agroforestry systems of high natural … systems of high natural and cultural value in europe:...
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AGROFORESTRYSYSTEMSOFHIGHNATURALANDCULTURALVALUEINEUROPE:CONSTRAINTS,CHALLENGESANDPROPOSALFORTHEFUTURE
Moreno G, Berg S, Burgess PJ, Camilli F, Crous-Duran J, Franca A, Hao H, Hartel T, Lind T, Mirck J, Palma J, Pantera A, Paula JA, Pisanelli A, Rolo V, Seddaiu G, Thenail C, Tsonkova P, Upson M, Valinger E, Varga A, Viaud V, Vityi A
SEMINATURALLANDSCAPES,butfarmed
HNVFARMS:Farmtypesandlandscapesvaluableforbiodiversity,
Theyaremanagedatlowintensityandthatretainssemi-naturalvegetaLon.
EUROPEANHNVAGROFORESTRYinclude:Woodpastures(grazed),MeadowswithscaMeredtrees,Bocageandother
mosaic-likefarmedlandscapes
MindmapofissuesraisedintheiniQaldiscussionofstakeholdergroupinU.K,thatillustratethemulQpleconstraintsandchallengesofEuropeanwoodpastures
COMPLEXSOCIO-ECONOMICandECOLOGICALCONTEXT
RaQonale
Althoughecologicalandsocioeconomical
contexts vary enormously among
regions, European agroforestry systems
shareacommonchallenges,
theloweconomicprofitability
becausetheyareusuallyrelegatedtoless
producQvelands.
LOSTOFTRADITIONALPRACTICES
Theyarecurrrentlythreatenedbyeither
*LandintensificaLon,whatcausesprogressivelostoftrees* ExtensificaLon/abandonment, what results is an excessivethickandlostoftheirpotenQalproducQve.
RaQonale
ScopeandWorkroute
Ten naQonal stakeholder groups (N=
parciQpants): farmers, NGOs, companies,
privateandpublictechnicalstaff,consumers,
researchersandpolicymakers.
Jointdiscussionand face-to-face interviews,with
semi-structurequesQonnaireswereheldin.
AparQcipatory researchprojectacrossEuropewasconductedto idenQfymainconstraints,keychallengesandpotenQal
innovaQonstoimprovetheresilienceandreinforcetheireconomicprofitabilityandprovisionofecosystemservices
OURDEHESASHAVEPROBLEMS
Highstockingrate–>Lackoftreeregeneration–
soildegradation
Unawarenessofecologicalservices
Noinnovationsinthelastdecades
Awholeimageofthedehesacomplexityismissing
Defficientuseofacorns
Wildlifecompetitionforforageresources
Abandonmentoftraditionaluses(fallow&stubble)
LivestockTBre-infestationbywildanimals
Lackofsolidsupportfordehesatreeregeneration
Ignoranceofdehesaandfarmers’needs
Sanitarycriteriaandadministrativerequirements
Lowpublicacknowledgmentofdehesavalues
Lackofanuniqueofficialdefinitionof
dehesa
Ecosystemservicesareunknown
Suddenoakmortality
AgrarianPolicy
Frequentchangesofregulations
Lackofefficientgreenaccountingsystemsformultipurposesystems
Individualismofbreeders
Animalhealthandwelfare
Noregionalornationalprogramsfordehesaconservation
Lackofspecificmeasuresforagroforestrysystems
Deficientassociations
Dehesaonlyrecentlyperceivedasaculturallegacy
Weakagriculturalextensionservices
Farmerassociationsrepresentpoorlytobreeders
Poorprofessionalizationoffarmers
Administrativeconstraints
Impoverishmentofpastureforexcessivegrazingpressure
Poorqualityofpastures.Lowproportionoflegumes
Noherding.Scarcelivestockmanagement
Excessofpermissionfortranshumance
Excessivedependenceofexternalfodderpurchase
Over-ageingoftreesandlackofregeneration
Lowprofit-earningcapacity
Difficultiesforgettingpermission:pruning…
Excessandslownessofbeaurocracy
Governance
Nofluidcommunicationsamongstakeholdersand
policymakers
Forageresources
Poorgovernance
Scarcecommunication
Treelayerconservation
Strongseasonalityonpastureavailability
Lackofadaptedfoddercrops
Figure2.FishboneorIshikawadiagramthatsummarizesmainconstraintsforSpanishdehesasidentifiedbystakeholders
TreeandAcornspest
OURDEHESASHAVEPROBLEMS
Highstockingrate–>Lackoftreeregeneration–
soildegradation
Unawarenessofecologicalservices
Noinnovationsinthelastdecades
Awholeimageofthedehesacomplexityismissing
Defficientuseofacorns
Wildlifecompetitionforforageresources
Abandonmentoftraditionaluses(fallow&stubble)
LivestockTBre-infestationbywildanimals
Lackofsolidsupportfordehesatreeregeneration
Ignoranceofdehesaandfarmers’needs
Sanitarycriteriaandadministrativerequirements
Lowpublicacknowledgmentofdehesavalues
Lackofanuniqueofficialdefinitionof
dehesa
Ecosystemservicesareunknown
Suddenoakmortality
AgrarianPolicy
Frequentchangesofregulations
Lackofefficientgreenaccountingsystemsformultipurposesystems
Individualismofbreeders
Animalhealthandwelfare
Noregionalornationalprogramsfordehesaconservation
Lackofspecificmeasuresforagroforestrysystems
Deficientassociations
Dehesaonlyrecentlyperceivedasaculturallegacy
Weakagriculturalextensionservices
Farmerassociationsrepresentpoorlytobreeders
Poorprofessionalizationoffarmers
Administrativeconstraints
Impoverishmentofpastureforexcessivegrazingpressure
Poorqualityofpastures.Lowproportionoflegumes
Noherding.Scarcelivestockmanagement
Excessofpermissionfortranshumance
Excessivedependenceofexternalfodderpurchase
Over-ageingoftreesandlackofregeneration
Lowprofit-earningcapacity
Difficultiesforgettingpermission:pruning…
Excessandslownessofbeaurocracy
Governance
Nofluidcommunicationsamongstakeholdersand
policymakers
Forageresources
Poorgovernance
Scarcecommunication
Treelayerconservation
Strongseasonalityonpastureavailability
Lackofadaptedfoddercrops
Figure2.FishboneorIshikawadiagramthatsummarizesmainconstraintsforSpanishdehesasidentifiedbystakeholders
TreeandAcornspest
Workroute
OPE
NDISCU
SSIONW
ITHSTA
KEHOLD
ERS
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TIONOFCO
NSTRAINTS
MainConcernsandChallenges
1. LowprofitabilityofHNCVasakeyconstraintforthefuturesustainability.
2. Newsystemdesignandmanagementfornewchallengesandsocio-economiccontext.
3. ToreconcilegrazinglivestockwithtreelayerconservaQonandregeneraQon
4. Moreefficientuseoflocalforageresourcestoincreasethefodderautonomyofthefarms.
5. Costefficientherding,includingtechnologytoimprovetheefficiencyofherding.
6. AnimalproducQonandLivestockhealthinextensivesemi-naturalsystems.
7. ConservaQonofnon-producQvefeatures,veterantreesandtreespeciesdiversity.
8. PublicacknowledgmentoftheculturalvalueandtheecosystemservicesprovidedbyHNCVagroforestry
9. ExtensionwasseenascriQcalissuesinsoutherncountries.
10. MaladaptedpolicymeasuresforextensiveandmulQpurposeHNCVagroforestry.
Althoughmostof stakeholder groups acknowledged the importanceof ecosystems servicesprovidedbyHNCV agroforestry, they demandedmostly research focused to solve their dailymanagement problemsandtoincreasetheirpro>itability.
Bio-region
Country System Mainconcerns
Med
iterrane
an
Portugal Montado:grazedopenoakwoodlands PossiblenegaQveconsequencesofshrubencroachmentof
woodlandsoncorkyieldandquality
Spain Dehesa:grazedandintercroppedoak
woodlands
Lowprofitability,markedseasonalityoffodderresources
anddeficienttreeregeneraQon
Italy GrazedoakwoodlandsinSardinia Thelackofforageavailabilityandquality
Greece Grazedvaloniaoakwoodlands OakregeneraQonandpoorpastureunderstoryyield/
quality
Atlan
Lc
France BocageagroforestryinBriMany(hedgerows
integratedwithgrasslandandarableland)
Decreaseofhedgerowdensityandtheirreduced
importanceinfarmingmanagementandecologicalservices
UK Woodpastureandparkland Re-insQtuQngtreemanagement,balancingtheprevenQon
ofinfillingwithnaturalregeneraQon
ConL
nental
Romania Grazedwoodpasturesandgrasslandswith
ancientnon-producQvetreesin
Transylvania
ConservaQonofveterannon-producQvetreesandoftree
speciesdiversity.
Needofeconomicallyandsociallyviablestrategiesto
increasetreeregeneraQon
Germany Floodplainmeadowswithtreehedgerows Hedgerowsabandonment
Lackofinterestoffarmersfortrees
Pan-
onia
n
Hungary Grazedwoodpasturesandgrasslandswith
ancientnon-producQvetrees
Infillingofabandonedwood-pastures,andlackofpublic
awarenessoftheirnatureandculturalvalues
Boreal Sweden Woodpasturesandgrazedforestsdevoted
toreindeerhusbandry
AdaptaQonofforestoperaQonstoreindeerhusbandry
1. Farmprofitability• BrandingbeMerHNCVproducts:improvingknowledgeofcustomer
andtax-payerinterests.
• ProductdiversificaQon. Surveys toassess thewillingness topayapremiumpriceforagroforestryproducts.
• Qualityoftreeproducts..Systemdesignandmanagement• DesignandmanagementofthesystemtonewmulQplepracQces:
developingmodularmodelsofhedgerowsystems
• InnovaQvetreespecieswhichcanresistlivestock.• Livestockmanagement:species,racesandstockingrates.
.TreeprotecLonandregeneraLon• ProtecQngtrees:WiderangeofmethodsforprotecQngtreesfrom
livestock.
• Lessbrowserlivestockraces• Grazingcalendar
.Pasturequality• Fodder crops: e.g. legume-rich pastures and winter forages
adaptedtoshade.
• Adaptedsilvicuture:e.g.selecQonofforagetree/shrubspecies
.Grazingsystemsandcostefficientherding• SelecQonofspecificlivestockbreeds• HolisQcgrazing(intensivefast-rotaQonalgrazing)• LocaQon of faciliQes (e.g. watering points, supplementary
fodder,salt)
• GPScollartechnologyand”invisiblefencing”.AnimalproducLonandHealth• Controlofaccesstowaterpointsandsupplementaryfood
• Designofhedgerowstoimproveshelter
.NatureconservaLon• Choiceoflivestockspeciesandbreed• Methodsforfirecontrol
• Improvedunderstandingoftheeffectsonsoilcarbon
• MethodsofsoilprotecQon
.Extension• Theuseofpilotfarms
• EncouragementoflocalstateofficialsinextensionacQviQes
.Policyandgovernance• Paymentforhistoricallandscapes
• Newco-operaQvemodelsfordevelopingagroforestry
Thewayforward:InnovaQonsproposed
Innova&ons for HNV agroforestry: some examples
Systemdesign,renewal
AdaptaQonsofforestmanagementtopromotebeMercondiQonsforreindeerhusbandry:soilscarificaQon,
noplanQngwithLodgepolePine,moreandharderpre-commercialthinningandthinning,andforestswith
longerrotaQonperiodsinsomeareas
Three-dimensionsadapQvedesignandmanagementofhedgerowstopromoteecosystemservices(by
comparingdifferentbocagestructure:age,density,sizeofhedgerows)
Renewalofhedgerows,withvaluaQonofthepotenQalofharvestedbiomassanddifferentharvesQng
methodstofinancenewtreeprotecQon
Innova&ons for HNV agroforestry: some examples
Cost-efficientmethodsfortreeregeneraQon
Grazingexclusion
Nurseryshrubs
Naturalprotectors(prunedbranches)
ArQficialwirethornyshelters
Chemicalorganicrepellents
Designofcomprehensivestrategies(socialparQcipaQon)
IntegraQnggrazinglivestockwithtreelayerconservaQonandregeneraQon:
Cost-efficient protectors for tree regeneraQon, included virtual fencing and GPS-based devices, and management
pracQcescompaQblewithtreeregeneraQon.
Innova&ons for HNV agroforestry: some examples
Pasturequality/FodderAutonomy Grazingschemes.Cost-efficientHerdingOvercomestrongseasonalityof“natural”forageresources:
Legumerichpermanentpastures;WoodyForageBanksCost-efficientherding.Technology:Invisiblefencing;GPStracking;
MulQpurposeGPScollar
IncreasepastureproducQvityandquality Moreefficientandevenuseofextensiveforageresources
RestoraQonofdegradedpastures/disturbedareas Livestockspecies
SmartGPScollars
Innova&ons for HNV agroforestry: some examples
Virtualfencing&Remoteshepherding(negaQve
sQmulaQon:ultrasonicandelectricsignals)
ProtecQonofregeneraQon(inexpensiveRFID(Radio
FrequencyIDenQficaQon)tags)
LivestockDiseasesControl(e.g.transmissionoftuberculosis
bywildungulatesandanimalssuchaswildpigsthatcohabit
withlivestock)bykeepthedomesQcanimalsfromdrinking
inthesamepondsasthewildlife.
AnimalreproducQvemaleswithouthumansupervisionis
alsoademandedfuncQonalityprovidedbythecollar,since
maQngswillbedetected,recordedandtransmiMedtoa
remoteserverstorage.
Innova&ons for HNV agroforestry: some examples
ValuingtradiQonalandnewmarketableproducts:
Branding strategies to communicate to consumers the high quality
andlow(orposiQve)ecologicalfootprintofwood-pastureproducts.
(i) Elaboration of innovative techniques for the long term production of timber and non-timber agroforestry products;
(ii) Integrated analysis of economic and environmental values to incorporate recreational and ecosystem values in public policy;
(iii) Modeling and predictive tools to create integrated systems of support for decision making;
(iv) Elaboration of policy proposals to reinforce the public environmental goods and services provided by agroforestry of high nature and cultural value; and
(v) Development of effective institutions and governance structures to help value and manage silvopastoral systems.
TOONCLUDE&GOFORWARD
AcknowledgementThe AGFORWARD project (Grant Agreement N° ) is co-funded by the European Commission, Directorate General for Research & InnovaQon, within the th
FrameworkProgrammeofRTD,Theme-Biotechnologies,Agriculture&Food.Theviewsandopinionsexpressedinthisreportarepurelythoseofthewritersand
maynotinanycircumstancesberegardedasstaQnganofficialposiQonoftheEuropeanCommission.
FullreportsareaccessibleatAGFORWARDprojectportal(www.agforward.eu/index.php/en/FarmerNetworks.html).