Ahmose I 1

Ahmose I"Nebpehtire" redirects here. For the Sixth dynasty pharaoh, see Merenre Nemtyemsaf II.

Ahmose IAmosis, according to Manetho,[1] also Amasis[2]

A fragmentary statue of Ahmose I, Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Pharaoh

Reign c. 1539–1514 BCE (Conventional Egyptian chronology) (disputed)25 years in Manetho (18th Dynasty)

Predecessor Kamose (Upper Egypt), Khamudi (Lower Egypt)

Successor Amenhotep I

Consort Ahmose-Nefertari, God's Wife of Amun, Ahmose-Sitkamose, Ahmose-Henuttamehu

Children Princess Ahmose-MeritamonPrincess Ahmose-SitamunPrince SiamunPrince Ahmose-ankhAmenhotep IPrince Ramosepossibly Mutnofret

Father Seqenenre Tao

Mother Ahhotep I

Died c. 1525 BC

Burial Mummy found in Deir el-Bahri cache, but was likely originally buried in Abydos

Monuments Palace at Avaris, Temple of Amun at Karnak, Temple of Montu at Armant

See Amasis II for the 26th Dynasty pharaoh whose name sometimes appears as Ahmose II.

Ahmose I (Egyptian: Jˁḥ ms(j.w), sometimes written Amosis I, "Amenes" and "Aahmes" and meaning Born of Iah[3]) was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Eighteenth dynasty. He was a member of the Theban royalhouse, the son of pharaoh Seqenenre Tao and brother of the last pharaoh of the Seventeenth dynasty, King Kamose.During the reign of his father or grandfather, Thebes rebelled against the Hyksos, the rulers of Lower Egypt. Whenhe was seven his father was killed,[4] and he was about ten when his brother died of unknown causes, after reigningonly three years. Ahmose I assumed the throne after the death of his brother,[5] and upon coronation became knownas Neb-Pehty-Re (The Lord of Strength is Re). The name Ahmose is a combination of the divine name 'Ah' (see Iah)and the combining form '-mose'.

Ahmose I 2

During his reign, he completed the conquest and expulsion of the Hyksos from the delta region, restored Theban ruleover the whole of Egypt and successfully reasserted Egyptian power in its formerly subject territories of Nubia andCanaan. He then reorganized the administration of the country, reopened quarries, mines and trade routes and beganmassive construction projects of a type that had not been undertaken since the time of the Middle Kingdom. Thisbuilding program culminated in the construction of the last pyramid built by native Egyptian rulers. Ahmose's reignlaid the foundations for the New Kingdom, under which Egyptian power reached its peak. His reign is usually datedto the mid-16th century BC.

FamilyFor more details on this topic, see Family tree of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.Ahmose descended from the Theban Seventeenth Dynasty. His grandfather and grandmother, Senakhtenre Ahmoseand Tetisheri, had at least twelve children, including Seqenenre Tao and Ahhotep. The brother and sister, accordingto the tradition of Egyptian queens, married; their children were Kamose, Ahmose I and several daughters.[6]

Ahmose I followed in the tradition of his father and married several of his sisters, making Ahmose-Nefertari hischief wife.[7] They had several children including daughters Meritamun B, Sitamun A and sons Siamun A,Ahmose-ankh,[8] Amenhotep I and Ramose A[9] (the "A" and "B" designations after the names are a convention usedby Egyptologists to distinguish between royal children and wives that otherwise have the same name). They mayalso have been the parents of Mutnofret, who would become the wife of later successor Thutmose I. Ahmose-ankhwas Ahmose's heir apparent, but he preceded his father in death sometime between Ahmose's 17th and 22nd regnalyear.[10] Ahmose was succeeded instead by his eldest surviving son, Amenhotep I, with whom he might have shareda short coregency.There was no distinct break in the line of the royal family between the 17th and 18th dynasties. The historianManetho, writing much later during the Ptolemaic dynasty, considered the final expulsion of the Hyksos after nearlya century and the restoration of native Egyptian rule over the whole country a significant enough event to warrant thestart of a new dynasty.[11]

Dates and length of reignAhmose's reign can be fairly accurately dated using the Heliacal rise of Sirius in his successor's reign, but because ofdisputes over from where the observation was made, he has been assigned a reign from 1570–1546, 1560–1537 and1551–1527 by various sources.[12][13] Manetho gives Ahmose a reign of 25 years and 4 months; this figure issupported by a 'Year 22' inscription from his reign at the stone quarries of Tura.[14] A medical examination of hismummy indicates that he died when he was about thirty-five, supporting a 25-year reign if he came to the throne atthe age of 10. The radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is1557 BC.[15]

Alternative dates for his reign (1194 to 1170 BC) were suggested by David Rohl,[16] but these were rejected by themajority of Egyptologists even before the radiocarbon date was published in 2010.

Ahmose I 3

Campaigns

Dagger bearing the name Ahmose I ondisplay at the

Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto

The conflict between the local kings of Thebes and the Hyksos king Apepihad started during the reign of Seqenenre Tao and would be concluded, afteralmost 30 years of intermittent conflict and war, under the reign of Ahmose I.Seqenenre Tao was possibly killed in a battle against the Hyksos, as hismuch-wounded mummy gruesomely suggests, and his successor Kamose(likely Ahmose's elder brother) is known to have attacked and raided thelands around the Hyksos capital, Avaris (modern Tell el-Dab'a). Kamoseevidently had a short reign, as his highest attested regnal year is year 3, andwas succeeded by Ahmose I. Apepi may have died near the same time. Thetwo royal names—Awoserre and Aqenienre—known for Apepi attested in thehistorical record were for the same Hyksos king that were used by Ahmose's opponent at different times during thelatter king's reign.

Ahmose ascended the throne when he was still a child, so his mother, Ahhotep, reigned as regent until he was of age.Judging by some of the descriptions of her regal roles while in power, including the general honorific "carer forEgypt", she effectively consolidated the Theban power base in the years before Ahmose assumed full control. If infact Apepi II was a successor to Apepi I, then he is thought to have remained bottled up in the delta during Ahhotep'sregency, because his name does not appear on any monuments or objects south of Bubastis.

Conquest of the Hyksos

Ahmose I, being depicted as fightingback the Hyksos.

Ahmose began the conquest of Lower Egypt held by the Hyksos starting aroundthe 11th year of Khamudi's reign, but the sequence of events is not universallyagreed upon.[17]

Analyzing the events of the conquest prior to the siege of the Hyksos capital ofAvaris is extremely difficult. Almost everything known comes from a brief butinvaluable military commentary on the back of the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus,consisting of brief diary entries,[18] one of which reads

Regnal year 11, second month of shomu, Heliopolis was entered. First month of akhet, day 23, thissouthern prince broke into Tjaru.[19]

While in the past this regnal year date was assumed to refer to Ahmose, it is today believed instead to refer toAhmose's Hyksos opponent Khamudi since the Rhind papyrus document refers to Ahmose by the inferior title of'Prince of the South' rather than king or pharaoh, as a Theban supporter of Ahmose surely would have called him.[20]

Anthony Spalinger, in a JNES 60 (2001) book review of Kim Ryholt's 1997 book, The Political Situation in Egyptduring the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800–1550 BC, notes that Ryholt's translation of the middle portion of theRhind text chronicling Ahmose's invasion of the Delta reads instead as the "1st month of Akhet, 23rd day.He-of-the-South (i.e. Ahmose) strikes against Sile."[21] Spalinger stresses in his review that he does not questionRyholt's translation of the Rhind text but instead asks whether:

Ahmose I 4

Copper axe blade inscribed withthe titulary of pharaoh Ahmose I,

Ashmolean Museum.

"it is reasonable to expect a Theban-oriented text to describe its Pharaohin this manner? For if the date refers to Ahmose, then the scribe musthave been an adherent of that ruler. To me, the very indirect referenceto Ahmose—it must be Ahmose—ought to indicate a supporter of theHyksos dynasty; hence, the regnal years should refer to this monarchand not the Theban [king]."[22]

The Rhind Papyrus illustrates some of Ahmose's military strategy when attackingthe Delta. Entering Heliopolis in July, he moved down the eastern delta to takeTjaru, the major border fortification on the Horus Road, the road from Egypt toCanaan, in October, totally avoiding Avaris. In taking Tjaru he cut off all trafficbetween Canaan and Avaris. This indicates he was planning a blockade of Avaris,isolating the Hyksos capital from help or supplies coming from Canaan.[23]

Records of the latter part of the campaign were discovered on the tomb walls of aparticipating soldier, Ahmose, son of Ebana. These records indicate that Ahmose Iled three attacks against Avaris, the Hyksos capital, but also had to quell a smallrebellion further south in Egypt. After this, in the fourth attack, he conquered thecity.[24] He completed his victory over the Hyksos by conquering their strongholdSharuhen near Gaza after a three-year siege.[25] Ahmose would have conquered Avaris by the 18th or 19th year ofhis reign at the very latest. This is suggested by "a graffito in the quarry at Tura whereby 'oxen from Canaan' wereused at the opening of the quarry in Ahmose's regnal year 22."[26] Since the cattle would probably have beenimported after Ahmose's siege of the town of Sharuhen which followed the fall of Avaris, this means that the reign ofKhamudi must have terminated by Year 18 or 19 of Ahmose's 25-year reign at the very latest.

Foreign campaignsAfter defeating the Hyksos, Ahmose began campaigning in Syria and Nubia. A campaign during his 22nd yearreached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as the Euphrates, although the later Pharaoh Thutmose I is usuallycredited with being the first to campaign that far. Ahmose did, however, reach at least as far as Kedem (thought to benear Byblos), according to an ostracon in the tomb of his wife, Ahmose-Nefertari.[27] Details on this particularcampaign are scarce, as the source of most of the information, Ahmose, son of Ebana, served in the Egyptian navyand did not take part in this land expedition. However, it can be inferred from archaeological surveys of southernCanaan that during the late 16th century BC Ahmose and his immediate successors intended only to break the powerof the Hyksos by destroying their cities and not to conquer Canaan. Many sites there were completely laid waste andnot rebuilt during this period—something a Pharaoh bent on conquest and tribute would not be likely to do.[28]

Ahmose I's campaigns in Nubia are better documented. Soon after the first Nubian campaign, a Nubian named Aatarebelled against Ahmose, but was crushed. After this attempt, an anti-Theban Egyptian named Tetian gathered manyrebels in Nubia, but he too was defeated. Ahmose restored Egyptian rule over Nubia, which was controlled from anew administrative center established at Buhen. When re-establishing the national government, Ahmose appears tohave rewarded various local princes who supported his cause and that of his dynastic predecessors.[29]

Art and monumental constructionsWith the re-unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Ahmose, a renewal of royal support for the arts and monumental construction occurred. Ahmose reportedly devoted a tenth of all the productive output towards the service of the traditional gods,[30] reviving massive monumental constructions as well as the arts. However, as the defeat of the Hyksos occurred relatively late in Ahmose's reign, his subsequent building program likely lasted no more than seven years,[31] and much of what was started was probably finished by his son and successor Amenhotep

Ahmose I 5

I.[32]

Fragments of an armband of Ahmose I, Musée du Louvre.

Work from Ahmose's reign is made ofmuch finer material than anything fromthe Second Intermediate Period, thoughthe craftsmanship from his reign doesnot always match the best work fromeither the Old or Middle Kingdoms.[33]

With the Delta and Nubia underEgyptian control once more, access wasgained to resources not available in Upper Egypt. Gold and silver were received from Nubia, Lapis Lazuli fromdistant parts of central Asia, cedar from Byblos,[34] and in the Sinai the Serabit el-Khadim turquoise mines werereopened.[35] Although the exact nature of the relationship between Egypt and Crete is uncertain, at least someMinoan designs have been found on objects from this period, and Egypt considered the Aegean to be part of itsempire. Ahmose reopened the Tura limestone quarries to provide stone for monuments and used Asiatic cattle fromPhoenicia to haul the stone, according to his quarry inscription.[36]

The art during Ahmose I's reign was similar to the Middle Kingdom royal Theban style,[37] and stelae from thisperiod were once more of the same quality. This reflects a possibly natural conservative tendency to revive fashionsfrom the pre-Hyksos era. Despite this, only three positively identified statuary images of Ahmose I survive: a singleshabti kept at the British Museum, presumably from his tomb (which has never been positively located), and twolife-size statues; one of which resides in the New York Metropolitan Museum, the other in the KhartoumMuseum.[37] All display slightly bulging eyes, a feature also present on selected stelae depicting the pharaoh. Basedon style, a small limestone sphinx that resides at the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, has also beententatively identified as representing Ahmose I.[38]

The art of glass making is thought to have developed during Ahmose's reign. The oldest samples of glass appear tohave been defective pieces of faience, but intentional crafting of glass did not occur until the beginning of the 18thdynasty.[39] One of the earliest glass beads found contains the names of both Ahmose and Amenhotep I, written in astyle dated to about the time of their reigns.[40] If glassmaking was developed no earlier than Ahmose's reign and thefirst objects are dated to no later than his successor's reign, it is quite likely that it was one of his subjects whodeveloped the craft.

Ahmose I 6

The jewels and ceremonial weaponry found in the burial of QueenAhhotep, including an axe whose blade depicts Ahmose I strikingdown a Hyksos soldier, and the golden flies awarded to the Queen

for her supportive role against the Hyksos

Ahmose resumed large construction projects like thosebefore the second intermediate period. In the south ofthe country he began constructing temples mostly builtof brick, one of them in the Nubian town of Buhen. InUpper Egypt he made additions to the existing templeof Amun at Karnak and to the temple of Montu atArmant. According to an inscription at Tura, he usedwhite limestone to build a temple to Ptah and thesouthern harem of Amun, but did not finish eitherproject. He built a cenotaph for his grandmother, QueenTetisheri, at Abydos.

Excavations at the site of Avaris by Manfred Bietakhave shown that Ahmose had a palace constructed onthe site of the former Hyksos capital city'sfortifications. Bietak found fragmentary Minoan-styleremains of the frescoes that once covered the walls ofthe palace; there has subsequently been muchspeculation as to what role this Aegean civilization mayhave played in terms of trade and in the arts.[41]

Under Ahmose's reign, the city of Thebes became thecapital for the whole of Egypt, as it had been in theprevious Middle Kingdom. It also became the centerfor a newly established professional civil service,where there was a greater demand for scribes and theliterate as the royal archives began to fill with accounts and reports.[42] Having Thebes as the capital was probably astrategic choice as it was located at the center of the country, the logical conclusion from having had to fight theHyksos in the north as well as the Nubians to the south. Any future opposition at either border could be met easily.

Perhaps the most important shift was a religious one: Thebes effectively became the religious as well as the politicalcenter of the country, its local god Amun credited with inspiring Ahmose in his victories over the Hyksos. Theimportance of the temple complex at Karnak (on the east bank of the Nile north of Thebes) grew and the importanceof the previous cult of Ra based in Heliopolis diminished.[43]

Several stelae detailing the work done by Ahmose were found at Karnak, two of which depict him as a benefactor tothe temple. In one of these stelae, known as the "Tempest Stele", he claims to have rebuilt the pyramids of hispredecessors at Thebes that had been destroyed by a major storm.[44] The Thera eruption in the Aegean has beenimplicated by some scholars as the source of the damages described in the Tempest Stele.

PyramidMain article: Pyramid of AhmoseThe remains of Ahmose's pyramid in Abydos were discovered in 1899 and identified as his in 1902.[45][46] Most of its outer casing stones had been robbed for use in other building projects over the years, and the mound of rubble upon which it was built has collapsed. However, two rows of intact casing stones were found by Arthur Mace, who estimated its steep slope as about 60 degrees, based on the evidence of the limestone casing (compare to the less acute 51 degrees of the Great Pyramid of Giza).[47] Adjacent to the main pyramid temple and to its east, Harvey has identified two temples constructed by Ahmose's queen, Ahmose-Nefertary. One of these structures also bears bricks stamped with the name of Chief Treasurer Neferperet, the official responsible for re-opening the stone quarries at

Ahmose I 7

el-Ma'asara (Tura) in Ahmose's year 22. A third, larger temple (Temple C) is similar to the pyramid temple in formand scale, but its stamped bricks and details of decoration reinforce that it was a cult place for Ahmose-Nefertary.The axis of the pyramid complex may be associated with a series of monuments strung out along a kilometer ofdesert. Along this axis are several key structures: 1) a large pyramid dedicated to his grandmother Tetisheri whichcontained a stele depicting Ahmose providing offerings to her; 2) a rockcut underground complex which may eitherhave served as a token representation of an Osirian underworld or as an actual royal tomb;[48] and 3) a terracedtemple built against the high cliffs, featuring massive stone and brick terraces. These elements reflect in general asimilar plan undertaken for the cenotaph of Senwosret III and in general its construction contains elements whichreflect the style of both Old and Middle Kingdom pyramid complexes.There is some dispute as to if this pyramid was Ahmose's burial place, or if it was a cenotaph. Although earlierexplorers Mace and Currelly were unable to locate any internal chambers, it is unlikely that a burial chamber wouldhave been located in the midst of the pyramid's rubble core. In the absence of any mention of a tomb of KingAhmose in the tomb robbery accounts of the Abbott Papyrus, and in the absence of any likely candidate for theking's tomb at Thebes, it is possible that the king was interred at Abydos, as suggested by Harvey. Certainly the greatnumber of cult structures located at the base of the pyramid located in recent years, as well as the presence at thebase of the pyramid of a cemetery used by priests of Ahmose's cult, argue for the importance of the king's Abydoscult. However, other Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was constructed (like Tetisheri's pyramid at Abydos) asa cenotaph and that Ahmose may have originally been buried in the southern part of Dra' Abu el-Naga' with the restof the late 17th and early 18th Dynasties.This pyramid was the last pyramid ever built as part of a mortuary complex in Egypt. The pyramid would beabandoned by subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom, for both practical and religious reasons. The Giza plateauoffered plenty of room for building pyramids; but this was not the case with the confined, cliff-bound geography ofThebes and any burials in the surrounding desert were vulnerable to flooding. The pyramid form was associated withthe sun god Re, who had been overshadowed by Amun in importance. One of the meanings of Amun's name was thehidden one, which meant that it was now theologically permissible to hide the Pharaoh's tomb by fully separating themortuary template from the actual burial place. This provided the added advantage that the resting place of thepharaoh could be kept hidden from necropolis robbers. All subsequent pharaohs of the New Kingdom would beburied in rock-cut shaft tombs in the Valley of the Kings.[49]

Mummy

Ahmose I 8

The mummified head of Ahmose I

Ahmose I's mummy was discovered in 1881 within the Deirel-Bahri Cache, located in the hills directly above the MortuaryTemple of Hatshepsut. He was interred along with the mummiesof other 18th and 19th dynasty leaders Amenhotep I, Thutmose I,Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II andRamesses IX, as well as the 21st dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I,Pinedjem II and Siamun.

Ahmose I's mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on June9, 1886. It was found within a coffin that bore his name inhieroglyphs, and on his bandages his name was again written inhieratic script. While the cedarwood coffin's style dates it squarelyto the time of the 18th dynasty, it was neither of royal style norcraftsmanship, and any gilding or inlays may have been stripped inantiquity.[50] He had evidently been moved from his originalburial place, re-wrapped and placed within the cache at Deirel-Bahri during the reign of the 21st dynasty priest-king PinedjemII, whose name also appeared on the mummy's wrappings. Around his neck a garland of delphinium flowers hadbeen placed. The body bore signs of having been plundered by ancient grave-robbers, his head having been brokenoff from his body and his nose smashed.[51]

The body was 1.63 m in height. The mummy had a small face with no defining features, though he had slightlyprominent front teeth; this may have been an inherited family trait, as this feature can be seen in some femalemummies of the same family, as well as the mummy of his descendant, Thutmose II.A short description of the mummy by Gaston Maspero sheds further light on familial resemblances:

…he was of medium height, as his body when mummified measured only 5 feet 6 inches (1.68 m) inlength, but the development of the neck and chest indicates extraordinary strength. The head is small inproportion to the bust, the forehead low and narrow, the cheek-bones project and the hair is thick andwavy. The face exactly resembles that of Tiûâcrai [Seqenenre Tao] and the likeness alone wouldproclaim the affinity, even if we were ignorant of the close relationship which united these twoPharaohs.

Initial studies of the mummy were first thought to reveal a man in his 50s, but subsequent examinations have shownthat he was instead likely to have been in his mid-30s when he died. The identity of this mummy (Cairo Museumcatalog n° 61057) was called into question in 1980 by the published results of Dr. James Harris, a professor oforthodontics, and Egyptologist Edward Wente. Harris had been allowed to take x-rays of all of the supposed royalmummies at the Cairo Museum. While history records Ahmose I as being the son or possibly the grandson ofSeqenenre Tao, the craniofacial morphology of the two mummies are quite different. It is also different from that ofthe female mummy identified as Ahmes-Nefertari, thought to be his sister. These inconsistencies, and the fact thatthis mummy was not posed with arms crossed over chest, as was the fashion of the period for male royal mummies,led them to conclude that this was likely not a royal mummy, leaving the identity of Ahmose I unknown.[52]

The mummy is now in the Luxor Museum alongside the purported one of Ramesses I, as part of a permanentexhibition called "The Golden Age of the Egyptian Military".[53]

Ahmose I 9

SuccessionAhmose I was succeeded by his son, Amenhotep I. A minority of scholars have argued that Ahmose had a shortco-regency with Amenhotep, potentially lasting up to six years. If there was a co-regency, Amenhotep could nothave been made king before Ahmose's 18th regnal year, the earliest year in which Ahmose-ankh, the heir apparent,could have died. There is circumstantial evidence indicating a co-regency may have occurred, although definitiveevidence is lacking.The first piece of evidence consists of three small objects which contain both of their praenomen next to one another:the aforementioned small glass bead, a small feldspar amulet and a broken stele, all of which are written in theproper style for the early 18th dynasty. The last stele said that Amenhotep was "given life eternally", which is anEgyptian idiom meaning that a king is alive, but the name of Ahmose does not have the usual epithet "true of voice"which is given to dead kings. Since praenomen are only assumed upon taking the throne, and assuming that bothwere in fact alive at the same time, it is indicated that both were reigning at the same time. There is, however, thepossibility that Amenhotep I merely wished to associate himself with his beloved father, who reunited Egypt.Second, Amenhotep I appears to have nearly finished preparations for a sed festival, or even begun celebrating it; butAmenhotep I's reign is usually given only 21 years and a sed festival traditionally cannot be celebrated any earlierthan a ruler's 30th year. If Amenhotep I had a significant co-regency with his father, some have argued that heplanned to celebrate his Sed Festival on the date he was first crowned instead of the date that he began ruling alone.This would better explain the degree of completion of his Sed Festival preparations at Karnak.[54] There are twocontemporary New Kingdom examples of the breaking of this tradition; Hatshepsut celebrated her Heb Sed Festivalin her 16th year and Akhenaten celebrated a Sed Festival near the beginning of his 17-year reign.[55]

Third, Ahmose's wife, Ahmose Nefertari, was called both "King's Great Wife" and "King's Mother" in two stelaewhich were set up at the limestone quarries of Ma`sara in Ahmose's 22nd year. For her to literally be a "King'sMother," Amenhotep would already have to be a king. It is possible that the title was only honorific, as Ahhotep IIassumed the title without being the mother of any known king;[56] though there is a possibility that her sonAmenemhat was made Amenhotep I's co-regent, but preceded him in death.Because of this uncertainty, a co-regency is currently impossible to prove or disprove. Both Redford's and Murnane'sworks on the subject are undecided on the grounds that there is too little conclusive evidence either for or against acoregency. Even if there was one, it would have made no difference to the chronology of the period because in thiskind of institution Amenhotep would have begun counting his regnal dates from his first year as sole ruler.[57][58]

However, co-regency supporters note that since at least one rebellion had been led against Ahmose during his reign,it would certainly have been logical to crown a successor before one's death to prevent a struggle for the crown.[59]

Notes[1][1] Gardiner (1964) p. 168.[2][2] The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition (2008)[3] The Egyptian lunar deity Iah - Deity of the Ahmosides (http:/ / euler. slu. edu/ ~bart/ egyptianhtml/ kings and Queens/ Queen_Sitiah. html)

Accessed 7th December 2012[4][4] Shaw. (2000) p. 199.[5][5] Grimal. (1988) p. 192.[6][6] Grimal. (1988) p. 194.[7][7] Grimal. (1988) p. 190.[8][8] Dodson. (1990) p. 91.[9] Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 126. Thames & Hudson, 2004.[10][10] Wente (1975) p. 271.[11][11] Redford. (1967) p. 28.[12][12] Grimal. (1988) p. 193.[13] Helk, Wolfgang. Schwachstellen der Chronologie-Diskussion pp. 47–9. Göttinger Miszellen, Göttingen, 1983.[14] Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II p. 12. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.

Ahmose I 10

[15] Christopher Bronk Ramsey et al., Radiocarbon-Based Chronology for Dynastic Egypt (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1126/ science. 1189395),Science 18 June 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5985, pp. 1554–1557.

[16] David Rohl, Pharaohs and Kings (1995), ISBN 0-609-80130-9[17][17] Shaw. (2000) p. 203.[18] Spalinger, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom, p. 23. Blackwell Publishing, 2005.[19][19] Redford. (1992) p. 71.[20] Thomas Schneider, The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12–17)' in Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss

& David Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (Handbook of Oriental Studies), Brill: 2006, p.195[21][21] Anthony Spalinger, book review,Vol.60, No.4. October 2001, p.299[22][22] Spalinger. JNES 60, op. cit., p.299[23][23] Ahram (2005) Accessed August 23, 2006.[24] Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II, pp. 7–8. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906.[25] Redford. (1967) pp. 46–49.[26][26] Redford. (1992) p. 195.[27] Weinstein, James M. The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment, p. 6. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, n°

241. Winter 1981.)[28] Weinstein, James M. The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment, p. 7. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, n°

241. Winter 1981.[29][29] Shaw and Nicholson. (1995)[30] Maspero, Gaston. History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria (http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 17324/ 17324. txt),

Volume 4 (of 12), Project Gutenberg EBook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324.[31][31] Shaw. (2000) p. 209.[32][32] Shaw. (2000) p. 213.[33][33] Rice. (2001) p. 3.[34][34] Catalogue Général 34001, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.[35][35] Grimal. (1988) p. 200[36] Quarry Inauguration (http:/ / www. reshafim. org. il/ ad/ egypt/ texts/ quarry_inauguration. htm), accessed July 28, 2006.[37] Edna R. Russman et al. Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum, pp. 210–211.[38] Russman, Edna A. "Art in Transition: The Rise of the Eighteenth Dynasty and the Emergence of the Thutmoside Style in Sculpture and

Relief", Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh. p.24–25. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2005. ISBN 1-58839-173-6[39] Cooney, J. D. Glass Sculpture in Ancient Egypt. Journal of Glass Studies 2 (1960):11[40] Gordon, Andrew H. A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I. p. 296. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, October 1982.[41][41] Shaw. (2000) p. 208.[42] Tyldesley, Joyce. Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom, pp. 18–19. Headline Book Publishing Ltd., 2001.[43] Tyldesley, Joyce. The Private Lives of the Pharaohs, p. 100. Channel 4 Books, 2004.[44][44] Shaw. (2000) p. 210.[45] Egyptian Pharaohs: Ahmose I (http:/ / www. phouka. com/ pharaoh/ pharaoh/ dynasties/ dyn18/ 01ahmose. html), accessed July 19, 2006.[46] Ahmose Pyramid at Abydos (http:/ / touregypt. net/ featurestories/ ahmosep. htm), accessed July 22, 2006.[47] Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids, p. 190. Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997.[48] Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids, p. 191. Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997.[49] Tyldesley, Joyce. The Private Lives of the Pharaohs, p. 101. Channel 4 Books, 2004.[50] Forbes, Dennis C. Tombs, Treasures, Mummies: Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology, p. 614. KMT Communications, Inc.

1998.[51] Smith, G Elliot. The Royal Mummies, pp. 15–17. Duckworth, 2000 (reprint).[52] Forbes, Dennis C. Tombs, Treasures, Mummies: Seven Great Discoveries of Egyptian Archaeology, p. 699. KMT Communications, Inc.

1998.[53] Bickerstaff, Dylan. Examining the Mystery of the Niagara Falls Mummy, KMT, p. 31. Vol. 17 Number 4, Winter 2006–07.[54][54] Wente (1975) p. 272.[55] Ancient Egypt (http:/ / www. ancient-egypt. org/ index. html).[56] Gordon, Andrew H. A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I p.297. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 41, no. 4, October 1982.[57][57] Redford. (1967) p. 51.[58] Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, N° 40, p.114. The Oriental Institute of the

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Ahmose I 11

Bibliography• "Amasis I" (http:/ / www. encyclopedia. com/ doc/ 1E1-Amasis1. html). The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth

Edition. 2008. Retrieved 2010-08-13.• Clayton, Peter (2006). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 0-500-28628-0.• Dodson, Aidan (1990). "Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty". The Journal of

Egyptian Archaeology (University of Chicago Press) 76: 87–96. doi: 10.2307/3822009 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10.2307/ 3822009). JSTOR  3822009 (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 3822009).

• El-Aref, Nevine. "King of the Wild Frontier" (http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2005/ 755/ he1. htm). Al-Ahram.Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100731124906/ http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2005/ 755/ he1. htm)from the original on 31 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-13.

• Gardiner, Alan (1964). Egypt of the Pharaohs. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-500267-9.• Grimal, Nicolas (1988). A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard.• Redford, Donald (1992). Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press.

ISBN 0-691-00086-7.• Redford, Donald (1967). History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies. University of

Toronto Press.• Rice, Michael (2001). Who's Who in Ancient Egypt. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15449-9.• Shaw, Ian (2000). The Oxford history of ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280458-8.• Shaw, Ian; Nicholson, Paul (1995). The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.

ISBN 0-8109-9096-2.• Wente, Edward F. (1975). "Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom". Journal of Near

Eastern Studies (University of Chicago Press) 57 (1): 265–272.• Wiener, Malcolm H.; Allen, James P. (1998). "Separate Lives: The Ahmose Tempest Stela and the Thera

Eruption". Journal of Near Eastern Studies (University of Chicago Press) 57 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1086/468596(http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1086/ 468596).

References

Print sources• Breasted, James Henry. Ancient Records of Egypt, Vol. II University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1906. ISBN

90-04-12989-8.•• Catalogue Gènèral 34001, Egyptian Museum, Cairo.• Clayton, Peter. Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames and Hudson Ltd, paperback 2006.• Cooney, J. D. Glass Sculpture in Ancient Egypt. Journal of Glass Studies 2 vol. 11, 1960.• Dodson, Aidan. Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty The Journal of Egyptian

Archaeology, vol. 76, 1990.• Dodson, Aidan. Dyan, Hilton. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt Thames & Hudson, 2004. ISBN

0-500-05128-3.• Edna R. Russman, et al. Eternal Egypt: Masterworks of Ancient Art from the British Museum. 2001. ISBN

0-520-23086-8.• Gardiner, Alan (Sir). Egypt of the Pharaohs, Oxford University Press, 1964. ISBN 0-19-500267-9• Gordon, Andrew H. A Glass Bead of Ahmose and Amenhotep I. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 41, no. 4,

October 1982.• Grimal, Nicolas. A History of Ancient Egypt. Librairie Arthéme Fayard, 1988. ISBN 90-04-12989-8.• Helk, Wolfgang. Schwachstellen der Chronologie-Diskussion. Göttinger Miszellen, Göttingen, 1983.• Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. Thames & Hudson Ltd, 1997. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.

Ahmose I 12

• Maspero, Gaston. History Of Egypt, Chaldaea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria, Volume 4 (of 12), ProjectGutenberg EBook, Release Date: December 16, 2005. EBook #17324. http:/ / www. gutenberg. org/ files/ 17324/17324. txt

• Murnane, William J. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies, Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 40. The OrientalInstitute of the University of Chicago, 1977.

• Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ, 1992.ISBN 0-691-00086-7.

• Redford, Donald B. History and Chronology of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt: Seven Studies. University of TorontoPress, 1967.

• Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.• Smith, G. Elliot. The Royal Mummies, Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd., 2000. ISBN 0-7156-2959-X.• Spalinger, Anthony J. War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. Blackwell Publishing, 2005. ISBN

1-4051-1372-3• Tyldesley, Joyce. Egypt's Golden Empire: The Age of the New Kingdom. Headline Book Publishing Ltd., 2001.

ISBN 0-7472-5160-6.• Tyldesley, Joyce. The Private Lives of the Pharaohs. Channel 4 Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7522-1903-0.• Weinstein, James M. The Egyptian Empire in Palestine, A Reassessment. Bulletin of the American Schools of

Oriental Research: No 241. Winter, 1981.• Wente, Edward F. Thutmose III's Accession and the Beginning of the New Kingdom. Journal of Near Eastern

Studies, University of Chicago Press, 1975.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ahmose I.

• Ahmose (http:/ / www. digitalegypt. ucl. ac. uk/ chronology/ ahmose. html) accessed 19 July 2006.• Egyptian Pharaohs: Ahmose I (http:/ / www. phouka. com/ pharaoh/ pharaoh/ dynasties/ dyn18/ 01ahmose. html)

accessed 19 July 2006.• King of the Wild Frontier (http:/ / weekly. ahram. org. eg/ 2005/ 755/ he1. htm) Accessed 23 August 2006• Quarry Inauguration (http:/ / www. reshafim. org. il/ ad/ egypt/ texts/ quarry_inauguration. htm) Accessed 28 July

2006.

Article Sources and Contributors 13

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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:AhmoseI-StatueHead_MetropolitanMuseum.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AhmoseI-StatueHead_MetropolitanMuseum.png  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors: Keith Schengili-RobertsFile:BronzeDagger-AhmoseI.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BronzeDagger-AhmoseI.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Keith Schengili-RobertsFile:Hyksos.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hyksos.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Blofeld of SPECTRE at en.wikipediaFile:Ahmose Axe Blade.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ahmose_Axe_Blade.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Iry-HorFile:Ahmose 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ahmose_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Iry-HorFile:Jewels and Weapons of Queen Ahhotep.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jewels_and_Weapons_of_Queen_Ahhotep.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles (1846-1916); originally uploaded by User:CaptmondoFile:Ahmose-mummy-head.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ahmose-mummy-head.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: G. Elliot SmithImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: Anomie

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