ahcl assignment formatting reference table sept2012 (1)

Department of Ancient History & Classics Source Formatting for All Assignments 1

ReferenceTable:HowtoFormatBibliographicand

FootnoteEntriesforVariousTypesofSources

Some General Comments The basic formula for a bibliographic entry is: Author. Year. Title [note the italics] (City: Publisher). However, as you will see from this

table, there are quite a few variations on that formula, depending on the nature of the source and its publication history.

A. Primary (Ancient) Sources 1. Always put the ancient author’s name at the head of the entry, even if that author’s name is included in the title of the work, because you will

be citing that ancient author for direct quotations and paraphrases and the reader needs to be able to find the corresponding entry for that author and work in the bibliography easily.

2. In the in-text source citations (not the bibliographic entries), if you wish, you may use abbreviated versions of ancient author’s names and

titles, so long as you are consistent in doing so and follow the standard abbreviations that are provided in the front matter of the Oxford

Classical Dictionary.

Type of

Resource Bibliography Entry - Samples

In-Text Parenthetical Citation

Format - Samples

Ancient text in

the original language (not

translated into

English)

Sallust. Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae, ed. J.T. Ramsey. American Philological Association Textbook Series no. 9 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984).

• Note: Titles are put into italics; however, if there is a title within a title, as occurs

above (Bellum Catilinae), that internal title reverts to regular font.

Tacitus. Annals, Book IV, eds. R.H. Martin and A.J. Woodman (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1989, repr. 2004).

Note: ‘repr.’ In the above example stands for ‘reprint’; that is, the original

publication date was in 1989, but the version that you are using was not

published until 2004. Reprints can have different page numbers and other changes, so it is important to note which version you are using.

(Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 31.1)

(Tacitus, Annals 4.43.2)


Ancient text,

translated into

English

Plautus. Amphitryon & Two Other Plays, ed. and transl. L. Casson (New York: W.W.

Norton & Company, 1971).

Xenophon. The Persian Expedition, transl. R. Warner (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1949, repr. 1972).

(Plautus, Amphitryon 784-786)

• Note that the translation title

indicated “& Two Other Plays”; if you are citing one

of the other plays in your

footnote, you need to name it

instead of Amphitryon.

(Xenophon, The Persian Expedition

2.2)

Inscriptions

IRT: Reynolds, J.M. and J.B. Ward-Perkins. 1952. The Inscriptions of Roman

Tripolitania (Rome: British School at Rome).

• Collections of ancient inscriptions are often referred to by their abbreviated titles

(e.g., IG2, CIL, CIS), and individual inscriptions within those collections are

identified by the title abbreviation, volume number (if applicable) and the

inscription number. In your bibliography, alphabetize such entries by their abbreviations rather than the collections’ authors or editors in order to correlate

with the in-text source citations. Note, for example, that the above example of a

bibliographic entry starts with ‘IRT:’, then has the normal bibliographic entry;

this particular example would go under the letter ‘I’ in the alphabetical order of the bibliography.

• Since the abbreviation is of a title, it should appear in italics.

• For a list of abbreviations and their full titles, see

www.ajaonline.org/submissions/abbreviations or the front matter of the Oxford

Classical Dictionary.

(IRT 341)

• That is, inscription number

341 in Inscriptions of Roman

Tripolitania.

(CIL 8.10111)

• That is, inscription number

10111 in volume 8 of Corpus

Inscriptionum Latinarum.

B. Secondary (Modern) Sources

Books/Monographs

Type of

Resource Bibliography Entry - Sample Footnote Format - Sample


Book (single

author) Elton, H. 1996. Frontiers of the Roman Empire (London: Batsford).

1Elton 1996, 23.

Book (two

authors)

Storey, I.C. and A.L. Allan. 2005. A Guide to Ancient Greek Drama (Oxford:

Blackwell).

• Only the first author’s name is presented as last-name-first.

• The order of the authors is not alphabetized; the names need to appear in the

same order as they do in the publication.

2Storey and Allan 2005, 13-15.

Book (three

authors)

Beard, M., J. North, and S.R.F. Price. 1998. Religions of Rome. Vol. 1: A History

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

• Only the first author’s name is presented as last-name-first.

• The order of the authors is not alphabetized; the names need to appear in the

same order as they do in the publication.

3Beard, North, and Price 1998, 1.

Book (four or more authors)

Pomeroy, S.B., S.M. Burstein, W. Donlan, J.T. Roberts. A Brief History of Ancient

Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture, 2nd

ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

• Only if there are four or more authors:

In the bibliographic entry, list all of the authors, not in alphabetical order but in the

order in which they appear on the publication.

In the footnote entry, list only the first author’s last name, then use ‘et al.’ to indicate

that there were other authors. ‘Et al.’ is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase et alii (‘and others’). Since ‘et al.’ is an abbreviation, it needs to be followed by a period, as

it is here.

3Pomeroy et al. 2003, 101.

Book in a

series

Storey, I.C. 2008. Euripides: Suppliant Women. Duckworth Companions to Greek and

Roman Tragedy (London: Duckworth).

• This book was published within the series ‘Duckworth Companions to Greek

and Roman Tragedy’.

• This is a secondary scholar’s commentary on the play, not a translation of the

play; therefore it is not treated as a primary source.

4Storey 2008, 156.


Book,

supplement to

a journal

Either:

Stone, D.L., D.J. Mattingly, and N. Ben Lazreg. 2011. Leptiminus (Lamta). Report No.

3: The Field Survey. Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. 87 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal

of Roman Archaeology).

Or:

Stone, D.L., D.J. Mattingly, and N. Ben Lazreg. 2011. Leptiminus (Lamta). Report No.

3: The Field Survey. JRA Suppl. 87 (Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology).

• In the case of a journal, you may either write out the full name of the

journal, as appears here, or use its standardized abbreviation, hence JRA Suppl. 87. It is important to distinguish between a volume (i.e., regular

issue) and a supplement (i.e., monograph) of a journal (see ‘journal articles’

below for specifying a volume number).For a list of abbreviations and their

full titles, see www.ajaonline.org/submissions/abbreviations or the front matter of the Oxford Classical Dictionary.

5Stone, Mattingly, and Ben Lazreg

2011, pl. I.

Book,

translated Lancel, S. 1998. Hannibal, transl. A. Nevill (Malden, MA: Blackwell).

6Lancel 1998, 61.

Book,

reprinted

Schliemann, H. 1878, repr. 1967. Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries

at Mycenae and Tiryns (New York: B. Blom).

• Explanation: It is important to recognize that Schliemann could not have

written the book in 1967, since he had died in 1890; therefore you need to acknowledge that the contents were actually written in 1878. The reprint that

you are using, from 1967, may have different page numbering and other

elements, so you also need to indicate which version you are using.

7Schliemann 1878 (repr. 1967), 313.

Book, 2nd

edition or later

Ramage, N.H. and A. Ramage. 2009. Art of the Romans: Romulus to Constantine, 5th ed.

(Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall). 8Ramage and Ramage 2009, fig. 23.

Book, multi-

volume

1. Only if you are referring to the collection in general, not intending to quote or paraphrase a specific part:

Evans, A.J. 1921-1935. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive

Stages of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos, 4

volumes (London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

If referring to the entire set of volumes, without paraphrasing or

quoting a specific passage within:

9Evans 1921-1935.


Book, multi-

volume

(continued)

2. If you are going to be citing individual volumes for quotations or paraphrases, you need to list each separately, as follows. Notice, in the second and third entries, the

addition of a letter after the date in instances where more than one volume appeared

in the same year, a system that allows clear footnoting in cases where the author and

the date are otherwise indistinguishable:

• Note: the abbreviation ‘Vol.’ and the volume number are not in italics.

Evans, A.J. 1921. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages

of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Vol. I: The

Neolithic and Early and Middle Minoan Ages (London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

Evans, A.J. 1928a. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive

Stages of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Vol. II,

Part 1: Fresh Lights on Origins and External Relations; the Restoration in Town and

Palace after Seismic Catastrophe towards Close of MM III; and the Beginnings of the

New Era (London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

Evans, A.J. 1928b. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive

Stages of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Vol. II,

Part 2: Town-Houses in Knossos of the New Era and Restored West Palace Section with

Its State Approach (London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

Evans, A.J. 1930. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive Stages

of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Vol. III: The

Great Transitional Age in the Northern and Eastern Sections of the Palace; the Most

Brilliant Records of Minoan Art and the Evidences of Advanced Religion (London:

MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

Evans, A. J. 1935. The Palace of Minos: A Comparative Account of the Successive

Stages of Early Cretan Civilization as Illustrated by the Discoveries at Knossos. Vol. IV,

Part 1: Emergence of Outer Western Enceinte, with New Illustrations, Artistic and

Religious, of the Middle Minoan Phase; Chryselephantine ‘Lady of Sports’, ‘Snake

Room’ and Full Story of the Cult; Late Minoan Ceramic Style and ‘Palace Style’

(London: MacMillan & Co., Ltd.).

Citing from within a specific volume, if more than one volume with the

same publication year is cited in the

bibliography (otherwise, leave out the

letter after the year): 10

Evans 1928a, 345-346.


Book, written

but not yet published

Elton, H. Forthcoming. The Late Roman Empire: A Political and Military History

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 11

Elton forthcoming, 34.

Thesis or

Dissertation

Fitzsimons, R.D. 2006. Monuments of Power and the Power of Monuments - The

Evolution of Elite Architectural Styles at Bronze Age Mycenae (Ph.D. diss., University of

Cincinnati).

12Fitzsimons 2006, 312.

Edited book

(single editor)

Walberg, G., ed. 2007. Midea: The Megaron Complex and Shrine Area. Excavations on

the Lower Terraces 1994-1997. Prehistory Monographs 20 (Philadelphia: Institute for

Aegean Prehistory Academic Press).

Cite it this way only if you do not intend to refer to a specific passage within; if

you do intend to paraphrase or quote something within, you need to list individual authors/chapters in your bibliography (see ‘Chapter in an edited

book’, below) – that is, when you are quoting or paraphrasing, always cite the

person who wrote the chapter in an edited book, not the person who edited what that author wrote.

13Walberg 2007.

[if you are citing (a) specific page(s), this is not the correct

type of entry – see ‘Chapter

in an edited book’ instead.]

Edited book (two or more

editors)

Marshall, C.W. and G. Kovacs, eds. 2012. No Laughing Matter: Studies in Old and

Middle Comedy (London: Bristol Classic Press).

• ed. = one editor; eds. = 2 or more editors

14Marshall and Kovacs 2012.

Part of a Book, where the author of the part is not the same as the overall author or editor

1. Note that the first and last page number of the internal part must be specified.

2. If the book chapters are preceded by a number (e.g., “Chapter One: Background”), leave out that chapter number and use only the title itself

(“Background”).

Type of

Resource Bibliography Entry - Sample Footnote Format - Sample

Forward, preface, or

introduction to

a book

Knox, B. 1990. “Introduction,” in The Iliad, by Homer, transl. R. Fagles (Toronto:

Penguin), 3-64. 1Knox 1990, 9.


Chapter in an

edited book

Moore, J.P. 2007. “The ‘Mausoleum Culture’ of Africa Proconsularis,” in Mortuary

Landscapes of North Africa, eds. D.L. Stone and L.M. Stirling. Phoenix Supplement 43

(Toronto: University of Toronto Press), 75-109.

2Moore 2007, 100.

Dictionary or Encyclopedia

Entry

Moore, J.P. 2010b. “Carthage,” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and

Rome, ed. M. Gagarin (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 53-55. 3Moore 2010, 54.

Journal Articles 1. Article titles appear in regular font and double quotations, whereas journal titles are in italics, with no quotation marks.

2. The first and last page number of each article must be specified in the bibliography, and must be written out in full (e.g., 105-107, not 105-7).

3. For journal titles, you may either write out the title in full (e.g., Journal of Hellenic Studies or American Journal of Archaeology) or use their standard abbreviations (e.g., JHS or AJA). For journal abbreviations and their expansions, please see

www.ajaonline.org/submissions/abbreviations.

4. Most journals that you will access through JSTOR or a similar online collections are digitized versions of print journals – meaning that the

originals were intended to be read on paper. For such journals, do not cite the URL; instead, cite the specific page numbers. For journals that are only available online, refer to ‘Internet Resources’, below.

Type of

Resource

Bibliography Entry - Sample Footnote Format - Sample

Article (single

author)

McClure, J. 2011. “Thebaid 2.239, 2.729 and the Problem of Aracynthus,” Mnemosyne

64, 58–81.

• ‘64’ here refers to the volume number of the journal. If there are both a

volume and an issue number, put the volume, immediately followed by a

period, immediately followed by the issue number – for example, 64.3.

1McClure 2011, 76.

Article (2-3

authors)

Greatrex, G., H. Elton, and R. Burgess. 2005. “Urbicius' Epitedeuma: An Edition,

Translation and Commentary,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift 98, 35-74.

2Greatrex, Elton, and Burgess 2005,

51.


Article (four or more

authors)

Haggis, D.C., M.S. Mook, R.D. Fitzsimons, C.M. Scarry, L.M. Snyder, and W.C. West III. 2011. “Excavations in the Archaic Civic Buildings at Azoria in 2005-2006,”

Hesperia 80.1, 1-70.

• As for books with four or more authors:

• In the bibliographic entry, list all of the authors in the same order as they

appear.

• In the footnote entry, list only the first author’s last name, then the

abbreviation ‘et al.’. (=‘and others’).

3Haggis et al. 2011, fig. 15.

Book Review

Type of

Resource Bibliography Entry - Sample Footnote Format – Sample

Book Review

Moore, J.P. 2009. Review of Styling Romanisation: Pottery and Society in Central Italy,

by R.E. Roth, Phoenix 63.3-4, 429-431.

• That is, Roth wrote the book called Styling Romanisation; Moore wrote a

review of his book; Moore’s review of that book was published in the

journal Phoenix.

Note: you do not need to cite the publisher or city of publication with the book title in a book review.

1Moore 2009, 431.

Unpublished Lectures, Papers, Personal Conversations

Type of

Resource


Course Lecture

Moore, J.P. 2012, March 8. “Art Collecting versus Archaeology: The Case of Cycladic Figurines,” lecture for AHCL 1001H, Trent University, Peterborough, ON.

• Note: cite a course lecture only as a last resort. If the lecturer was citing

someone else, you need to give credit to the original author of the idea.

Only if you have exhausted all means of ascertaining the original author should you cite the instructor (unless the idea originated with the

1Moore 2012.


instructor, in which case it is perfectly appropriate to do so).

Guest or

Invited Lecture

Fitzsimons, R.D. 2010, November 3. “Monumental Architecture and the Construction

of the Mycenaean State,” presented at the Canadian Institute in Greece, Athens. 2Fitzsimons 2010.

Conference

Paper

Lockwood, S. 2012, January 6. “Lycian Tombs and Political Change in the Elmalı Basin in the Fourth Century B.C.E.”, presented at Recent Research in the Elmalı Basin:

A Memorial Colloquium for Machteld J. Mellink, at the 113th Annual Meeting of the

Archaeological Institute of America, Philadelphia.

3Lockwood 2012.

Personal

Communication

Use this format for citing someone from the context of a personal conversation, be it in person, over the phone, via e-mail, etc. This kind of reference need appear only in your

footnotes, not in your bibliography.

4J. McClure, pers. comm. April 1,

2012.

Internet Resources

1. For the author, try to find the name of the person(s) responsible; sometimes, however, you will only be able to find the name of a research centre, museum, or the like. Someone who is identified as the ‘Webmaster’ may simply be the editor, not the author.

2. For year of publication, the publication or copyright date may or may not appear. It may be a single date (e.g., 2011), a range of dates (e.g.,

2004-2012), or a ‘last updated’ date. Because most sites are updated and therefore their content may change, be sure to specify the date on which you viewed the site; for example: “Accessed September 3, 2012”.

3. Be specific about where within the website you found it: Some websites have an extensive array of sub-pages; if you referred only to the

main (home) page, the reader would have a hard time finding exactly where you found your information. Therefore if the information is from

a sub-page, specify it by treating it as a chapter title (in double quotation marks); see ‘Website, secondary page’, below. 4. Confirm the publication information and original author: Be aware that some websites post digitized versions of printed materials by

other people. For instance, the Perseus Project, which is edited by G. Crane, has postings of out-of-print books by a variety of authors. The

Perseus Project gives the full publication info of the source when it does so; in your bibliography and/or source citation, you must do the same in order to give credit to the original author – that is, G. Crane did not write those works.

5. Punctuation: Note that, as in all bibliographic entries, there is a period at the end, after the URL.

Type of

Resource



Website,

home page

Trustees of the British Museum. The British Museum. Accessed September 3, 2012. www.britishmuseum.org.

1Trustees of the British Museum

2012.

Website,

secondary

page

Classical Art Research Centre. 1997-2012. “Komasts and Athletes”, in The Beazley Archive.

Accessed September 3, 2012. www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/gems/scarab/scarab30.htm.

• In this instance, “Komasts and Athletes” is the name of the page that was

accessed, and The Beazley Archive is the name of the overall website (as

indicated on the main/home page).

2Classical Art Research Centre

2012.

Publication

posted in

web format

on a website

of someone

other than

the original

author(s)

Platner, S.B. and T. Ashby. 1929. “Campus Martius”, in A Topographical Dictionary of

Ancient Rome (London: Humphrey Milford), in The Perseus Project, ed. G.R. Crane. Accessed July 30, 2012.

www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0054%3Aalphabetic+l

etter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dcampus-martius.

• In this instance, the article “Campus Martius”, which originally appeared in

Platner and Ashby’s book, has been posted on the website of the Perseus Project.

3Platner and Ashby 1929.

Article in

an online

journal

To be used only for journals that are truly online journals, not for digitized copies of print journals (see ‘journal articles’ above). Some online journal articles, for instance, may have

the article right on the webpage (not as a linked PDF) and not have page numbering.

Tartaron, T.F., R.M. Rothaus, and D.J. Pullen. 2003. “Searching for Prehistoric Aegean

Harbors with GIS, Geomorphology, and Archaeology,” Athena Review 3.4. Accessed August

25, 2012. www.athenapub.com/12aegean.htm.

4Tartaron, Rothaus, and Pullen

2003.

• If the online article

has numbered pages,

cite the specific

page(s) ; otherwise omit that part of the

entry.

Online PDF

Check whether this PDF is truly online only, or actually a digitized version of a printed

publication. If it is a digitized version, it needs to be cited as per the instructions for non-internet resources. If, instead, it was written to be online, start with the format that seems

closest to what this PDF is (e.g., a free-standing publication like a book, or a chapter in a

book, etc.) and then add the ‘Accessed’ and URL information.

Smith, N. 2011. Introductions to Heritage Assets: Pre-Industrial Lime Kilns (English

Heritage). Accessed September 2, 2012. www.english-heritage.org.uk/...lime-

4Smith 2011, 2.

• If the online PDF has

numbered pages, cite the specific page(s);

otherwise omit that

part of the entry.


kilns/preindustriallimekilns.pdf.

FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

Q: One of the authors has two works from the same year. How do I distinguish them and in what order do I place them? A: If they were published in the same year, place them in alphabetical order by the title of the work. Immediately after the year in the first

entry, put an ‘a’; after the year in the second entry, put a ‘b’. For example, for the two entries below, ‘Carthage’ comes alphabetically

before ‘Naked’, thus:

Moore, J.P. 2010a. “Carthage”, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, ed. M. Gagarin

(Oxford: Oxford University Press), 53-55.

Moore, J.P. 2010b. “Naked Bull-Riding on Ceramic Products from Roman Africa”, in Africa Romana: I

luoghi e le forme dei mestieri e della produzione nelle province africane, Atti del XVIII convegno di studio,

Olbia, 11-14 dicembre 2008, eds. M. Milanese, P. Ruggeri, and C. Vismara (Rome: Carocci), 713-724.

Then, when you cite one or the other in a footnote, be sure to specify that letter so that the reader knows which work is cited:

14

Moore 2010a, 54.

Q: More than one city is listed as the place of publication. What do I do?

A: The default is to choose the city that is closest to you, on the basis that it is more likely that the book came from a source nearby than

one far away (e.g., on another continent).

Q: What if I find that several different sources support the same idea – how do I footnote that?

A: List them all in a single footnote, with each citation separated by a semi-colon (;). It is advisable to put them in chronological, rather than alphabetical order, to reflect possible lines of influence. For example:

[sentence in essay:] In the past decade, several scholars have adopted this line of reasoning.5

[associated footnote:] 5Maplecreek 2001, 45; Spruce 2004, 210; Redwood 2010, 93.


Q: For my course in another program, for source citations we have to cite only the author and year, not any page numbers. Why do we

need to cite the page number for footnotes here? A: You are correct that standards vary from one discipline to the next. In Classics, the standard is to be as specific as possible when citing a

source, so that the reader can go find the relevant passage without trouble, for her/his own research interests. Imagine if your author-date (no page)

reference was to a book that was 200 pages long – how would the reader find the correct section without potentially having to read the whole

book?

ahcl assignment formatting reference table sept2012 (1)

Documents