AICP Exam PreparationPreparing you for AICP membership

Sponsors: American Institute of Certified Planners, professional institute of the American Planning Association

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of PlanningMary M Shaw, AICPURS CorporationGaithersburg, MD

History, Theory, Law

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

People

Memorize people who made important contributions to planning

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. –Mid 1800s – Central ParkEdward Bassett – 1916 New York City Zoning CodeRobert Moses – 1920s NY Parks and ParkwaysJane Jacobs – Death and Life of Great American Cities, 1961Rachel Carson – Silent Spring, 1961Ian McHarg – Design with Nature, 1969

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History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Places

Memorize facts that have influenced current planning and development decisions such as:

First National Park, Yellowstone 1872First National Wildlife Refuge, in Florida 1903

First historic preservation commission, New Orleans 1921First off-street parking regulations, Columbus, OH 1923First limited access highway, Bronx River Parkway, 1926

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Milestones

For example1916 NYC zoning ordinance1956 National Interstate and Defense Highways Act1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA)1998 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Events

Growth Management1958 First Urban Growth Boundary, Lexington KY1973 Oregon Land Use Act

Environmental Legislation1969 NEPA1970 Clean Air Act1972 Clean Water Act1972 Coastal Zone Management Act1973 Endangered Species Act1980 Superfund Act

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

The Profession

1901 First National Conference on City Planning1917 American City Planning Institute

Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.

1934 American Society of Planning Officials1978 APA / AICP

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Theories on Doing Planning

Evolution from planning as science to planning through participation

Rational Planning ModelMyerson and Banfield

Incremental PlanningCharles Lindblom

Advocacy PlanningSherry Arnstein, Ladder of Participation, 1969 articlePaul Davidoff

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Theories on How Cities Develop

Be able to distinguish among1893 City Beautiful

Daniel Burnham1898 Garden Cities

Ebenezer Howard1920s Radiant City

LeCorbusier1925 Concentric Ring Theory

Ernest Burgess1932 Broad Acre City

Frank Lloyd Wright

1939 Sector TheoryHomer Hoyt

Multiple Nuclei TheoryHarris and Ullman

Growth Machine TheoryHarvey Molotch

1982, New UrbanismSeaside, Andres Duany

1991 Edge CityJoel Garreau

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning Law

Know some facts about key cases such as the legal issue debated

Eminent domain1954 Berman v Parker

Takings1987 Nollan v California Coastal Commission

Freedom of speech1994 City of Ladue v Gilleo

Growth Management1972 Golden v Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo

Housing1975 Mount Laurel

2005 Supreme Court DecisionsKelo v City of New London

Eminent domainLingle v Chevron USA

TakingsCity of Rancho Palos Verdes v Abrams

Telecommunications Act

San Remo Hotel L.P. v City and County of San Francisco

State courts can adjudicate challenges to land-use decisions

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning Law

The general direction of the recent Supreme Court decisions has been to

Affirm the value of the planning processSupport good planning principlesReject attempts to take away established planning and development toolsSupport the capability of local officials, who are directly accountable to citizens, to make the best development decisions

Spatial Areas of PlanningThis is a new category listed for the AICP ExamBased on results of a survey of AICP members

Spatial Areas of Planning

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the National level

Identify important Federal programs, policies

Federal Housing programsFederal Transportation decisionsFederal Environmental Protection programs

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Multi-State or Bi-State RegionsIdentify important issues that are not limited to political boundaries

Watershed planningTennessee Valley AuthorityHoover DamCommuting patterns

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the State Level

State requirements may be more restrictive than Federal requirements

Floodplain development regulationsEnvironmental protection standardsDillon Rule or Home Rule

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Sub-state Regions

Sub-state regions may have particular development regulations

Adirondack ParkOuter Banks

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning at the County Level

County level planning may involve the cooperation of municipalities within the county

Hazard Mitigation PlanningGrowth Management

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Urban Areas

When studying, ask yourself: What concerns are specific to urban areas?Answers may include

Urban Heat IslandInfill developmentTraffic management

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Suburban Areas

Ask, for example:What problems are unique to suburban areas?

SprawlWhat problems are new to suburban areas?

Aging infrastructureDecay, blight

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Planning for Small Towns

Think, for example, of small towns with a growing population and small towns with a diminishing population

Water supply and increasing connections to the water systemDecline of the farm economy – economic development Protecting the character of the town

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Corridor Planning

What are the concerns of planners when planning for a corridor?

ParkingConnectivityDesignSafetyTurning lanes

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Neighborhood Planning

Neighborhoods may be defined by history, geography, street boundaries, administrative boundaries, socio-economic factors, or cultural traditions

Clarence Perry –Neighborhood unit concept

What issues might best be addressed at a neighborhood level

Access to grocery stores, services

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Waterfront Planning

Key issues might beVariety of land uses and economic interests

Residential, Retail, Commercial, InstitutionalTourism, Shipping

Evacuation

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Historic District Planning

Rich history in planningRegulations

FaçadeLimit heavy traffic

OrganizationsCommissions

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Downtown Planning

Unique concerns might includeBusiness Improvement District (BID)

Street cleaningSignageEventsStreet trees

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Notes of Spatial Areas of Planning

•Categories are not mutually exclusive•Concerns are shared•Many planning decisions involve considerations of several different spatial areas•Generally, the larger the region, the more complex the planning because of the greater number of political jurisdictions involved

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #1

Neighborhood, rather than Regional, planning may be more likely to address:

Wetland and floodplain protectionAirport AccessibilityAvailability of grocery stores Provision of overnight parking for 18-wheelers

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #2

Hurricane protection planning and the building of levees generally occurs at which level:

NationalRegionalCorridorDowntown

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #3

The benefits of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) project including power generation and flood control extend to which type of area:

NationalMulti-StateCountyUrban

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #4

In a cold climate, planning to create covered and heated walkways that are above the streets and connect retail shops, restaurants, hospitals, and hotels, is an example of which type of planning?

Evacuation planningDowntown planningSmall town planningWaterfront planning

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning

Sample Question #5

APA filed a friend of the court (amicus curiae) brief in support of an eminent domain action taken by a U.S. City. The brief says that one way to reduce the advantage developers currently experience in greenfield development is to use eminent domain to assemble tracts of land in high-density urban areas.

This brief was filed in support of which case?

Sierra Club v MortonKelo v City of New LondonLingle v Chevron USACitizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v Volpe

History, Theory, Law, and Spatial Areas of Planning