AIDJEX BULLETIN No. 11 November 1971

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE --N. Untersteiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

THE POLAR EXPERIMENT --E. P. Borisenkov and A. F. Treshnikov

(translated by S. M. Olenicoff) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

THE AMERICAN "ARCTIC ICE DYNAMICS JOINT EXPERIMENT" PROJECT --A. F. Treshnikov, E. P. Borisenkov, N. A. Volkov, and E. G. Nikiforov (translated by S. M. Olenicoff) . . . . . . 11

TRANSLATIONS NOW UNDER CONTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

SCIENTIFIC OPERATIONS OF THE 1972 AIDJEX PILOT STUDY . . . . . 25

LOGISTICS PLAN FOR THE 1972 AIDJEX PILOT STUDY --Rolf Bjornert and Andreas Heiberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE ICE --N. Untersteiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Cover: Photograph of Camp 200, s i t e o f the 1971 AIDJEX p i l o t study, taken d w i n g a remote-sensing f l i g h t a t 3,500 ft. b y the NASA 990 research a ircra f t Galileo. RC-8 metric mapping camera instalZed i n the NASA aircra f t .

The camera used i s a WiZd-Heerbrugg

AIDJEX BULLETIN No. 11

November 1971

Arc t i c Ice Dynamics J o i n t Experiment D i v i si on o f Mari ne Resources

Universi ty o f Washington S e a t t l e , Washington 981 05

Division of Marine Resources UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

The AIDJEX BuZZetin aims t o provide both a f o m for discussing AIDJEX probZms and a source of information pertinent t o a2 2 AIDJEX participants. dated, and sometimes subtitZed--contain technical material cZoseZy reZated t o AIDJEX, informaz reports on theoreticaZ and fieZd work, translations of re Zevant s c i e n t i f i c reports, and discussions of interim AIDJEX resuZts.

Issues--numbered,

Bul le t in No. 11 contains translations of Russian reports on P0,LEX and AIDJEX, and plans for the log i s t i c s support and s c i e n t i f i c operations of the 1972 AIDJEX p i l o t study.

You are encouraged t o send your comments and contributions t o

Alma Johnson AIDJEX BuZZetin 4059 Rooseuelt Way N.E. Seat t le , Washington 98105

iii

PREFACE

In this Bulletin we are presenting the essence of our

projected experiment in spring 1972.

elaborated by Rolf Bjornert and Andreas Heiberg with the help

of our funding agencies and other organizations in the United States and Canada. All participants will be apprised of further

details and changes as they develop.

The logistics plan was

Also, we are presenting two translations from ProbZemy A r k t i k i i A n t a r k t i k i , published in mid-1971 by the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute in Leningrad. While the general

scope of POLEX ranges far wider than that of AIDJEX, we are

reassured by the evident complementarity of the basic approach.

We hope that this will lead to expanding international coopera-

tion in solving the many pressing problems associated with the

current development of the North,

N. Untersteiner

V

THE POLAR EXPERIMENT

by E. P. Borisenkov and A. F. Treshnikov

I n 1968, a p l a n f o r conducting a "Natural Experiment on t h e Problem

of t h e I n t e r a c t i o n of t h e Ocean and Atmosphere" w a s published [ 3 ] . Subsequently, during t h e planning of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l Global Atmospheric

Research Program (GARP), a d e c i s i o n w a s made t o p l an and conduct a complex

of obse rva t ions i n t h e p o l a r r eg ions of t h e Ea r th as a subprogram w i t h i n

t h e framework of t h e main program.

Po la r Experiment" (POLEX). I n a r ecen t work, E. K. Fedorov [ 4 ] discussed

t h e r o l e and t h e p r i n c i p a l t a s k s of GARP and of i t s subprograms, n9mely

"The T r o p i c a l Experiment , ' I "The P o l a r Experiment ," and "The Earth-

Atmosphere Experiment," o r , as i t i s designated i n r e f e r e n c e [ 2 ] , "The

Complex Energy Experiment."

This subprogram w a s designated as "The

An a n a l y s i s of c e r t a i n experimental d a t a p e r t a i n i n g t o the r o l e of

t h e p o l a r r eg ions i n t h e formation of l a rge - sca l e g l o b a l p rocesses and i n

the s tudy of t h e processes of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e atmosphere and ocean

i s p resen ted i n t h e work of E . P. Borisenkov and A. F. Treshnikov [l].

The p r e s e n t art icle p r e s e n t s t h e s c i e n t i f i c t a s k s and f e a t u r e s of

POLEX, as w e l l as c e r t a i n proposals f o r conducting t h e complex of

purposeful1.y d i r e c t e d obse rva t ions on r e sea rch v e s s e l s and d r i f t i n g i c e ,

with the a i d of sa te l l i tes and a i r c r a f t , us ing t h e e x i s t i n g meteorological

and a e r o l o g i c a l network.

The p r i n c i p a l f e a t u r e s of POLEX are the following:

1. W t h a wider formulat ion of t h e t a s k , which can be r e a l i z e d

only through c l o s e i n t e r n a t i o n a l cooperat ion, POLEX should be conducted

Problem2 A r k t i k i i A n t a r k t i k i , No. 38, pp. 8-13, 1971. T rans l a t ed (September, 1971) f o r A I D J E X by S. M. O len ico f f .

in two areas: the north polar and south polar regions. In the first

stage, the task can be limited and POLEX conducted only in the Northern

Hemisphere, where the processes directly influence the nature of the

weather and of the climatic conditions over the Soviet Union and adjacent territories. Concurrently, it would be advisable to prepare a program

plan for conducting POLEX in the south polar region, an undertaking which

should be based on extensive international cooperation.

2. As we know, there existed several decades ago a point of view which held that the Arctic is the ''weather kitchen" of the world. To

obtain observation data from this region, investigations were organized

during International Polar Years and through other international geophysical

projects.

the atmosphere, without following up with specific ways to utilize these data. The present plan of POLEX calls for collecting only the data that

are essential to those theoretical models of atmospheric circulation which take into account the characteristics of the polar regions.

The principal aim was the collection of data on the state of

3. An important feature of POLEX, as well as of GARF' as a whole,

is that it augments its study of atmospheric processes with investigations

of processes in the ocean and on drifting ice to the degree that is essen-

tial for developing reliable methods of numerical long-range weather

forecasting.

4. The regions encompassed by POLEX in the Northern Hemisphere are

bounded by 50'N. America, as well as the water areas of the Arctic Basin and the northern parts of the Atlantic and the Pacific.

They include vast territories of Eurasia and North

5. The area selected for the experiment has the following

advantages:

a. The ocean-atmosphere interaction and the energy balance components in this area are characteristic of polar regions as a whole.

b. influence on the processes of the middle latitudes.

The atmospheric processes of this region exert a considerable

2

c. The water areas are clearly confined by straits, which will make

it relatively easy to determine the oceanic features of the observa-

tion system that will include the weather ships presently stationed.

d. The territories encompassed by the experiment zone have sufficient

observational coverage.

e. of macxoprocesses in adjacent regions, this area is of practical

interest in its own right because of the intensive economic development

of the Far North.

In addition to exerting a considerable influence on the development

GAR)? is primarily concerned with the mathematical modeling of circu-

lation processes on the basis of theoretical models, and with the conducting

of natural observations to refine the various parameters entering into

the theoretical models. These are also the goals and tasks of POLEX.

Numerical experiments, which constitute the basis of its scientific

program, will be directed toward performing the following specific tasks:

1. The development of hydrodynamic and stochastic models of atmo-

spheric circulation, taking into account the interaction of the atmosphere

and ocean in the presence of an ice cover.

2 . The conducting of a series of numerical experiments taking into

account the dynamics of the ice cover, which forms a nonuniform underlying surface; also, the determination of the influence of this surface on the

atmospheric circulation of the high and middle latitudes.

3. The evaluation, on the basis of hydrodynamic models, of the influence of seasonal peculiarities of radiational heat influxes in the

polar regions on the character of global circulation processes.

4 . The investigation of the transformation mechanism of the basic energy forms in the numerical experiments, with an attempt to close the

energy balance equations at each step of integrating the equations of atmospheric dynamics.

5. The mathematical modeling of the physical processes leading to the formation of inversions and stratus clouds in the Arctic in the winter

and during the period of ice-cover melting.

6 . The evaluation of the role of energy flow in the ocean-atmosphere

system, across the boundaries of the experiment zone, in forming the energy

balance of the polar atmosphere; also, the determination of (a) the dis-

tribution of these fluxes and (b) the necessity for and feasibility of methods for taking them into account in hydrodynamic models.

7 . The determination of the role of water areas in forming the energy balance of the arctic atmosphere; the justification, on this basis,

of an observational system to monitor the water areas in the northern

Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

8 . The development of hydrodynamic models of circulation in the

polar stratosphere to evaluate the influence of vertical motions and solar

activity on the temperature regime of the stratosphere.

9. The investigation of the statistical structure of hydrometeoro-

logical fields, essential to mathematically model the ocean-atmosphere

interaction processes on the basis of hydrodynamic and stochastic models.

10. The development of methods of dynamic objective analysis of

meteorological and aerological fields for the polar zone, utilizing

observation data from satellites and automatic drifting stations.

11. The evaluation of the effect of measurement error and density

of the observation network on the accuracy of the hydrodynamic forecasting

schemes; the advancement, on this basis, of recommendations to establish

the required observational system in the polar region.

12. The analysis, on the basis of numerical models, of the possible

consequences of modifying the arctic ice and altering the course of Siberian

rivers (in connection with specific proposed projects).

The goal of the numerical experiments mentioned above must be (a) to make specific recommendations which take into account the characteristics

of the northern polar regions in global hydrodynamic models describing atmospheric circulation and (b) to determine the role of the northern polar realm in forming the weather and climate regime of adjacent territories.

4

The results w i l l be used to refine existing--and develop new--

hydrodynamic and physico-statistical methods of long-range weather

forecasting.

Within the framework of POLEX, it is proposed that a series of

research and experimental investigations be conducted in ocean areas on

research vessels and the drifting ice of the Central Arctic. pal task of these investigations will be to more accurately define the

mechanism governing the exchange of heat, moisture, and momentum between

the atmosphere and ocean in the presence of an ice cover or of an intensely

agitated ocean surface.

to solve such problems as:

The princi-

The results of these investigations should help

1. The refinement of methods for calculating the turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat, and moisture above the ice for different seasons, employing modern technical means.

2. The refinement of the parameters essential to computing evapora-

tion during ice-cover melting.

3. The investigation of the aerodynamic roughness of the sea

surface in high latitudes in relation to atmospheric turbulence and wind

agitation. 4. The refinement of the coefficients of wind-generated ice drift.

5. The investigation of heat transfer and evaporation from a

moderately- and an intensely-agitated ocean surface under different hydro-

meteorological conditions in relation to turbulence and agitation.

6. The study of the effect of high humidity on the turbulent

regime in the atmospheric layer adjacent to the water.

7 . The investigation of the effective radiation of the underlying surface during the period of the polar night for different meteorological conditions.

For observations from research vessels, gradient measurements in the water-adjacent layer must be performed at several levels under conditions which will ensure that the setup of the instruments does not distort their

readings. layer of the atmosphere, the turbulent pulsations in the surface-adjacent and under-ice water layers should be measured and the hydrological

Simultaneously with the observations in the water-adjacent

5

characteristics in the active layer of the ocean to a depth of 200 m should be determined.

The purpose of these measurements is to evaluate (a) the influence of atmospheric processes on the formation of the active layer of the ocean

and (b) the influence of the dynamics of this layer on the exchange of

energy, moisture, and momentum between the atmosphere and ocean.

The observational part of POLEX calls for the performance of the

following series of observations:

A. ON RESEARCH VESSELS.

Atlantic and Pacific oceans, performing the following series of observations:

Research vessels will be employed in the northern

I . On Polugons. These investigations will study ocean-atmosphere

interaction.

aid of

a. of instruments for gradient and direct measurements (variations) of

turbulence in the surface-adjacent layer of the ocean and the water-

adjacent layer of the atmosphere ;

b. current meters;

e.

d . e. apparatus for measuring the turbulence in the boundary layer;

f. infrared and microwave radiometers for measuring the temperature of the water surface and the moisture content of the atmosphere from

a ship.

The main body of the observations will be conducted with the

buoys and platforms equipped with lapse-rate apparatus and a complex

autonomous buoy s tat ions equipped with photothermographs and

a hydroprobe equipped with temperature and salinity sensors; heated thermobuoys equipped with quick-response temperature sensors; attached aerostats and k i t e balloons equipped with the necessary

Concurrently, standard meteorological, actinometric, and aerological

observations will be conducted on all vessels, which will also be able to

directly monitor information from meteorological satellites.

Technical specifications for the new instrumentation have been prepared,

and some work has begun.

6

2. On Cross Sections. These i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a i m t o determine t h e

f l u x e s of energy, a c r o s s t h e southern boundary of t h e experiment zone,

which occur i n t h e ocean and atmosphere over t h e oceanic r eg ions of t h e

experiment.

performed i n t h e no r the rn A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c oceans i n s p e c i f i c months

of d i f f e r e n t seasons. One c r o s s s e c t i o n w i l l be performed i n t h e area of

t h e Arctic Circle (on t h e east, i n t h e region of t h e Bering S t r a i t ; on

t h e w e s t , i n t h e region of t h e s t anda rd hydro log ica l c r o s s s e c t i o n ) . The

second c r o s s s e c t i o n w i l l be performed i n t h e A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c oceans

a t t h e southern boundary of t h e experiment zone.

I n connection wi th t h i s , two s tandard c r o s s s e c t i o n s w i l l be

The main body of t h e observat ions w i l l be conducted wi th t h e a i d

of

a. c u r r e n t meters;

b. senso r s ;

e.

d. soZar thermometers f o r measuring t h e temperature of t h e ocean

s u r f a.ce ;

e. microwave apparatus f o r shipboard measurements of p r o f i l e s of

humidity and o v e r a l l mo i s tu re content ;

f. standard aerological, actinometric, and meteoroZogicaZ apparatus; g . shipboard receivers o f the ART type ( f o r s a t e l l i t e obse rva t ions ) .

autonomous buoy s tat ions equipped wi th photothermographs and

heated themobuoys equipped wi th quick-response temperature

a hydroprobe equipped wi th temperature and s a l i n i t y senso r s ;

Standard hydro log ica l s t a t i o n s w i l l a l s o be taken. These inves t iga -

t i o n s must run concurrent ly on t h e same c r o s s s e c t i o n s i n both t h e A t l a n t i c

and t h e P a c i f i c . It is imperat ive t h a t each c r o s s s e c t i o n be performed

with no fewer than two o r t h r e e s h i p s .

3. On Temporary PoZyqons. The i n d i c a t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s will be

conducted s p o r a d i c a l l y , t h e i r o b j e c t i v e being

a. an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of oceanic water areas i n zones of cyclone forma-

t i o n and f ron togenes i s zones. The main body of t h e measurements w i l l

be t h a t l i s t e d under p o i n t 2 , p l u s an expanded complex of s t anda rd

meteorological and a e r o l o g i c a l obse rva t ions ;

7

b. during t h e pe r iod of w i n t e r s t r a t o s p h e r i c warmings.

rocke t and a e r o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e upper atmosphere

B. ON DRIFTING STATIONS. S p e c i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s

w i l l be augmented by s p e c i a l obse rva t ions .

measuring apparatus used f o r shipboard observat ions.

be adapted f o r g r a d i e n t measurements i n t h e water-adjacent l a y e r of t h e

atmosphere and t h e surface-adjacent l a y e r of t h e water under d r i f t i n g -

s t a t i o n cond i t ions . I n a d d i t i o n , a cyc le of v e r t i c a l - d i s t r i b u t i o n

measurements of ozone w i l l be organized on one of t h e d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s .

Use w i l l be made of t h e same

The apparatus w i l l

C. AUTOMATIC DRIFTING STATIONS. Plans ca l l f o r s e t t i n g up 20-25 auto-

matic d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s of i nc reased r e l i a b i l i t y on t h e d r i f t i n g i c e of

t h e Cen t ra l A r c t i c . These s t a t i o n s w i l l measure temperature, p r e s s u r e ,

wind d i r e c t i o n , and wind speed f o u r t i m e s a day and w i l l au tomat i ca l ly

t r ansmi t t h e d a t a by r ad io .

undertaken a t t h e A r c t i c and A n t a r c t i c I n s t i t u t e .

The c o n s t r u c t i o n of such s t a t i o n s i s being

D. SPECIALIZED AEROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. The performance of t h e s e

obse rva t ions during t h e pe r iod of t h e experiment ca l l s f o r

1. f requen t soundings from resea rch v e s s e l s u s ing radiosondes

and r o c k e t s du r ing t h e pe r iod of w i n t e r s t r a t o s p h e r i c warmings;

2 . i n synchronism with t h e sounding from resea rch v e s s e l s ,

f r equen t soundings of t h e atmosphere from Hays I s l a n d using radiosondes

and r o c k e t s , and from t h e "North Pole" d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s using radiosondes;

3. t h e o rgan iza t ion of measurements of t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

of ozone on Hays I s l a n d and on one of t h e d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s ;

4 . t h e measurement of r a d i a t i o n h e a t f l u x e s using ac t inomet r i c

radiosondes on Hays I s l a n d and on one of t h e d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n s ;

5. t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e o p t i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e

underlying s u r f a c e and t h e clouds i n t h e A r c t i c along a wide spectrum

range using s p e c i a l l y equipped a i r c r a f t ( t h e Cen t ra l Aerological Observa-

t o r y o r t h e Main Geophysical Observatory).

8

E. METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITES. During t h e pe r iod of POLEX, t h e reg ion

involved w i l l be w e l l covered by observa t ion d a t a from satel l i tes .

s a t e l l i t e informat ion w i l l be of t h e fo l lowing n a t u r e :

The

1. Data on c loudiness and depa r t ing r a d i a t i o n s e n t ou t by i n s t a n t -

readout sa te l l i tes . This in format ion w i l l be rece ived a t t h e Arctic

and A n t a r c t i c I n s t i t u t e , on r e sea rch vessels equipped wi th readout

appara tus , and a t T i k s i Bay.

2 . Accumulated d a t a , i nc lud ing (a ) t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of cloud and

ice f i e l d s f o r d a i l y day-and-night pe r iods , (b) t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t o t a l

shortwave and longwave depa r t ing r a d i a t i o n f o r d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of the

spectrum, and (c ) t h e r a d i a t i o n temperatures of t h e upper cloud boundaries ,

and of t h e water, ice, and snow su r faces .

The d a t a l i s t e d above w i l l be used i n numerical experiments, i n

o b j e c t i v e a n a l y s i s s t u d i e s , and i n hydrodynamic precomputation models.

The bu lk of the obta ined informat ion w i l l be processed by e l e c t r o n i c

computers. I n view of t h i s , t h e measuring ins t ruments w i l l be adapted

t o record observa t ion r e s u l t s i n such a form t h a t they can be f e d d i r e c t l y

i n t o t h e e l e c t r o n i c computers. An e f f i c i e n t l i n k between t h e measuring

system and t h e e l e c t r o n i c computers w i l l be requi red .

For shipboard r e sea rch , a p i l o t p r o j e c t i s be ing pursued t o

develop a shipboard automated system f o r hydrometeorological information

(des igna ted SIGMA-S, f o r Shipboard Information HydroMeteorological

Automated. System).

The Sovie t POLEX proposa l has been put forward as p a r t of t h e

o v e r a l l GARP plan . The p a r t i c i p a t i o n of o rgan iza t ions and i n s t i t u t i o n s

of t h e Sovie t Union and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s i s very d e s i r a b l e . The program

of POLEX can be much improved i f i t i s augmented by t h e r e sea rch of

o the r na t ions .

9

REFERENCES

1. Borisenkov, E. P., and A. F. Treshnikov. 1971. On the role of polar regions in the problem of the global investigation of the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. Vol. 296, Leningrad. [see AIDJEX Bulletin No. 10, p. 91

Trudy of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute,

2. Kondratiev, K. Ya., et al. 1970. The Complex Energy Experiment (CENEX). Bulletin of the World Meteorological Organization, Vol. 19, No. 4 , October.

3. Treshnikov, A. F., et al. 1968. Natural experiment on the problem of the interaction of the ocean and atmosphere. Problemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, No. 28, Leningrad.

4 . Fedorov, E. K. 1970. The main tasks of GARP. Meteorologiya i Gidrologiya, No. 7.

10

THE AMERICAN "ARCTIC I C E DYNAMICS JOINT EXPERIMENT" PROJECT

by A. F. Treshnikov, E. P. Borisenkov, N. A. Volkov, and E. G. Nikiforov

In recent years, an increased interest in the study of the Arctic Ocean has been noted in a number of countries bordering the Arctic.

This interest has been especially strong in the USA and Canada, due to

the discovery of large deposits of oil, gas, and other mineral resources

in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic.

material to processing markets is by sea transport.

sary to make a study of ice conditions and to develop methods for their

forecasting. In addition, it is presently recognized in U.S. scientific

circles that the investigation of large-scale global atmospheric and oceanic processes is impossible without taking into account the influence of such powerful heat sinks of the Earth as the Arctic and Antarctic.

One method of getting the mineral raw For this it is neces-

The economic and scientific reasons for investigating the Arctic

Ocean are intertwined with military ones, which have elicited great

interest on the part of the U.S. Navy.

investigations by addressing themselves to problems of ice drift, thermo-

dynamics of the ice cover, and the ice balance.

American researchers began their

These problems have been studied in the Soviet Union for a long time. Following the classic works of V. V. Shuleikin and N. N. Zubov,

a whole series of subsequent works were published in the USSR dealing

with the thickness and solidity of the ice cover. In some of these works,

ice drift is examined as one of the components of the interrelated

mechanism of the ocean-ice-atmosphere system [9, 10, 12, 14, 17, and others]. For this, the forces of internal interaction were taken into

ProbZemy Arktiki i Antarktiki, No. 38, pp. 14-21, 1971. Translated (September, 1971) for AIDJEX by S. M. Olenicoff.

11

account by means of introducing logical algorithms into the computations.

Satisfactory results were obtained when empirical dependencies of ice drift on the baric gradient were introduced into the balance equations [5, 6, 71.

An interesting theoretical study of the reaction of the ice cover to external

forces was published in 1967 [16].

Important results were obtained from experimental investigations per-

formed on the drifting ice. A s early as 1961, during a high-latitude air

expedition, a square polygon was set up on the ice in the vicinity of the

North Pole, with its sides measuring 70-75 km and a small group of observers situated at each corner.

tinued over a period of a month, included observations of the dynamic

processes in the ice cover, the atmosphere, and the upper layer of the

ocean. Some of the results of this experiment are presented in [4].

The program of the polygon investigations, con-

In 1962, a similar polygon was set up on the ice in the vicinity of

the drifting station "North Pole-10" and an analogous series of investiga- tions was performed over a longer period of 2.5 months.

The complex of experimental observations, performed at the five

station points of the polygon, included gradient meteorological and hydro-

logical measurements which were accompanied by a recording of the drift,

the shifts, the deformations, and the rotations of the ice fields, and also

by aerial photographic surveys. At one of the stations, ice vibrations were

measured within a seismic range and tilt investigations were also performed

[8, 131.

A survey of numerical. methods of investigation using a computer, carried out in recent years at the Arctic and Antarctic Institute, is

presented in reference [l].

In the United States, the first attempt to work out a numerical model

of mean annual ice drift in the Arctic Basin was undertaken by Campbell in 1965 [18]. He was obliged to introduce a series of assumptions due to the lack of experimental data on the internal stresses of the ice (analogous to those utilized by D. P. Laikhtman [lo] for the same reasons), on the tangential friction force at the air-ice and the ice-water boundaries, etc.

12

I n t h e same p e r i o d a work was publ ished by F l e t c h e r [19 ] , who a t t h a t

t i m e headed t h e p o l a r r e sea rch a t t h e RAND Corporation.

I n 1966, t h e RAND Corporation conducted an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c i e n t i f i c

symposium on thermodynamic processes and atmospheric c i r c u l a t i o n i n the

p o l a r zone.

p re sen ted and a t t e n t i o n w a s focused on problems r e q u i r i n g f u t u r e i n v e s t i -

ga t ion .

A t t h a t symposium, t h e ' r e s u l t s of r e sea rch t o d a t e were

It g radua l ly became ev iden t t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e t h e o r e t i c a l

and p r a c t i c a l problems of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e ice cover wi th t h e

surrounding media is of major importance t o t h e s tudy of l a rge - sca l e

atmospheric and oceanic p rocesses , as w e l l as t o t h e development of

phys i ca l methods of ice f o r e c a s t i n g .

Experience has shown t h a t , f o r t h i s purpose, obse rva t ions a t i s o -

l a t e d p o i n t s i n t h e A r c t i c Basin are e n t i r e l y i n s u f f i c i e n t and i.t i s

necessary t o conduct a d d i t i o n a l experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t:he

dynamic processes by means of polygons set up on t h e ice.

The f i r s t ve r s ion of t h e program of t h i s experiment w a s prepared

by P ro fes so r s U n t e r s t e i n e r and Hunkins and w a s discussed at a meeting of

a panel of e x p e r t s of t h e Naval Oceanographic Of f i ce , where i t w a s

approved i n p r i n c i p l e .

Some of t h e s c i e n t i f i c s t a f f a t t h e Arctic and A n t a r c t i c I n s t i t u t e

had t h e opportuni ty t o acquaint themselves with the above-mentioned ve r s ion

of t h e program during F l e t c h e r ' s v i s i t t o Leningrad i n t h e summer of 1969,

and t o o f f e r t h e i r comments on it .

I n mid-1970, a t t h e Un ive r s i ty of Washington, U n t e r s t e i n e r , Maykut,

and Thorndike prepared t h e f i n a l s c i e n t i f i c program f o r t h e experiment

t o s tudy a r c t i c ice dynamics [20]. I n p repa r ing t h e program f o r t h e

experiment, a t t e n t i o n w a s given t o t h e c o m e n t s and suggest ions of speci-

al ists from t h e U.S. Naval Oceanographic Of f i ce , USGS, and CRREL, as w e l l

as t o those of Sov ie t s c i e n t i s t s . The program of t h i s experiment corre-

sponds i n many ways t o t h e program of polygon i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of ice

dynamics conducted by Soviet r e s e a r c h e r s i n t h e A r c t i c Basin during t h e

pe r iod 1961-1965.

13

Since the program of the experiment encompasses a large complex of

rather complicated physical investigations of the ice cover, which must be

carefully planned and coordinated, the thoroughness with which it is being conducted is fully justified.

number of specialists will be enlisted from various scientific institutions,

while the development of specialized equipment will be delegated to different

f inns.

For its fulfillment, it appears that a large

To head the experiment, a special group was created within the Oceano- graphic division [ed. note--actually, the Division of Marine Resources] of

the University of Washington in Seattle. The theoretical section of the

experiment is headed by Prof. Untersteiner, and the well-known polar

researcher Fletcher has been asked to direct the planning and organization

of the field work, which he will be undertaking as of July 1, 1970.*

As the authors understand it, the concept of the proposed experiment

is as follows. Since the ice cover exerts a considerable influence on the

dynamic and thermodynamic interaction of the atmosphere and ocean, it is

essential to quantitatively evaluate the degree of this influence. Taking

into account the fact that the Arctic ice fields are in a state of motion,

which is accompanied by deformation, ridging, and appearance of ice-free

areas, it is essential to study the physical mechanisms which control these

processes.

Arctic Basin and a system of stations be set up on it from which detailed

investigations can be carried out over a long period of time (Fig. 1).

Thus, it is proposed that an ice polygon be selected in the

In the center of the polygon, the establishment of a base station is

proposed. Around it, at the corners of a square with 20 km sides, four automatic stations will be set up. Around this square, an additional four manned stations will be established, forming an outside square with its

sides measuring 100 km. And, finally, an outer ring consisting of six automatic stations will be set up, at an initial maximum distance of separa- tion measuring 300 km along the diagonals of a hexagon. In addition, it

* Ed. note: This report was written in mid-1970. On September 1, 1371,

Prof. Untersteiner became the AIDJEX Coordinator and Mr. Fletcher the Director of the NSF Office of Polar Programs.

14

Figure 1. Arrangement of s t a t i o n s f o r t h e American a r c t i c experiment on t h e s tudy

of ice dynamics.

1--manned stations; 2--azltomatic s tat ions

i s deemed d e s i r a b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a nearby base f o r l o g i s t i c and t e c h n i c a l

support , p r e f e r a b l y on an i c e i s l a n d .

measurements of t h e wind and water stress w i l l be conducted a t a l l s t a t i o n s ,

as w e l l as aerial photographic surveys, p o s i t i o n measurements, recording

of t h e sea s u r f a c e s l o p e , and s t u d i e s of ice topography (both s u r f a c e

and under-ice) .

Besides s tandard obse rva t ions ,

The manned s t a t i o n s w i l l f unc t ion f o r a per iod of two years . During

each season, s e l e c t e d pe r iods w i l l be devoted t o conducting obse rva t ions

according t o t h e expanded program.

t o begin i n March 1971. The main obse rva t iona l work i s scheduled f o r t h e

1973-1974 per iod.

s i x yea r s .

Prel iminary r e sea rch work is scheduled

The f u l l d u r a t i o n of t h e experiment is expected t o be

15

The fol lowing r e s u l t s are a n t i c i p a t e d :

1.

t o ice s t r a i n , necessa ry f o r t h e development of dynamic models of ice motion

and, consequently, f o r t h e improvement of t h e q u a l i t y of i ce f o r e c a s t s as

w e l l .

The measurement of t h e parameters r e l a t i n g a i r and water stresses

2. To o b t a i n as much as p o s s i b l e of t h e d a t a needed t o e v a l u a t e t h e

r o l e of sea i c e i n t h e i n t e r a c t i o n p rocess of t h e atmosphere and ocean, and

i n t h e formation of climate. I n p a r t i c u l a r , i t i s hoped t h a t information

can be obtained about t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e formation of zones of

open water, t h e h e a t balance, and the product ion of new ice.

3. The accumulation of d a t a on t h e morphology of t h e ice cover and

t h e p rocesses of i t s formation.

4 . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n of processes v i t a l t o t h e understanding of

primary product ion and b i o l o g i c a l phenomena i n t h e A r c t i c Ocean, and t h e

e v a l u a t i o n of t h e p o s s i b l e damage t o t h e a r c t i c environment from t h e con-

t i n u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g economic u t i l i z a t i o n of t he region.

5. The determinat ion of t he parameters c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e dynamics

of w a t e r masses and the cond i t ions of sound-wave propagat ion w i t h i n them.

6 . The o b t a i n i n g of the information needed t o e v a l u a t e t h e f e a s i b i l i t y

and d e s i r a b i l i t y of t he a r t i f i c i a l d e s t r u c t i o n of t he A r c t i c ice cover.

The program a l s o con ta ins a d i scuss ion of c e r t a i n problems which i t i s

hoped can be formulated and solved as a r e s u l t of t he experiment.

The f i r s t such problem i s t h e development of a mathematical model of

ice cover dynamics. Computations show t h a t , i f t h e dynamic e f f e c t i s

e l imina ted , then t h e ice can a t t a i n an equ i l ib r ium th i ckness depending

only on t h e h e a t exchange between t h e ocean, t h e ice , and t h e atmosphere.

The dynamics of t h e ice cover g r e a t l y complicates t h i s process .

For t h e development of dynamic models i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o know, i n

a d d i t i o n t o t h e p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t f o r c e and t h e C o r i o l i s f o r c e , t h e f r i c t i o n

stress between t h e ice and t h e w a t e r , and t h e i n t e r n a l i c e stress.

I n view of i t s above-stated o b j e c t i v e s , t h e experiment should provide

answers t o t h e fol lowing ques t ions :

16

1. How i s l a rge - sca l e i ce deformation r e l a t e d t o e x t e r n a l stress

f i e l d s ? For t h i s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o measure t h e f r i c t i o n f o r c e a t t h e

ice-water and ice-gtmosphere s u r f a c e s , and a l s o t h e components of t he

h e a t balance.

2. How i s i c e topography ( s u r f a c e and under-ice) r e l a t e d t o t h e

stress and s t r a i n f o r c e s a c t i n g on t h e ice?

taneous s o l u t i o n of such problems as (a ) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between stress

f o r c e s and t h e formation of c racks and (b) t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e dynamic

regime of t h e ice--the presence of c racks , open l e a d s , and p r e s s u r e

ridges--on t h e flow of h e a t from t h e ocean t o t h e atmosphere.

This w i l l r e q u i r e t h e simul-

3. Is t h e a r c t i c ice s t a b l e o r uns t ab le?

The program of t h e experiment a l s o l i s ts t h e obse rva t ions t o be

made and t h e in s t rumen t s r equ i r ed f o r t h e s e . The sea i c e obse rva t ions w i l l

be conducted w i t h t h e a i d of a i r c r a f t ( v i s u a l l y and by in s t rumen t s ) ,

submarines, and satel l i tes .

The equipment f o r t h e s e measurements must i nc lude an i n f r a r e d

scanner , s idelooking r a d a r , p a s s i v e microwave r a d a r , photographic appara-

t u s f o r making aer ia l surveys, and t e l e v i s i o n apparatus of t he vidicon

type ' For t h e measurement of i ce t h i c k n e s s , a laser system wi th a resolu-

t i o n of 1 cm w i l l be used f o r measuring s u r f a c e i c e p r o f i l e s , and

submarines equipped wi th a c o u s t i c a l systems w i l l be used f o r measuring

under-ice p r o f i l e s . For t h i s l a t te r purpose, t h e use of d i v e r s t o o b t a i n

supplemental d a t a i s a l s o proposed.

t i o n s i s t o f i n d a s t a t i s t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p between under-ice and s u r f a c e

topographies, t hus making i t p o s s i b l e t o determine ice th i ckness s o l e l y on

t h e b a s i s of t h e measurable parameters of t h e s u r f a c e topography. The

complex of ice obse rva t ions a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e determinat ion of t h e posi-

t i o n s of t h e ice f l o e s , t h e speed of t h e i r motion, and t h e i r a c c e l e r a t i o n .

The relative d i s t a n c e w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s of t h e system of s t a t i o n s must be

determined wi th an accuracy of +50 m e t e r s f o r t h e o u t e r square and + l o meters f o r t h e i n n e r square.

The p r i n c i p a l a i m of t h e s e inves t iga -

17

One aircraft, equipped with radars and apparatus for aerial photo-

graphic surveying, will make flights over the region at an altitude that will enable it to cover the entire area in a short period of time. aircraft, equipped with laser and infrared sensors, the measurements of

which are strongly dependent on the moisture content of the atmosphere, will

make flights at low altitudes.

A second

Stress measurements will be made by the profile method (indirect) and the more accurate eddy flux method (direct).

ments, acoustical sensors will be employed. For the latter type of measure-

Direct and indirect methods will also be used for the determination of heat fluxes.

Wind direction will be recorded continuously with an allowance for

ice floe rotation. and outgoing short-wave and long-wave radiation, and of albedo. Atmospheric

pressure will be measured with an accuracy of k0.05 mb.

Measurements will be made at all stations of incoming

Aerological observations in the surface layer and the free atmosphere

are planned.

Nonstandard oceanographic observations will include the following

measurements:

a) water stress at the lower boundary of the ice, using direct and

indirect methods; the first type of measurements will be made using current meters installed at depths of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 , 8, 16, and 32m;

b) form drag, using specially developed apparatus;

c) tilt of the sea surface.

All the observational results will be recorded in analog form for the monitoring of data and system performance under field conditions, and

in digital form for subsequent computer processing.

The experiment will consist of four stages: planning, preliminary

studies, field work, and data analysis.

At present, based on the best available information, it appears that the experiment has entered its second stage; this includes theoretical

18

s t u d i e s , t h e f a b r i c a t i o n and t e s t i n g of t h e equipment and in s t rumen ta t ion ,

and t h e conducting of p re l imina ry experiments and symposiums t o improve

obse rva t iona l techniques and develop in s t rumen ta t ion . I n t h e s p r i n g of

1970, a p re l imina ry t e s t i n g of methods and in s t rumen ta t ion w a s conducted

on t h e i ce 400 km n o r t h of Alaska. Over a pe r iod of a month, a group of

American s p e c i a l i s t s from Washington (sic) headed by Coachman performed

simultaneous obse rva t ions of under-ice c u r r e n t s a t s t a t i o n s s i t u a t e d a t

d i s t a n c e s of 3, 10, and 20 km from one another . New senso r s were a l s o

t e s t e d a t t h e s i te , inc lud ing an a c o u s t i c anemometer and va r ious i n s t r u -

ments f o r t h e continuous recording of ice s t r a i n .

Plans c a l l f o r expanded i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , using automatic and remote

senso r s , t o be conducted on a short-term d r i f t i n g s t a t i o n which w i l l be

set up e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h i s purpose i n t h e A r c t i c Basin during t h e sp r ing

of 1971.

I n eva lua t ing t h e AIDJEX program, one cannot he lp bu t n o t e t h e

thoroughness wi th which i t has been worked out and t h e concrete s t e p s

t h a t are being taken t o advance i t .

The au tho r s of t h e program were e n t i r e l y c o r r e c t i n t h e i r p inpo in t ing

of t he kno t ty problems of ice dynamics, one of which i s understanding t h e

r e l a t io r i sh ips governing t h e formation of i c e s t r a i n under t h e in f luence

of e x t e r n a l f o r c e s . I n connection w i t h t h i s , i t i s very important t o

develop a method f o r t h e d i r e c t measurement of ice s t r a i n and t o under-

s t and t h e i n t e r a c t i o n between l a rge - sca l e stress and s t r a i n f i e l d s .

I n t h e t i l t -measu r ing obse rva t ions , t h e g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t y l i e s

i n t ak ing i n t o account t h e deformation of t h e i c e f i e l d on which t h e

senso r s are i n s t a l l e d . These deformations occur nonuniformly and s i g n i f i -

c a n t l y d i s t o r t t h e measurement r e s u l t s .

Although w e g ive t h e program of t h e experiment a h igh eva lua t ion ,

w e f e e l t h a t w e must p o i n t out t h a t t h e problems i t seeks t o so lve are

important , bu t s t i l l q u i t e l i m i t e d .

S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e program i n ques t ion i s set up t o s tudy t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f j u s t t h e i c e cover. The parameters of t h e s t a t e of

19

the atmosphere and hydrosphere are considered as set values.

however, they also vary and the ice cover plays a definite role in these

variations. Thus, it would have been more logical to incorporate into the

experiment a study of the mechanism of ocean-atmosphere interaction in the

presence of an ice cover, with a mathematical description of its dynamic and thermal processes. The eventual development of such a model would have

made it possible to simultaneously take into account not only the influence

of the atmosphere on ice dynamics, but also the influence of dynamic and

thermal processes in the ice cover on the state of the atmosphere, and sub- sequently the reverse influence of the atmosphere on the state of the ice.

In reality,

But, even within the framework of the limited program as it stands, #

there are some insufficiently developed aspects. Specifically, its weak spot is the determination of air and water stress on the ice cover. The

program provides for the sporadic determination of these characteristics

at different points of the polygon. However, such information does not

correspond with the objectives of the experiment. In Appendix I of the program, it is proposed that the internal strain in the ice cover be deter-

mined as a residual term from the equation of motion. sufficiently accurate knowledge not only of the kinematics of the ice cover,

but also of the indicated stresses on it over the entire polygon. the sporadic determinations of the stresses at certain "characteristic"

points of the polygon do not, by virtue of the statistical properties of

the morphology of the upper and lower ice surfaces and the nonuniformity of external conditions (wind and currents), provide any guarantees regarding

the accuracy of the field stress characteristics. Their inevitable variance will lower the accuracy of the subsequent analysis of the relationship of

internal strain in the ice cover to external factors.

This presupposes a

However,

This problem is, of course, very complicated and its solution will require, in addition to the fulfillment of the given experiment, a whole series of theoretical and experimental investigations. However, a wider

formulation of the problem corresponds more fully to the physical essence of this complicated mechanism. In connection with this, attention should be given to the program of the Polar Experiment, which was developed within

20

t h e framework of t h e Global Atmospheric Research Program [l, 2, 3 ,

151.

Sov ie t s c i e n t i s t s and t h e "Tropical Experiment" are p a r t of t h e

GARF' program, so a l s o t h e American AIDJEX p r o j e c t can only be con-

s i d e r e d as one p a r t , o r subprogram, of t h e P o l a r Experiment.

One can s a y t h a t , j u s t as t h e P o l a r Experiment proposed by

REFERENCES

1. Borisenkov, E. P. 1970. Numerical methods of a n a l y s i s and precalcu- l a t i o n of hydrometeorological f i e l d s i n p o l a r regions. i A n t a r k t i k i , No. 36-37, Leningrad.

Problemy A r k t i k i

2. Borisenkov, E. P . , and A. F. Treshnikov. 1970. On t h e r o l e of p o l a r r eg ions i n t h e problem of t h e g l o b a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e c i r c u l a t i o n of t h e atmosphere and ocean. Vol. 296, Leningrad.

Trudy of t h e Arctic and Antarctic I n s t i t u t e ,

3. Borisenkov, E. P. and A. F. Treshnikov. 1971. The P o l a r Experiment. Problemy A r k t i k i i A n t a r k t i k i , No. 38, Leningrad.

4. Bushuyev, A. V. et a l . Resu l t s of exped i t ion i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of t h e d r i f t and dynamics of t h e Arctic Basin ice cover during t h e s p r i n g of 1961. - Trudy of t h e Arctic and Antarctic I n s t i t u t e , Vol. 257, Leningrad.

5. Volkov, N. A . , and 2. M. Gudkovich 1967. P r i n c i p a l r e s u l t s of t h e s tudy of ice d r i f t i n t h e Arctic Basin. No. 27, Leningrad.

Problemy A r k t i k i i A n t a r k t i k i ,

6. Gudkovich, Z . M. 1961. On t h e main c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of ice d r i f t i n t h e C e n t r a l p o l a r bas in . Proceedings of t h e Conference on t h e Problem of t h e " I n t e r a c t i o n of t h e Atmosphere and Hydrosphere i n t h e Northern P a r t of t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean," Vol. 3-4, Leningrad.

7. Gudkovich, Z . M., and E. G. Nikiforov. 1963. Steady d r i f t of a s i n g l e i c e f l o e . Leningrad.

Trudy of t h e Arctic and Antarctic I n s t i t u t e , Vol. 253,

8. Gudkovich, Z . M . , and A. D. Sy t in sk iy . 1965. Some obse rva t ion r e s u l t s of t i d a l phenomena i n t h e A r c t i c Basin using a t i l tmeter . Vol. 5, N o . 5.

Okeanologiya,

9. Doronin, Yu. P. 1970. On t h e technique of computing t h e s o l i d n e s s and d r i f t of ice. Leningrad.

Trudy of t h e A r c t i c and Antarctic I n s t i t u t e , Vol. 291,

21

10. Laikhtman, D. L. 1958. On the wind drift of ice. Trudy of the Lenin- grad Hydrometeorological Institute, No. 7 , Leningrad.

11. Nikiforov, E. G., et al. 1967. Principal techniques for computing the redistribution of ice in arctic seas during the navigation period under the influence of wind. Trudy of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute, Vol. 257, Leningrad.

12. Ruzin, M. I. 1959. On the wind drift of ice in a nonuniform pressure field. Trudy of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute and of the Main Geo- physical Observatory, Vol. 226, Leningrad.

13. Sytinskiy, A. D.,and V. P. Tripol'nikov. 1964. Some results of the investigation of the natural fluctuations of ice fields in the Central Arctic. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Geophysical Series, No. 4.

14. Timokhov, L. A. 1967. On the dynamics of the ice cover and the changes in its solidness. Trudy of the Arctic and Antarctic Institute, Vol. 257, Leningrad.

15. Treshnikov, A. F., et al. 1968. Natural experiment on the problem of the interaction of the ocean and atmosphere. Problemy Arktiki i Ant- arktiki, No. 28, Leningrad.

16. Kheisin, D. E. 1967. Dynamics of the Ice Cover. Leningrad: Hydro- meteorological Publishing House.

17. Fel'zenbaum, A. I. 1958. Theory of steady ice drift and the computa- tion of the mean many-year ice drift in the Arctic Basin. (Problems of the North), No. 2.

Problemy Severa

18. Campbell, W. J. 1965. The wind-driven circulation of ice and water in a polar ocean. J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 70.

19. Fletcher, J. 0. 1965. The Heat Budget of the Arctic Basin and Its Relation to Climate. The Rand Corporation, R-444-PR.

20. Untersteiner, N., G. A. Maykut, and A. S. Thorndike. 1970. Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment, Part I: Scientific Plan (Second Draft). University of Washington, Division of Marine Resources, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Oceanography. May 1970.

22

TRANSLATIONS NOW UNDER CONTRACT

Mr. K. G. Sandved, Director of the NSF Polar Information Service, has informed us that his office has submitted the following items for translation under the PL 480 program:

Marshunova, M.S. and N. T. Chernigovskii. Radiation Regime of the Foreign -- Arctic. Leningrad, 1971. 181 p.

Problems of the Arctic and the Antarctic. Issues 33, 34 , 35 , 3 6 , 37, 38.

Smirnov, V. I. Navigation in Ice and Its Scientific and Operational Status Abroad.

Drozdov, 0 . A. and A. S. Grigor'eva. Long-term Cyclic Variations in Rain- fall in the USSR.

Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. Physiotechnical Investigations of - Ice. Leningrad, 1971. 219 p. (Its - Transactions, vol. 300.) Table of Contents:

Peschanskii: The static pressure of ice. Iakovlev: Method of forecasting the strength characteristics of an

Shvaishtein: Lavrov: The scale effect as an indicator of ice breakup mechanisms. Petrov: Attempted zonation of the arctic sea ice according t o structure. Smirnov: Analysis of the elastic properties of a continuous ice cover

Afanas'ev, Dolgopolov, Shvaishtein: Ice pressure on detached pillars

Kheisin: Some transitional problems of ice-cover dynamics. Nazintsev: The thawing of hummocked ice; Iostatic phenomena of drifting

Fedotov: Research on antarctic ice floes. Kozlovskii: Characteristics of the formation and structure of ice floes

in Mirnyy Harbor and Alasheev Bight. Fedotov: Chikovskii: Supercooling sea water in nature and under lab. conditions. Iakovlev: The destruction of ice by reactive gas jetstreams. Shvaishtein: Cutting of ice by continuous jetstreams at high pressure. Nikolaev: Experiment is destroying sea ice by directed deton.ations. Cherepanov, Kamyshnikova: Size and form of crystals in congealed ice. Gollandtseva, Glukhova: Investigations of sea-ice structure. Vitko: Computing the penetrability of icebreakers through sea ice. Smirnov, Lin'kov: Observations of fluctuations in sea-ice cover with

ice cover. Experimental work in an ice-research laboratory.

by dynamic and static methods.

at sea.

ice fields.

Radiational decay of antarctic ice floes.

the aid of tiltmeters.

23

SCIENTIFIC OPERATIONS OF THE 1972 AIDJEX PILOT STUDY

The 1972 AIDJEX f i e l d program i s t h e most ambitious i n t h e series of

An a r r a y of t h r e e p i l o t s t u d i e s preceding t h e main experiment i n 1974-75.

manned s t a t i o n s and f i v e unmanned s t a t i o n s ( d a t a buoys) w i l l be cen te red

about 400 km n o r t h of Po in t Barrow, Alaska, and w i l l provide an oppor tun i ty

t o test f o r t he f i r s t t i m e , on appropr i a t e space s c a l e s , several elements

of t h e design of t h e main experiment. Among t h e primary purposes of t h e

expanded 1972 program w i l l be t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of important new d a t a wi th

r e s p e c t t o ( a ) meso- and macroscale ice s t r a i n , (b) geos t roph ic flow i n t h e

atmosphere and i t s r e l a t i o n t o wind stress, and (c) geos t roph ic flow i n t h e

ocean. Information gathered during t h e 1972 p i l o t s tudy w i l l a i d i n plan-

ning t h e opt imal design of t h e main experiment.

The Array

The a r r a y w i l l c o n s i s t of a main s t a t i o n and two smaller camps arranged

i n a t r i a n g l e with s i d e s about 100 km i n l eng th ; t h e f i v e d a t a buoys w i l l be

placed on a c i rc le of about 400 km r a d i u s centered on t h e main camp. The

manned s t a t i o n s w i l l be occupied from about 1 March u n t i l about 30 A p r i l ,

w i th t h e d a t a buoy a r r a y ope ra t ing f o r t h e same pe r iod . ( D e t a i l s of t h e

l o g i s t i c s p l an are given i n t h i s i s s u e of t h e B u l l e t i n . )

a l l t h r e e manned s t a t i o n s w i l l be monitored throughout t h e experiment with

l e a s e d r e c e i v e r s using t h e Navy Navigation S a t e l l i t e System.

bottom re fe renc ing system w i l l be t e s t e d a t the main camp i n an at tempt t o

o b t a i n more f r equen t and more p r e c i s e d r i f t d a t a .

The p o s i t i o n of

An a c o u s t i c

Atmospheric obse rva t ions w i l l be made a t the manned s t a t i o n s using

MRI mechanical weather s t a t i o n s and microbarographs l e n t by t h e F i e l d

Observing F a c i l i t y of t h e Nat ional Center f o r Atmospheric Research. The

d a t a buoys w i l l observe and record barometr ic p r e s s u r e data .and w i l l , upon

command, t r ansmi t t h i s information t o o v e r f l y i n g a i r c r a f t . Oceanographic

obse rva t ions w i l l a l s o be made a t the manned s t a t i o n s t o s tudy geos t roph ic

25

flow. In addition to the general measurements taken at all the manned

stations, the observational program at the main station will include air

stress, water stress, radiation, heat budget, micro- and mesoscale strain

measurements, acceleration, and tilt measurements. Remote-sensing ground

truth observations will be coordinated with overflights by NASA and NAVOCEANO

aircraft .

Scient i f ic Program

The 1972 field study will attempt to resolve--or at least shed more

light on--several fundamental scientific questions.

these efforts follows. A brief description of

Strain.

accuracy will be taken and an attempt will be made to determine correlations

between them. Macroscale strain measurements will be accomplished with Navy

Navigation Satellite System. A test is also planned of an acoustic bottom

referencing system to determine the possibility of achieving enhanced

accuracy between satellite fixes. Mesoscale strain measurements will be

made to an array of corner reflectors on a circle about 15 km around the main camp using both pulsed laser (accurate to 1 m) and continuous wave

laser (accurate to 1 m or less) range finders. A theodolite will be used

to measure angles between the reflectors. Microscale strain measurements,

using bonded strain gauges, will be taken within a polygon with 1 km sides.

Deformational events within the polygon will be monitored. At the same

time, stress within the polygon will be measured by electric pressure

gauges.

Simultaneous macro- and mesoscale strain measurements of high

1"

2

3

4

Geostrophic Flow in the Ocean. needed for an interpretation of mean ice deformation, will be obtained from synoptic measurements of the mass field and horizontal coherence of currents

Information on the mean geostrophic flow,

*Raised numbers refer to the list of experiments at the end of this article.

26

below t h e Ekman l a y e r a t a l l t h r e e s t a t i o n s us ing an STD ins t rument and

convent iona l Nansen b o t t l e s . 5

Water S t r e s s .

stress dur ing t h e main experiment r e q u i r e s f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e

r e l a t i o n s h i p of s k i n drag t o form drag on t h e unders ide of t h e ice. An

a r r a y of f o u r c u r r e n t meter masts (one f i x e d and t h r e e mobile) w i l l be

used t o provide d e t a i l e d v e l o c i t y and stress measurements around a t y p i c a l

p r e s s u r e r i d g e . This in format ion w i l l be c o r r e l a t e d wi th informat ion on

t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e mixed l a y e r ob ta ined from STD measurements.6

a d d i t i o n , c u r r e n t s w i l l be measured a t t e n levels between 2 m and 100 m

f o r stress measurements by loga r i thmic p r o f i l e and Ekman l a y e r methods,

Determinat ion of t h e optimum method of measuring w a t e r

In

w i t h cont inuous p r o f i l e s of t h e c u r r e n t s i n t h e upper l a y e r . P r o f i l e s

temperature and s a l i n i t y i n t h e upper l a y e r w i l l be made w i t h an STD ins t rument . 7 , s

Air Stress. An important t a s k of t h e 1972 f i e l d s tudy w i l l be t o test

of

t h e

p o s s i b i l f t y of d e r i v i n g l o c a l l y observed winds from t h e synop t i c p r e s s u r e

f i e l d . P r e s s u r e measurements, taken a t t h e t h r e e manned s t a t i o n s , a t t h e

f i v e d a t a buoys, and a t e x i s t i n g shore s t a t i o n s around t h e Arctic Ocean,

e s p e c i a l l y those n e a r t h e Beaufort Sea, w i l l be used t o c o n s t r u c t atmo-

s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e maps. T h e o r e t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s of wind v e l o c i t y w i l l be

compared w i t h f i e l d measurements. Various ins t ruments and techniques f o r

ob ta in ing s u r f a c e winds and r e l a t i n g them t o a i r stress w i l l a l s o be

t e s t e d . A phase locked loop son ic anemometer w i l l be used t o measure

shea r by t h e eddy c o r r e l a t i o n technique and t o determine t h e e f f e c t of

p r e s s u r e r i d g e s and hummocks on boundary l a y e r flow. lo

be compared w i t h aerodynamic estimates obta ined from a s i n g l e v e l o c i t y

The r e s u l t s w i l l

p r o f i l e m a s t us ing a thermal anemometer which i s under development.

Sonic anemometers and a humidity senso r w i l l be used t o measure wind turbu-

l ence by ob ta in ing t u r b u l e n t , s e n s i b l e and evapora t ive hea t f l u x e s .

Micrometeorological p r o f i l e s of wind and temperature w i l l be taken a t

f i v e levels i n t h e f i r s t 4 m above t h e i c e a t two si tes about 300 m a p a r t .

In a d d i t i o n , twice-dai ly soundings w i l l be made us ing t h e aerodynamic,

1 2

13

27

bal loon-supported, boundary p r o f i l e system o f t h e Na t iona l Center f o r

Atmospheric Research. 14

Heat Budget and Radia t ion . To provide informat ion on hea t , m a s s , and

momentum t r a n s f e r i n t h e atmospheric boundary l a y e r , ve r t i ca l p r o f i l e s of

tempera ture , humidi ty , and wind v e l o c i t y w i l l be measured i n t h e f i r s t 2 m

above t h e ice. Ice temperature p r o f i l e s , n e t r a d i a t i o n , and shortwave

albedo w i l l be measured on pure and p o l l u t e d i c e su r faces . l5

t i o n wi th t h e remote-sensing a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s , i t i s planned t o observe

atmospheric t u r b i d i t y , t h e concen t r a t ion of i c e - c r y s t a l a e r o s o l s , and

shortwave

I n coordina-

16 and i n f r a r e d ground t r u t h da t a .

Remote Sensing. While f i n a l p l ans f o r remote-sensing a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s are

s t i l l i n p r e p a r a t i o n , i t i s expected t h a t bo th a NASA r e sea rch a i r c r a f t and

t h e NAVOCEANO Birdseye a i r c r a f t w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e .

i nc lude s ide- looking a i rbo rne r a d a r (SLAR), laser p r o f i l e r s , i n f r a r e d

scanners , pas s ive microwave rad iometers , and cameras. The program w i l l

concen t r a t e on tes ts of techniques t o measure ice th i ckness , deformation,

and o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n coord ina t ion wi th t h e s t r a i n measurements.

Ins t rumenta t ion w i l l

1 7 , 18

Ocean T i l t and Accelera t ion . Attempts t o measure ocean t i l t w i l l be made

wi th t h r e e ins t ruments : a b i a x i a l t i l tmeter, a h y d r o s t a t i c l eve l , and an

exper imenta l system us ing p res su re senso r s i n s t a l l e d i n t h e water beneath

t h e ice.21 An accelerometer i s a l s o under development f o r t e s t i n g du r ing

t h e p i l o t s tudy.22

a c o u s t i c bottom re fe renc ing system, which w i l l use an a r r a y of hydrophones

a t t h e main camp and expendable a c o u s t i c sources on t h e ocean bottom t o

provide high-frequency, small-scale pos i t i on ing .

20

These e f f o r t s w i l l be c l o s e l y coordinated wi th t h e

2

ERTS and IRLS S t a t i o n s . P rospec t s are c u r r e n t l y be ing explored f o r t e s t i n g

two ERTS D a t a P la t forms and several IFZS d a t a t r a n s m i t t e r s . IFZS and i t s

follow-up system TWERLE (planned by NASA f o r launching i n s u m m e r 1974)

provide t h e type of d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n and p o s i t i o n i n g c a p a b i l i t y t h a t w i l l

be c r u c i a l dur ing , and p a r t i c u l a r l y a f t e r , t h e main A I D J E X e f f o r t . 23

28

A1t:hough t h i s summary of s c i e n t i f i c a c i t i v i t y i s complete a t t h e

t i m e of w r i t i n g , i t should be remembered t h a t t h e f i e l d p i l o t s tudy pro-

gram i s designed t o test and e v a l u a t e new technology as w e l l as advance

our knowledge. It is i n e v i t a b l e t h a t some adjustments w i l l b e r equ i r ed

under t h e s e circumstances. Unforeseen and unforeseeable o b s t a c l e s w i l l

arise, as w i l l o p p o r t u n i t i e s , and t h e planning p rocess has t o remain as

f l e x i b l e as p o s s i b l e .

PROJECTS PLANNED FOR THE 1972 AIDJEX PILOT STUDY

P r i n c i p a l Funding P r o j e c t I nves t i g a t o r I n s t i t u t i o n Agency

1. T r a n s i t Navigation Martin/Thorndike A I D J E X NSF

2. Acoustic Bottom Reference Mar t idThornd ike AIDJEX NS F

3. Mesoscale S t r a i n Weeks CRREL CRREL/NSF

4 . Microscale S t r a i n

5. I n t e r i o r Flow

Tabata

Coachman

I n s t . Low Japan /NS F Temp. S c i .

U. Wash. ONR

6. Boundary Layer Flow J . D . Smith U. Wash. ONR

7. Water Stress Hunkins Lamont ONR

8. Boundary Layer Measurement Pounder

9. P res su re Data Analysis Brown

10. Direct Shear S t r e s s Businger

Goddard 11. Aerodynamic Determination of Shear S t r e s s

PCSP Canada

AIDJEX NSF

U. Wash. NSF

NSF U. C a l i f . (Davis)

Bedf ord Canada S.D. Smith/Banke 12 . Wind Turbulence Measure- ment I n s t i t u t e

13. Micrometeorological P r o f i l e S tud ie s Pounder PCSP Canada

29

Principal Funding P r o j e c t I n v e s t i g a t o r I n s t i t u t i o n Agency

14.

15.

16

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Boundary Profile System @CAR)

Boundary Layer Transfer

Radiation Fluxes

Remote-sensing Over- flights (NASA)

Remote-sensing Over- flights (NAVOCEANO)

Microwave Measurement of Ice Thickness

Biaxial Tiltmeter Measurement

Ocean Tilt

Accelerometer

ERTS and IRLS--tentative

Goddard

Goddard

Weller

Campbell

Wit tmann

Barrington

Hunkins

Weber

Evans

(Blood)

U. Calif. (Davis)

I 1

U. Alaska

USGS

NAVOCEANO

Lamont

DEMR

U. Wash.

(APL/U. Wash. )

N SF/N CAR

NSF

ONR

NASA

NAVOCEANO

Canada

NSF

Canada

NSF

(---I

30

LOGISTICS PLAN FOR THE 1972 AIDJEX PILOT STUDY

by

Rolf Bjornert and Andreas Hei berg AIDJEX L o g i s t i c s Coordinators

INTRODUCTION

The gene ra l o u t l i n e s , and many of t h e s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e s , of t h e

l o g i s t i c s p l a n f o r t h e 1972 A I D J E X f i e l d program are now complete. Because

of t h e s i z e and complexity of t h e f i e l d ope ra t ions , t h e planning f o r l og i s -

t i c s suppor t has t o be completed w e l l i n advance of a c t u a l ope ra t ions . The

p lanning has been based on a c a r e f u l assessment of t h e l o g i s t i c s support

r e q u e s t s from t h e p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s who w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e

s c i e n t i f i c . program. While some d e t a i l s are y e t t o be worked o u t , t h e

gene ra l p l an has been e s t a b l i s h e d and reviewed wi th t h e agencies which w i l l

p rovide funding. No r e q u e s t s f o r a d d i t i o n a l l o g i s t i c s support can be

accommodated.

The 1972 f i e l d program w i l l be conducted on t h e ice about 400 km

n o r t h of P o i n t Barrow, Alaska. L o g i s t i c s suppor t f o r ope ra t ions w i l l be

s taged through t h e Naval Arc t ic Research Laboratory a t Po in t Barrow. It

i s planned t o e s t a b l i s h t h r e e manned s t a t i o n s : a main camp occupied by

about seventy s c i e n t i s t s and support personnel , and two sa t e l l i t e camps

wi th t h r e e men each. The manned s t a t i o n s w i l l be about 100 km a p a r t i n

t h e form of a t r i a n g l e . F ive unmanned d a t a s t a t i o n s ( d a t a buoys) w i l l be

p laced i n a c i r c l e wi th a 400 km r a d i u s around t h e main camp (Fig. 1).

The s c i e n t i f i c program a t the manned s t a t i o n s w i l l commence about

1 March and t e rmina te about 30 A p r i l (see " S c i e n t i f i c Operations" i n t h i s

i s s u e of t h e B u l l e t i n ) . L o g i s t i c s support p repa ra t ions w i l l g e t under way

a t NARL i n December and expand as necessary t o be ready f o r movement t o t h e

ice i n l a t e February.

31

Tu k toyak tu k

Legend: Main Camp 0 S a t e l l i t e Camp X Data Buoy

F ig. 1. Map o f planned 1972 AIDJEX a r ray .

32

OPE RAT I ONS

Airlift o f Equipment to Ice

P r e p a r a t i o n s f o r deployment w i l l begin a t NARL i n December!, when f o u r

f i e l d eng inee r s (camp managers on loan from PCSP) w i l l arrive t o begin

checking out and r e f u r b i s h i n g equipment,

f o r o rgan iz ing and s t o r i n g equipment forwarded by p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s

f o r t r a n s p o r t t o t h e ice. P r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s themselves w i l l be

r e s p o n s i b l e f o r ensu r ing t h a t t h e i r equipment and personnel a r r i v e a t

Barrow t o meet t h e o p e r a t i o n a l dead l ines . A d e t a i l e d o p e r a t i o n s schedule ,

i nc lud ing dead l ines , w i l l be forwarded t o a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s a t a later d a t e .

They w i l l a l s o be r e s p o n s i b l e

Approximately 600,000 pounds of pe r sonne l , s c i e n t i f i c g e a r , f u e l , and

support equipment w i l l be flown t o t h e ice from t h e l o g i s t i c s base a t

Barrow. The C-130 w i l l f l y two major a i r l i f t s t o t h e main camp. The f i r s t ,

on about February 15, w i l l t a k e ou t a l l b u i l d i n g s , a c o n s t r u c t i o n c r e w ,

f u e l , and support equipment; t h e second, on about February 26, w i l l t r a n s -

p o r t most of t h e s c i e n t i f i c equipment and t h e f i r s t s c i e n t i s t s . A d e t a i l e d ,

b u t p re l imina ry , l i s t of equipment t o be t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e i ce i.s given

i n Tables I and I1 a t t h e end of t h i s r e p o r t . P r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s are

being advised of adjustments which must be made i n t h e i r r e q u e s t s f o r

support equipment and s e r v i c e s .

S c i e n t i f i c p a r t i e s planning t o a r r i v e a t Barrow a f t e r t h e main

deployment: t o the ice are s t r o n g l y urged t o send t h e i r equipment i n

advance t o permit loading on t h e C-130 whi l e i t i s a v a i l a b l e . The R4-D

which w i l l be making weekly service f l i g h t s between Barrow and t h e main

camp w i l l have a l i m i t e d payload a t t h e expected range and should n o t be

r e l i e d upon t o t r a n s p o r t gea r o t h e r than pe r sona l e f f e c t s .

Since only l i m i t e d s tevedoring services are a v a i l a b l e a t Barrow,

p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s w i l l be asked t o lend c e r t a i n personnel from t h e i r

groups t o assist i n t h e l a t e r s t a g e s of r e c e i v i n g and loading equipment

f o r movement t o t h e ice. With t h i s except ion, i t i s planned t h a t t he

m a j o r i t y of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s w i l l have only a b r i e f s topover a t Barrow

33

enrou te t o t h e ice t o reduce t h e load on f a c i l i t i e s a t NARL and t o permit

t h e most e f f i c i e n t u se of t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s ' t i m e .

I n the same ve in , t o assist i n cargo handling and reduce t h e possi-

b i l i t y of damage from cold soaking, p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s are asked t o

c l e a r l y mark boxes of equipment wi th t h e i r own name, weight of each box,

and o t h e r p e r t i n e n t information. The information should be displayed on

s e v e r a l s i d e s of t h e box. A f l u o r e s c e n t red spo t a t l eas t s i x inches i n

diameter should be placed on a l l s i d e s of boxes con ta in ing equipment which

cannot withstand cold soaking.

Camp DepLoyment c_

Weather p e r m i t t i n g , t h e sea rch f o r t h e camp area (between 75"-76'N

and 152"-156"W) w i l l begin on February 7.

making t h e sea rch w i l l c a r r y a p r e f a b r i c a t e d b u i l d i n g , a g e n e r a t o r , a

communications r a d i o , a radiobeacon, and a crew t o set up t h e i n i t i a l

camp.

The R4-D and t h e Twin Otter

By February 15, t h e C-130 w i l l have flown out a l l t h e b u i l i d n g s and

a c o n s t r u c t i o n crew c o n s i s t i n g of seven c a r p e n t e r s , one e l e c t r i c i a n , and

one mechanic. The C-130 w i l l then f l y out t h e f u e l supply and support

equipment t h a t can be s t o r e d outdoors. Enough bu i ld ings should be ready

and warmed up t o r e c e i v e t h e s c i e n t i f i c groups and t h e i r i n s t rumen t s on

February 26.

On about February 20, t h e Twin O t t e r w i l l begin t o deploy t h e two

s a t e l l i t e camps, each l o c a t e d 100 km from t h e main camp.

w i l l p l a c e the f i v e d a t a buoys.

Then t h e Otter

The main camp w i l l c o n s i s t of 30 p r e f a b r i c a t e d b u i l d i n g s f o r work

and l i v i n g spaces and f i v e longhouse t e n t s and f i v e i g l o o t e n t s f o r

s to rage . The m a j o r i t y of t h e p r e f a b r i c a t e d b u i l d i n g s w i l l be 12 f e e t by

16 f e e t , w i th a few planned which w i l l be 1 2 f e e t by 20 f e e t . A cooking

s t a f f of fou r men w i l l p r epa re and serve meals i n a c e n t r a l d in ing h a l l .

E l e c t r i c a l power s u f f i c i e n t t o m e e t t h e minimum requirements of t h e

p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s w i l l be provided,

f o r t h e main camp is' given i n Fig. 2.

main camp i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 3 .

A ske tch of a p re l imina ry p l a n

The l e v e l of occupancy a t t h e

34

w Ln

generator t o i 1 e t

washroom

0

0

d i n i n g f a c i 1 i ty

977

ao

a n

r a d i o cooks-O 0 c1 U l o g i s t i c s phys ic ian

crew engineers a i r c r a f t 1 h e l d

n

n . a

l Z ' x 1 6 ' p re fab I l Z ' x 1 6 ' prefab,

0 l Z ' x 2 0 ' p re fab \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ a w i t h hydrohole

Runway

F i g . 2 . Schematic camp l a y o u t (MC).

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

I I I I l l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l l I I I II I I l l I I I I I I I l l I I I I I I I I I I I I l l

I I I I

I 1

-1 I

February I March I Apri 1

Fig. 3 . Chart dep ic t ing l eve l of occupancy o f Main Camp from February 15 t o May 8, 1972.

Three p a r c o l l s w i l l p rov ide l i v i n g and working space a t each satel-

l i t e campl. Normally, t h r e e men w i l l occupy t h e sa te l l i t e camps, which

can accommodate t h r e e more f o r s h o r t pe r iods . C r e w s a t t h e sa te l l i t e

camps w i l l p r epa re t h e i r own food.

Service F l i g h t s -- The Twin Otter w i l l make t h e weekly f l i g h t s necessary t o service

t h e d a t a buoys--collect t h e recorded d a t a , r e p l a c e power sou rces , and

p o s s i b l y r e p l a c e malfunct ioning units--and w i l l r e t r i e v e the u n i t s upon

completion of t h e experiment.

The h e l i c o p t e r w f l l f l y once a week t o t h e s a t e l l i t e camps from t h e

main camp t o d e l i v e r f r e s h food, m a i l , and s p a r e p a r t s . It w i l l a l s o f l y

t h e s c i e n t i s t s t o sites o u t s i d e t h e camp area and t r a n s p o r t , by s l i n g ,

heavy items from t h e runway t o t h e b u i l d i n g s and work areas.

The NARL R4-D a i r p l a n e w i l l handle t h e service f l i g h t s betiseen t h e

l o g i s t i c s base a t Barrow and t h e main camp, v i s i t i n g t h e camp once a week

t o d e l i v e r s p a r e p a r t s , food, m a i l , and personnel .

Comnuni ca t ions

The f i e l d s t a t i o n s will have d a i l y r a d i o con tac t w i th NARL a t Barrow.

This yea r t h e r e w i l l be a g r e a t e r choice of r a d i o f r equenc ie s t o i n c r e a s e

t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of communications should any f r equenc ie s g e t blocked. The

main r a d i o s w i l l be t h e C o l l i n s KWM-2 t r a n s c e i v e r s , which have 100 w a t t s

PEP ou tpu t power i n t h e SSB mode. A s backup f o r t h e s e , t h e r e w i l l be

RF-1400 t r a n s c e i v e r s , b a t t e r y ope ra t ed , whose ou tpu t power i s 20 w a t t s PEP

i n t h e SSB mode. The P o l a r Cont inental Shelf P r o j e c t w i l l a l s o lend a

set of t r a n s c e i v e r s which are equipped w i t h t h e Canadian f r equenc ie s .

The main camp w i l l have VHF r a d i o c a p a b i l i t y f o r communicating wi th t h e

a i r c r a f t . A number of pocket-sized personnel- locater beacons (VHF homing -

t r a n s m i t t e r s ) w i l l be a v a i l a b l e .

who l e a v e s t h e g e n e r a l camp area and by any group depos i t ed by h e l i c o p t e r

a t a remote si te. If a white-out o r bad weather p reven t s anyone from

r e t u r n i n g t o camp, he can t u r n on t h e VHF l o c a t e r beacon; t h e h e l i c o p t e r

These must be checked o u t by everyone

37

or the Twin Otter will then be able to home in and retrieve him when

weather conditions permit.

Participants are encouraged to bring along pocket-sized AM transistor

radios that will cover the standard broadcast band. At least one low-

powered radiobeacon will transmit in this band at each camp in addition

to the high-powered radiobeacon that directs the airplanes to the camps.

The AM radio receiver antenna is highly directional, enabling people who

walk away from the camp to find their way back if a sudden change in

weather occurs.

Medical Serv ice

A physician-surgeon will be available at the main camp to treat

minor medical problems and provide emergency care for more serious injury

and illness. All personnel going to the ice camps will be required to

submit, prior to their departure, medical certification of the state of

their health. Personnel with histories of heart, gastro-intestinal, and

circulatory problems will be asked t o provide additional information.

A more detailed instruction on this will be issued soon.

Evacuation

The scientific activities on the ice will continue until 1 May.

From then through 10 May, the C-130 will evacuate the camps. Should the

original runway not be usable at this time, an alternate evacuation plan

will be used.

expendable equipment to one of several alternate landing strips previously

chosen during routine flights.

The Twin Otter and helicopter will hoist everything but

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If the whole area around the camp disintegrates enough to preclude

evacuation of equipment by even an alternate plan, it may be possible to

go out in the summer with an icebreaker and retrieve whatever can be

found.

consider at ion.

In any emergency, the safety of personnel must be the primary

A few marker devices will be left at the three camps. The buildings

will not be retrieved, since the cost of evacuation and refurbishing equals

their value. An interrogatable ADF beacon will be left at the main camp.

An IRLS package, working with the NIMBUS navigation satellite, will be

left at each of the manned stations, and an array of passive radar corner

reflectors will be fixed at the stations. It is hoped that this will

provide enough redundancy to be able to find the camp site again.

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* People: * S c i e n t i f i c gear

64 s c i e n t i s t s and o t h e r personnel

Living space, main camp: Working space, main camp:

* Storage space, main camp: Generator and t o i l e t houses:

* Living/working/storage space, sa te l l i tes : 4 p a r c o l l s , i g l o o f o r g e n e r a t o r h o i l e t

1 2 p re fabs 12 p re fabs 10 longhouse t e n t s and 3 i g l o o t e n t s

2 p re fabs

Food f o r 5627 mandays * Generators: two 1 9 kw, t h r e e 6 kw, two 4 kw * Skidoos: 3 * Sleds: 5 * Pulkas: 8 from PCSP

Explosives (Petron, A s t r o l i t e , Ni t rone o r equiv . , caps, l e a d s , * Messing gear : t r a y s , po t s and pans, 3 ranges and 2 Coleman st

Building inventory: *15 t a b l e s 0 *40 c h a i r s .b

plywood and 2x4s f o r benches and she lves

etc.) ves f r satell i tes

*30-double and 15 s i n g l e beds wi th mattresses *15 wash t r a y s

* T o i l e t s : 6 * Powerheads: 3 * Tools: 10 c h i s e l s , 6 p icks , 5 needles , 10 shovels , 10" augers , etc. * Fuel: ?propane, hea t ing : 30 b ldgs x 8 wks. x 1 bot t le /week/bldg. (240 b o t t l e s ) * ?propane, s c i e n t i f i c use: 9 b o t t l e s

generator f u e l :

genera tor o i l : "9170," 4 drums Skidoo o i l : "SAE 30," 5 cases motor gas: 10 drums JP4/JP5: 7 7 0 drums

* Wire, e l e c t r i c a l , 6000 f t . * Radios ( 3 ) , beacons (3 ) , VHF (l), 10 pocket r a d i o s , 8 l o c a t o r s , 10 ADF beacons

2 D311 x 56 days x 15 gal/gen/day (36 drums) 2 6 kw x 56 days x 6 gal /den/day (16 drums)

(*> Evacuate (123,335 l b . ) (?) empty b o t t l e s only evacuated

14,100 l b . 65,000 36 , 000 36 , 000

1,060 6 , 000 3 , 020

39 , 400 7,600 1 , 200

250 240 5 00 350

7,500 15 0 280

1 , 000 1 , 825

250 10

300 41,000

1,550 15 , 700 7 , 000 1,900

100 3,600

335 , 000 1,500 1,150

630,655 l b .

Table 11. Twin Otter Air Lift f rom Main Camp t o Each Satellite

* People: 3 scientists * Scientific gear * Generator and toilet house: * Living/working/storage space: 2 parcolls

1 igloo

Food: 254 mandays * Generators: one 6 kw, one 4 kw * Pulka: 1 from PCSP Explosives (Petron, Astrolite, Nitrone or equiv.,'caps, leads, etc.)

* Messing gear: trays, pots and pans, 1 range Building inventory: *3 tables

*4 chairs

*3 double beds *2 stoves *2 wash trays

plywood and 2x4s for benches and shelves

* Toilet: 1 * Tools: 1 chisel, 1 pick, 1 needle, 2 shovels

* Fuel: ?propane, heating: 2 bldgs x 8 weeks (16 bottles) generator fuel: 8 drums generator oil: 1 drum Skidoo o i l : 1 case motor gas: 2 drums

* Radio (1) , beacon (1)

660 lb. 3,500

20 3 , 000

1 , 780 1 , 000

30

100 50 30 28 100 150 50 2

10 50

2 , 720 3,500 475 20 720

50

(*) Evacuate (9,750 lb.) (f) Evacuate empty bottles only

18,U45 lb.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ON THE ICE

by N . Untersteiner

AIDJEX Coordinator

With che increasing size of our camps on the ice, we must face an

increasing possibility of accidents.

time, have a resident doctor on the ice.

causes of accidents, two are especially easy to control:

In spring 1972 we will, for t:he first Among the numerous potential

Explos ives

R. Tripp is a licensed expert who will be responsible for the legal procurement and shipping of explosives. Since it will be impossible for him

to be present at all locations where blasting is required, all individuals intending to use explosives will obtain them from him and be instructed in

their use. The abundance of radio transmitters on the ice will mak.e it

necessary to use fuse for setting off charges. Electric firing devices should be used only under compelling circumstances. Detailed instructions

will be prepared by Mr. Tripp.

Rifles and Pistols - Polar bears are inquisitive and fearless. The stories of unsolicited

attacks on people are so well known because of their rarity. of expert hunters, the only weapon effective against a polar bear is a rifle.

Rifles will be provided to all camps and should be carried by personnel

working away from camps. If they cannot be persuaded to depart, or if they are in the proces,s of

destroying equipment, they may have to be killed. (If the equipment is

already destroyed, there seems little point in trying to educate the bear.)

Bears shot without a license cannot be brought back to land.

In the opinion

Bears are primarily interested in garbage. dumps.

Except in the hands of the Sundance Kid, pistols are useless for pro- tection against bears, but they are a traditional source of other troubles.

While there are no strict legal regulations that would prevent individuals from bringing their handguns, we urgently request all participants to leave

them at home.

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