.

Page 34: Aids to Navigation

Conical in shape,

if unlighted,

red right-hand

channel buoys

must be nun

buoys.

Nun Buoy

Page 35: Aids to Navigation

They have a framework

that supports a bell.

The motion of the sea

sounds older bell

buoys. Newer types are

operated automatically

by compressed gas or

electricity.

Bell Buoy

Page 36: Aids to Navigation

Similar in shape to a bell buoy, but they carry

a whistle sounded by the sea’s motion or

horns that are sounded at regular intervals by

mechanical or electrical means.

Whistle or Horn Buoy

Page 37: Aids to Navigation

Gong Buoy

Similar in shape to a bell buoy, they have a

series of hammered gongs, each with a

different tone, moved by the motion of the

sea.

Page 38: Aids to Navigation

Lighted buoys

carry batteries or

gas tanks and

have a framework

that supports a

light.

Lighted Buoy

Page 39: Aids to Navigation

Combination buoys have a light and sound signal combined, such as a lighted bell, gong, or whistle buoy.

Combination Buoy

Page 40: Aids to Navigation

Red buoys on right when returning

will keep you safe.

Page 41: Aids to Navigation

Preferred

channel to

port

Preferred

channel to

starboard

Preferred Channel Markers

Page 42: Aids to Navigation

Mark the middle of a channel

Safe-Water Buoys

Page 43: Aids to Navigation

SPEED

LIMIT

QUARANTINE

ANCHORAGE

DREDGING

Other

Buoys

ANCHORAGE

AREA

FISHTRAP

AREA

Page 44: Aids to Navigation

Other Buoys

Controlled

Area

Danger Boats

Keep Out

Information

Do Not Pass

Between

Shore and Buoy

Anchor

Buoy

Diver

Below

Page 45: Aids to Navigation

Port Side Returning Starboard Side

Solid Green and Solid Red Buoys

Usually found in pairs

Pass between these buoys

Page 46: Aids to Navigation

U.S. Lateral System (Region B) Port Side

U.S. Lateral System (Region B) Starboard

Intracoastal WaterwaySecondary ChannelPreferred Channel

Page 47: Aids to Navigation

For ships returning to port, buoys on the right

are red with even numbers.

Just Remember — RED – RIGHT - RETURNING!

Intracoastal WaterwaySecondary ChannelPreferred Channel

Page 48: Aids to Navigation

Lights On Buoys

Green lights only on green channel

buoys

Red lights only on red channel buoys

Page 49: Aids to Navigation

White Light Buoys

White lights are used on preferred-

channel (junction) or safe-water

(mid-channel) buoys.

Page 50: Aids to Navigation

Characteristics of lighted buoys:

1. A fixed light may be on either a

green or red channel buoy.

Page 51: Aids to Navigation

Characteristics of lighted buoys:

1. A fixed light may be on either a

green or red channel buoy.

2. A regular interval light flashing at

not more than thirty flashes per minute

may be on either a green or red buoy.

Page 52: Aids to Navigation

Characteristics of lighted buoys:

1. A fixed light may be on either a

green or red channel buoy.

2. A regular interval light flashing at

not more than thirty flashes per minute

may be on either a green or red buoy.

3. A light flashing at no fewer than

sixty flashes per minute may be on

either a green or red buoy at a turning

point or junction where special caution

is required.

Page 53: Aids to Navigation

Characteristics of lighted buoys:

4. An interrupted quick-flashing light

(repeated series of quick flashes,

separated by four-second dark

intervals) may be on a red and green

horizontally banded preferred-channel

buoy.

Page 54: Aids to Navigation

Characteristics of lighted buoys:

4. An interrupted quick-flashing light

(repeated series of quick flashes,

separated by four-second dark

intervals) may be on a red and green

horizontally banded preferred-channel

buoy.

5. A Morse code ―A‖ flashing light

(short and a long flash, recurring at

the rate of about eight per minute)

may be on a red and white vertically

striped safe-water buoy.

Page 55: Aids to Navigation

Daybeacons

Page 56: Aids to Navigation

Unlighted navigational beacons

used as a daymark

Daybeacons

Page 57: Aids to Navigation

A navigational aid distinctively

marked for visibility by day

Daymark

Page 58: Aids to Navigation

Daybeacon Range

Two daybeacons, located some distance

apart on a specific true bearing

Page 59: Aids to Navigation

A channel in which a light-draft vessel can navigate along the U.S. East Coast from Chesapeake Bay almost to the Mexican border without going into the ocean

Intracoastal Waterway

Page 60: Aids to Navigation

Daymark Daymark

NunCan Lighted

Buoy

Lighted

Buoy

STARBOARD SIDEPORT SIDE

Intracoastal Waterway

Page 61: Aids to Navigation

Chart No. 1

contains nautical

chart symbols,

abbreviations,

and terms.

Page 62: Aids to Navigation

AIDS TO NAVIGATION

The END

Page 63: Aids to Navigation

What are the characteristics of

navigational aid lights?

Q.1.

Page 64: Aids to Navigation

What are the characteristics of

navigational aid lights?

Q.1.

Color, pattern of flashes, and

timing interval (period)

A.1.

Page 65: Aids to Navigation

Which identifying factor of a

navigation light is most

important?

Q.2.

Page 66: Aids to Navigation

Which identifying factor of a

navigation light is most

important?

Q.2.

Timing interval A.2.

Page 67: Aids to Navigation

What are the three general

patterns of lights?

Q.3.

Page 68: Aids to Navigation

What are the three general

patterns of lights?

Q.3.

Fixed, flashing, and occulting A.3.

Page 69: Aids to Navigation

Name the standard colors of

lights used on aids to

navigation.

Q.4.

Page 70: Aids to Navigation

Name the standard colors of

lights used on aids to

navigation.

Q.4.

Red, green, and white A.4.

Page 71: Aids to Navigation

What is meant by the timing

interval of lights?

Q.5.

Page 72: Aids to Navigation

What is meant by the timing

interval of lights?

Q.5.

The time and spacing of the on-

off cycle

A.5.

Page 73: Aids to Navigation

What factors determine the

range of visibility of a light at

night?

Q.6.

Page 74: Aids to Navigation

What factors determine the

range of visibility of a light at

night?

Q.6.

Brilliance, height of the light,

height of the observer's eye,

and weather conditions

A.6.

Page 75: Aids to Navigation

What is the function of a

lighthouse?

Q.7.

Page 76: Aids to Navigation

What is the function of a

lighthouse?

Q.7.

To project its light where it can

be seen at great distances as an

aid to navigation and as a

warning of dangerous waters.

A.7.

Page 77: Aids to Navigation

What is the main purpose of a

lighthouse?

Q.8.

Page 78: Aids to Navigation

What is the main purpose of a

lighthouse?

Q.8.

To increase the height of a light

above sea level

A.8.

Page 79: Aids to Navigation

What are the two primary

purposes of buoys and what do

they represent?

Q.9.

Page 80: Aids to Navigation

What are the two primary

purposes of buoys and what do

they represent?

Q.9.

To serve as warning signs and

guideposts:

a. Can buoys for left-hand side

of channel (green)

b. Nun buoys for right-hand

side of channel (red)

A.9.

Page 81: Aids to Navigation

What are the two primary

purposes of buoys and what do

they represent?

Q.9.

To serve as warning signs and

guideposts:

c. Spar buoys for mid-channel

or obstructions

A.9.

Page 82: Aids to Navigation

A ship entering Norfolk harbor

will find what color buoy to

starboard?

Q.10.

Page 83: Aids to Navigation

A ship entering Norfolk harbor

will find what color buoy to

starboard?

Q.10.

Red A.10.

Page 84: Aids to Navigation

What system of buoyage is

used in the United States?

Q.11.

Page 85: Aids to Navigation

What system of buoyage is

used in the United States?

Q.11.

IALA System B A.11.

Page 86: Aids to Navigation

What are the various types and

shapes of buoys?

Q.12.

Page 87: Aids to Navigation

What are the various types and

shapes of buoys?

Q.12.

Spar, can, nun, bell, whistle,

gong, lighted, and combination

A.12.

Page 88: Aids to Navigation

What does a red and green

horizontally banded buoy

indicate?

Q.13.

Page 89: Aids to Navigation

What does a red and green

horizontally banded buoy

indicate?

Q.13.

Obstruction or junction A.13.

Page 90: Aids to Navigation

What do vertically red and

white striped buoys indicate?

Q.14.

Page 91: Aids to Navigation

What do vertically red and

white striped buoys indicate?

Q.14.

Middle of the channel A.14.

Page 92: Aids to Navigation

A ship leaving Boston harbor

will find what color buoy to

port?

Q.15.

Page 93: Aids to Navigation

A ship leaving Boston harbor

will find what color buoy to

port?

Q.15.

Red A.15.

Page 94: Aids to Navigation

How are buoys numbered in

the United States?

Q.16.

Page 95: Aids to Navigation

How are buoys numbered in

the United States?

Q.16.

Coming from seaward, green

buoys have odd numbers

starting with ―1‖; red buoys

have even numbers.

A.16.

Page 96: Aids to Navigation

What is the difference between

an occulting light and a

flashing light?

Q.17.

Page 97: Aids to Navigation

What is the difference between

an occulting light and a

flashing light?

Q.17.

Occulting is on for longer

periods than it is dark, while

flashing is on for shorter

periods than it is dark

A.17.

Page 98: Aids to Navigation

Briefly explain why the captain

of a ship should not rely totally

on the buoys marking a

channel.

Q.18.

Page 99: Aids to Navigation

Briefly explain why the captain

of a ship should not rely totally

on the buoys marking a

channel.

Q.18.

The buoy can slip its moorings

or be defective in some way

A.18.

Page 100: Aids to Navigation

What is a daybeacon? Q.19.

Page 101: Aids to Navigation

What is a daybeacon? Q.19.

An unlighted aid to navigation

made of almost any kind of

material and colored to be

easily spotted on the

landscape

A.19.

Page 102: Aids to Navigation

Two daybeacons on a true

bearing are called what?

Q.20.

Page 103: Aids to Navigation

Two daybeacons on a true

bearing are called what?

Q.20.

A range A.20.

Page 104: Aids to Navigation

What does the phrase "on the

range" mean?

Q.21.

Page 105: Aids to Navigation

What does the phrase "on the

range" mean?

Q.21.

The two daybeacons are

exactly in line as seen by a

ship’s pilot or conning officer

A.21.

Page 106: Aids to Navigation

How can you distinguish

between a channel buoy and a

buoy on the Intracoastal

Waterway?

Q.22.

Page 107: Aids to Navigation

How can you distinguish

between a channel buoy and a

buoy on the Intracoastal

Waterway?

Q.22.

Buoys on the Intracoastal

Waterway have yellow bands

painted on them

A.22.

Page 108: Aids to Navigation

What is the name of the chart

that shows all the nautical

symbols, abbreviations, and

terms?

Q.23.

Page 109: Aids to Navigation

What is the name of the chart

that shows all the nautical

symbols, abbreviations, and

terms?

Q.23.

Chart No. 1 A.23.

Page 110: Aids to Navigation

A. Nun

B. Priest

C. Can

D. Bottle

What types of buoys if

Unlighted, are red channel buoys?

Page 111: Aids to Navigation

A. Nun

B. Priest

C. Can

D. Bottle

What types of buoys are always

unlighted red channel buoys?

Page 112: Aids to Navigation

A. Nun

B. Can

C. Priest

D. Bottle

What types of buoys are unlighted

green channel buoys?

Page 113: Aids to Navigation

A. Nun

B. Can

C. Priest

D. Bottle

What types of buoys are unlighted

green channel buoys?

Page 114: Aids to Navigation

AIDS TO NAVIGATION

The END

Page 115: Aids to Navigation

FIXED

FIXED AND FLASHING

FIXED AND GROUP FLASHING

FLASHING

COMPOSITE GROUP FLASHING

QUICK FLASHING

OCCULTING

Characteristics of Lights

Page 116: Aids to Navigation

Various Light Lists

LIGHT LIST

DISTANCE OF VISIBILITY

LUMINOUS RANGE DIAGRAM

Page 117: Aids to Navigation

CHART SYMBOL

RB

N‖6‖

Ra Ref

Nun Buoy

6

Page 118: Aids to Navigation

A mostly inland water route, partly

natural and partly artificial,

extending 1550 mi. (2500 km) along

the Atlantic coast from Boston to

Florida Bay (Atlantic Intracoastal

Waterway) and 1116 mi. (1800 km)

along the Gulf coast from Carrabelle,

Florida, to Brownsville, Texas

Intracoastal Waterway