ldquos[lifdf qmflGt s[lifaf6 ldl4 zflGtrdquo

wlnv]n gukflnsf

rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf -)ampamp^ - )ampamp(_ Four year Agriculture Development Strategic Plan

ljifo lr

= lhNnfsf] klro 1

= 0fgLlts of]hgf 1

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt 4

$= k|dv dof 21

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 24

^= s[lif If]qsf +efAotf 26

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx 29

= sfo of]hgf 39

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg 69

)= Gbe fdu|L 70

tflnsf lr

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt 4 tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f 5 tflnsf 3Mendashpkof]usf] lylt 7 tflnsf 4MljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn 7 tflnsf 5M tfkqmd 8 tflnsf 6Maiffsf] cjyf 8 tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt 9 tflnsf 8M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn 10 tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt 15 tflnsf 12M 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 24 tflnsf13M nfe nfut cgkft 40 tflnsf 14Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 41 tflnsf 15Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 43 tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 45 tflnsf 17M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 47 tflnsf 18M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 49 tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 51 tflnsf 20M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 53 tflnsf 21M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 55 tflnsf 22M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 57 tflnsf 23M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 59 tflnsf 24M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 61 tflnsf 25M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 63 Tfflnsf 26Mj8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd 65 Tfflnsf 27M s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj

k|If]k0f 66 Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg 68 Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6 68

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6 68

cglr tflnsf

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f 71 cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f 72

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f 74 cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f 76 cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f 78 cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf]

ljj0f 80 cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft nfut

dgfkmfsf] ljj0f 81 cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt 89 cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f 90 cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf 91 cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f 115 cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f 116 cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f 117 cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f 118 cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf] ljj0f

118 cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f 119 cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd 121 cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt 122 cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f 135 cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 136 cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 142 cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f 145

5f]6sL k(Abbreviation) f] sf] ljtflt cy

5f]6sL k (Abbreviation) latflt cy

Uuml k|ltzt

) l8u|L

ld= ld6

ld= ld=dividePd= Pd ldlnld6

d] 6 d]l6laquos 6g

ls =ld= lsnf]ld6

g=kf= gukflnsf

w= g=kf= wlnv]n gukflnsf

g+ gDa

divide k|lt cyjf jf

k+of Kg Kilogram

KIS Key Informant Survey

FGD Focus Group Discussion

BCR Benefit Cost Ratio

At the rate of

Rs Rupees

IPM Integrated Pest Mangement

SMS Subject Matter Specialist

Yr Year

No Number

Thou Thousand

HH Household

Coop Cooperative

DLSO District Livestock Service Center

Lit Liter

Vet Veterinary

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

SWOT Strengths Weakness Oppurtunity Threats GAPs Good Agricultural Practices

GVPs Good Veterinary Practices

YCP Youth Centered Program

LLCP Landless Centerd Program

CC GMI Collection Center Group Marketing Information

VRM Vegetable Retail Marketing

TSF Training for Staffs and Farmers

MISD Market Information System Developement

ES Expert Service

WSMD Wholesale Market Development

CCA Climate Change Adoptation

MTP Management of Technical Personnel

HBD Hermatic Bag Distribution

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ff+z

sfe|] lhNnfn] s[lif If]qdf cu|0fL eldsf lgjfx ub cfOx]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd d]t x]sf]

lhNnfs h]7f] wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Jofkf Jojfosf nflu klg jftL lbg b]lvg cfjZos

kjfwfsf] Jojyf x]sf]n] o gukflnsfn] s[lif Jojfosf] k|jWbgdf d]t pNn]Vo of]ubfg

kyenofpb cfPsf] kfOG5

kDkf b]lvg lgjfxdvL 9+un] ~rfng xb cfPsf] s[lif JojfonfO Jojflos s[lifsf] jkdf

kljtg gulPDd s[lif Jojfo cfsifs cfwlgs xg gSg] ePsf]n] nfe nfutsf]

tngfTds lylt cWoog uL kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnLnfO s|dzM Jojfof]Gdv tNofpg j gLlt

lgdftfn] hf]8 lb+b cfOx]sf 5g b]z leq cGo ekbf] jslNks f]hufL Jojfosf] +efjgf

kofKt dfqfdf pknJw gxGh]nDd uljL lgjf0fsf] dxTjk0f fwgsf] kdf x]sf] s[lif

Jojfosf] dxTjnfO sd cfFSg ldNbg s[lif Jojfosf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] s[lif tyf kzhGo

pkhxsf] jys lIft xh ljt0f xf] o nIo k|fKtLsf nflu clgjfotM Dkfbg

ugkg] sfoxdf cfGtls tyf jfAringo jhfsf] klxrfg ljBdfg k|ltkwfsf] cfFsng

dNogt[+vnfdf hljs Iffsf pkfoxsf] cjnDjg jb]zL sRrf kbfydf cfwflt s[lif tyf

kzhGo pBf]uxsf] ljsf xsfL dfkmt s[lif Jojfosf] k|f fdflhs dfj]zLs0f

jftfj0f +If0f s[lif ndashkofj0fsf] Jojyfkg dfd cgsng s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg cflb

kb5g

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLos[lif ljsf0fgLlts of]hgf thdf ug gukflnsfsf ljleGg

txsf kbflwsfLx+u k6s k6s 5nkmn uL 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ubf cjnDjg ug kg]

ljlwx to ulPsf lyP 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt hfgsfLxsf cfwfdf pkoQm hfFrrL(check -list)tof uL kgM kbflwsfL nufot j f]sfjfnf+u ePsf] ljt[t 5nkmndividej7saf6 k|fKt

lgZsif rgfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL ljifoljz]if dx+usf] cGtls|of tyf bft[+yfsf

k|ltlglw+usf] sfsfgLsf dfWodaf6 of] rfjifLo of]hgfsf] vfsf sf]g] sfo z ulPsf] lyof]

hfFrrL adf]lhd x]s j8faf6 +sng ulPsf rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL j8fut s[lifjfnL

kzkG5Lkfngsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] sfo ulPsf] lyof] osf cltlQm s[lif If]qsf] du| ljsfnfO

ult lbg l+rfOsf nflu kfgL jf snf]sf] JojyfkgUgravecgfhpTkfbguf]ne]+8f -xlt u[xdf

vNnfdf_ pTkfbg Gtnf pTkfbgUgrave kmnkmn pTkfbgUgrave tsfL gLUgrave DffxLkfngUgrave cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmdUgrave cn+rLUgravecbjf a]f Rofp pTkfbgUgravehljs dn pTkfbg cflb htf s[lif sfos|dx

kz ]jf tkm gZn wf sfos|dUgrave kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz jfYo

sfos|dUgrave kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7

sfos|dUgrave cGo ljz]if sfos|dUgrave dlxnf blnt eldxLgsf nflu sfos|d cflb htf sfos|dx

k|tfj ulPsf lyP oL k|tfjxnfO gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLx dIf k|tt tyf

5nkmn uL rf jifsf] sfo of]hgf lxt of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO clGtd k lbOPsf] 5

of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO kf ug hDdf amp sf]8 ) nfv nfUg] cgdfg ulPsf] 5 hdWo]

) k|ltztDd sd s[ifsJojfoLdividepBdLn] Joxf]g d~h ePsf 5g oBlk gukflnsfsf]

yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu tnj eQf 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt ug nfUg] sd

j8f j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng ugsf nflu

j+saf6 shf lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kzkG5L jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]

ah]6 o of]hgfdf dfj]z ulPsf] 5g

1

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf

= lhNnfsf] klro

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf g]kfnsf] )$Uacutendash

)+$(Uacute klj b]zfGt tyf amp+

) )Uacute ndashamp

) $Uacute pQL

cIff+Zf aLr dxfeft kjt gt[vnfdf cjlyt 5 o lhNnfsf] eefu db|txjf6 sla

) ld -sf]vfhf]n vf]nf b]lv ) ld=-a]]yfg rf]s gffo0f 8fF8f_ prfODd kmlnP x]sf]

5 lhNnfsf] kjdf fd]5fk bf]nvf klZrddf sf7df08f eQmk nlntk pQdf

lGwkfNrf]s tyf blIf0fdf l+wnL tyfdsjfgk lhNnf kb5g k]zfut kdf x]bf of]

lhNnfdf s[lif tkm ^$=$ u s[lif tkm = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd

wlnv]n db| txjf6 ^ ld=prfOdf cjlyt x]sf] 5

o lhNnfsf] clwsf+z If]q dxfeft gt[Icircnfdf kg] lefnf] k|s[ltsf] x]sf] 5 osf]

cnfjf s]lx dy dbfgL efux kxf8sf] vf]rx d]t x]sf 5g agfj6sf] lxfjn] o

lhNnfsf] sn If]qkmn $)$^ x]S6 dWo] Hofb lefnf] hldg slj =Uuml cyft ampamp^

x]S6 sd lefnf] hldg slj $= Uuml cyft amp( x]S6 x]sf] 5 afFsL x]sf] sLa

= k|ltzt cyft amp( x]S6 dbfg 6f pknJw If]qn] = k|ltzt cyft ^ x]S6

U|fj]n 9Eumlf tyf gbLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

wlnv]n gukflnsf

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lifsf] nflu dxTjk0f ks]6 If]q ePsf] hfgsfL ljleGg cfFs8fxn]

cfNofPsf 5g of] gukflnsf sf7df+8f zxaf6 ) ls=dL= bLdf kjLIf]qdf cjlyt 5

of] ltAatFu Aofkf tyf cfBf]lus ljsf ug] k|dv zxsf] kdf kllrt x]sf] 5 rLg

sfsf] xof]udf (^ df 8s ljtf ePkl5 of] zx ko6s If]`sf] kdf klg

kllrt ePsf] 5

of] gukflnsfsf] pQdf kfFrvfn jg]kf gukfnLsf blIf0f If]qdf 6]dfn gdf] a4 kgflt

gukflnsf kjdf kfFrvfn gdf]a4 gukfnLsf klZrddf ag]kf kgflt gukflnsf

cjlyt 5g of] gukflnका j6f j8fxdf ljeflht eO ju lsnf]ld6 If]qdf

d]l6Psf]] 5 -wlnv]n gukfnLsf)ampdivideamp$_

= 0fgLlts of]hgf

0fgLlts of]hgf s] xf] lt

0fgLlts of]hgf Pp6f Jojyfkg sfo xf] hn] +yfsf] efjL f]r clej[l4nfO cl3 a9fFp5 of] of]hgfn] +yfnfO pkoQm lbzf tkm cledv ufO s[lif If]qsf] an sdhf]

kIf tyf cj rgftLxsf] -SWOT_ ljZn]if0f ub cflys ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg] pkoQm

jftfj0fsf] [hgf ub5

2

0fgLlts of]hgf lsg lt

s_ +yfsf] efjL dfulrqlgdf0f ugUgrave

v_ sfout lg0foxnfO of]hgfacent tlsfn] cl3 a9fpg]vfsfsf] (Framework_ lgdf0f ug Ugrave

u_ +yf jfxo jftfj0fsf cjxsf] plrt +efjgfnfO klxrfg ul sfofGjogdf

Nofpg]Ugrave

3_ k|ltkwL tngfTds nfesf s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf] pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg

0fglts of]hgfsf If]qx -Scope)

s_ eljioufdL klof]hgfxsf] klsNkgf ug]Ugrave

v_ cjxnfO sfoIf]qdf cfa4 ufO ljleGg rgfltsf] सामना ug]Ugrave

u_ k|ljlw k|f ahf Jojyfdf ljlzi6tf xfln uL cl3 a9g]

bLwsfnLg f]r -Vision) wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf] s[lif If]qnfO pBdzLn Jojfosf] kdf k|ltyfkg ub efuf]lns

+efJotf tngfTds nfesf cfwfdf k|dv s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf]] ljlzi6Ls0f ofGqLs0f

cfBf]uLs0faf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 NofO bLuf] ljsfnfO cl3 a9fOg] 5

o If]qnfO cfTdlge k|ltkwL dfj]ZfL ahfdlv agfO cflys ljsfdf xof]uL k]zfsf]

kdf cl3 a9fO hLljsf]kfhg vfB tyf kf]if0f Iffdfof]ubfg lbg] If]qsf]kdf klxrfg

ufOg] 5

nIo (Mission)

du| s[lif dNogt[Icircnfsf cjojxsf] Plss[t +of]hg klrfng uL vfB kf]if0f Iff

lglZrt ub s[lif cfBf]uLs0f pGdv bLuf] cflys cjx gt[hgf uL fi6laquosf] du|

ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg]

cWoogsf] cflrTo

g]kfnsf] sn v]tL of]Uo hldg ) nfv ( xhf x]sf] 5 vl08s[t hldgdf kDkfut

kdf lgjfxdvL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ulb cfPsf] s[lif ljsfsfnlfu ljutb]lv xFb

cfPsf k|ofxx Lldtgtf]t fwgxsf sf0f PsLs[t kdf geO 5lP hfg] u]sfn]

k|ltkmndvL xgs]sf] 5g s[lifnfO gfkmfdns Jojfosf kdf yflkt ug gSbf o

If]qdf nufgLsf nflu lghL If]q f]hufLsf nflu ojf pBdLx cfslift xg s]sf 5gg

u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

)

(

amp

)

$^

)

)

(

$^

k|lt

zt

)

)

)

)

$)=

^amp

$^=

)

=

)

(=

)^

$^=

)

$=

=

=

amp

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute b]lv

) ampUacute ndash $

) Uacute kjL b]zfGt amp

) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute

pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

8sM

pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

_

)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) $)))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ ))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) -_ )))) $))))) ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

$ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd )))) -

_

)))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ^(

61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

tflnsf 24 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g +

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ +sng s]Gb| ndash amp))))) ndash ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

tflnsf 25 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ Z+fv vf]nfaf6

kfgLtfGg]

ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash Efljiodf f]zL vf]nfaf6 kfgL tfGg

lsg ] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

amp sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ - amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ +sng s]Gb| ndash ndash amp))))) ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf

amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf

hDdf $$^ sn hDdf ampampamp^

65

Tfflnsf 26M j8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd

j8f klxnf] k|fyldstf bf]gtf] k|fyldstf slkmot

afv|fkfng cw Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

$ ufOkfng Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng Jojflos svfdividexfkfng

^ ufOkfng afv|fkfng 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

amp ) ) 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

( ufOdivideelkfng nf]sn svf

) ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

gf]6Mndash

= j8f g+ $ ( df cgbfgdf z4 aLp pknAw ufO xeflutfsf] l4fGtdf cfwflt

Jofjflos xlof] 3f pTkfbg kLIf0fsf] kdf ug] k|fKt glthfsf] cfwfdf otf

s[ifsnfO dn aLpm pTkfbg ugdf d]t pTk|]lt ug]

= Jojflos afv|fkfng -)ndash 3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= Ps afv|f gtf]t s]Gb| yfkgf -slDtdf ))) afv|f k|lt gtf]t s]Gb|_

$= Jojflos afv|fkfng -j8f g+ df _-ndash) afv|f_divide3 kfNg]

= Jojflos ufOkfng kmfd -ndash) ufOdividekmfd_

^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

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$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

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0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

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af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

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afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

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k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

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$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

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sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

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lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

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$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

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cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

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dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

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9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

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kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

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svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

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af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

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df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

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df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

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df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

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df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

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amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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hgf 0 0 1

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjlGbsf nflu tnj eTtf hgf 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

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cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

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uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

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)= Gbe fdu|L 70

tflnsf lr

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt 4 tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f 5 tflnsf 3Mendashpkof]usf] lylt 7 tflnsf 4MljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn 7 tflnsf 5M tfkqmd 8 tflnsf 6Maiffsf] cjyf 8 tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt 9 tflnsf 8M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn 10 tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt 15 tflnsf 12M 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 24 tflnsf13M nfe nfut cgkft 40 tflnsf 14Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 41 tflnsf 15Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 43 tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 45 tflnsf 17M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 47 tflnsf 18M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 49 tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 51 tflnsf 20M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 53 tflnsf 21M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 55 tflnsf 22M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 57 tflnsf 23M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 59 tflnsf 24M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 61 tflnsf 25M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 63 Tfflnsf 26Mj8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd 65 Tfflnsf 27M s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj

k|If]k0f 66 Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg 68 Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6 68

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6 68

cglr tflnsf

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f 71 cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f 72

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f 74 cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f 76 cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f 78 cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf]

ljj0f 80 cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft nfut

dgfkmfsf] ljj0f 81 cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt 89 cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f 90 cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf 91 cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f 115 cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f 116 cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f 117 cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f 118 cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf] ljj0f

118 cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f 119 cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd 121 cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt 122 cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f 135 cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 136 cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 142 cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f 145

5f]6sL k(Abbreviation) f] sf] ljtflt cy

5f]6sL k (Abbreviation) latflt cy

Uuml k|ltzt

) l8u|L

ld= ld6

ld= ld=dividePd= Pd ldlnld6

d] 6 d]l6laquos 6g

ls =ld= lsnf]ld6

g=kf= gukflnsf

w= g=kf= wlnv]n gukflnsf

g+ gDa

divide k|lt cyjf jf

k+of Kg Kilogram

KIS Key Informant Survey

FGD Focus Group Discussion

BCR Benefit Cost Ratio

At the rate of

Rs Rupees

IPM Integrated Pest Mangement

SMS Subject Matter Specialist

Yr Year

No Number

Thou Thousand

HH Household

Coop Cooperative

DLSO District Livestock Service Center

Lit Liter

Vet Veterinary

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

SWOT Strengths Weakness Oppurtunity Threats GAPs Good Agricultural Practices

GVPs Good Veterinary Practices

YCP Youth Centered Program

LLCP Landless Centerd Program

CC GMI Collection Center Group Marketing Information

VRM Vegetable Retail Marketing

TSF Training for Staffs and Farmers

MISD Market Information System Developement

ES Expert Service

WSMD Wholesale Market Development

CCA Climate Change Adoptation

MTP Management of Technical Personnel

HBD Hermatic Bag Distribution

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ff+z

sfe|] lhNnfn] s[lif If]qdf cu|0fL eldsf lgjfx ub cfOx]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd d]t x]sf]

lhNnfs h]7f] wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Jofkf Jojfosf nflu klg jftL lbg b]lvg cfjZos

kjfwfsf] Jojyf x]sf]n] o gukflnsfn] s[lif Jojfosf] k|jWbgdf d]t pNn]Vo of]ubfg

kyenofpb cfPsf] kfOG5

kDkf b]lvg lgjfxdvL 9+un] ~rfng xb cfPsf] s[lif JojfonfO Jojflos s[lifsf] jkdf

kljtg gulPDd s[lif Jojfo cfsifs cfwlgs xg gSg] ePsf]n] nfe nfutsf]

tngfTds lylt cWoog uL kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnLnfO s|dzM Jojfof]Gdv tNofpg j gLlt

lgdftfn] hf]8 lb+b cfOx]sf 5g b]z leq cGo ekbf] jslNks f]hufL Jojfosf] +efjgf

kofKt dfqfdf pknJw gxGh]nDd uljL lgjf0fsf] dxTjk0f fwgsf] kdf x]sf] s[lif

Jojfosf] dxTjnfO sd cfFSg ldNbg s[lif Jojfosf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] s[lif tyf kzhGo

pkhxsf] jys lIft xh ljt0f xf] o nIo k|fKtLsf nflu clgjfotM Dkfbg

ugkg] sfoxdf cfGtls tyf jfAringo jhfsf] klxrfg ljBdfg k|ltkwfsf] cfFsng

dNogt[+vnfdf hljs Iffsf pkfoxsf] cjnDjg jb]zL sRrf kbfydf cfwflt s[lif tyf

kzhGo pBf]uxsf] ljsf xsfL dfkmt s[lif Jojfosf] k|f fdflhs dfj]zLs0f

jftfj0f +If0f s[lif ndashkofj0fsf] Jojyfkg dfd cgsng s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg cflb

kb5g

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLos[lif ljsf0fgLlts of]hgf thdf ug gukflnsfsf ljleGg

txsf kbflwsfLx+u k6s k6s 5nkmn uL 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ubf cjnDjg ug kg]

ljlwx to ulPsf lyP 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt hfgsfLxsf cfwfdf pkoQm hfFrrL(check -list)tof uL kgM kbflwsfL nufot j f]sfjfnf+u ePsf] ljt[t 5nkmndividej7saf6 k|fKt

lgZsif rgfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL ljifoljz]if dx+usf] cGtls|of tyf bft[+yfsf

k|ltlglw+usf] sfsfgLsf dfWodaf6 of] rfjifLo of]hgfsf] vfsf sf]g] sfo z ulPsf] lyof]

hfFrrL adf]lhd x]s j8faf6 +sng ulPsf rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL j8fut s[lifjfnL

kzkG5Lkfngsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] sfo ulPsf] lyof] osf cltlQm s[lif If]qsf] du| ljsfnfO

ult lbg l+rfOsf nflu kfgL jf snf]sf] JojyfkgUgravecgfhpTkfbguf]ne]+8f -xlt u[xdf

vNnfdf_ pTkfbg Gtnf pTkfbgUgrave kmnkmn pTkfbgUgrave tsfL gLUgrave DffxLkfngUgrave cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmdUgrave cn+rLUgravecbjf a]f Rofp pTkfbgUgravehljs dn pTkfbg cflb htf s[lif sfos|dx

kz ]jf tkm gZn wf sfos|dUgrave kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz jfYo

sfos|dUgrave kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7

sfos|dUgrave cGo ljz]if sfos|dUgrave dlxnf blnt eldxLgsf nflu sfos|d cflb htf sfos|dx

k|tfj ulPsf lyP oL k|tfjxnfO gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLx dIf k|tt tyf

5nkmn uL rf jifsf] sfo of]hgf lxt of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO clGtd k lbOPsf] 5

of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO kf ug hDdf amp sf]8 ) nfv nfUg] cgdfg ulPsf] 5 hdWo]

) k|ltztDd sd s[ifsJojfoLdividepBdLn] Joxf]g d~h ePsf 5g oBlk gukflnsfsf]

yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu tnj eQf 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt ug nfUg] sd

j8f j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng ugsf nflu

j+saf6 shf lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kzkG5L jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]

ah]6 o of]hgfdf dfj]z ulPsf] 5g

1

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf

= lhNnfsf] klro

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf g]kfnsf] )$Uacutendash

)+$(Uacute klj b]zfGt tyf amp+

) )Uacute ndashamp

) $Uacute pQL

cIff+Zf aLr dxfeft kjt gt[vnfdf cjlyt 5 o lhNnfsf] eefu db|txjf6 sla

) ld -sf]vfhf]n vf]nf b]lv ) ld=-a]]yfg rf]s gffo0f 8fF8f_ prfODd kmlnP x]sf]

5 lhNnfsf] kjdf fd]5fk bf]nvf klZrddf sf7df08f eQmk nlntk pQdf

lGwkfNrf]s tyf blIf0fdf l+wnL tyfdsjfgk lhNnf kb5g k]zfut kdf x]bf of]

lhNnfdf s[lif tkm ^$=$ u s[lif tkm = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd

wlnv]n db| txjf6 ^ ld=prfOdf cjlyt x]sf] 5

o lhNnfsf] clwsf+z If]q dxfeft gt[Icircnfdf kg] lefnf] k|s[ltsf] x]sf] 5 osf]

cnfjf s]lx dy dbfgL efux kxf8sf] vf]rx d]t x]sf 5g agfj6sf] lxfjn] o

lhNnfsf] sn If]qkmn $)$^ x]S6 dWo] Hofb lefnf] hldg slj =Uuml cyft ampamp^

x]S6 sd lefnf] hldg slj $= Uuml cyft amp( x]S6 x]sf] 5 afFsL x]sf] sLa

= k|ltzt cyft amp( x]S6 dbfg 6f pknJw If]qn] = k|ltzt cyft ^ x]S6

U|fj]n 9Eumlf tyf gbLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

wlnv]n gukflnsf

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lifsf] nflu dxTjk0f ks]6 If]q ePsf] hfgsfL ljleGg cfFs8fxn]

cfNofPsf 5g of] gukflnsf sf7df+8f zxaf6 ) ls=dL= bLdf kjLIf]qdf cjlyt 5

of] ltAatFu Aofkf tyf cfBf]lus ljsf ug] k|dv zxsf] kdf kllrt x]sf] 5 rLg

sfsf] xof]udf (^ df 8s ljtf ePkl5 of] zx ko6s If]`sf] kdf klg

kllrt ePsf] 5

of] gukflnsfsf] pQdf kfFrvfn jg]kf gukfnLsf blIf0f If]qdf 6]dfn gdf] a4 kgflt

gukflnsf kjdf kfFrvfn gdf]a4 gukfnLsf klZrddf ag]kf kgflt gukflnsf

cjlyt 5g of] gukflnका j6f j8fxdf ljeflht eO ju lsnf]ld6 If]qdf

d]l6Psf]] 5 -wlnv]n gukfnLsf)ampdivideamp$_

= 0fgLlts of]hgf

0fgLlts of]hgf s] xf] lt

0fgLlts of]hgf Pp6f Jojyfkg sfo xf] hn] +yfsf] efjL f]r clej[l4nfO cl3 a9fFp5 of] of]hgfn] +yfnfO pkoQm lbzf tkm cledv ufO s[lif If]qsf] an sdhf]

kIf tyf cj rgftLxsf] -SWOT_ ljZn]if0f ub cflys ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg] pkoQm

jftfj0fsf] [hgf ub5

2

0fgLlts of]hgf lsg lt

s_ +yfsf] efjL dfulrqlgdf0f ugUgrave

v_ sfout lg0foxnfO of]hgfacent tlsfn] cl3 a9fpg]vfsfsf] (Framework_ lgdf0f ug Ugrave

u_ +yf jfxo jftfj0fsf cjxsf] plrt +efjgfnfO klxrfg ul sfofGjogdf

Nofpg]Ugrave

3_ k|ltkwL tngfTds nfesf s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf] pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg

0fglts of]hgfsf If]qx -Scope)

s_ eljioufdL klof]hgfxsf] klsNkgf ug]Ugrave

v_ cjxnfO sfoIf]qdf cfa4 ufO ljleGg rgfltsf] सामना ug]Ugrave

u_ k|ljlw k|f ahf Jojyfdf ljlzi6tf xfln uL cl3 a9g]

bLwsfnLg f]r -Vision) wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf] s[lif If]qnfO pBdzLn Jojfosf] kdf k|ltyfkg ub efuf]lns

+efJotf tngfTds nfesf cfwfdf k|dv s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf]] ljlzi6Ls0f ofGqLs0f

cfBf]uLs0faf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 NofO bLuf] ljsfnfO cl3 a9fOg] 5

o If]qnfO cfTdlge k|ltkwL dfj]ZfL ahfdlv agfO cflys ljsfdf xof]uL k]zfsf]

kdf cl3 a9fO hLljsf]kfhg vfB tyf kf]if0f Iffdfof]ubfg lbg] If]qsf]kdf klxrfg

ufOg] 5

nIo (Mission)

du| s[lif dNogt[Icircnfsf cjojxsf] Plss[t +of]hg klrfng uL vfB kf]if0f Iff

lglZrt ub s[lif cfBf]uLs0f pGdv bLuf] cflys cjx gt[hgf uL fi6laquosf] du|

ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg]

cWoogsf] cflrTo

g]kfnsf] sn v]tL of]Uo hldg ) nfv ( xhf x]sf] 5 vl08s[t hldgdf kDkfut

kdf lgjfxdvL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ulb cfPsf] s[lif ljsfsfnlfu ljutb]lv xFb

cfPsf k|ofxx Lldtgtf]t fwgxsf sf0f PsLs[t kdf geO 5lP hfg] u]sfn]

k|ltkmndvL xgs]sf] 5g s[lifnfO gfkmfdns Jojfosf kdf yflkt ug gSbf o

If]qdf nufgLsf nflu lghL If]q f]hufLsf nflu ojf pBdLx cfslift xg s]sf 5gg

u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

)

(

amp

)

$^

)

)

(

$^

k|lt

zt

)

)

)

)

$)=

^amp

$^=

)

=

)

(=

)^

$^=

)

$=

=

=

amp

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute b]lv

) ampUacute ndash $

) Uacute kjL b]zfGt amp

) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute

pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

8sM

pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

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-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

_

)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

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-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

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^amp

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$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) $)))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ ))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) -_ )))) $))))) ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

$ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd )))) -

_

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ^(

61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

tflnsf 24 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

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cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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y|] l6n lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ +sng s]Gb| ndash amp))))) ndash ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

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pTkfbg tflnd

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6g]n lat0f

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k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

amp sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

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ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ +sng s]Gb| ndash ndash amp))))) ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf

amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf

hDdf $$^ sn hDdf ampampamp^

65

Tfflnsf 26M j8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd

j8f klxnf] k|fyldstf bf]gtf] k|fyldstf slkmot

afv|fkfng cw Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

$ ufOkfng Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng Jojflos svfdividexfkfng

^ ufOkfng afv|fkfng 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

amp ) ) 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

( ufOdivideelkfng nf]sn svf

) ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

gf]6Mndash

= j8f g+ $ ( df cgbfgdf z4 aLp pknAw ufO xeflutfsf] l4fGtdf cfwflt

Jofjflos xlof] 3f pTkfbg kLIf0fsf] kdf ug] k|fKt glthfsf] cfwfdf otf

s[ifsnfO dn aLpm pTkfbg ugdf d]t pTk|]lt ug]

= Jojflos afv|fkfng -)ndash 3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= Ps afv|f gtf]t s]Gb| yfkgf -slDtdf ))) afv|f k|lt gtf]t s]Gb|_

$= Jojflos afv|fkfng -j8f g+ df _-ndash) afv|f_divide3 kfNg]

= Jojflos ufOkfng kmfd -ndash) ufOdividekmfd_

^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

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ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

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l

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f - 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns 3df

sf bn]_

+Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 200 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 0 0 1 300 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0 kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+

sfos|d

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug]

a j8fxdf_

+Vof 500 100 +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a

j8fxdf_

f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ +Vof 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt

ufO[kfns 3df sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

jwyn lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg -svfsf]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

sfos|d j8f g+ $

97

l g+

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 10 5 10 5 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 2 400 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

( j+s shfdivide C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5 j+s C0fdf

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1 j+s C0fdf

sn sd 4162 7439 2782 2782

99

sfos|d j8f g+

l

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0

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uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 0 0 20 800 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

0

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kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 200 40 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

0

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ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200

0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 6 60 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

100

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

sn sd

3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

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gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

l

g+

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjlGbsf nflu tnj eTtf hgf 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

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kldf0f

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

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j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

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uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

tflnsf lr

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt 4 tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f 5 tflnsf 3Mendashpkof]usf] lylt 7 tflnsf 4MljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn 7 tflnsf 5M tfkqmd 8 tflnsf 6Maiffsf] cjyf 8 tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt 9 tflnsf 8M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn 10 tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt 12 tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt 15 tflnsf 12M 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 24 tflnsf13M nfe nfut cgkft 40 tflnsf 14Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 41 tflnsf 15Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 43 tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 45 tflnsf 17M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 47 tflnsf 18M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 49 tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 51 tflnsf 20M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf 53 tflnsf 21M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 55 tflnsf 22M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 57 tflnsf 23M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 59 tflnsf 24M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 61 tflnsf 25M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf 63 Tfflnsf 26Mj8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd 65 Tfflnsf 27M s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj

k|If]k0f 66 Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg 68 Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6 68

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6 68

cglr tflnsf

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f 71 cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f 72

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f 74 cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f 76 cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f 78 cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf]

ljj0f 80 cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft nfut

dgfkmfsf] ljj0f 81 cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt 89 cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f 90 cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf 91 cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f 115 cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f 116 cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f 117 cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f 118 cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf] ljj0f

118 cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f 119 cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd 121 cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt 122 cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f 135 cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 136 cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 142 cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f 145

5f]6sL k(Abbreviation) f] sf] ljtflt cy

5f]6sL k (Abbreviation) latflt cy

Uuml k|ltzt

) l8u|L

ld= ld6

ld= ld=dividePd= Pd ldlnld6

d] 6 d]l6laquos 6g

ls =ld= lsnf]ld6

g=kf= gukflnsf

w= g=kf= wlnv]n gukflnsf

g+ gDa

divide k|lt cyjf jf

k+of Kg Kilogram

KIS Key Informant Survey

FGD Focus Group Discussion

BCR Benefit Cost Ratio

At the rate of

Rs Rupees

IPM Integrated Pest Mangement

SMS Subject Matter Specialist

Yr Year

No Number

Thou Thousand

HH Household

Coop Cooperative

DLSO District Livestock Service Center

Lit Liter

Vet Veterinary

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

SWOT Strengths Weakness Oppurtunity Threats GAPs Good Agricultural Practices

GVPs Good Veterinary Practices

YCP Youth Centered Program

LLCP Landless Centerd Program

CC GMI Collection Center Group Marketing Information

VRM Vegetable Retail Marketing

TSF Training for Staffs and Farmers

MISD Market Information System Developement

ES Expert Service

WSMD Wholesale Market Development

CCA Climate Change Adoptation

MTP Management of Technical Personnel

HBD Hermatic Bag Distribution

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ff+z

sfe|] lhNnfn] s[lif If]qdf cu|0fL eldsf lgjfx ub cfOx]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd d]t x]sf]

lhNnfs h]7f] wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Jofkf Jojfosf nflu klg jftL lbg b]lvg cfjZos

kjfwfsf] Jojyf x]sf]n] o gukflnsfn] s[lif Jojfosf] k|jWbgdf d]t pNn]Vo of]ubfg

kyenofpb cfPsf] kfOG5

kDkf b]lvg lgjfxdvL 9+un] ~rfng xb cfPsf] s[lif JojfonfO Jojflos s[lifsf] jkdf

kljtg gulPDd s[lif Jojfo cfsifs cfwlgs xg gSg] ePsf]n] nfe nfutsf]

tngfTds lylt cWoog uL kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnLnfO s|dzM Jojfof]Gdv tNofpg j gLlt

lgdftfn] hf]8 lb+b cfOx]sf 5g b]z leq cGo ekbf] jslNks f]hufL Jojfosf] +efjgf

kofKt dfqfdf pknJw gxGh]nDd uljL lgjf0fsf] dxTjk0f fwgsf] kdf x]sf] s[lif

Jojfosf] dxTjnfO sd cfFSg ldNbg s[lif Jojfosf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] s[lif tyf kzhGo

pkhxsf] jys lIft xh ljt0f xf] o nIo k|fKtLsf nflu clgjfotM Dkfbg

ugkg] sfoxdf cfGtls tyf jfAringo jhfsf] klxrfg ljBdfg k|ltkwfsf] cfFsng

dNogt[+vnfdf hljs Iffsf pkfoxsf] cjnDjg jb]zL sRrf kbfydf cfwflt s[lif tyf

kzhGo pBf]uxsf] ljsf xsfL dfkmt s[lif Jojfosf] k|f fdflhs dfj]zLs0f

jftfj0f +If0f s[lif ndashkofj0fsf] Jojyfkg dfd cgsng s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg cflb

kb5g

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLos[lif ljsf0fgLlts of]hgf thdf ug gukflnsfsf ljleGg

txsf kbflwsfLx+u k6s k6s 5nkmn uL 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ubf cjnDjg ug kg]

ljlwx to ulPsf lyP 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt hfgsfLxsf cfwfdf pkoQm hfFrrL(check -list)tof uL kgM kbflwsfL nufot j f]sfjfnf+u ePsf] ljt[t 5nkmndividej7saf6 k|fKt

lgZsif rgfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL ljifoljz]if dx+usf] cGtls|of tyf bft[+yfsf

k|ltlglw+usf] sfsfgLsf dfWodaf6 of] rfjifLo of]hgfsf] vfsf sf]g] sfo z ulPsf] lyof]

hfFrrL adf]lhd x]s j8faf6 +sng ulPsf rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL j8fut s[lifjfnL

kzkG5Lkfngsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] sfo ulPsf] lyof] osf cltlQm s[lif If]qsf] du| ljsfnfO

ult lbg l+rfOsf nflu kfgL jf snf]sf] JojyfkgUgravecgfhpTkfbguf]ne]+8f -xlt u[xdf

vNnfdf_ pTkfbg Gtnf pTkfbgUgrave kmnkmn pTkfbgUgrave tsfL gLUgrave DffxLkfngUgrave cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmdUgrave cn+rLUgravecbjf a]f Rofp pTkfbgUgravehljs dn pTkfbg cflb htf s[lif sfos|dx

kz ]jf tkm gZn wf sfos|dUgrave kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz jfYo

sfos|dUgrave kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7

sfos|dUgrave cGo ljz]if sfos|dUgrave dlxnf blnt eldxLgsf nflu sfos|d cflb htf sfos|dx

k|tfj ulPsf lyP oL k|tfjxnfO gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLx dIf k|tt tyf

5nkmn uL rf jifsf] sfo of]hgf lxt of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO clGtd k lbOPsf] 5

of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO kf ug hDdf amp sf]8 ) nfv nfUg] cgdfg ulPsf] 5 hdWo]

) k|ltztDd sd s[ifsJojfoLdividepBdLn] Joxf]g d~h ePsf 5g oBlk gukflnsfsf]

yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu tnj eQf 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt ug nfUg] sd

j8f j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng ugsf nflu

j+saf6 shf lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kzkG5L jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]

ah]6 o of]hgfdf dfj]z ulPsf] 5g

1

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf

= lhNnfsf] klro

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf g]kfnsf] )$Uacutendash

)+$(Uacute klj b]zfGt tyf amp+

) )Uacute ndashamp

) $Uacute pQL

cIff+Zf aLr dxfeft kjt gt[vnfdf cjlyt 5 o lhNnfsf] eefu db|txjf6 sla

) ld -sf]vfhf]n vf]nf b]lv ) ld=-a]]yfg rf]s gffo0f 8fF8f_ prfODd kmlnP x]sf]

5 lhNnfsf] kjdf fd]5fk bf]nvf klZrddf sf7df08f eQmk nlntk pQdf

lGwkfNrf]s tyf blIf0fdf l+wnL tyfdsjfgk lhNnf kb5g k]zfut kdf x]bf of]

lhNnfdf s[lif tkm ^$=$ u s[lif tkm = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd

wlnv]n db| txjf6 ^ ld=prfOdf cjlyt x]sf] 5

o lhNnfsf] clwsf+z If]q dxfeft gt[Icircnfdf kg] lefnf] k|s[ltsf] x]sf] 5 osf]

cnfjf s]lx dy dbfgL efux kxf8sf] vf]rx d]t x]sf 5g agfj6sf] lxfjn] o

lhNnfsf] sn If]qkmn $)$^ x]S6 dWo] Hofb lefnf] hldg slj =Uuml cyft ampamp^

x]S6 sd lefnf] hldg slj $= Uuml cyft amp( x]S6 x]sf] 5 afFsL x]sf] sLa

= k|ltzt cyft amp( x]S6 dbfg 6f pknJw If]qn] = k|ltzt cyft ^ x]S6

U|fj]n 9Eumlf tyf gbLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

wlnv]n gukflnsf

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lifsf] nflu dxTjk0f ks]6 If]q ePsf] hfgsfL ljleGg cfFs8fxn]

cfNofPsf 5g of] gukflnsf sf7df+8f zxaf6 ) ls=dL= bLdf kjLIf]qdf cjlyt 5

of] ltAatFu Aofkf tyf cfBf]lus ljsf ug] k|dv zxsf] kdf kllrt x]sf] 5 rLg

sfsf] xof]udf (^ df 8s ljtf ePkl5 of] zx ko6s If]`sf] kdf klg

kllrt ePsf] 5

of] gukflnsfsf] pQdf kfFrvfn jg]kf gukfnLsf blIf0f If]qdf 6]dfn gdf] a4 kgflt

gukflnsf kjdf kfFrvfn gdf]a4 gukfnLsf klZrddf ag]kf kgflt gukflnsf

cjlyt 5g of] gukflnका j6f j8fxdf ljeflht eO ju lsnf]ld6 If]qdf

d]l6Psf]] 5 -wlnv]n gukfnLsf)ampdivideamp$_

= 0fgLlts of]hgf

0fgLlts of]hgf s] xf] lt

0fgLlts of]hgf Pp6f Jojyfkg sfo xf] hn] +yfsf] efjL f]r clej[l4nfO cl3 a9fFp5 of] of]hgfn] +yfnfO pkoQm lbzf tkm cledv ufO s[lif If]qsf] an sdhf]

kIf tyf cj rgftLxsf] -SWOT_ ljZn]if0f ub cflys ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg] pkoQm

jftfj0fsf] [hgf ub5

2

0fgLlts of]hgf lsg lt

s_ +yfsf] efjL dfulrqlgdf0f ugUgrave

v_ sfout lg0foxnfO of]hgfacent tlsfn] cl3 a9fpg]vfsfsf] (Framework_ lgdf0f ug Ugrave

u_ +yf jfxo jftfj0fsf cjxsf] plrt +efjgfnfO klxrfg ul sfofGjogdf

Nofpg]Ugrave

3_ k|ltkwL tngfTds nfesf s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf] pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg

0fglts of]hgfsf If]qx -Scope)

s_ eljioufdL klof]hgfxsf] klsNkgf ug]Ugrave

v_ cjxnfO sfoIf]qdf cfa4 ufO ljleGg rgfltsf] सामना ug]Ugrave

u_ k|ljlw k|f ahf Jojyfdf ljlzi6tf xfln uL cl3 a9g]

bLwsfnLg f]r -Vision) wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf] s[lif If]qnfO pBdzLn Jojfosf] kdf k|ltyfkg ub efuf]lns

+efJotf tngfTds nfesf cfwfdf k|dv s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf]] ljlzi6Ls0f ofGqLs0f

cfBf]uLs0faf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 NofO bLuf] ljsfnfO cl3 a9fOg] 5

o If]qnfO cfTdlge k|ltkwL dfj]ZfL ahfdlv agfO cflys ljsfdf xof]uL k]zfsf]

kdf cl3 a9fO hLljsf]kfhg vfB tyf kf]if0f Iffdfof]ubfg lbg] If]qsf]kdf klxrfg

ufOg] 5

nIo (Mission)

du| s[lif dNogt[Icircnfsf cjojxsf] Plss[t +of]hg klrfng uL vfB kf]if0f Iff

lglZrt ub s[lif cfBf]uLs0f pGdv bLuf] cflys cjx gt[hgf uL fi6laquosf] du|

ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg]

cWoogsf] cflrTo

g]kfnsf] sn v]tL of]Uo hldg ) nfv ( xhf x]sf] 5 vl08s[t hldgdf kDkfut

kdf lgjfxdvL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ulb cfPsf] s[lif ljsfsfnlfu ljutb]lv xFb

cfPsf k|ofxx Lldtgtf]t fwgxsf sf0f PsLs[t kdf geO 5lP hfg] u]sfn]

k|ltkmndvL xgs]sf] 5g s[lifnfO gfkmfdns Jojfosf kdf yflkt ug gSbf o

If]qdf nufgLsf nflu lghL If]q f]hufLsf nflu ojf pBdLx cfslift xg s]sf 5gg

u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

)

(

amp

)

$^

)

)

(

$^

k|lt

zt

)

)

)

)

$)=

^amp

$^=

)

=

)

(=

)^

$^=

)

$=

=

=

amp

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute b]lv

) ampUacute ndash $

) Uacute kjL b]zfGt amp

) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute

pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

8sM

pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

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-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

_

)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

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-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

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^amp

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$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) $)))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ ))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) -_ )))) $))))) ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

$ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd )))) -

_

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ^(

61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

tflnsf 24 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

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cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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y|] l6n lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ +sng s]Gb| ndash amp))))) ndash ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

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pTkfbg tflnd

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6g]n lat0f

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k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

amp sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

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ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ +sng s]Gb| ndash ndash amp))))) ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf

amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf

hDdf $$^ sn hDdf ampampamp^

65

Tfflnsf 26M j8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd

j8f klxnf] k|fyldstf bf]gtf] k|fyldstf slkmot

afv|fkfng cw Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

$ ufOkfng Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng Jojflos svfdividexfkfng

^ ufOkfng afv|fkfng 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

amp ) ) 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

( ufOdivideelkfng nf]sn svf

) ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

gf]6Mndash

= j8f g+ $ ( df cgbfgdf z4 aLp pknAw ufO xeflutfsf] l4fGtdf cfwflt

Jofjflos xlof] 3f pTkfbg kLIf0fsf] kdf ug] k|fKt glthfsf] cfwfdf otf

s[ifsnfO dn aLpm pTkfbg ugdf d]t pTk|]lt ug]

= Jojflos afv|fkfng -)ndash 3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= Ps afv|f gtf]t s]Gb| yfkgf -slDtdf ))) afv|f k|lt gtf]t s]Gb|_

$= Jojflos afv|fkfng -j8f g+ df _-ndash) afv|f_divide3 kfNg]

= Jojflos ufOkfng kmfd -ndash) ufOdividekmfd_

^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

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ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

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l

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f - 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns 3df

sf bn]_

+Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 200 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 0 0 1 300 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0 kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+

sfos|d

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug]

a j8fxdf_

+Vof 500 100 +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a

j8fxdf_

f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ +Vof 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt

ufO[kfns 3df sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

jwyn lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg -svfsf]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

sfos|d j8f g+ $

97

l g+

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 10 5 10 5 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 2 400 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

( j+s shfdivide C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5 j+s C0fdf

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1 j+s C0fdf

sn sd 4162 7439 2782 2782

99

sfos|d j8f g+

l

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0

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uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 0 0 20 800 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

0

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kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 200 40 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

0

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ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200

0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 6 60 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

100

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

sn sd

3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

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gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

l

g+

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjlGbsf nflu tnj eTtf hgf 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

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kldf0f

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

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uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

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j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

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Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

cglr tflnsf

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f 71 cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f 72

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f 74 cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f 76 cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f 77 cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f 78 cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f 79 cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf]

ljj0f 80 cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft nfut

dgfkmfsf] ljj0f 81 cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt 89 cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f 90 cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf 91 cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f 113 cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f 115 cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f 116 cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f 117 cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f 118 cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf] ljj0f

118 cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f 119 cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd 121 cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt 122 cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f 134 cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f 135 cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 136 cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof uLPsf]

k|ZgfjnL 142 cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f 145

5f]6sL k(Abbreviation) f] sf] ljtflt cy

5f]6sL k (Abbreviation) latflt cy

Uuml k|ltzt

) l8u|L

ld= ld6

ld= ld=dividePd= Pd ldlnld6

d] 6 d]l6laquos 6g

ls =ld= lsnf]ld6

g=kf= gukflnsf

w= g=kf= wlnv]n gukflnsf

g+ gDa

divide k|lt cyjf jf

k+of Kg Kilogram

KIS Key Informant Survey

FGD Focus Group Discussion

BCR Benefit Cost Ratio

At the rate of

Rs Rupees

IPM Integrated Pest Mangement

SMS Subject Matter Specialist

Yr Year

No Number

Thou Thousand

HH Household

Coop Cooperative

DLSO District Livestock Service Center

Lit Liter

Vet Veterinary

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

SWOT Strengths Weakness Oppurtunity Threats GAPs Good Agricultural Practices

GVPs Good Veterinary Practices

YCP Youth Centered Program

LLCP Landless Centerd Program

CC GMI Collection Center Group Marketing Information

VRM Vegetable Retail Marketing

TSF Training for Staffs and Farmers

MISD Market Information System Developement

ES Expert Service

WSMD Wholesale Market Development

CCA Climate Change Adoptation

MTP Management of Technical Personnel

HBD Hermatic Bag Distribution

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ff+z

sfe|] lhNnfn] s[lif If]qdf cu|0fL eldsf lgjfx ub cfOx]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd d]t x]sf]

lhNnfs h]7f] wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Jofkf Jojfosf nflu klg jftL lbg b]lvg cfjZos

kjfwfsf] Jojyf x]sf]n] o gukflnsfn] s[lif Jojfosf] k|jWbgdf d]t pNn]Vo of]ubfg

kyenofpb cfPsf] kfOG5

kDkf b]lvg lgjfxdvL 9+un] ~rfng xb cfPsf] s[lif JojfonfO Jojflos s[lifsf] jkdf

kljtg gulPDd s[lif Jojfo cfsifs cfwlgs xg gSg] ePsf]n] nfe nfutsf]

tngfTds lylt cWoog uL kDkfut s[lif k|0ffnLnfO s|dzM Jojfof]Gdv tNofpg j gLlt

lgdftfn] hf]8 lb+b cfOx]sf 5g b]z leq cGo ekbf] jslNks f]hufL Jojfosf] +efjgf

kofKt dfqfdf pknJw gxGh]nDd uljL lgjf0fsf] dxTjk0f fwgsf] kdf x]sf] s[lif

Jojfosf] dxTjnfO sd cfFSg ldNbg s[lif Jojfosf] clGtd nIo eg]sf] s[lif tyf kzhGo

pkhxsf] jys lIft xh ljt0f xf] o nIo k|fKtLsf nflu clgjfotM Dkfbg

ugkg] sfoxdf cfGtls tyf jfAringo jhfsf] klxrfg ljBdfg k|ltkwfsf] cfFsng

dNogt[+vnfdf hljs Iffsf pkfoxsf] cjnDjg jb]zL sRrf kbfydf cfwflt s[lif tyf

kzhGo pBf]uxsf] ljsf xsfL dfkmt s[lif Jojfosf] k|f fdflhs dfj]zLs0f

jftfj0f +If0f s[lif ndashkofj0fsf] Jojyfkg dfd cgsng s[lif k|0ffnLsf] cjnDjg cflb

kb5g

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLos[lif ljsf0fgLlts of]hgf thdf ug gukflnsfsf ljleGg

txsf kbflwsfLx+u k6s k6s 5nkmn uL 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ubf cjnDjg ug kg]

ljlwx to ulPsf lyP 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt hfgsfLxsf cfwfdf pkoQm hfFrrL(check -list)tof uL kgM kbflwsfL nufot j f]sfjfnf+u ePsf] ljt[t 5nkmndividej7saf6 k|fKt

lgZsif rgfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt hfgsfL ljifoljz]if dx+usf] cGtls|of tyf bft[+yfsf

k|ltlglw+usf] sfsfgLsf dfWodaf6 of] rfjifLo of]hgfsf] vfsf sf]g] sfo z ulPsf] lyof]

hfFrrL adf]lhd x]s j8faf6 +sng ulPsf rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL j8fut s[lifjfnL

kzkG5Lkfngsf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg] sfo ulPsf] lyof] osf cltlQm s[lif If]qsf] du| ljsfnfO

ult lbg l+rfOsf nflu kfgL jf snf]sf] JojyfkgUgravecgfhpTkfbguf]ne]+8f -xlt u[xdf

vNnfdf_ pTkfbg Gtnf pTkfbgUgrave kmnkmn pTkfbgUgrave tsfL gLUgrave DffxLkfngUgrave cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmdUgrave cn+rLUgravecbjf a]f Rofp pTkfbgUgravehljs dn pTkfbg cflb htf s[lif sfos|dx

kz ]jf tkm gZn wf sfos|dUgrave kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz jfYo

sfos|dUgrave kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7

sfos|dUgrave cGo ljz]if sfos|dUgrave dlxnf blnt eldxLgsf nflu sfos|d cflb htf sfos|dx

k|tfj ulPsf lyP oL k|tfjxnfO gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLx dIf k|tt tyf

5nkmn uL rf jifsf] sfo of]hgf lxt of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO clGtd k lbOPsf] 5

of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO kf ug hDdf amp sf]8 ) nfv nfUg] cgdfg ulPsf] 5 hdWo]

) k|ltztDd sd s[ifsJojfoLdividepBdLn] Joxf]g d~h ePsf 5g oBlk gukflnsfsf]

yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu tnj eQf 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt ug nfUg] sd

j8f j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng ugsf nflu

j+saf6 shf lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kzkG5L jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]

ah]6 o of]hgfdf dfj]z ulPsf] 5g

1

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf

= lhNnfsf] klro

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf g]kfnsf] )$Uacutendash

)+$(Uacute klj b]zfGt tyf amp+

) )Uacute ndashamp

) $Uacute pQL

cIff+Zf aLr dxfeft kjt gt[vnfdf cjlyt 5 o lhNnfsf] eefu db|txjf6 sla

) ld -sf]vfhf]n vf]nf b]lv ) ld=-a]]yfg rf]s gffo0f 8fF8f_ prfODd kmlnP x]sf]

5 lhNnfsf] kjdf fd]5fk bf]nvf klZrddf sf7df08f eQmk nlntk pQdf

lGwkfNrf]s tyf blIf0fdf l+wnL tyfdsjfgk lhNnf kb5g k]zfut kdf x]bf of]

lhNnfdf s[lif tkm ^$=$ u s[lif tkm = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd

wlnv]n db| txjf6 ^ ld=prfOdf cjlyt x]sf] 5

o lhNnfsf] clwsf+z If]q dxfeft gt[Icircnfdf kg] lefnf] k|s[ltsf] x]sf] 5 osf]

cnfjf s]lx dy dbfgL efux kxf8sf] vf]rx d]t x]sf 5g agfj6sf] lxfjn] o

lhNnfsf] sn If]qkmn $)$^ x]S6 dWo] Hofb lefnf] hldg slj =Uuml cyft ampamp^

x]S6 sd lefnf] hldg slj $= Uuml cyft amp( x]S6 x]sf] 5 afFsL x]sf] sLa

= k|ltzt cyft amp( x]S6 dbfg 6f pknJw If]qn] = k|ltzt cyft ^ x]S6

U|fj]n 9Eumlf tyf gbLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

wlnv]n gukflnsf

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lifsf] nflu dxTjk0f ks]6 If]q ePsf] hfgsfL ljleGg cfFs8fxn]

cfNofPsf 5g of] gukflnsf sf7df+8f zxaf6 ) ls=dL= bLdf kjLIf]qdf cjlyt 5

of] ltAatFu Aofkf tyf cfBf]lus ljsf ug] k|dv zxsf] kdf kllrt x]sf] 5 rLg

sfsf] xof]udf (^ df 8s ljtf ePkl5 of] zx ko6s If]`sf] kdf klg

kllrt ePsf] 5

of] gukflnsfsf] pQdf kfFrvfn jg]kf gukfnLsf blIf0f If]qdf 6]dfn gdf] a4 kgflt

gukflnsf kjdf kfFrvfn gdf]a4 gukfnLsf klZrddf ag]kf kgflt gukflnsf

cjlyt 5g of] gukflnका j6f j8fxdf ljeflht eO ju lsnf]ld6 If]qdf

d]l6Psf]] 5 -wlnv]n gukfnLsf)ampdivideamp$_

= 0fgLlts of]hgf

0fgLlts of]hgf s] xf] lt

0fgLlts of]hgf Pp6f Jojyfkg sfo xf] hn] +yfsf] efjL f]r clej[l4nfO cl3 a9fFp5 of] of]hgfn] +yfnfO pkoQm lbzf tkm cledv ufO s[lif If]qsf] an sdhf]

kIf tyf cj rgftLxsf] -SWOT_ ljZn]if0f ub cflys ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg] pkoQm

jftfj0fsf] [hgf ub5

2

0fgLlts of]hgf lsg lt

s_ +yfsf] efjL dfulrqlgdf0f ugUgrave

v_ sfout lg0foxnfO of]hgfacent tlsfn] cl3 a9fpg]vfsfsf] (Framework_ lgdf0f ug Ugrave

u_ +yf jfxo jftfj0fsf cjxsf] plrt +efjgfnfO klxrfg ul sfofGjogdf

Nofpg]Ugrave

3_ k|ltkwL tngfTds nfesf s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf] pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg

0fglts of]hgfsf If]qx -Scope)

s_ eljioufdL klof]hgfxsf] klsNkgf ug]Ugrave

v_ cjxnfO sfoIf]qdf cfa4 ufO ljleGg rgfltsf] सामना ug]Ugrave

u_ k|ljlw k|f ahf Jojyfdf ljlzi6tf xfln uL cl3 a9g]

bLwsfnLg f]r -Vision) wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf] s[lif If]qnfO pBdzLn Jojfosf] kdf k|ltyfkg ub efuf]lns

+efJotf tngfTds nfesf cfwfdf k|dv s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf]] ljlzi6Ls0f ofGqLs0f

cfBf]uLs0faf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 NofO bLuf] ljsfnfO cl3 a9fOg] 5

o If]qnfO cfTdlge k|ltkwL dfj]ZfL ahfdlv agfO cflys ljsfdf xof]uL k]zfsf]

kdf cl3 a9fO hLljsf]kfhg vfB tyf kf]if0f Iffdfof]ubfg lbg] If]qsf]kdf klxrfg

ufOg] 5

nIo (Mission)

du| s[lif dNogt[Icircnfsf cjojxsf] Plss[t +of]hg klrfng uL vfB kf]if0f Iff

lglZrt ub s[lif cfBf]uLs0f pGdv bLuf] cflys cjx gt[hgf uL fi6laquosf] du|

ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg]

cWoogsf] cflrTo

g]kfnsf] sn v]tL of]Uo hldg ) nfv ( xhf x]sf] 5 vl08s[t hldgdf kDkfut

kdf lgjfxdvL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ulb cfPsf] s[lif ljsfsfnlfu ljutb]lv xFb

cfPsf k|ofxx Lldtgtf]t fwgxsf sf0f PsLs[t kdf geO 5lP hfg] u]sfn]

k|ltkmndvL xgs]sf] 5g s[lifnfO gfkmfdns Jojfosf kdf yflkt ug gSbf o

If]qdf nufgLsf nflu lghL If]q f]hufLsf nflu ojf pBdLx cfslift xg s]sf 5gg

u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

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(

amp

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$^

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(

$^

k|lt

zt

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efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

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pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

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pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

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-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

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)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

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ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

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^amp

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ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

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ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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tflnd

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ ))))

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) -_ )))) $))))) ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

$ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd )))) -

_

)))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ^(

61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

tflnsf 24 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

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ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ +sng s]Gb| ndash amp))))) ndash ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

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Jff8 g+=

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kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ Z+fv vf]nfaf6

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ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash Efljiodf f]zL vf]nfaf6 kfgL tfGg

lsg ] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

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ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

amp sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ - amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

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lxt 3f lat0f

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64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

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yfkgf

hDdf $$^ sn hDdf ampampamp^

65

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gf]6Mndash

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^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

sfos|d j8f g+

l

g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

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ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

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kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 200 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

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xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 0 0 1 300 0 0 0 0

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0 kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug]

a j8fxdf_

+Vof 500 100 +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a

j8fxdf_

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fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

sfos|d j8f g+ $

97

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amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 10 5 10 5 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 2 400 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

( j+s shfdivide C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

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1 j+s C0fdf

sn sd 4162 7439 2782 2782

99

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0

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0

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uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 0 0 20 800 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

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kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 200 40 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

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0 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

100

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

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x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

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3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

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gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

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Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

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Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

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Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

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SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

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SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

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1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

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uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

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5f]6sL k (Abbreviation) latflt cy

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At the rate of

Rs Rupees

IPM Integrated Pest Mangement

SMS Subject Matter Specialist

Yr Year

No Number

Thou Thousand

HH Household

Coop Cooperative

DLSO District Livestock Service Center

Lit Liter

Vet Veterinary

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

SWOT Strengths Weakness Oppurtunity Threats GAPs Good Agricultural Practices

GVPs Good Veterinary Practices

YCP Youth Centered Program

LLCP Landless Centerd Program

CC GMI Collection Center Group Marketing Information

VRM Vegetable Retail Marketing

TSF Training for Staffs and Farmers

MISD Market Information System Developement

ES Expert Service

WSMD Wholesale Market Development

CCA Climate Change Adoptation

MTP Management of Technical Personnel

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ult lbg l+rfOsf nflu kfgL jf snf]sf] JojyfkgUgravecgfhpTkfbguf]ne]+8f -xlt u[xdf

vNnfdf_ pTkfbg Gtnf pTkfbgUgrave kmnkmn pTkfbgUgrave tsfL gLUgrave DffxLkfngUgrave cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmdUgrave cn+rLUgravecbjf a]f Rofp pTkfbgUgravehljs dn pTkfbg cflb htf s[lif sfos|dx

kz ]jf tkm gZn wf sfos|dUgrave kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz jfYo

sfos|dUgrave kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|dUgrave ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7

sfos|dUgrave cGo ljz]if sfos|dUgrave dlxnf blnt eldxLgsf nflu sfos|d cflb htf sfos|dx

k|tfj ulPsf lyP oL k|tfjxnfO gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLx dIf k|tt tyf

5nkmn uL rf jifsf] sfo of]hgf lxt of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO clGtd k lbOPsf] 5

of] 0fgLlts of]hgfnfO kf ug hDdf amp sf]8 ) nfv nfUg] cgdfg ulPsf] 5 hdWo]

) k|ltztDd sd s[ifsJojfoLdividepBdLn] Joxf]g d~h ePsf 5g oBlk gukflnsfsf]

yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu tnj eQf 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt ug nfUg] sd

j8f j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng ugsf nflu

j+saf6 shf lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kzkG5L jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]

ah]6 o of]hgfdf dfj]z ulPsf] 5g

1

wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf

= lhNnfsf] klro

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf g]kfnsf] )$Uacutendash

)+$(Uacute klj b]zfGt tyf amp+

) )Uacute ndashamp

) $Uacute pQL

cIff+Zf aLr dxfeft kjt gt[vnfdf cjlyt 5 o lhNnfsf] eefu db|txjf6 sla

) ld -sf]vfhf]n vf]nf b]lv ) ld=-a]]yfg rf]s gffo0f 8fF8f_ prfODd kmlnP x]sf]

5 lhNnfsf] kjdf fd]5fk bf]nvf klZrddf sf7df08f eQmk nlntk pQdf

lGwkfNrf]s tyf blIf0fdf l+wnL tyfdsjfgk lhNnf kb5g k]zfut kdf x]bf of]

lhNnfdf s[lif tkm ^$=$ u s[lif tkm = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 lhNnfsf] bdsfd

wlnv]n db| txjf6 ^ ld=prfOdf cjlyt x]sf] 5

o lhNnfsf] clwsf+z If]q dxfeft gt[Icircnfdf kg] lefnf] k|s[ltsf] x]sf] 5 osf]

cnfjf s]lx dy dbfgL efux kxf8sf] vf]rx d]t x]sf 5g agfj6sf] lxfjn] o

lhNnfsf] sn If]qkmn $)$^ x]S6 dWo] Hofb lefnf] hldg slj =Uuml cyft ampamp^

x]S6 sd lefnf] hldg slj $= Uuml cyft amp( x]S6 x]sf] 5 afFsL x]sf] sLa

= k|ltzt cyft amp( x]S6 dbfg 6f pknJw If]qn] = k|ltzt cyft ^ x]S6

U|fj]n 9Eumlf tyf gbLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

wlnv]n gukflnsf

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lifsf] nflu dxTjk0f ks]6 If]q ePsf] hfgsfL ljleGg cfFs8fxn]

cfNofPsf 5g of] gukflnsf sf7df+8f zxaf6 ) ls=dL= bLdf kjLIf]qdf cjlyt 5

of] ltAatFu Aofkf tyf cfBf]lus ljsf ug] k|dv zxsf] kdf kllrt x]sf] 5 rLg

sfsf] xof]udf (^ df 8s ljtf ePkl5 of] zx ko6s If]`sf] kdf klg

kllrt ePsf] 5

of] gukflnsfsf] pQdf kfFrvfn jg]kf gukfnLsf blIf0f If]qdf 6]dfn gdf] a4 kgflt

gukflnsf kjdf kfFrvfn gdf]a4 gukfnLsf klZrddf ag]kf kgflt gukflnsf

cjlyt 5g of] gukflnका j6f j8fxdf ljeflht eO ju lsnf]ld6 If]qdf

d]l6Psf]] 5 -wlnv]n gukfnLsf)ampdivideamp$_

= 0fgLlts of]hgf

0fgLlts of]hgf s] xf] lt

0fgLlts of]hgf Pp6f Jojyfkg sfo xf] hn] +yfsf] efjL f]r clej[l4nfO cl3 a9fFp5 of] of]hgfn] +yfnfO pkoQm lbzf tkm cledv ufO s[lif If]qsf] an sdhf]

kIf tyf cj rgftLxsf] -SWOT_ ljZn]if0f ub cflys ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg] pkoQm

jftfj0fsf] [hgf ub5

2

0fgLlts of]hgf lsg lt

s_ +yfsf] efjL dfulrqlgdf0f ugUgrave

v_ sfout lg0foxnfO of]hgfacent tlsfn] cl3 a9fpg]vfsfsf] (Framework_ lgdf0f ug Ugrave

u_ +yf jfxo jftfj0fsf cjxsf] plrt +efjgfnfO klxrfg ul sfofGjogdf

Nofpg]Ugrave

3_ k|ltkwL tngfTds nfesf s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf] pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg

0fglts of]hgfsf If]qx -Scope)

s_ eljioufdL klof]hgfxsf] klsNkgf ug]Ugrave

v_ cjxnfO sfoIf]qdf cfa4 ufO ljleGg rgfltsf] सामना ug]Ugrave

u_ k|ljlw k|f ahf Jojyfdf ljlzi6tf xfln uL cl3 a9g]

bLwsfnLg f]r -Vision) wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf] s[lif If]qnfO pBdzLn Jojfosf] kdf k|ltyfkg ub efuf]lns

+efJotf tngfTds nfesf cfwfdf k|dv s[lif Pj+ kz pkhxsf]] ljlzi6Ls0f ofGqLs0f

cfBf]uLs0faf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 NofO bLuf] ljsfnfO cl3 a9fOg] 5

o If]qnfO cfTdlge k|ltkwL dfj]ZfL ahfdlv agfO cflys ljsfdf xof]uL k]zfsf]

kdf cl3 a9fO hLljsf]kfhg vfB tyf kf]if0f Iffdfof]ubfg lbg] If]qsf]kdf klxrfg

ufOg] 5

nIo (Mission)

du| s[lif dNogt[Icircnfsf cjojxsf] Plss[t +of]hg klrfng uL vfB kf]if0f Iff

lglZrt ub s[lif cfBf]uLs0f pGdv bLuf] cflys cjx gt[hgf uL fi6laquosf] du|

ljsfdf 6]jf kofpg]

cWoogsf] cflrTo

g]kfnsf] sn v]tL of]Uo hldg ) nfv ( xhf x]sf] 5 vl08s[t hldgdf kDkfut

kdf lgjfxdvL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ulb cfPsf] s[lif ljsfsfnlfu ljutb]lv xFb

cfPsf k|ofxx Lldtgtf]t fwgxsf sf0f PsLs[t kdf geO 5lP hfg] u]sfn]

k|ltkmndvL xgs]sf] 5g s[lifnfO gfkmfdns Jojfosf kdf yflkt ug gSbf o

If]qdf nufgLsf nflu lghL If]q f]hufLsf nflu ojf pBdLx cfslift xg s]sf 5gg

u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

)

(

amp

)

$^

)

)

(

$^

k|lt

zt

)

)

)

)

$)=

^amp

$^=

)

=

)

(=

)^

$^=

)

$=

=

=

amp

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute b]lv

) ampUacute ndash $

) Uacute kjL b]zfGt amp

) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute

pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

8sM

pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

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18

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19

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df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

_

)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

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amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

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ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp

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ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

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ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

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tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

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-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

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pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

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60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

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emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

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61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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y|] l6n lk_

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emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

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pTkfbg tflnd

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k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

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64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

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(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

sfos|d j8f g+

l

g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f - 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns 3df

sf bn]_

+Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 200 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 0 0 1 300 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0 kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

OsfO +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug]

a j8fxdf_

+Vof 500 100 +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a

j8fxdf_

f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ +Vof 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt

ufO[kfns 3df sf bn]_

+Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

jwyn lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg -svfsf]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

sfos|d j8f g+ $

97

l g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

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dividekldf0f

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ah]6

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ah]6

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ah]6

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ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 10 5 10 5 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

+Vof 0 0 1000 300 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 2 400 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

( j+s shfdivide C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5 j+s C0fdf

) j+s shfdivide C0fdf svfsf] jwzfnf lgdf0f +Vof

1 j+s C0fdf

sn sd 4162 7439 2782 2782

99

sfos|d j8f g+

l

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cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

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ah]6

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ah]6

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ah]6

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0

0

0

svf kmfd k|jwg +Vof 5 25 0 0 5 25 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 0 0 20 800 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

0

0 0 0 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 200 40 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

0

0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200

0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 6 60 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

100

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

vf]k ]jf +Vof 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

sn sd

3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

l g+

sfos|d

aif

aif aif aif $

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cgdflgt

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ah]6 )))

df

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df

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gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

l

g+

sfos|d

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aif

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ah]6 )))

df

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df

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df

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjlGbsf nflu tnj eTtf hgf 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

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dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

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+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

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+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

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kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

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+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

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+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

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dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

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Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

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TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

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u0ftLo s[lif pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] pknAwtf lglZrt ug gSg s[lif pkh pTkfbgdf

ofGqLs0f cjnDag xg gSg s[lif ljsfsfnflu cfjZos l+rfO s[lif 8s u|fld0f

ljBtLs0f s[lif pBf]uxFusf] dGjosf] cefj xb cfPsf] tyf ahfdvL pTkfbg xg

gs]sfn] s[lifnfO Aojfosf kdf geO kDkfsf kdf dfq cjnDag ulb cfOPsf] 5

osf fy )) cj g]kfnL k+of afasf] s[lif pTkfbgx ht wfg ds tsfL kmnkmn

Kofh cfn df dfhGo kbfy cfoft eOx]sf] cjyf 5 ctM s]xL xbDd lgoft k|j4g

tyf cfoft k|ltyfkg ugnfO xof]u पyenofpg d]t s[lifsf] cfwlgsLs0f ljljwLs0f

ofGqLs0f xg cfjZos 5 wlnv]n gukflnsfsf a j8fxsf] ljt[t cWoog uL rt

bt vfsfsf] kdf Pp6f btfj]h agfpg hL 5

3

0fgLlts of]hgfsf cNksfnLg p2]Zox

gukflnsfsf j6 j8fxsf] jtut ljljlwtfsf] cWoog uL wlnv]n gukflnsfsf nflu

k|tt rfjifLo s[lif ljsf 0fgLlts of]hgf tof ulPsf] 5 of] 0fgLlts of]hgf

lgDgcNksfnLg pB]Zoxsf] k|flKtsf nflu tof ulPsf] xf]

= k|dv s[lif pkhxsf] ljlzi6Ls[t If]qxsf] klxrfg ug]Ugrave

lgoftof]Uo s[lif jtxsf] dNo clej[l4 ub k|ltkwfTds Ifdtf ljsf ug]Ugrave

s[lifnfO Ddfghgs gfkmfdvL Jojfosf kdf ljsf uL f]hufLsf cjx gt[hgf

ug]Ugrave

$ axndashf]sfjfnf lgsfox aLrsf] sfodns dGjo dfkmt k|efjsfL ]jf k|jfxsf]

lglZrt ug]

0fgLlts of]hgf tof ul+bf cjnDjg ulPsf ljlwx

= wlnv]n gukfnLsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfL nufot a f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmndividea7s

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf ljleGg kbflwsfLaf6 sfo of]hgf jLs[t

= wlnv]n gukflnsfsf leqsf lglZrt dxFusf] 5nkmn(Focus Group Discussion)-

cglr _ $= ljz]if rgfu|fxL (Key Informants)+usf] 5nkmn

= bft[+yfsf kbflwsfLx+u 5nkmn

of] 0fgLlts of]hgflglZrt dxFu 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) ljz]if rgfu|fxL

(Key Informants) af6 cfPsf rgfxdf d]tcfwflt ePsf] xFbf sltko c+sx cgdflgt

cfFs8f (Round figure) sltko b (Average) sf] lxfjdf flvPsf 5g pNn]v ePsf

c+sx jftljstfsf] s]Dd glhs xg sf] eGg] cfzo fvL k|fKt ePsf k|sflzt

tYof+Iacutex+u le8fP dfof]hg ulPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] s[lif DaGwL lb3sfnLg p2]Zox = gukflnsfdf kmnkmn dfdL a]dfdL tfhf tsfL v]tL ]zd v]tL dfL kfng cn+rL

odlv aLp tsfL gL3fFsf jLpm pTkfbgsfoqmd ~rfng uL jLpm pTkfbgdf

6]jf kofpg]

= lgjfxdlv s[lifk|0ffnLnfO tngfTds nfesf] cfwfdf JojfoLs0f tkm pGdvufpg]Ugrave

= afnL cjlw tyf afnL lnP pk|fGt xg] Iflt (Post Harvest Loss) nfO Golgs0f ug pkoSt

afnL +If0f sfoqmd +rfng ug]Ugrave

$= hldg yf] rflxg] vfnsf dfL sfL v]tL Rofp svf kfng htf ojf nlIft sfoqmd

ljsf ug]

= ojfdlxnf hghflt blnt tyf ljkGg jusf nflu s[lif k|j4gsf sfoqmdx ~rfng

ug]

gukflnsfsf] tTsfnLg p2]Zox

= s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj a[l4uL uljL Golgs0f tyf vfB kf]if0fdf wf ug]Ugrave

= s[lif If]qdf xg Sg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf uL pTkfbgdf a[l4 Nofpg]Ugrave

= dfd cgfsf] afnL DalGwt hfgsfL lbg] gofF k|ljlwtkm s[ifsnfO pGdv ufpg]

4

0fgLltx

gukfnLsf cGtut s[lif If]qsf ljleGg p2]Zox kf ug lgDgfgfsf 0fgLltx cjn+ag

ulg] 5g M

= gukfnLsfsf] DefJotf cfjZostf k|fyldstfsf ljlzi6 cj tngfTds nfesf

cfwfdf s[lifsf] ljljlws0f Pj+ JojfoLs0f ug] Ugrave

= s[lif ljsf jftfj0f +If0f aLr tfbfTDotf sfod fVb hnafo kljtg cgsng

ultljlwxdf hf]8 lbO ljlzi6 k|fljlws ]jfsf] a9bf] dfunfO Daf]wg ug]Ugrave

= s[lifsf] Jojflos0fsf nflu ojf ktfnfOcfslift f]huf Jojyfkgsfsfoqmdx

~rfng uL se uLa eldxLg blntojf nlIft sfoqmd cflbnfO k|fyldstfsf lbg]

$= sfoqmd sfofGjodf +UnUg hgzlQmsf] sfoIfdtf clej[l4 ug]Ugrave

= yfgLo |f]tsf] clwstd klrfng bkof]u ug]

sfogLlt

pNn]lvt pknAwLx xfLn ugsf] lgldQ lgDgfgfsfogLltx sfofGjog ulg] 5g M

= s[lifhGo jtsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug]Ugrave

= dlxnf xefuLtfdf hf]8 lbg]Ugrave = ojf hgzlQmnfO cfsif0f ug] sfoqmd thdf ug] Ugrave

$= gukfnLsf tLo s[lif rgf s]Gb| yfkgfug]]Ugrave

= lk5l8Psf jusf] klxrfg uL cfocfhgsf s[ofsnfk +rfngug]Ugrave

^= s[lif ahfsf] Aojyf lasfdf hf]8 lbg]

= jtdfg cjyf dividelylt

j8fx 3wL M

wlnv]n gukflnsf j8fxdf ljeflht 5 j8fxsf] elylt 3wL kms kms

b]lvG5 cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf of] gukfnLsf P]ltxfls gukfnLsfsf] kdf d]t

kllrt 5 gukfnLsfsf]j8f gDj ( df s|dzM )))( )$amp ^^) uL

aeGbf a9L 33L 5g eg] sd 3wL ePsf j8fx ^ ) df s|dzM )amp

3wL x]sf 5g

tflnsf 1M j8f 3wL hUufsf] lylt

Jf8f g+= 7fpF hDdf 3wL clwstd f]klg Gogtd f]klg

b]jL6f ) ) lt

flajf]kL ufpF ^ $) lt

wlnv]n $ lt^ cfgf

$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

hDdf

3wL

hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

+Vof

3wL hg+V

of

3wL hg+V

of

hDdf )

(^

(

$

^amp

)

(

amp

)

$^

)

)

(

$^

k|lt

zt

)

)

)

)

$)=

^amp

$^=

)

=

)

(=

)^

$^=

)

$=

=

=

amp

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute b]lv

) ampUacute ndash $

) Uacute kjL b]zfGt amp

) Uacute ndash

) (Uacute

pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

8sM

pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

_

))))) -

_

)))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cfO= lk=Pd= ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

8Lk af]LEuml - ))))) ))))) - ^))))) - 8Lk af]LEuml cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ odlv pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) $)))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ) ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u

58

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

pTkfbg

-_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ ))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd hDdf $($^

59

tflnsf 23 M j8f g+= ) sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jffg )

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

^ kmfd oflGqs0f )))) -_ ))))

-_

)))) -_ )))) $))))) ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( P=l8=kL= - )() - )() )$amp)

) kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

$ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd )))) -

_

)))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ^(

61

blntsf] nflu ljz]if sfoqmd

tflnsf 24 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g +

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u

-66f lsf lgoGq0f_

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

^ lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

62

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

$ cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ +sng s]Gb| ndash amp))))) ndash ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf hDdf ^^(^

63

tflnsf 25 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ Z+fv vf]nfaf6

kfgLtfGg]

ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash Efljiodf f]zL vf]nfaf6 kfgL tfGg

lsg ] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

amp sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u ) DffLkfng - amp) -_ - amp) -_ ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf

lxt 3f lat0f

cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

64

kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht

y|] l6n lk_ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

^ +sng s]Gb| ndash ndash amp))))) ndash amp))))) ndash +sng s]Gbsf] yfkgf

amp ahf rgf s]Gb| ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gbsf]

yfkgf

hDdf $$^ sn hDdf ampampamp^

65

Tfflnsf 26M j8fut k|fyldstf k|fKt Jojflosdivide kzkfng sfoqmd

j8f klxnf] k|fyldstf bf]gtf] k|fyldstf slkmot

afv|fkfng cw Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

$ ufOkfng Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng Jojflos svfdividexfkfng

^ ufOkfng afv|fkfng 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

amp ) ) 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

( ufOdivideelkfng nf]sn svf

) ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

gf]6Mndash

= j8f g+ $ ( df cgbfgdf z4 aLp pknAw ufO xeflutfsf] l4fGtdf cfwflt

Jofjflos xlof] 3f pTkfbg kLIf0fsf] kdf ug] k|fKt glthfsf] cfwfdf otf

s[ifsnfO dn aLpm pTkfbg ugdf d]t pTk|]lt ug]

= Jojflos afv|fkfng -)ndash 3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= Ps afv|f gtf]t s]Gb| yfkgf -slDtdf ))) afv|f k|lt gtf]t s]Gb|_

$= Jojflos afv|fkfng -j8f g+ df _-ndash) afv|f_divide3 kfNg]

= Jojflos ufOkfng kmfd -ndash) ufOdividekmfd_

^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

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kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

vf]k ]jf +Vof 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

sn sd

3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

l g+

sfos|d

aif

aif aif aif $

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cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

OsfO +Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

l

g+

sfos|d

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aif

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dividekldf0f

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ah]6 )))

df

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ah]6 )))

df

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df

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjlGbsf nflu tnj eTtf hgf 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

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dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

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dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

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helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

1

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a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

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18

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19

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t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

$ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) -_ )))))

-_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

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amp

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amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

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lsf lgoGq0f_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd kmfd oflGqs0f ))))) -_ ))))) -

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ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

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dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

( lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ) s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

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k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

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ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf ^($)

57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ (

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] $ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp))

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Xlt u[xdf

6df6

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6g]n lat0f

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amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

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( Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

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lnosf] k|of]u

58

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v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

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pTkfbg

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

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y|] l6n lk_

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60

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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61

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62

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64

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gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

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amp ^) ( ^amp

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) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

sfos|d j8f g+

l

g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f - 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns 3df

sf bn]_

+Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 200 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 0 0 1 300 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0 kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

OsfO +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 200 30000 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug]

a j8fxdf_

+Vof 500 100 +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a

j8fxdf_

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fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 7nf kmfddf_ +Vof 1 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ +Vof 1 30 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

jwyn lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg -svfsf]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

sfos|d j8f g+ $

97

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gZn wf sfos|d

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9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbgsf] nflu jLp -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 10 5 10 5 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 2 400 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

( j+s shfdivide C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5 j+s C0fdf

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1 j+s C0fdf

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99

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0

0

0

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uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 0 0 20 800 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

0

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kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 200 40 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

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0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200

0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 6 60 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

100

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

0

0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

0

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

sn sd

3065

1037

2365

1490

101

sfos|d j8f ^

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gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

sfos|d j8f amp

l

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df

gZn wf sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

sfos|d j8f

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

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kldf0f

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gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop

2

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$ av08f]n $) lt

5

gtf]tM e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb| )amp s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

gukflnsfdf ljleGg hft hghflt xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 hdf g]jf a|fXd0fIf]qL

tfdfordf cGo hghflt dx blnt kb5g oxfF a|fXd0f If]qL-$^=) Uuml 3wL_ hfltsf]

klxnf] hghfltsf] -$)=^amp Uuml 3wL_ bf]gtf] blnthfltsf] -=) Uuml 3wL_ eldlxg

jusf] = Uuml 3wL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ _

s

tflnsf 2M hg+Vofsf] ljj0f

3wL hg+Vof hghftL

Blnt cGo hflt

eldxLg

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hg+Vof 3wL hg+Vof 3wL hg

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gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

Effuf]lns cjlylt

efuf]lns b[li6sf]0faf6 of] gukflnsfsfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] klZrdL efudf cjlyt 5 of]

gukflnsf ) Uacute ndash

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pQ b]lv amp) $)Uacute ndash ^

) UacutepQL cIff+Dd $=amp ju ls=dL= xb $amp ld= pQ blIf0f

nDafO (^^=( ld6 kj klZrd rf8fOdf kmlnPsf] 5

kjfwf ljsf

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pBf]u Jofkf ~rf laBt jfYo lzIff ahf k|ljlw ljtf vfg]kfgL cflbsf]

ljsfsf]nflu 8s ~hfnnfO cTofjZos cjojsf] kdf lnOG5 oftfoftsf] ljwfn]

ahf kxFrdf udtf Nofpgsf fy f]hufLsf cjxsf] gt[hgf ugdf klg xof]u

gtLv08k ))) lt cfgf

^ eujtLyfg amp ) lt cfgf

amp Gffo0fyfg () lt cfgf

Ef66]8fF8f ( lt

( sfe]|eGHofEuml )$amp ) lt cfgf

) Zffbf atf] ) lt cfgf

KffTn]v]t ( $ lt

+v kf6Lrf ^^) $ lt )(^

6

kyenofpF5 wlnv]n g=kf=sf clwsf+z j8fxdf oftfoftsf] fd|f] ljwf x]sf] 5 8sx

sfnf] kq] u|fj]n uL =^ ls=dL= x]sf 5g eg] dVo ~rfngsf] kdf x]sf] dVo sf7df8f+

ndash clgsf] fhdfu tyf wlnv]n albaf 8sFu hf]l8Psf] 5 hn] ubf sf7df8f+ tyf klj

tfOsf lhNnfx rLgsf] Ldf gfsfDd oftfoftsf] kxFr xh 5 t j8f g+ $ ^ amp

sf s]xL efudf jfx]s cGo j8fsf clwsf+z efudf sRrL 8s ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

Vffg]kfgL M

gukflnsfsf] a j8fxdf vfg]kfgLsf] pknJwtf x]sf] 5 hDdf 3wLsf] k|ltztdf

wffbjff ljtlt vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 eg] ( k|ltzt 3wLx cem gbL sFjfsf] vfg]

kfgLdf lge x]sf 5g

laBtsf] lyltM

gukflnsfssf k|To]s j8fdf g]kfn ljBt k|flws0fn] ljBt nfOgh8fg u]sf] cjyf 5

haf6 g=kf=sf] ampamp k|ltzt 3wL nfeflGjt ePsf 5g eg] afFsL 3wLn] cGo jslNks

gtf]tpkof]u ulx]sf 5g

~rf M

~rfsf] If]qdf klg of] gukflnsf cu|0fL x]sf] 5 rfj6f yfgLo ]8Lof] 6]zgx -

gdf]a4 dWokj u]|]z ]8Lof] ]km8_ ~rfngdf x]sf 5g df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u klg k|r

+Vofdf x]sf] 5

ljQLo lgsfox

w] 7nf] +Vofdf wlnv]n gukfnLsfdf ljlQo +yfxsf] pklylt x]sf] 5 du|df (

j6f ljQLo +yf j6f xsfLxn] ljQLo ljwfpknAw ufO x]sf 5g

jgh+unM

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf ljleGg prfO cgfsf] ljljw k|hfltsf jg h+un x]sf 5g

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ampamp x]S6 jg If]q dWo] wlnv]n gukflnsfn] x]S6 jg

h+unn] cfu6]sf] 5 hg k|ltztsf] lxfan] =amp cfpFb5 jgndashh+unsf] cfsf x]bf j8f g+ ^

df jeGbf fgf] j8f g+ df demfnf afFsL j8fdf k|t jgh+un ePsf] kfOPsf]

5 eg] j8f g+ $ df jfx]s a j8fxdf fdbflos jg ePsf] cjyf x]sf] 5

gbLM

o gukfnLsf leq 7nf gbLx ePsf] kfOPsf] 5g t klg s]xL vf]nfx ht wlnv]n

GbL af8f]n r08]ZjL cfL kGojtL lwtfn vf]nf gukflnsf eP aUb5g lxpFbdf

oL vf]nfx cf]lnf xG5g eg] aifftdf s]xL efudf hndUg xg] u]sf] 5 ut aif GbL

vf]nfsf] kfgLn] amp gDa j8fsf kik JojfoLsf] sla sf]8 afasf] Iflt ufPsf] lyof]

endashpkof]usf] lyltM

o gukflnsfdf amp=amp k|ltzt 3wLxn] )= x]S6 cyft ) f]kgL eGbf sdsf] eldsf]

pkof]u ulx]sf] kfOG5 logLxnfO fgf tyf ldfGt s[ifssf] kdf jlus0f ulPsf]

5 k|ltzt 3wLn] gukflnsfsf] k|ltzt x]S6 cyft f]kgL eGbf sd eefu

7

pkof]u ulx]sf 5g hnfO 7nfs[ifssf] bhfdf u0fgf ulPsf] 5 gukflnsfdf hDdf

u] = 3wL k|ltzt eldxLg x]sf 5g eg] amp= k|ltzt 3wLxn] dfq x]S6 eGbf

a9L hUuf sdfO x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] - f]kgL_ j8f g+= df 5 eg] To

uL qmdzM ) $ $ $) f]kgL ePsf s[ifsx qmdz j8f g+= ) $

j8fxdf x]sf 5g aeGbf a9L hghftLx ePsf] 3wL j8f g+= -))_ df 5g eg]

To eGbf sd j8f g+= -$^_ j8f g+= -$)_ x]sf 5g To uL eldlxg $

3wL j8f g+= ^ df b]lvPsf 5g eg] Tokl5 ) 3wL j8f g+= df x]sf

b]lvG5g TouL aeGbf a9L blnt 3wL ePsf j8fx ( -))_ $ -amp_ -^)_

x]sf 5g If]qL afxgx aeGbf a9L 3wL j8f g+= ( -ampamp_ -$(_ df x]sf 5g

-tflnsf _ of] gukflnsfdf ( j6f endashpkof]u lylt x]sf] 5 lgDg tflnsfaf6 ljrf ubf

aeGbf a9L s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] b]lvG5 -amp=^$ k|ltzt_ To kl5 h+un -= k|ltzt_

af]af If]q -$=) k|ltzt_ afFsL gbL vf]nf cflbn] cf]u6]sf] kfOG5

tflnsf 3M endashpkof]usf] lylt

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn -x]_ k|ltzt

s[lif () amp=^$

Aff]af =( $=)

Aofkfls If]q ^=)( )=

$ cfBf]lus If]q )=^ )=)

h+un If]q amp=)amp =

^ sfL ]jf =^ =^

amp f+s[lts If]q )=$ )=)

vf]nfgfnfx )= )=

( hDdf $amp=amp ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

s[lif If]q lgDglnlvt ljleGg k|0ffnLdf ljeflht x]sf] 5 kxf8L If]q ljz]ifdf cfwflt

pTkfbg k|0ffnL cjnDag u]sf] kfOG5 dli6ut kdf o gukfnLsf jfnL k|0ffnL

cGtut ()= x]S6 hldg kb5 hdWo] $= k|ltzt wfgndashcfn = dsndashcGo

jfnL k|0ffnLn] cf]u6]sf] 5

tflnsf 4M ljleGg jfnL rqmsf] If]qkmn

l=g+= ljj0f If]qkmn-x]_ k|ltzt

kmnkmn $)$=$ )=

Kfzk+IfL rg If]q )=) )=))

Kfzk+IfL ufO e+L kmfd )= )=)

$ Dfs tsfL $)= )=amp

Dfsndash t]njfnL (=$ (=((

^ Dfs ndashcGojfnL amp=) =

amp Dfs ndash cfn )= =

Df5f kfng kf]vL =$( )=

8

( Wffg ndashds )=( )=)

) Wffg ndashcfn (^)=amp $=

Wffg ndashcfnndashtsfL )(=amp =

Wffg ndashtsfL amp)=amp $=^

emf8Lx $amp=$amp )=()

$ tsfL ndashtsfL =$ )=)$

hDdf ()= ))=))

gtf]tM wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] k|f]kmfOn

xfjfkfgL M

gukflnsfsf] wftnLo ljljwtf FuFu oxfFsf] jftfj0fdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 vfuL

of] gukfnLsf cwpi0f hnjfo If]qdf kb5 o If]qsf] clwstd tfkqmd clk|n d] hg

hnfO cui6df amp l8u|L ]lNo Dd aeGbf sd tffkqmd l8]Da b]lv hgjL Dd

l8u|L ]lNo eGbf sd ePsf] ]s8 ulPsf]

tflnsf 5M tfkqmd

Dlxgfsf]

cft

HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n D]f Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

Af9L $=^ amp=$ =$amp =) ^=) ^=^ =$$ =^ = =amp amp=amp $=amp)

36L = =^ =($ = $=$ amp=( =ampamp =$) =( =amp =)

$=amp

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

aiff M

tfnLsf ^ df ) aifsf] aiff ]s8 ulPsf] 5 h cgf ) aifsf] cjlwdf )) df

clwstd $$ ldlnld6 -Pd=Pd_ aiff -hnfO_ ePsf] aeGbf sd aiff - Pd=Pd=_ hgjLdf

ePsf] ]s8 af6 b]lvG5 hgjL ))amp b]lv )^ Ddsf] cf+s8f ljZn]if0f ubf d] b]lv hg

Dd clwstd aiff -))) ld=ld_ Gogtd gf]e]Da b]lv hgjLDd ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 6M aiffsf] cjyf

cft HfgjL km]a|cL Dffr ck|]n d] Hfg HfnfO cui6 ]K6]Da cS6a Gf]e]Da l8]Da

hDdf dfls = $ amp= )) $ ampamp $amp (amp) $^( )= =(

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

pTkfbgsf] lylt

s[lif

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[lif If]qdf cflys pGgltsf] k|dv If]qsf] kdf x]sf] 5 s[lif If]q

hLljsf]kfhg tyf f]hufL gt[hgfsf] dn gtf]tsf] kdf c+lusf ulPsf] 5 wlnv]n

gukflnsfdf k|fohf] hg+Vof s[lifdf cfwflt x]sf] Gbedf gub]jfnL pTkfbgdf cledv

ePsf] kfOG5 o g=kf=n] vful tsfL pTkfbgdf cu|0fL yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 s[lif

pTkfbgdf k|ltjif ampamp x]S6df v]tL eO sla $$ d]=6= pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

9

o gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] dVo jfnLxdf wfg ds sf]bf]uxF hf+ cflb x]sf 5g hDdf

$(x]S6 If]qdf v]tL eO )(^ d]=6= vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5

tflnsf 7M pTkfbgsf] lylt jfnLsf k|sf If]]qkmn-x]_ Kldf0f pTkfbg -6g_

Wffg ( ($$

Dfs ()$

sf]bf] )$ $

UfxF amp amp()

hf ^ (

kmfk $ $

hDdf $( )(^

bfnhft () ((

Tf]]nxg amp )

Dfnf ) ^$$

hDdf (

tsfL ^($ ))(^

kmnkmn ^ ^^

hDdf ampamp $$

gtf]t M wlnv]n gukflnsf k|f]kmfOn )ampdivideamp$

pRr dNosf s[lif pTkfbg M

tsfL pTkfbg

of] gukflnsf tsfL pTkfbgsf] dVo ynf]sf] kdf dflgPsf] 5 dfdL tyf a]dfdL

tsfL pTkfbgdf gukflnsfn] cu|0fL x]sf] 5 dVo tsfL jfnLxDff cfn 6df6 ng

Kofh dnf ufFh lld sfpnL aGbf xlof] fu vfgL cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 xlof] fu klg dgUo kdf

pTkfbg xg] s[ifsx atfpF5g sfpnLdivideaGbf klg t]gtf] k|fyldstfsf] kdf cufl8 a9]sf]

5 fhwfgL glhssf lhNnfx nlntk eQmk tyf kjL tfO If]qdf oftfoftsf] fd|f]

ljwf ePsfn] ahfsf] cefj s[ifsxn] dx u]sf alembg t AofkfLxsf] PstkmL

dNo lgwf0f ug] k|s[ofaf6 s[ifsxn] kfpg kg] hlt kmfObf lng s]sf 5gg tsfL

pTkfbg o g=kf=sf k|foM hf] a j8fxdf g+j k|fyldstfsf fy pTkfbg ex]sf]

cWoogsf] bffgdf dx ePsf] 5 u0ftLo dn tyf jLpm dod kofKt dfqfdf k|fKt

ug gSgfsf] sf0fn] s[lif pkhsf] oyf]lrt pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a[l4 xg glsx]sf] eGg]

k|dv ugff] s[ifsx jLr x]sf] 5 TouL gukflnsf If]qe a9L dfqfdf s[lif pkhdf

folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u xG5 eGg] xNnf Jofks kdf kmlnPsf] sf0fn] klg pkef]Qmfxdf

qf pTkGg ePsf] 5tsfL tyf vfBfGg jfnL pTkfbgsf dVo dofxdf ] hf slxg]

88jf f]u sfnf] hf slxg] 8fF7 slxg] f]u kft a]jf f]u kfp8L ldN8o cflb x]sf 5g

hdf folgs ljifflbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5

10

gub]jfnL pTkfbg

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf tf]L odlv df] tyf cGo dnfjfnLx (a]f cbjf cfbL) pTkfbg ulG5 dnfjfnLsf] pTkfbg gub]jfnL eGbf a9L ePsf] cgdfg 5 o

gukflnsfn] ( x]S6 jukmn If]qdf $ 6g pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5

kmnkmn pTkfbgM

dVo kmnkmnxdf Gtnf hft cgf cf]v lnrL cfFk sfutL gfkftL cf cfav]8f

cflb pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs ^ x]S6df

nufO slj ^^ d]=6= kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5

Gtnfhft o gukflnsfdf ljut aifx b]lvg a9L dNo hfg] cfodns v]tLsf] kdf

ljsf xFb cfPsf] 5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnosf] cnfjf cGo +3 +yf s[lif xsfL

s[ifs dx fy s[ifs jo+n] lghL vLb uL ljjf nufPsf] b]lvG5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f

g+= ( ) df nufOPsf] kfOG5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg]

u]sf] kmlnx]sf] Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

b]lvbg

tflnsf 8 M pTkfbg eOx]sf kmnkmn

Jff8 g+ dVo kmnkmn hft

cgf Gtnf hft

Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk

cf]v s6 cfav8f

$ dfdL cf]v 8laquo|ofug kmn

Gtnfhft s6 lnrL cfFk

^

ahf If]q ePsf]n] kmnkmn v]tL Tolt gePsf] amp

Gtnfhft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

( Gtnf hft lnrL cfFk s6

) Gtnf hft xnjfj]b

Gtnf hft lslj lnrL

Gtnf hft xnjfj]b Pef]sf8f]

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

kmnkmn pTkfbg DalGwf]uxdf af]6sf] hf slxg] kftx kx]nf] xg] ljiffbLsf] bkof]u

l+rfO ljwfsf] cefj au+rfsf] cgkoQm Aojyfkg AofS6]lofaf6 slxg] f]ux b]lvx]sf

5g

kik Jojfo

kiksf] Jojfo clwstd kdf cufl8 al9x]sf] 5 ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmnx

cfoft eOx]sf] 5 kik Jojfosf] a9bf] jhfnfO dWogh uL kik pTkfbgnfO Jojflos

9+un] cufl8 a9fpg lsg] +efjgfnfO o gukflnsfn] ghc+bfh ug ldNg] b]lvbg

g]kfndf^ j6f kmdxn] of] JojfonfO cufl8 a9fO x]sf 5g a u] $ cj afasf]

11

nufgL eO k|ltaif $) sf]8 afasf] sff]af eO x]sf] cjyf 5 gukflnsf leq kik

Jojfodfyf]axt k|of ePsf]ePtfklg cem 7f] kdf cufl8 a9fpg kg] lylt b]lvG5

j8f gDj= $ ^ amp df of] JojfonfO cufl8 nhfg sg] b]lvG5

cfn pTkfbg

cfn pTkfbg g]kfnsf] k|To]s k|b]zxdf ex]sf] kfOG5 cfnsf] dfu (() bzssf] tngfdf

u0ffn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 osf] pTkfbgFu osf] pkof]u lylt lbgfglbg a9b uPsf] 5

To uL dNo klg pTkfbg Fu Fu a[l4 ePsf] kfOG5 xfnsf] pkef]u lylt lsnf]u|fd

x]sf] 5 g]kfnL cfnsf] jLpm eft tyf a+unfb]zdf Lldt dfqfdf lgoft xg] u]sf] 5

sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf cf=j= )ampdivide)amp$ Dd osf] If]qkmn (amp x]= pTkfbg $^

d]=6g pTkfbsTj = d]=6gdividex]S6 5 qmdzM If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f यानतरीकरन

ofGqLs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf]

cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgfaf6 cfnhGopTkfbgsf] ljljwLs0f uL du|

cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 o g=kf=df 7fFp cgf lxpFb] aif] aGt] uL

aifsf] tLg dfddf vf uL efb| dlxgf b]lv h]7 dlxgfDd pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOG5

sfe|] lhNnfdf $ j6f jLpm cfn e08f0f ug] Jojlyt sf]N86f]x Rffn cjyfdf x]sf]n]

vf dof ePsf] b]lvbg

dfxL kfng

g]kfndf dfxL kfng Jojfo lbgfglbg a9L x]sf] 5 xfn Dd dfxL kfngsf 3fx

$)) ePsf] pTkfbg ^) d]=6= ePsf] cgdfg x]sf] 5 xfn g]kfndf cf7 cf]6f

sDklgx osf] k|zf]wgdf +nUg x]sf 5g wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL

) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf

lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5 osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5

jLpm

jLpmnfO dVo s[lif fdu|Lsf] kdf lnOG5 u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f of]ubfg lng lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs

td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do fk]If kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

lhNnfsf vf uL es08] xsfL +yf cfTdlge hf]Nnf tsfL jLp xsfL +yfaf6

pTkflbt dn jLpmaf6 wfg dssf jLpx lhNnfsf cGo If]qxsf s[ifsx tyf l5d]sL

lhNnfxdf d]t ljqmL ljt0f eO x]sf] cjYff 5

df6f]

wlnv]n gukflnsf leqsf] df6f] cwpi0f hnjfo If]q leq pTkfbg xg] ljleGg jfnLxsf]

nflu pkoQm ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfpFb5 t klg do dodf df6f] lzljsf] cfof]hgf uL

df6f] hfFr ufpg pkoQm xg hfG5 tTsflng s[lif ljsf sfofnon] klg oL sfoqmd

lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOG5 o gukflnsf If]qsf] df6f]df pknAw Gol6laquooG6 cuflgs

Dof6x gfO6laquof]hg LDff leq g ePsf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 t kmkmf] Psbd a9L

ePsf] b]lvG5

12

hljs dn

hljs dn k|fs[lts kdf tof ulPsf] pTkfbg xf] hn] jfnLxnfO kf]ifs tTj k|bfg

ub5 hljs dnx ufOsf] uf]j xlof] 3fFkft sDkf]i6 jfnLsf cjz]ifx cGo hljs

s6f s6]fx cflbaf6 agfOG5 hljs dnn] ljjfnfO cfjZos kg] tTj pknAw

ufpFb5 o gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf]

b]lvG5 s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf

kndashofO dfgj zL du| jftfj0f gjy agfpg] x]sf] 5 hljs dn tof ug s] stf

lsldsf gtf]txnfO s[ifsxn] sL k|of]u ulx]sf 5g eGg] hfgsfL lgDgtflnsfaf6 lng

lsG5

tflnsf 9M hjLs dnsf] lylt

Jff8 g+= yflgoaf6 pknAw gtf]tx lsfx lgoGq0fsf nflu k|fyldstf

ltt]kftL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

emf]ndn vfgL Uff dq cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs

vfgL Uff dq folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

$ emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs folgs emf]ndn Uff dq af]emf] cf] folgs cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs

^ vfgL emf]ndn folgs cfO=lk=Pd hjLs

amp emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs hjLs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

( emf]ndn vfgL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

) emf]ndn ltt]kftL vfgL cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uf]fj dn vfgL emf]ndn

Uff

dq cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

Uff dq vfgL emf]ndn cfO=lk=Pd= folgs folgs

gtf]tM s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

tflnsf 10M l+rfOsf] lylt

j8f

g+j lrfO ljwf gtf]t pknJw xg] If]qkmn f]kgL

gtf]t ePsf] t pkof]u gePsf] 9Fu] vf]nf )

gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

$ gtf]t gePsf l8k af]lEumlaf6 kfgL tfGg +ej $))

gtf]t gePsf]

^ gtf]t gePsf]

amp gtf]t gePsf]

gtf]t gePsf]

( kfgLsf] Jojyf ug lsg] kmln6f l8k af]L+Eumlusf] k|of

eOx]sf]

$))

) gtf]t ePsf] Kffl agsf] vf]Nfdf Ogfaf6 $))

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] lwtfn vf]nf 8ffkm] vf]nf ))

13

kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] Z+fv vf]nf f]zL vf]nfaf6

kfgL tfGg +ej 5

500 Ropani from Shankhu

Khola If it is from roshi Khola

it will cover about 1500 ropani

(Estimation already done)

gtf]t M s[ifsxFusf] 5nkmn

kfgLsf] gtf]thldgdividehUufdf cf]Lnf]kgf ljgf s[lif Jojfo jf kzkfngsf] ljsf +ej

xbg t k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f ubf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf]

gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ (df af]lEuml uL kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf]

gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oL j8fdf +efJotfsf] cfwfdf jifftsf] kfgL +sng jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug hL ePsf] b]lvG5

Pu|f]e]6sf] lylt

s[liftyf kzkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] pTkfbg fdu|Lx ht kzcfifwL 3fFsf] aLp

ljhg tsfL kmnkmnsf] aLp a]gf ljifflb cfhf pks0f cflb pTkfbg ynf]sf] jk

plrt dodf g pknJw xg hL xG5 dodf pTkfbg fdu|L pknJw xg gs]df Totf

fdu|Lsf] vf dxTj gxg] Jojfodf +nUg JolQmnfO kmfObf gxg Sb5 hsf] sf0faf6

Totf JolQmn] Jojfo kljtg ug] +efjgf klg a9|b5 s[ifsn] klg xL pTkfbg lng

Sbgg

hDdf amp dWo] j6f Pu|f]e]6sf] cWoog ubf ahf] Pu|f]e]6df ljifflb aLp ljhg e]6]lgL

cfifwL Ps 7fpFdf fVg] u]sf] kfOof] -cgrL _ ljifflbnfO cfifwL eGg] a9Ldf lfdf

fvL a]Rg] rng AofKt ePsf] kfOof] s]xL Pu|f]e]6n] glhs 6f9f x]L )) b]lv )) lnO

e]6]lgL ]jf lbOx]sf] klg kfOPsf]5 sg Pu|f]e]6n] aflifs b]lv ) nfvDdsf] Jofkf

u]sf] b]lv amp aif kfgf]Dd ePaf6 of] Jojfo Gtf]ifhgs 9+udf ~rfng eOx]sf]

kfOPsf]5 t a]nfdf cfjZos cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] Odh]lG cfifwL lsGg gkfOg] u0ftLo

cfhf pks0f gkfOg] htf sf0fn] ubf dof ex]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf]5 sd Aofh

bdf C0fsf] Jojyf cfifwLsf] dNo lgoGq0f ePdf Jojfo latf uglsg] egfO5

fy sfL lgsfoaf6 of t )) k|ltzt g vf]k ugkg] of k lghL If]qnfO g lbg kg]

emfj d]t k|fKt ePsf]5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf Pu|f]e]6sf] cjyf cWoogubf j8f g+ ^ amp ) df afx]s

cGo j8fdf Pu|]fe]6 ePsf] KffOPg t s]xL j8fdf blgs cfjZos kg] cfifwL u|fld0f kzjfYo

sfostfn] emf]nfdf fvL ]jf pknAw ufpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 kzcfifwL aLp ljhg

ljifflb bO cnu cnu P]gdivide lgodfjnLx cgf cnu cnu sfpG6 fvL las|L ljt0f ug

kg] sfgGfL k|fjwfg 5 t gukflnsfsf sg klg Pu|f]e]6df sfggsf] kfngf u]sf] kfOPg

ljdf

em08 aifb]lv b]zdf kz ljdf nfu ePtfklg o g= kf= sf] j8f g+ $ ^ sf

s]xL dfq s[ifsn] kz ljdf ug] u]sf] j8f g+ ( ) df of] sfo Hofb sd dfq ePsf]

kfOof] j8f gDj df eg] k|fohf] a s[ifsn] kz ljdf u]sf] b]lvG5 kz ljdf ug]

sfo Hofb sd xgsf] sf0f ljdfsf] dxTjsf af]df kofKt hfgsfL gxg ljdf s+kgLsf

sdrfL JojfoLn] vf]h]sf] jvtdf gcfOlbg]cfP klg kzsf] ljdfIacute dNof+sg sd ullbg]cflb

14

ePsf] dflgPsf]5 kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt GogLs[t ug] Iff sjr ePsf]

xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5 afnL pTkfbg tkm vf ljdf u]sf] cjyf

5g s[lif jfnL tkm klg Jofks kdf ljdfsf] ljtf xg s]sf] cjyfdf ljkbsf sf0fn]

s[ifs dfly cfOkg]Ifltaf6 w] xbDd hf]ufpg lsg] xG5 g]kfn sfn] s[lif ljdfnfO

cleofgs kdf cl3 a9fPsf] xgfn] osf] kmfObf lng s[ifsxnfO pTk|]lt ug lgtfGt hL

5

Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg jf k|fyldstf k|fKt kzkfng Jojfo

0fgLlt ljsfsf]qmddf f]sfjfnf+u 5nkmn ubf cfufld lbgxdf cfkmx JojfoLs0f

tkm g hfg rfx]sf] sf JoSt u]sf xbf f]xL cgfdf g k|fyldstf tf]lsPsf 5g j8f g+

$ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf] s]xL j8fdf eldlxg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^( df_ sf]

+Vof a9L b]lvPsf] 5 o lsldsf] kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf]

xFbf j8fsf] xsdf klxnf] bfgtf] k|fyldstf lbg] egL pNn]v ulPsf kzkG5L ljsf

eldlxg jf blnt s[ifssfnflu xlt u[xdf tsfL Rofp v]tL cflb sfoqmd +rfng ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5

dfd kljtgaf] hfgsfL tyf dfgsng

jftfj0fsf] tfkqmd x]s jif sla )=$ndash )=^ l8u|L ]lG6u|]8sf bn] al9x]sf] sf0fn] ubf

s[lif tyf kzkG5Lkfngdf osf] k|efj b]vf kg yfn]sf] sf ljleGg +rfsf dfWodaf6

k|f0f ex]sf] 5 dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] 3fFsf] sectfdf cgk]lIft emf pd|g] j]Ldf

b]lvg kg] kzf]u kxf8df b]lvg] eLsf] uefwf0f dodf km]jbn -fdfGo eGbf cufl8_

xg] ljiffn 3fF ljjf pd|g] ltgnfO vfP kz f]uL aGg] htf kljtg cfPsf]

kfOPsf] 5 To uL kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg dfd eGbf cufl8g xg]do cgsnsf] jiff gxg]

afnLxdf ljleGg lsldsf f]u tyf lsfxsf] k|sf]k b]lvg] cflb dfd kljtgs cx

b]lvg yfn]sf 5g jg h+unsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg ug]

axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg oaf6 xg]

cnfO sd ug lsG5

ojf blnt dlxnf eldxLgsf nflu sfoqmd

eldxLg dlxnf blnt hghfltlk5l8Psf ju klg dfhsf cu+ xg oL jusf] pTyfg geP

Dd dfhsf] k0f ljsf xg] cfzf ug lsbg gukflnsfsf] hg+VofnfO j8fut

3wLsf lxfaaf6 x]bf j8f g+ $ df qmdz ))$^ $) $ ))

3wL hghfltsf] x]sf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf sd 3wL x]sf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ )

$ df qmdzM amp 3wL blntsf] ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 ouL g=kf= leq hDdf )( 3wL eldxLg JolStsf] x]sf] cgdfg 5

ojfzlQm ) k|ltztDd aflx knfog ePsf] cjyfdf Tof] hgzlQmnfO s[lif k]zf tkm

cfslift ug ljz]if sfoqmd +rfng ug cfjZostf x]sf] 5 ty ojf nlIft dlxnf

eldxLg blntsfnflu ljleGg sfoqmdx cjnDag ugkg] xG5 -cgrL _

15

ofGqLs0f

gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf3ufpF 5f8L aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf]

cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf] 5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift

ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f

ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf] s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof

ulg cfjZos 5 tTsfnLg s[lif ljsf sfofnon] u]sfs]xL k|ofx kofKt gePsf]n]

f]nfO sg klg tjn] lgGttf lbg hL 5 osf nflu cTofwlgs s[lif cfhfx f]

sf] ddt +efsf] ljwf lxtsf] gtf]t fdu|Lxsf] Jojyf of]hgfdf ug hL 5

tflnsf 11M s[lif cfhfsf] lylt

Jff8

g+=

cgbfgdf

k|fKt

cfkm

lsg]sf]

Kfnfog xg] ojf

hgzlQm-k|ltzt_

pknAw

hgzlSQm

Hofnf b dividelbg

kif Dlxnf

amp $) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

$ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

mdash $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ( ) k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

amp w] hf] fgf s[ifsx ePsf] k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

( ^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash ))) )))

) k|ltzt mdash )) $))

amp $ k|ltzt mdash ))) ))

^ ^ ) k|ltzt mdash )) ))

gtf]tM s[ifsx+usf] 5nkmn

eldlxgnfO kzkfngdf +nUg ugsf] sectf bw kzkG5L +sng ahfLs0f sfdbf cflbhtf

u s[lif jf kmfd DaGwL sfodf +nUg uL pgLxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg a9L

Jojxfls Pj+ lIft xg Sb5 s[lif pTkfbgdf +nUg xg] OR5f fVg] eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

eg] DjlGwt j8f sfofnon] sfLvfnL hUuf lglZrt zt tf]sL nLhdf lbO ljleGg s[lif

pTkfbgx ht 6g]ndf uf]ne]8f pTkfbg Rofp v]tL cflb ug nufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5

dlxnf eldxLg blnt s[ifssfnflu ljz]if sfoqmd k|Tffj ulPsf 5g o junfO Ps

k6snfO j6f afv|f )) j6f svf cgbfgdf lbg] pTkfbg ePsf] kf7L dWo] aifleq

j6f kf7L lnO csL dividecsf] JolStnfO lgzNs kdf lbg] Jojyf ldnfO sfos|d +rfng

ubf $ aifdf ) b]lv )) kljfnfO d]6g lsg] b]lvG5

ojf nlIft sfoqmd

g]kfnaf6 k|ltaif $ nfv ) xhf pTkfbgzLn ojfx ab]lzs gtd ahfdf knfog xg]

u]sf 5g o gukflnsf klg of] k|a[ltaf6 c5tf] xg s]sf] 5g o gukflnsfaf6

) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf] 5 o qmddf ojfxnfO

s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6

cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

16

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL afv|f kfng svf kfng cgbfgdf lbg] sfoqmd cufl8

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf

ljZj kz jfYo +u7gn] e]6]lgL ]jfnfO cTofjZos ]jfdf juLs0f u]sf]5 of]

]jfnfO jne agfpg] lhDdf fHokIfsf] xgkg] (Public goods) egL pNn]v u]sf]5

sfe|] lhNnfsf] cGo gukflnsfsf] tngfdf wlnv]n gukflnsf kz ]jfsdLsf] b[li6sf]0fdf

wgL ePsf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ^amp df afx]s cGo a j8fdf uL u|fld0f kz jfYo

sfostf - u|f= k= jf= sf=_ hgf j8f g+ ) df uL ) hgf s[ u sldaf6

kz k|hgg ]jf pknJw ufpg] u]sf] b]lvG5 j8f g+ ) df hgf gfoj kz

jYo k|fljlws sfot ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 -cglr^_

dfhbf sfL +rgf cgf g= kf= sfofnodf hgf clws[t hgf k|fljlws xfossf]

bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df hgf f k lcent -k|f_ clws[t

hgf kz lrlsTs hgf kz ljsf clws[t hgf k jf k|f hgf k ] k|f k|fljlws

hgf gf k jf k|f hgf gf k ] k|f k|fljlws uL $ hf xfos k|fljlws sdrfL uL

hDdf amp hgfsf] bjlGb ePsf] b]lvG5 -cglr ^_ t e]6]lgL cktfn tyf lj1 s]Gb|df

x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent ulPsf] b]lvbg

e]6]lgL kz pTkfbg ]jfsf] jtdfg cjyf

e]6]lgL ]jfsf] jtdfg +rgf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ePsf] b]lvP tfklg j8f g+

( df kz lrlsTf ]jf u|fld0f kz jfYo sfostfaf6 dfq pknAw ePsf] j8f g+

$ df kz lrlsTf ]jf k|flKtsf] cjyf lgs sdhf] kfOxfn] klg lgSs dxuf]df ]jf

pknAw xg] j8f g+ a+u xfFsf] ks]6 If]q egL e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz]jf lj1

s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] xFbf lkm ltL ]jf pknAw ePsf] hfgsfL k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+ ^ amp df

vf kzkfng gePsf] xFbf ]jf DaGwL ugff] klg e]l6Pg afFls j8fdf k|fljlwsxaf6

]jf pknAw ePsf] ljj0f 5

kz lrlsTf sfo cfkmdf hl6n f]usf] do ldf t gxg] t xfn u0ftLo kz

lrlsTf ]jf kfpg gs]sf] k|fljlwsn] k|of uL pkrf ubf ub klg f]u lgbfgdf kms

kg u kz gf]SfgL Aoxf]g k]sf] ugff] k|foM ahf] j8faf6 k|fKt ePaf6 of]Uotf k|fKt kz

lrlsTssf] vfFrf] ePsf] b]lv5 cglr $nfO ljZn]if0f ubf k|foM ahf] j8fsf s[ifsx

Uf0ftLo ]jf k|flKtsf nflu xsfo uL cfkm|gf] pTkfbgnfO lIft agfpg OR5s ePsf]

kfOPsf] 5 oBlk s]xL j8fsf s[ifs JojfoLxn] e]6]lgL ]jf lgzNs xg kb5 eGg] fo

lbg ePsf]5

kzkfngsf] dli6ut lylt

kz kmfd +rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf j8f g+ df ufO kmfd j8f g+ df )

eGbf j9L 3wLn] Jofjflos kdf -)ndash afv|f k|lt 3_ afvf|kfng ug] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 Jojflos kdf ( 8]L kmd $ afv|f kmfd ) j+u kmfd +rfng ex]sf] e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n] hgfPsf] 5 -cglr _

17

ufO eL kfng

sfe|] lhNnfn] kzkG5Lkfngsf] If]qdf cu|l0f eldsf lgjfx u]sf] kfOG5 ouL wlnv]n

gukflnsfn] klg ufO afv|f svfkfngsf] If]qdf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg kndashofPsf] kfOPsf]

5 osf] j8f g+ ( df aeGbf a9L - ) _ j8f g+ ^ df aeGbf sd -) dfq_ ufO

eL kfng u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 j8f g+ ( qmdzM ) ))) ) ))

^)) +Vofdf ufOkfng u]sf] cgdfg ulPsf]5 - cglr ndashamp _ +a4 s[ifsn] klg

ufOkfngnfO g klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] b]lvG5

afv|fkfng

x]s jif nfvfsf] +Vofdf af]sf vL cfoft ex]sf] cjyfdf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkflbt vLdivide

af]sfsf] nflu sf7df08f pkTosf Pp6f 7nf] ahf xg Sb5 afv|fkfngsf] xsdf wlnv]n

gu kflnsfsf] j8f g ( df qmdzM ))) $)))) )) afv|f

ePsf] cgdfg 5 j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg 5

svfkfng

svfkfng sfo 5f]6f] dodf fgf] nufgLdf fd|f] cfdbfgL xgSg] Jojfosf] xf] g]kfndf

of] Jojfon] cu| yfg lnO b]znfO g svfsf] df c08f pTkfbgdf cfTdlge tNofPsf]

5 svfkfng sfo sd hldg ePsf dlxnf blnt eldlxg s[ifs hghflt judf kg]

s[ifssf nflu d]t pkoQm xg sb5 xfn o gukflnsfdf aflifs ^^ xhf

c08fpTkfbg ex]sf] cgdfg 5 t of] gf=kf= sf] j8f g+ sf s]lx s[ifsn] dfq c08f

pTkfbg ug]Ugrave j8f g+ ^ j8fdf jfx]s cGo j8fdf df pTkfbgsf] nflu a|f]On svf

kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 tL j8fxaf6 jflifs $ndash n6sf] lxfjn] k|lt n6 b ))

svf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndash (_ t k|fKt ljj0f cgf j8f g+ af6

k|ltlbg b )) j6f yfgLo svf +sng tyf laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 e]6]lgL

xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|n]] j8f g+ $ leq j6f xofrL j6f 7nf svf kmfd

+rfng ex]sf] hgfPsf] 5 ouL j8f g+ $ df jfx]s cGo j8fxdf svfkfng Jojfon]

Jojflos kdf yfg lng s]sf] b]lvPg t j8f g+ ( ) Dff cw mdash

Jojflos kdf svfkfng sfo ulx]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - cglr ndashamp _

j+u kfng

j+u kfngsf] DaGwdf gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f j+u kflnPsf] ljj0f 5 j8f g+

- j6f_ ( -slj )) j6f_ df j+u ePsf]Ugrave j8f g+ $ df s]xLn] j+u kfng u]sf]

kfOP tfklg cGo j8fxdf of] Jojfo cjnDjg u]sf] kfOPg

s[lqd uefwfg ]jf

5f]6f] dodf kzsf] gZn wf uL kzsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj a9fpg] Ps dfq ekbf]

pkfo eg]sf] s[lqd uefwfg ljlwsf] k|of]u xf] xfn o g= kf= leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg

s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 -cglr ^_

hgf s[lqd uefwfg sfostfaf6 aif eldf )) ufOdf s[lqd uefwfg ]jf kyenofpg Sg]

b]lvG5 t s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] Jojyfkg s]xL sdhf] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5

18

kz f]usf] lylt

g]kfndf kz f]usf] sf0faf6 7nf] wghgsf] Iflt ex]sf] jljlbt 5 Todf klg Ifo f]u

ue txg] f]u -a|lnf]l_ n]K6f]kfOf]l]ljh htf kzaf6 dflgdf g Sg] f]usf]

k|sf]k lbg lbg a9b uPsf] tYofIacute xfd|f] cufl8 g 5 Vf]f]t f]u nfu]sf] kzsf] d[Tob b]lv

k|ltzt dfq xg] eP tfklg oaf6 pTkfbgdf xg] Iflt sf]8f+sf] ePsf] b]lv5 o uL

khLljsf] +qmd0faf6 kz pTkfbg ) b]lv $) k|ltztn] 36g] u]sf] cgGwfgaf6 b]lvPsf]

5

wlnv]n gukflnsfdf kzf]usf] lyltaf] hfgsfL ln+bf ufO eLdf vf]]t ylgnf] afFemf]kg

Eofut] rr] ldNs lkmj gfDn] f]usf] k|sf]k a9L ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 oBlk ahf] j8fdf

ylgnf] vf]]tn] cvf8f hdfPsf] j8f g+ df uetxg] f]u d]t ePsf] z+sf ulPsf]

5 osf] Plsg ug yk k|of]uzfnf kLIf0f ug hL b]lvG5 o uL afv|fdf dVo uL

lk lk cf (Peste Petits Ruminant) vsectf slxg] f]u -j8f g+ _ ePsf] kfOPsf]5 osf]

lat[t ljj0f cglr g+ ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

dfly pNn]v ePsf f]u lgoGq0f ug ca cfoGbf vf]k 8laquo]lGrordf pkrf sfoqmd vr s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] k|fjlws ]jf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg kg] egfO 5 t dxfdfL kmlnPsf] avtdf

gukflnsfn] k|b]z +l3o sf+u dGjo uL f]u lgoGq0f tyf pGdng ug kg] oL

sfo +kGg ug kzkfnssf] tkmaf6 Sbf] xof]u ug] k|ltaaringtf hgfOPsf]5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_dividecn e]6]lgL cEof

kzkG5Laf6 pTkflbt bw df jf c08f jR5 jy kofKt xg hL 5 clIft vfB

kbfysf] pTkfbsTj a[l4 xgnfO pknlAw dns sfo dfGg lsFbg kmfddf pTkflbt kzhGo

kbfy pTkfbg ynf] b]lv pkef]StfDd jR5 jy lIft xg clgjfo xG5 lIft

pTkfbg k|of]u hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ Ps csfsf kofojfrL zAb xg hljs Iff

eGgfn] dfgj jfYo kzjfYo lajfsf] jfYo jftfj0f dqLnfO aemfpFb5 o cydf

uf]7 esff] dq Jojyfkg ljifflbdSt 3fF bfgfsf] k|of]u vf]ksf] k|of]u lIft e]6]lgL

cfifwL ljifflbsf] k|of]u tyf xL JolStut kmfOsf fy bwpTkfbg +sng e08f0f

9jfgL k|zf]wg ljt0f htf x]s tdf cn e]6]lgL cEof xg kb5 t gukflnsfsf]

sg klg j8fsf s[ifsxdf oaf] ki6 kdf 1fg hfgsfL ePsf] kfOPg -cgrL _

kDkfut kdf h] htf] 1fg zLk ls]sf 5g f]xL cgf cfkmn] kz pTkfbg tyf

ahfls0f ulx]sf] kfOof] csf] sf sf7df08f pkTosfaf6 ) b]lv $) ls ld sf] bLdf

x]sf yfgsf s[ifsn] klg kzdf vf]k nufpg] sfo lgoldt kdf u]sf] kfOPg

kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg ahfls0f

bwpTkfbg ahfls0f M

k|fKt ljj0f cgf sfe|] lhNnfdf pTkfbg xg] ^$ d] 6 sn bwdWo] slj (ampd] 6

bw wlnv]n gukflnsfdf pTkfbg xg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|)amp cglr ( )_

19

pTkfbgnfO sddf kfGt ug ahfsf] cfjZostf kb5 sg klg pTkfbgnfO laqmL

lat0f uL gubdf kljtg gu]Dd To pTkfbgsf] vf dxTj xbg oftfoftsf]

ljwfahf rgf pTkfbgssf] ahfdf kxFr cflbn] JojfonfO lbuf] ekbf] cfodns

agfpg sb5 o klk|]Ifdf wlnv]n gukflnsfsf] cWoog ubf j8f j8fdf 8s ku] klg

clwsf+z 8s sRrL ePsf] ahf rgf ki6 gePsf] dNo larflnofn] to ug] u]sf]

kfPsf] 5 kz tyf kzhGokbfysf] ekbf] ahf wlnv]n ag]kf sf7df08f pkTosf xgSg]

eP tfklg bw +sng s]Gb|af6 lrlnordf ]G6 e ahf hfg] kzkG5L larflnofn] +sng ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 s]lx bUw ljsf +yfg -8]L 8]enKd]G6skf]]zg_ df k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf]

5 s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e jhf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gs]sf] kfOPsf] 5

o lnlnfdf k|fKt rgfnfO ljZn]if0f uL x]bf gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ b]lv $ sf )

j6f bUw +sng s]Gb|x j6f bUw xsfLaf6 blgs )) b]lv ))) ln6 j8f g+

) jfx]s j8f g+ b]lv df ePsf amp eGbf a9L bUw +sng s]Gb|n] blgs ))ndash^))

ln6sf bn] blgs bw +sng uL ahfdf k7fpg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 t ufOaf6 blgs

pknJw xg] bw cyft k|ltufOsf] pTkfbsTj eg] b ^=)( ln6 -clwstd ( ln6_ dfq

ePsf] kfOPaf6 ufOsf] gZn Jojyfkg kIfdf sdhf]L ePsf] gsfg lsbg s[ifssf]

rfxgf amp k|ltzt hLufO s]xL j8fdf df eLsf] eP tfklg otf kz pknJw xg

gs]sf] bw lbg 5f8] kl5 eL a]Rg] rngn] eLsf] +Vof 36b uPsf] hfgsfL k|fKtePsf]

5

bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq hDdf j6f bUw +sng s]Gb ( j6f bUw xsfL ^ j6f bUw lrofg

s]Gb^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 - e]6]lgL xlk6n tyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb||)amp_-

cglr _ ^ j6f 8]L kn ePsf]df sg klg 8]Ln] laqmLsf] dof gePsf] atfP

klg knsf] cjyf kmfOsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPg bUw +sng s]Gb

j6f egL pNn]v ulP tfklg aftjdf sltko yfgdf 3lDt g lkR5] bw +sng usf]

kfOof]] bUw xsfLdf k|of]u ug] Sofg s[ifsn] bw 9jfgL ug] jf Nofpg] efF8f st PNdlgod

t st Knfli6ssf st ufu|L ePsf] kfOof] hg dfgj jfYosf] lxfan] pkoSt dfGg

lsbg 5nkmnsf] qmddf lrlnEuml Eof6sf] sdLn] ubf ftLsf] bw p7fpg glsPsf] bw

hDg] sRrL 8saf6 cfpg] wnf] bw k|zf]wg jf ljljlws0f ug] tlsf af] hfgsfL gePsf]

8]L hgfjdf f]usf] k|sf]k e bwsf] pTkfbg 36gsf fy u0ftsfod ug gs]sf] sltko

xsfLdf lkm|h fVg] yfg gePsf sf0fn] f]r] emF fd|L sfd ug gs]sf] ljj0f k|fKt

ePsf]5 dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL cufl8 a9]df cf cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 ) )

k|ltzt sd Joxf]g cfkmx tof ePsf] bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L kn bUw xsfL

+yfn] atfPsf5g

ahfdNo lgwf0f tyf laqmL

pTkfbgsf] dNon] Jojfon] sg k lng] eGg] lgwf0f ub5 plrt dNo gkfPdf Jojfo

wfffoL xg] jefljs xG5 bUw ljsf +yfgn] k|lt kmof6 ) b]lv Dd lbg]

lghL If]qn] f] eGbf jf k|lt kmof6 a9L lbg] u]sf] ljj0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 j8f g+

n] bUw ljsf +yfgnfO k lbg] j8f g+ ) n] ) k|ltzt bUw ljsf +yfgnfO

) k|ltzt bw lghL 8]L nfO yfgLo ahfdf lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 afFsL j8fn] bw lghL

20

8]LnfO lbg] u]sf] kfOPsf]5 ( j6f bUw xsfL dWo] 7nf dflgPsf xsfL+u 5nkmn

ubf bwsf] dNodf dfgtf ePsf] kfOPg o uL af]sf vLsf] dNodf klg Ps ktf ePsf]

kfOPg

df knsf] cjyf

gukflnsf leq ) j6f df kn dWo] $ j6f knsf] lgLIf0f uL s]xL JojfoL+u

5nkmn ubf gukflnsf leq sg jwyn gePsf] 3df g kz jw uL df a]Rg] u]sf]

dfhbf df kndf kmfOsf] t gfhs ePsf] dfsf] dNo kms kms ePsf] kfOof]

jw ug] yfg jlkl buGw kmlnPsf] kfOPaf6 o If]qdf w]sfd ug afFls x]sf] kfOPsf]5

ljt[t ljj0f cgrL Dff lbOPsf] 5

kzhGo kbfy DaGwL pBf]usf] lylt

sg klg yfgdf Jojfo km6fPsf] 5 jf 5g egL Plsg ug] dfkb08 To 7fpFdf ~rflnt

pBf]usf] cjyfnfO dfGg lsG5 pBf]usf] ljsfn] jf]hufL f]hufL cflys

ls|ofsnfksf] ljsf ugdf d2t kyenofpb5 t o gukflnsfdf pTkflbt bw af]sf vL

fFuf lw 7nf ahf sf7df08f pkTosfdf nuL laqmL ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 g= kf= leq oL

rLh+u +alGwt pBf]u vf ljsf ePsf] kfOPg j8f g+ ^ amp df blgs ndash^ j6f fuf

ndash) j6f af]sf vL sf6L lals| ug] u]sf] kfOPtfklg +rflnt jwyn jf df kn sg

klg lxfjaf6 j1flgs jy jftfj0f dqL ePsf] b]lvPg oL kDkfut 9+un] jwyn

jf df kn +rfng ubf sg klg dodf hgf]l6s f]u kmlng uO wghgsf] 7nf] Iflt xg

Sg] sfnfO gsfg lsFbg o uL j8f j8fdf vnf yfgdf vL af]sf sf6L lanf] nufO

df laqmL ug] sfonfO klg xtf]Tflxt ug hL b]lvG5 gukflnsf leq ) j6f df

kn ^ j6f 8]L kn rLh sfvfgf +rfng ePsf] ljj0f k|fKt 5 t tL pBf]uxdf

kmfOsf] Jojyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf] kfOPgTon] oL j8fdf kmfO lxtsf] pBf]usf]

ljsf ug jf~5gLo b]lvG5

kzbfgf tyf xlof] 3f pTkfbg

kzaf6 cfzfltt kmfObf lng xlof] 3fFdf cfwflt kzkfng k4ltsf] ljsf ug kb5

bfgfdf cfwflt jf s8f]ndash efdf cfwflt kzkfngaf6 slxNo al9 kmfObf lng lsbg rfx]

bw jf dfsf] dNo lsg ga9f] k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 eGg kbf 3fFvfg] kznfO efu

xlof] 3fF Ps efu ef jf s]sf] 3fF lbg kg] xG5 xfn ulPsf] cWoog cgf

jifftdf xlof] kofKt xg] ePsf]n] xlof] 3fF lxpb nfu] kZrft s+8f] lk7f] 96f] lkgf

ef kfn vjfP ufOdivideeL kfNg] u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 osf cltlQm sg klg j8fsf s[ifsn]

Gtlnt bfgf k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg pgLxsf] egfO cgf fgf] dfqf (Small Volume)

ePsf] sf0fn] bfgf pTkfbsn] bfgf pknA3 ufpg grfxg] pknAw ufP klg sdn

u0ft jf 9L k]sf] bfgf lbg] ugff] x]sf] 5 sg klg j8fdf aifftdf v] hfg] 3fFjf6

x] jf fOn]h agfO lxpFbdf f] k|of]u ug] u]sf] b]lvPg o ljifodf 5nkmn ubf 1fg

Lksf sdLn] of] sfosf] yfngL gu]s]f tflnd kfPdf f] k|ljlw cjnDag ug Sg] bzfPsf

5g j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf 5g

-cglr ndash$_ Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn]

Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg tyf laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]sf klg 5g t

gukflnsfsf] sg klg j8fdf kz bfgf jf 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u +rfng ePsf] b]lvPg

21

ldgn Anssf] k|of]u

zLnfO ljleGg k|sfsf ldgn cfjZostf kb5 ldgnsf] sdLn] ljleGg lsldsf f]u

nfUgsf fy pTkfbgdf k|ToIf c kb5 xfnsf] cWoogdf Hofb sd JolStn] afx]s cGo

s[ifsn] osf] k|of]u u]sf] kfOPg

$= k|dv dof

wlnv]n gukflnsf kzkfns s[ifssf] k|dv dof

= s[lif gLlt s[lif ljsf 0fgLltof]hgfn] nIo u] cgf ljsf sfo ug xfnfn dfq

lhDd]jfL gukflnsfdf cfpg

= cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

= oftfoftsf] dof e afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug gSg

$= k|foM hf] j8fxdf lFrfOsf] cefj e lxpFbdf xlof] 3fFsf] Joayf ug gSg

= s[ifssf] rfxgf adf]lhdsf pGgt kzsf] gtf]t ljsf gxg gkfOg

^= u0ftLo kz lrlsTf cfslids e]6]lgL ]jf pknAw xg gSg

amp= kz f]u lgbfg sfo lhNnf tdf xg gsL kz pTkfbg jf kzwg Iflt xg

= dodf pTkfbg fdu|L -cfiflw3fFsf] jLp dn cflb_ pknAw xg gSg

(= Aofjflos kzkfngdf oflGqsLs0fsf ljlw ckgfpg gSg

)= kz ljdf k|efjsfL gxg

= ahfLs0fdf ljrflnof xfjL xg

= kz pTkfbg kzhGo kbfysf] u0ft sfod ug eflts kjfwf kofKt gxg

= jy kzhGo kbfysf] -dfbwc08f_ pTkfbg e08f0f kljxg k|zf]wgdf hljs

Iffsf pkfox cjnDjg ug gSg

$= sfL taf6 lbg] ljwf juut jf s[ifssf] t cgf geO Ps lsldsf] xg

= k|rlnt cgbfg lbg] Jojyfaf6 lglZrt JolSt ju dfq nfeflGjt xg

^= gofF k|ljlwx Aff] kofKt kdf hfgsfL gxg

amp= rL rgdf dof xg

= u0ftLo bfgf gkfOg bfgf pBf]u lhNnfdf g xg

(= kz f]usf] k|sf]k xg

s[ifsdivideJojfoLxn] Joxf]lx]sf k|dv dof dfwfgsf] nflu ulPsf k|ofsf] k0f ljj0f

cglr ndash $ df lbOPsf] 5

22

wlnv]n gukflnsf s[ifssf] k|dv dof

s[lif+u Djlwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ vfBGg jfnL eGbf 5f]6f] cjlwdf g pTkfbg xg]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

_ w] ojfx -ljb]zaf6 kms]sf_ tsfL Jojfodf +nUg ePsf

cjxM

_ a]dfdL tsfL aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] jfnL ePsf]

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ tsfL pTkfbgsf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf] lgoft +efjgf k|r

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr lldt dGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ s[lif fdu|Lxsf] lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf lldt kxFr

$_ ljifflbxsf] pRrtd k|of]u jfYodf gsfTds k|efj

Hff]lvdM

_ s[lif fdfu|Lsf] clldt dNo a[l4

_ eftLo ahfFu hf] w] cgbfgdf cfwflt 5 k|ltk|wL

_ eftLo ahf Jojflos kfdf a[xt pTkfbg a j8fxdf s[ifsx xsfLsf k|ltlglwx dxsf boHoxsf] 5nkmndf cfNofPsf

ljleGg dofx lgDgfgf x]sf 5g M

s[lif +alGw dofx

_l+rfOsf] dof M l+rfOsf] dof j8f g+= ^ ) df s]xL xbDd l+rfOsf]

ljwf ePklg kofKt geO k|fohf] a j8fxdf osf] dof lglZrt dxFu 5nkmnsf]

a]nf cfNofPsf 5g sg j8fxdf kfgLsf] gtf]t ePtfklg TonfO pkof]u ug gs]sf]

cjyf x]sf] 5 pknAw l+rfOsf] gtf]tnfO cgjGw ug s]df klg s[lifsf] pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug kmn xg] sf cf+NofPsf 5g

_ u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf M j6f j8fx dWo] ) j6f j8fxdf DalGwt ljsfsf

k|ltlglwxn] u0ftLo jLpmsf] cefjsf] sf0f pTkfbgdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] sf cf+NofPsf

5g osf0f u0ftLo jLpmsf] Aojyf xg hL b]lvG5

23

_ ahf Aojyfkg M j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] ahf Aojyfsf] sdLn] ubf pTkfbg tyf

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 ug gs]sf] Joxf]f cf+NofPsf 5g

$_ pTkfbgsf] dNodf clea[l4 M 5nkmnsf] jvtdf j6 j8fsf k|ltlglwxn] pTkfbgsf]

dNodf sg kms gk]sf] pkef]Qmfxn] klg sg leGgtf dx gePsf] Aoxf]f cf+NofPsf

5g pkef]Qmf tyf pTkfbg stfxdf of] leGgtfsf] dx clgjfo kdf xgkg] b]lvG5

_ k|ljlw k|fljlws tfnLdsf] cefjM j6f j8fx dWo] j6f j8fxsf k|ltlglwxn]

k|fljlwssf] sdL dx u]sf 5g pTkfbgnfO ahfFu cfj4 ugsf]nflu s]xL j8fxDff

+sng s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePsf] t yfkgf ePsf] +sng s]Gb|xnfO klrfng ug gs]sf]

cjyf b]lvG5 TouL gofF gofF k|ljlwxsf] ljsf tyf DaGwdf s[ifs tyf k|fljlwsxnfO

tfnLdsf] Aojyfsf] cefj x]sf] 5 dof dx ePsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwssf] pklyltn]

jfnLsf] pTkfbgdf sffTds k|efj kg] pgLxsf] 7DofO x]sf] 5 jftfj0fsf] sf0fn] f]u

lsfxsf] k|sf]k a9b uPsf] cjyfdf k|fljlwsxsf] ]jf clt g cfjZos kg] xg hfG5

^_ laifflbxsf] Jofks k|of]u M j6 j8fsf s[ifs tyf hgk|ltlglwxn] ljifflbsf] Jofks

k|of]u Pp6f ljsfn cjyfdf x]sf] dx u]sf 5g osf] k|of]uaf6 dflgxsf] jfYodf

gsffTds k|efj ksf] dx u]sf 5g

amp_ 9jfgL JojYffkg M s[ifs s[ifs dx xsfLxsf] cfˆgf 9jfgLsf fwgsf] cefjdf

JofkfLxn] tf]s]sf] dNodf cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO lbgkg] afWotf x]sf] 5

_ h+unL hgfjxaf6 If]tL Mj8f g+= df h+unL hgfjxn] jfnL gfnLdf gf]SfgL kndash

ofO x]sf] cjyf 5

(_ s[lifdf oflGqs0f M ojfx ljb]zdf knfog ePsf] cjyfdf s[lifdf oflGqs0fdo ugsf]

cnfjf cGo ljsNk gePsf] dx ePsf] 5 j6f j8fx dWo] df ldgLl6nx geP

tfklg cGo j8fxdf sfL taf6 cgbfg k|fKt tyf s[ifs cfkmn] lsg]sf l6nx pknAw

5g

)_s[lif fdu|Lsf] dNodf a[l4 xg hUuf Knl6ordf eP 38]Ldf laqmL xg cflb dofx k|j4

jflbxn] cf+NofPsf 5g

kz ljsf+u DalGwt SWOT Analysis

an kIf

_ lhNnfsf] efuf]lns lylt tyf jftfj0f kz pTkfbgsf] nflu pkoQm

_ k|To]s j8fxdf oftfoftsf] cjyf Gtf]ifhgs ePsf]

_ pTkfbgn] lhn ahf kfpg]]

$_ cgGwfg k|f zlIfs jftfj0f pkoQm

24

ban kIf M

_ dNo gt[+vnf xofqLx aLr LldtdGjo rgfsf] cefj

_ kzkfngsf nflu cfjZos fdu|Lxsf] Lldt Jojyfkg

_ fgf s[ifsxsf] a+lsordf ]jfdf Lldt kxFr

cjxM

_ 8]L kz afv|fkfng aeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lbg] kz ePsf]

_ kz pTkfbg tyf ahfLs0fsf] nflu pkoQm gLlt 0fgLlt of]hgfsf] Aojyf

_ kzhGo kbfysf] dfu lbgfglbg a9b u]sf]

Hff]lvdM

_ kz pTkfbg fdu|Lxsf] dNo a[l4 lgGt a9g] s|ddf x]sf]

_ eftLo ahfFu k|ltkwf ug cK7off] kg]

_ kz f]usf] k|sf]k

= 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

tflnsf 12 M0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog 0fgLlts vfsf tyf sfofGjog

nIo M k|efjsfL k|ltwfTds dNo gt[+vnfdf cfwflt s[lif tyf kz pTkfbg

k|ltkmn 0fgLltx sfofGjog

s[lif Jojyfkgsf]

k|efjsfL kdf

pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a9fpg]

s[ifsxaf6 cfwlgs

cfhf k|ljlwxsf]

clwstd k|of]u ug]

pTkfbsTj a9fpg

a9fjf lbg]

s[lif tyf kz Kfmfddf oflGqs0f sfoqmd nfu ug]

pkoQm kmfd oflGqs0fsf] 5gf6 ug]

pkoQm kz pkrf f]u lgbfg hgf]l6s f]u

lgoGq0f gZn wf ug] rg tyf 3fF ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|efjsfL

kmfldEuml tlsf ljsf

ug]

cfwlgs k|ljlw kmfd oflGqs0f cflbsf] lgk0f

pkof]usf] nflu tfnLd pknAw ufpg]

xlt u[x k|0ffnLdf tsfL v]tL ug]

s[ifs dfem cfO=lk=Pd= k|0ffnL DalGw ljBfno

~rfng ug]

cnv]tL k|0ffnLdividekzkfngk|ofxsf] cjnf]sg

ug]

cfofltt jf yfgLo tdf pTkflbt jLpmxsf]

kLIf0f u0ft sfod ug] s[ifsnfO pknAw

ufpg]

s[lif pkIf]qsf] 5gf6

ljsf ug]

0flglts jfnL tyf kzxsf] pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

a[l4 ug] sfoqmd nfu ug]

dfLkfng AojfonfO cl3 a9fpg] dx k|zf]wg

pBf]u yfkgf ug]

RofFp kmnkmn tsfL pTkfbg ug]

25

nIf M cfGtls ahf Aojyfkgsf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf

s[lifkz tyf

kzhGokbfysf] yf]s

ahfsf] cjwf0ff nfu

ug]

s[lif rgf k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf ug]

kmfd 8ssf] Aojyf

cgbfg xfotfaf6 ahf yfkgf

ljsf ug] kzkG5L jwzfnf lgdf0f

tyf +rfng ug]

dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnL

nfu ug]

kmntfsf syfxnfO ljleGg ~rf

dfWodaf6 k|rf k|f ug]

ahf ljsf Fu cgjlGwt sdrfL

s[ifsxnfO tfnLdsf] Aojyf ug]

8snfO toQm agfpg]

bft[ lgsfoxFu cgjGwg ug]

ldlt dividedxdf cfwflt rgf

k|0ffnLsf] yfkgf ug]

Tflnd k|bfg ug]

8snfO sDKofS6 u|ofjn sfnf]

kq] ug]

nIf M cfjZostf cgfsf] toQm dfgjLo gtf]tsf] Aojyf

s[lif tyf kzkfng

If]qsf] axcfoflds

cfjZostf klklt ug

u0ftLo lzIff tyf

tflndsf] Aojyfkgsf]

kxn

ljleGg tdf s[lif kz]jf sdLxsf]

cfjZostf cflrTotfnfO Wofgdf

fvL pRr tLo lzIff tyf tfnLdsf]

pknAwtf ug]

s[lifdividekz cg+wfg k|f sfoqmd

Fu dGjo uL cfjZostf cgfsf]

k|ljlw cjnDjg ug]

l+rfO ljwfnfO cfwlgs agfpg]

ljleGg Jojflos lzIffFu

DalGwt lgsfoxFu dGjo uL

tflndsf] Aojyfkg ug]

g]kfn s[lif cGwfg klifb s[lif

ljefudividekz ]jfFu sfoqmd thdf

tyf sfofGjogdf xefuL eO

sfoqmd sfofGjog ug]

lhNnf t gukflnsf tdf

ePsf ljleGg l+rfO gtf]tx

pkof]u ug kfgL hDdf ug] kfgL

tfGg] snf]xsf] lgdf0f ug]

nIf M $ jftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] bLuf] ljsf

Jfftfj0fLo b[li6sf]0fn]

pkoQm cn s[lif

k|ofx -

GAPsGVPs_ pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf nfu

ug]

Jftfj0f DalGw ljleGg rgf sf]

pknAwtf tyf kmn k4tLsf] kxrdf

Wofg kofpg]

oL rgfx k|fKt ug DalGwt

jftfj0fLo lgsfo Fu sfout

cgj4 uL xmdashsfofGjogdf

cufl8 a9g]

ljleGg cgGwfg cWoogaf6

k|fKt glthfx nfO sfL tyf u

sfL +yfsf] xof]uaf6

sfofGjog ug]

26

nIf vfB Iff tyf lIft vfB kf]if0fsf] cgelt ug]

lIft vfgfsf]

cgelt lbnfpg a

j8fxdf cfO=lk=Pd

kf7zfnf kz

ljsfdf

s[ifskf7zfnf k4ltsf]

ljsf ug]

vfB Iff DalGw

ljleGg lgsfox Fu

sfout cgjGw ug]

s[lif ljefu kz ]jf ljefu gfs

cGo DalGwt lgsfo Fu sfout

of]hgf tof uL nfu ug]

PlG6jfof]l6S ljifflb Golgs0f ug

hgr]tgf clea[l4 ug]

ljifflbsf] cjz]if kLIf0f ug]

szfb]jL fdbflos cfO= lk=Pd=

gtf]t s]Gb|af6 pTkflbt hjLs

ljifflb vLb tyf ljt0f ug]

cfO=lk=Pd= s[ifs kf7zfnf

~rfng ug]

ljifflbsf] hgr]tgfdns ynut

3DtL tfnLd k|bfg ug]

Ps jfYosf] cjwf0ff cgf kz

]jfsf pkoSt sfos|d +rfng

ug]

hjLs pTkfbgnfO a

j8fxdf k|fyldstf

fy cl3 a9fpg]

a j8fxdf hljs ljifflb DalGw

tflnd pknAw ufpg DalGwt lgsfo

Fu sfout Pstf ug]

a j8fxdf tfnLd pknAw ug]

DalGwt ljz]if1xsf] xeflutf

ufpg]

^= s[lif If ]qsf +efAotf

+efAo cjx M o gukflnsfdf ljleGg lsldsf pAhfp If]qx x]sf 5g ax+Vos hghfltxn] s[lif

If]qnfO g dVo cfosf] gtf]tdf c+ufn]sf 5g of] gukflnsf 7nf] ahf If]q x]sf sf7df8f+

nlntk eQmk ahf tfO If]qFu hf]l8Psf] 5 ty o gukflnsfn] s[lif pTkfbg

Aofkf pBf]u ko6g cflbdf km8sf] df]sf] b]lvG5

_ klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5

eg] bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn]

klxnf] yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]dfblgs

HofnfbfLrfyf]df ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt

pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf cWoog ubf k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfv Dd cfDbfgL u]sf]

b]lvG5 cglrmdash ct M of] k]zfnfO qmdut kdf cuf8L a9fpg kg] ePsf] 5

_ o gukflnsfdf ljleGg kmnkmnx Aflifs $)$ x]S6df pTkfbg eO slj (^amp d]=6=

kmnkmn pTkfbg ePsf] cgdfg 5 Gtnf hftx Jf8f g+= ( ) df

nufOPsf] kfOPsf[ 5 kfgf au+rfxdf clt 3gf ljjf nufpg] u]sf] kmnLx]sf]

Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf 5gg a9L nfe

nfut cgkftsf] lxfan] klg odf cfwlgs k|ljlw k|of]uaf6 pRrtd nfe lng]

jftfj0fsf] [hgf xg hL 5

27

_ g]kfnn] ljb]zaf6 w] 7nf] kldf0fdf kmn cfoft ulx]sf] kfOG5 yf]axt k|of ePtf

klg cem 7f] kdf cuf8L a9g kg] lylt b]lvG5 vf uL jf8 g+= $ ^ amp

df of] JojfonfO a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 o sfoqmdsf] nflu 5f]6f] cjlwdf pTkfbg

xg] kmnxnfO a9fjf lbO pTkfbgnfO lgGttf lbgkg] xG5

$_ If]q ljtf k|ljlwsf] k|f oflGqs0f k|j4g ub cfnsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9fpg]

nfut dNo 36fpg] f]hufLsf] cj k|bfg ug] cfndf cfwflt pBf]u yfkgf jf6

cfn hGopTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f uL du| cytGqdf 6]jf kyenofpg] nIo cgk lxpFb] aif]

aGt] nfO lgGttf lbO sfoqmd cl3 a9fpg hL 5 osf fy y cfnsf

klsfnfO agfpg] pBf]uxsf] yfkgf ugkg] klg hL 5

_ wlnv]n gukflnsf s]xL j8fxdf vf uL ) df dx pTkfbgsf] yfngL

ePsf] kfOG5 dfxLsf] pTkfbg nfe nfutsf lxfan] klg dxTjk0f Jojfo x]sf] 5

osf] nfe nfut cgkft =( x]sf] 5 hg Jojflos lxfan] pkoQm g dfGg lsG5

ctM o AojfonfO cGo DefAo j8fxdf kmnfpg kg] b]lvG5

^_ u0ftLo jLpm pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pbkfsTjdf a[l4 eO cfo cfhgdf dxTjk0f

of]ubfg lbg lsG5 Tosf0f onfO s[ifs td pTkfbg uL u0ft tyf do

fk]If kdf cufl8 a9g kg] cjyf x]sf] 5

amp_ gukflnsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf ljleGg lsldsf hljs dnx pknAw ePsf] b]lvG5

s[ifssf] rfxgf klg hljs dnsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg xg] jtnfO pkef]Qmf dIf kndashofO

jy xg] jftfj0f agfpg] x]sf] 5 ctM hljs dnsf] k|rf k|f tyf k|of]udf a9L

rff] cgsntf pknAw ufpg hL b]lvG5

_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( ) df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] j8f g+ ( df af]lEuml uL

kfgLsf] Jojyf ug] k|of ex]sf] afFsL j8fdf kfgLsf] gtf]t gePsf] kfOPsf] 5

j8fdf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt cgf j8f g+ amp df kfgLsf]

jslNks Jojyf uL Jojfo +rfng ug dgflj xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( $ df lk5l8Psf jux qmdzM )) amp 3wL blntsf]

ePsf] g+ j8fdf hDdf Pp6f dfq 3 ePsf] kfPsf] 5 ctM oL juxsf] pTyfgsf]

nflu 7f] sfoqmd cufl8 a9fpg hL 5 j8f g+ $ (df blntsf] +Vof w] ePsf]

s]xL j8fdf eldxLg s[ifs -j8f g+ ^ df_ sf] +Vof a9L b]lvPsf] o lsldsf]

kljfsf] cflys t a[laring ug plQs dxTjk0f ePsf] xFbf of] jusf] cflys ljsfsf]

nflu s]xL sfoqmdx cufl8 a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 ty blnt uLj eldxLg s[ifssfnflu

k0f cgbfgdf sfos|d lbg pQd xg] b]lvG5 t w] s[ifsn] lolgxnfO klg sd

Jofhbdf shf pknJw ufpg pQd xg] fo lbPsf 5g

)_ dfd kljtgsf sf0fn] cgk]lIft emf pd|g] htf kljtg cfPsf] kfOPsf] 5 To

uL ljleGg jfnL pTkfbgdf klg dfd kljtgsf sf0f ljleGg lsldsf cgk]lIft

28

f]ux lsfx b]lvg]rfF8 kfSg] jftfj0f aGg] t pTkfbg sd xg] dgzg rfF8 z

xg] cflb dofx b]vfkg yfn]sf 5g

_ o gukflnsfaf6 ) k|ltztDd ojfx -j8f g+= ^_ ljb]z hfg k]sf] cjyf x]sf]

5 o qmddf ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL

s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u]

cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL sfoqmd cuf8L

a9fpg kg] b]lvG5 gukflnsfsf b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojf 3ufpF 5f8L

aflx divideljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyf 5 kmnjk sfoynf]df gtdzlStsf] sdL dxz xFbf]

5 ojf zlStnfO ufpFd cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt

+lrt ug +ej b]lvbg osf0f ojfnfO o tkm cfslift ug ofGqLs0f lxtsf]

dxut s[lif Jojfo cjnDjg ug] jftfj0f tof ulg cfjZos 5

_ j8f g+ sf] dflyNnf e]udf l6d cf]lnf] hldg ePsf] efudf cn+rL v]tL

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngsf] +efjgf

= wlnv]n gu kflnsfsf] clwsf+ j8f g+ xdf ufOkfng ug lsg] b]lvG5 eg] j8f g+

df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO eL k|jwg sfoqmd +rfng ug j8f

g+ ( df eL k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng uL lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f

tyf df eL ljsf xg Sg] b]lvG5 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug lsg]] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f 5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6

qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf]

gtf]t ljsf ug lsg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] cfkmgf] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm

u]af6 kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug lsg] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug

lsg] b]lvG5

= xsfLs0fsf] dfWodaf6 kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f pBf]u +rfngug +ej ePsf]

b]lvG5 j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL laqmL ug]

Jojyf ldnfpg lsg] b]lvG5

^= ljleGg j8fsf dlxnf j8f g+ ^ sf eldlxg j8f g+ $ ( sf blnt s[ifssf

nflu afv|f svf sfoqmd +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

29

amp= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

= Ansdf kfli6s tTj a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpPdf j8f g+ )

jf df s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng

ug lsg] b]lvG5

(= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu jltaf6 s]xL lsnf]ld6 6f9f

xg] uLj8f g+ jf $ df svfsf] nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug lsg] b]lvG5

)= gukflnsfsf] lJleGg j8fxsf h+undf rg ljsf uL kz cfxff cfklt tyf jftfj0f

+If0f ug lsg] b]lvG5 fdbfoLs agdf pkoQm lsldsf] 3fF8fn]3fF nufpg

lsg] b]lvG5

= jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug]

j8f g+ df c3 Jojflos svfkfng sfodf lgGttf lbg]

amp= emfjx tyf lkmflx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

s[liftkm

klxnf] k|fyldstf k|foM tsfLxdf nueu = k|ltzt pTkfbg cfnsf] xg] u]sf] 5 eg]

bf]|f] k|fyldstfdf $=^amp k|ltzt 6df6 v]tL xg] u]sf] 5 qmdut kdf x]bf s[lifn] klxnf]

yfg kfPsf] 5 eg] Tokl5 bf]|f] yfgdf Jofkf pBf]u t]|f]df blgs HofnfbfL rfyf]df

ljb]z sfdbf kfFrfdf ko6g If]q x]sf] 5 s[lifdf cfwflt pTkfbgaf6 ljleGg j8fxdf

k|lt 3wLn] aifdf ( nfvDd cfDbfgL u]sf] b]lvG5

ctM ljleGg j8fxDff ljleGg sfoqmdx k|tfj ug a j8fxsf] gtf]t fwg jftfj0f

d]tsf] laZn]if0f uL sfoqmdx k|tfj ulPsf 5g osf fy lkmfLz ulPsf

jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL f] sf] cgkft fd|f] ePsf jfnLxnfO dfq dfa]z

ulPsf] 5 o uL ljleGg afx| j6f j8fxdf s]xL ljlzi6 tyf s]xL fdfGo sfoqmdx

lkmfLz ulPsf 5g

_ j8f g+= df kfgLsf] gtf]t ePsf] tyf k0f kdf pkof]u gePsf] cjyfdf snf] lgdf0f

ug] sfo klxnf] k|fyldstf x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|fyldstf cgf cfn 6df6 dfL

kfngnfO ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg j8fsf] )

v]tLof]Uo hldg llrt ug b]lv ) tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg]

b]lvG5 ojfxnfO nlIft uL Ps ufFp Ps pTkfbg tyf cn+rL ljsf sfoqmdnfO

30

a9fjf lbOPsf] 5 ouL RofpF v]tL kmfd oflGqs0f cfO=lk=Pd= hjLs dnsf] pkof]u

tsfL gL d]t d]l6Psf] 5

_ j8f g+= df cfn 6df6 pTkfbg lxtRofpF v]tL fgf l+rfO -Knfli6sdivideld]G6]8

kf]vL kmfd oflGqs0f dfLkfng sfFqmf pTkfbgnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 cGo

sfoqmdxdf j8f g+= df ht lkmfl ulPsf 5g of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf klg

tsfLsf] pTkfbg pTkfbs +Vof jl4eO j8f cfkmdf cfTd lgeeO 7nf xdf lgoft

ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ jf8 g+= df cfn 6df6 v]tL Rofp v]tL kmnsf] v]tL cfO=lk=Pd= sfoqmd cflbsf]

cnfjf Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtut ngdivideKofhdividecdlnf]dividecn+rLdivides6 v]tL cflb a9L

pkof]uL b]lvPsf]n] AojdoLs kdf of] sfoqmdnfO lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv lsfgxm AojfoLs v]tLdf nflu 7nf xdf

tsfLsf lgoft ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

$_ o j8f g+ $ df eldxLg tyf blntxsf] afxNotf x]sf] ojfx ljb]z Kfnfogsf]

cjyf ePsf] sf0fn] hUufnfO lnhdf lnO xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tL RofpF v]tL kmnsf]

v]tL kmfd oflGqs0fnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf

klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg

jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

_ j8f g+= df klg cGo dflysf j8fx ht cfn 6df6 RofpF sfFqmf] kmn v]tL

Gtnf v]tLnfO k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 o j8fdf klg eldxLg ojf jf]juf

sfoqmdnfO cufl8 flPsf] 5 osf fy hfkflgh s6nfO Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbgsf]

kdf k|Tffj ulPsf] 5 of] ubf $ aifleq slDtdf k|lt 3 af]6sf bn] hfkflgh

s6nfO k|a+wg ul slDtdf s6 v]lt gdgf j8f agfpg] nIo lng kg] b]lvG5

^_ j8f g+= ^ amp ahf If]qsf j8fx ePsf tyf hUuf klg tngfTds kdf sd g ePsf]

sf0f tyf ojfx 7nf] +Vofdf ljb]z knfog ePsf] cjyfdf ojf jf]hufsf

sfoqmdx cjnDag ulPsf 5g vf uL sfzL v]tL 6f]n 6f]ndf vb|f tsfL Aofkf

xlof] fukft pTkfbg cflbnfO cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg

) j8f afLn] aif elg 3df cfjZos dld tsfLsf] sfzLd pTkfbg ug xof]u

xg] b]lvG5

amp_ u0ftLo jLpsf] pknAwtfaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4 eO cfo cfhgsf If]qdf

dxTjk0f of]ubfg lbg lsG5 olx b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub tsfL gL sfoqmdnfO

( j8fxdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5

_ gukfnLsfsf ljleGg j8fxdf vf uL j8f g+= ) df hjLs dnsf]

pkof]un] Aofkstf kfPsf] 5 eg] cGo j8fxdf klg osf] k|of]u a9bf] 5 f]u lsfsf]

lgoGq0fsf] nflu ^ j8fxdf afx]s cGodf klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf cfO=lk=Pd= k4tL

hjLs dn tyf bf]|f] tdf dfq fogoQm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 o

31

sfoaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg Pp6f jf bOj6f j8fnfO cfO=lk=Pd dlq j8fsf] mkdf

k|a+wg ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

(_ gukfnLsfaf6 b ) b]lv ) k|ltztDd ojfx 3ufpF 5f8L ljb]z knfog ePsf]

b]lvPsf] cjyfdf ynf]df gtdzlQmsf] sdL dxz ug jefljs xf] ojf zlStnfO ufpFd

cfslift ug Sg] cjyf lhgf gePDd ufpFdf gtdzlSt +lrt ug +ej b]lvbg

o b[li6sf]0fnfO dgg ub j8f g+= $ ^amp df ojfxnfO s[lif If]qdf

cfslift uL s[lif pTkfbg pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 uL s[lif If]qsf] JojfoLs0faf6 cfo

cfhg a9fpg] p2]Zo o gukflnsfn] c+lusf u] cgk ljleGg j8fxdf RofFp v]tL

sfzL v]tL 6g]ndf tsfL v]tL dfL kfng cflb sfoqmd cuf8 a9fpg lkmflz

ulPsf] 5 otf sfoxmaf6 $ aifleq slDtdf klg ) b]lv ojfx ljb]z Kfnfog

xg af6 36L s[lif k]zfdf nflu tsfLsf] pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

)_ o g+ kfsf] j8f g+= ^ amp afx]s cGo j8fxmdf Gtnf hft kmnkmnsf] pTkfbg xb

cfPsf] t Gtnfsf] au+rf Aojyfkg fd|f] gePsf]n] dgUo pTkfbg lng lsx]sf

5gg w] au+rfxmdf af]6 a9f eO s]sfn] kfgf af]6xm af6 dgUo pTkfbg lng

gs]sfn] ablnbf] jftfj0f fk]lIft hftsf] 5gf]6 ug lkmflz ulPsf] 5 o sfoaf6

$ aifleq slDtdf klg ) Gtnfsf] au+rfdf jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] yfkgf

ul slDtdf klg ) b]lv pTkfbg jl4 ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5

k|tfljt yf]s ahf ljsf

atdfg cjyfdf cfwlgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj clea[l4sf fy dfu

cgf ahfdf 7nf] kldf0fdf s[lif pTkfbg lelqg] u]sf] kfOG5 o gukfnLsfdf klg

tsfL tyf cGo pTkfbgsf] ynf]sf] kdf ljsf eOs]sf] cjyfdf Pp6f yf]s ahfsf]

cfjZostf t8sff] kdf b]vf k]sf] 5 kjL tfO If]q tyf ljleGg l5d]sL lhNnfxdf

pTkfbg xg] pTkfbnfO vb|f vfb|L kdf sf7df8f+sf] 8sdf xg] jfL fwgsf] rfksf]

lytLdf sflndf6L aNv tyf cGo ahf If]qdf leqofpg eGbf wlnv]ndf yfkgf xg] yf]s

ahfdf vlb laqmL uL Psdi6kdf sf7df8f+ leqofpg cfjZos 5 oaf6 gukflnsfnfO

fgf] dfqfdf eP klg cfDbfgLsf] gtf]tsf] klxrfg xg] tyf s[ifs AofkfLxsf] Pp6f lglZrt

ahf ynf]sf] udtf xg hfg]5 k|Tffljt yf]s ahfdf s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf k|0ffnL

k|of]u zfnf lxt k|tfj ulPsf] 5 o s]Gb|n] s[ifsxnfO cfjZos kg] k|ljlw k|fljlws

]jf s]Gb| k|of]uzfnfsf] ljwf cflb cgelt ug]5g osf fy j8f tdf yfkgf ulg]

dxdf cfj4 ahf rgf k|0ffnLnfO yf]s ahf ynsf] s[lif a1flgs s]Gb|Fu cfj4 uL

s[lif rgf cfbfg k|bfg ulg]5

32

M

dx xsfltfdf cfwflt ahf rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng

u|fdL0f If]qdf ahf rgfsf] k+xrdf sdL ePsf] sf0fjf6 s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkfbg yfgLo

ahfd JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNodf dfq ljqmL ugkg] jfWofTds cjyfdf o j8f

tdf yfkgf ulg] ahf rgf k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifs dx boxn] kmfObf lng Sg] 5g

dodf jhf rgf pknJw gxbf s[ifsxn] cfkmgf] pTkflbt jtsf] plrt dNo gkfOx]sf]

cjyfdf o rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsfjf6fdlxs ljqmL ljt0f k|j4gdf xof]u kUg] ahf

rgf k|0ffnLsf] +rfng lgoldt rgf +sng ljZn]if0f k|jfx ug] k4ltdf ljsf xg]

b]lvG5

33

lrq M s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

s[lif rgf +sng s]Gb|

ahf rgf k|0ffnL

-ahf rgf cfbfgdividek|bfg

kjfwfx

bull sDKo6

bull 6]nLkmf]g

bull OdnLdivideOG6g]6

bull rgfkf6L

bull f]nf Kofg

bull P=Pd=P=

]jf

bull j]j fO6

rgf k|fKt

bull sfnLdf6L yf]s ahf

bull s[lif pBd s]Gb|

bull s[lif ljefu ahf zfvf

bull kf]vff yf]s ahf

bull a6jn yf]s ahf

bull x]6f8f yf]s ahf

rgf k|jfx

jtsf] k|jfx ]jfx

bull sDKo6 6fOk k|lG6

ug]

bull 6]nLkmf]g ug] ]jf

bull rgfsf] vf]hL k|jfx

bull fKtflxs rgf

an]l6g

bull k|ljlw k|fljlwssf]

vf]hL Jojyfkg

bull dflvs

bull Pkm=Pd= ]l8of]

bull rgf kf6L

bull P=Pd= P=

bull Od]n

bull fKtflxs rgf an]l6g

s[lifyf]s ahf wlnv]n

cfuf] lgefpg] d]lg lxtsf]

ejg k|j]z4f Iff uf8 ejg

s[lif a1flgs s]Gb| rgf

k|0ffnL k|of]uzfnf lxtsf]

ejg

ufl8 kflsEuml yn jlIacuteu ]jfejg

aRrf x]rfx jfYo

]jfejg

s[lif atsf] yf]s

tyfvb|fljqmL

yn

kzhGojt tyf df5f

yf]styfvb|flaqmL yn

34

kz]jf tkm

k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmdx

cfufdL $ aifsf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt lgDglnlvt sfoqmdx lkmfl ulPsf 5gM

kzkfng tyf Jojyfkg

= gukflnsfsf k|fohf] a j8fdf ufOkfng ug] u]sf] ufOkfngdf +a4 s[ifsn]

ufOkfngnfO klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg rfx]sf] xbf tL j8fxdf ufO eLkfng sfos|d

+rfng ug] ex]sf j0fz+s ufOsf] u0ft wf uL amp k|ltzt hL ut ePsf]

tdf nhfg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 o sfoaf6 $ aifleq ufOsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb|

v8f ug xof]u xg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df df eL kmfd +rfngdf hf]8 lbO

eL k|jcentg sfoqmd +rfng ug] s[ifssf] rfxgf cgf j8f g+ ( df eL

k|jcentg sfoqmd d]t +rfng ugfn] lhNnfdf df eLsf] +If0f tyf ljsf xg Sg]

b]lvG5

= kz Jojyfkg gZndf wf uL $ aifdf amp k|ltzt hLufOaf6 b ln6

df eLaf6 b ) ln6 bw k|lt hgfj ug] nIo to ug kg] b]lvG5

= gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( afv|fkfng u]sf] kfngkf]if0f u]sf sn afv|fsf]

slj $) k|ltzt vL af]sf laqmL ug] u]sf] cgdfg ePaf6 oL j8fxdf yfgLo afv|f

5gf]6 uL af]P af]sfaf6 qm ufO pGgt afv|fkfng Jojflos kdf +rfng ug

k|f]Tfxg ug plrtxg] b]lvG5 gu kflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( df afv|fsf] gtf]t ljsf

ug k|lt3 afv|f ) sf bn] fVg] $ aifleq afv|fsf] slDtdf j6f gtf]ts]Gb| v8f

ug] nIf lng kg] b]lvG5

$= j0fz+s afv|f pTkfbgsf nflu afv|fsf] ks]6df cfjZos kg] pGgt af]P af]sf k|lt $)

b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu sf bn] k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5 t cGo

j8fdf k|lt3 )ndash afv|fkfng ug] sfo ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

= sg klg j8fdf Joaflos ufO jf afv|fkfng sfo +rfng ubf klxnf] aifdf cfwfet

sfos|dx ug] bf]gtf] aifdf kz Jojyf ug] uL a9Ldf ) k|ltzt 3wL d]l6g] uL

sfo z ug] tL kmfd jf s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt kz cGo s[ifs jf JojfoLnfO laqmL

uL $ aifleq OR5s a s[ifsdf sfoqmd kyenofpg] gtf]t s]Gb|df pTkfbg e a9L ePsf

sfpg] u|]l8Euml ug]

Kofs]lhEumlug] yn

rd]gf u[x zfrfno kfgL

yflg6]zg uf]bfd 3

kmf]x dnf

gfnLJojyfkg lt e08f ejg

35

pGgt ufO jf afv|f sfe]| lhNnf leq jf cGo lhNnfdf las|L lat0f ug] Jojyf ldnfpg

pkoSt xg Sb5

^= cgTkfbs ax ufO uf] laqmL uL k7fpg] sfggL k|fjwfg gePsfn]] otf kz 5f8f ug]

u]sf] kfOPsf]n] gukflnsfsf] j8f g+ ( jf pkoSt yfgdf Ps ufzfnf lgdf0f uL

ltgLxsf] Joayfkg gukflnsfn] ug] t otf kz x6fpg rfxg] s[ifsaf6 g kf n]

sfggn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] sd cn pk ug] osf nflu cnu sdsf] Jojyf ug]

ug s] 5f8f kzsf] dof sd xg] b]lvG5

amp= k|fyldstfdf s|ddf k]sf cGo kz kfng sfos|dnfO $ aif kZrft klxnf] k|fyldstfdf

fvL +rfng ug]

kz cfxff Jojyfkg

= lrfOsf] nflu kfgL k|fKt geP afnL jf 3fF pTkfbg +ej xbg ctM kfgLsf] Jojyfkg

uL lxpb] 3fF nufpg] jifftsf] 3fFaf6 x] fOn]h agfpg] bfgf sd k|of]u u]df dfq

kz pTkfbg nfut dNo 36g uO s[ifs a9L nfeflGjt xg Sg] b]lvG5 j8fsf] agf]6

kfgLsf] pknAwtf hUuf hldgsf] pknAwtf kzkfngsf] lylt kzsf] lsldsf]

cfwfdf Plss[t kdf 3fF nufpg s] cem lhnf] xg] b]lvG5 oy kLIf0fsf] kdf

j8f g+ df kfgLsf] jslNks Jojyf cyft aif] kfgL +sng ug] jf lghL

kfgL kf]vLsf] Jojyf ug] osf] glthfsf] cfwfdf cGo j8fdf sfos|d ljtf ug

pkoSt xg] b]lvG5 o uL j8f g+ ) df snf] lgdf0f uL l+rfOsf] Joayf ug

kg] b]lvG5 t j8f g+ df fgf] vf]nf kfOPsf] xbf kfgL lnkm6 uL l+rfOsf]

JoayfuL lxpb] 3fF nufpgJoaxfls xg] b]lvG5

= j8f g+ $ ( sf s]xL s[ifsn] k hldgdf 3fF nufO laqmL ug] OR5f JoQm u]af6

kLIf0fsf] kdf of] sfo z ug klg dgflj xg] b]lvG5 Ps k6ssf nflu 3fFsf] dn

aLpdf 9jfgL cgbfg lbg] kndNo s[ifsn] Joxf]g] To kl5 s[ifsn] g aLp pTkfbg

tyf laqmL ug] sfo ugfn] gtf]t ljsf e cfTdlge xg Sg] b]lvG5

= kzkfns s[ifsnfO k|lt3 b]lv j6f ldgn Ans cgbfgdf lbO kfv uglbg]

f]sf] glthf x]L cfkmn] vLb uL k|of]u ug nufpg] u]df kz pTkfbgdf wf cfpg

Sg]] b]lvG5

$= xsfodf 7nf 8]L kmfddf kLIf0fsf] kdf fOnf]lk6 agfO fOn]h tof tyf k|of]u ug]

osf] tlsf dxTjaf] c s[ifsnfO k|bzg uL k|of]u ug k|f]Tflxt ug]

= ex]sf] h+undf rg ljsf ug] fdbflos agdf 8fn]3fF eO+3fF nufO 3fF ljsf

ug lsg] b]lvG5

kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f tyf kz ljdf

= u|fld0f txdf gtdzlSt geO s[lif tyf kzkfng Jojfo cl3 a9fpg ljNsn c+ej xg]

xbf fgf pks0fsf] k|of]u uL kzkfngdf oflGqlss0f z ug kg] b]lvG5

36

= kz ljdf s[ifssf] kzwg Iff Iflt sd ug tyf Iflt exfn] klg fx| sd wgsf] Iflt

xg] Jojyf ePsf] xFbf osf] k|efjsfL sfofGjog xg cfjZos 5

= ))) j6f eGbf a9L svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO ljdf dfkmt Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] 7nf

kmfdsf] kdf svf kfNg] JojfoL s[ifsnfO sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] ljdf

dfkmt Jojfo Iffsf] Uof]lG6 ug] k|fljlws ]jf pknJw ufpg]

kz jfYo ]jf

= kzjfYodivide]jfsdL sf] xL Jojyfkg ug s] j8f g+ ( df afx]s cGo j8fdf yk

k|fljlws k7fpg kg] b]lvbg t f]uL kzsf] tTsfn f]u lgbfg uL sd vrdf pkrf

ugsf fy kz kz pTkfbgsf] sd Iflt ugsf nflu e]6]lgL cktfn tyf kz ]jf

lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf] k|of]uzfnfnfO a]ls Nofadf t a[lcent uL hgf d]l8sn 6]lSgf]nf]lhi6

jf Nofa cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ug hL b]lvG5 eljiodf hgf ]l8of]nf]lhi6 hgf

ufOgfsf]nf]lhi6sf] Jojyf ug s] e]6]lgL ]jfn] k0f k lng Sg] b]lvG5

= kzsf] f]u tTsfn lgbfg ug e]6]lgL xlk6ndftyf kz ]jf lj1 s]Gb|df x]sf]

Kofyf]nf]lhsn Nofaf]f6LnfO t pGglt uL a]ls Nofaf]f6L agfpg] aifeL tLo

ekbf] xh agfpg hgf d]l8sn Nofaf]f6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt Nofaf]f6L

cli6]G6sf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

= xfn o gukflnsf leq j6f s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|af6 ) hgf s[lqd uefwfg

sfostfaf6 ]jf kyenofPsf] k|fKt ljj0f cgf s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb| yk ug kg] b]lvbg

lsgls hgfn] aif eldf )) s[lqd uefwfg u] klg ) hgfn] ))) ufOdf of]

]jf kyenofpg Sg] b]lvG5 s[lqd uefwfg s]Gb|sf] plrt Jojyfkg u]df of] ]jf lbg

cK7off] gkg] b]lvG5

$= kz jfYo ]jf lbgsf] sg klg dodf cfjZos xg Sg] k|fljlwsnfO rfaL 306f

]jf lbg jfWo kfbf dodf u0ftLo ]jf pknAw xg gSg] +efjgf a9L xG5 ty

kz lrlsTf ]jfnfO lbuf]u0ftLo ekbf] kfgsf] nflu lghL jf u sfL If]qdf

sfot kzjfYo sdLnfO ]jfsf] lsld tf]sL f]xL cgfsf] Gogtd kflgtlds tf]sL

sfddf nufpg]Ugrave sfL ]jfdf sfot sdrfLn] o lsldsf] ]jf laxfg a]nsf jf

ftLsf] dodf lbFbf ]jfsf] k|s[lt x]L Gogtd kflgtlds lng Sg] Jojyf ldnfpg

hL b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfgn] s[ifs g7lug] k|fljlws ]jf dodf pknAw

xgSg] b]lvG5 o lsldsf] k|fjwfg ug gs] kfgf] dofxsf] kgfa[lt xg] +efjgf

a9L xg] b]lvG5

xsfLs0f tyf kzhGokbfysf] ahfLs0f

= afx| dlxgf pTkfbgsf] ahfLs0f ug s[ifs jf hgxeflutfdf sDKofS6 u|fe]N8 8s

agfpg]]

= cfufld lbgdf bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knn]bw 9jfgLsf] nflu

l6nsf] efF8f l6nsf] Sofg k|of]u ug] +sng s]Gb| lrlnordf ]G6sf] kmfO JolStut

kmfOdf Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5

37

$= fFemsf] d]t bw +sng ug clt cfjZos ePsf] xbf cfjZos k]sf] bUw xsfL

+yfdf lrlnordf Eof6 yk ug]

= bwsf] u0ft wf ug clt hL ePsf] xFbf bw +sng ug] JolSt jf JoafoLnfO

dxdf cfj4 ufO gukflnsfdf clgjfo btf ufpg] lrlnordf Eof6 gePsf JolSt jf

JoafoLnfO bw +sng ug jf laqmL ug js[lt glbg] oL gukflnsfdf btf ePsf

bw +snsnfO kmf bw pTkfbg e08f0f +If0f DalGw tflndsf] Jojyf ldnfpg]

^= bw +sng ug] bUw xsfL +yf ln= jf bw +sng s]Gb|n] bwsf] u0ftdividez4tf Plsg

ug clgjfo kdf ldNs PgfnfOh fVg] Jojyf ug] oL ldNs PgfnfOh k|of]u ug

rfxg] +3 +yfnfO Psk6ssf] nflu kndNosf] ) k|ltzt sd cgbfg lbg]

amp= s[ifs jf JojfoL +ul7t e ahf Jojyfkgdf +nUg xg gSbf ljrflofn] cfkmvL

dNodf kzk+5L vLb ug] u]sf] kfOPaf6 pTkfbsn] klgtdsf] jftljs dNo gkfpg]

pkef]Qmfn] klg dxuf]df kzhGokbfy vLb tyf pkef]u ug] kg] 68sff] b]lvG5 osf]

dfwfgsf] pkfodf s[ifsx +ul7t xg] cfkm leqaf6 sn] ahfls0fdf efu lng]

xKtf xKtfdf pTkfbsnfO sd rQmf ug] Jojyf ldnfpg] htf sfo ug Sb5g

= bUw pTkfbs xsfL bUw +sng s]Gb| 8]L knsf]dofsf] lgfs0f ug] tkm sfjfxL

cufl8 a9pFbf bUw xsfL +yfn] cfkm|gf] tkmaf6 sn sdsf] ) k|ltzt sd Joxf]g]

gukflnsfsf] tkmaf6 ) Joxf]g] ubf l56f] wf cfpg] cfzf ug lsG5

(= jwzfnf yfkgf tyf +rfngdf kn wfdf gukflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbO dfhbf

sfgg adf]lhd jR5 jy dfsf] pTkfbg tyf lat0f ug] tkm sbd rfNg kg]

b]lvG5

hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ tyf jftfj0f +If0f

= cfufld lbgdf hljs Iff -afof]]Sol6L_ DaGwL tflnd uf]li7 +rfng ugsf fy +ej

ePDddf Pkm Pd ]l8of]sf] dfWodaf6 d]t osf] k|rf k|f ug clt hL b]lvG5

o lnlnfdf dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a f]sfjfnfxnfO +nUg ufpg kg] b]lvG5

of] ugfn] lIft pTkfbg xgsf fy jftfj0f +If0fdf d]t xof]u kUg Sg] cfzf

ug lsG5

= Pu|f]e]6 +rfngsf] laifo sfggL Jojyf+u DalGwt ePsf] jftfj0f k|bif0f ug] laifo

ePsf] hljs Iff +alGw lcentfGt dNo dfGotf laklt ePsf] xbf Pu|f]e]6 Jojyfkgdf

ljz]if Wofg lbg cfjZos b]lvG5 fy j8fsf] aLr yfgdf kg] uL j8f g+

Dff sfggDdt kdf Pu|f]e]6 ykug] j8f g+ ) sf] e]6]lgL cfifwL kn btf k|s[of

kf uL +rfng ufpg pkoQm xg] b]lvG5 fy sg klg Pu|f]e]6n] 3fFsf] aLp a]gf

ljt0f ug] u]sf] gkfOPaf6 3fFsf] aLp a]gfsf] gtf]t s]Gb| v8f uL cGo s[ifsnfO laqmL

lat0f ug s] aLpsf] u0ft fd|f] xg] JojfoLn] klg pTkfbg a9fpg Sg]

b]lvG5

38

= Pu|f]e]6df kz cfifwL ljifflb cnu cnu fvL cnu cnu sfpG6af6 laqmL ugkg]

sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] g= kf= n] Psk6ssf] nflu ))))Dd cgbfg lbO Pu|f]e]6

Jojyfkgdf xof]u ug pkoSt xg Sb5

$= dflgdf k|of]u xg] PlG6afof]lS k|of]u ug gxg] xfdf]g d]tsf] hyfeflj k|of]uaf6

hgjfYo kzjfYo jftfj0fdf gsffTds c klx]sf]n] otf lsldsf cfifwLx

a]Rbf Pu|f]e]6n] lk|s[Kgsf] cfwfdf cfkmgf] knsf] lhi6df l6kL laqmL ug] Jojyf

ldnfpg kg] b]lvG5

= jg h+un rgsf] xL pkof]u uf]adividednsf] xL Jojyfkg 8fn]3fF 3fFdf cfwflt

kzkfng vfgf ksfpg] sfddf bfpfsf] sd k|of]u uf]a Uofsf] k|of]u 3fF pTkfbg

ug] axfgfdf 89]nf] nufpg] k|j[ltdf lgoGq0f cflb htf sfo ugfn] dfd kljtg

oaf6 xg] k|efjnfO sd ug lsG5 ty 8ssf] t pGglt jg h+unsf] Gofof]lrt

k|of]u rg ljsf llNekfZr e vl08s0f s|d sduL kzkfng ubf jftfj0f

+If0f pTkfbg a[lcent ahfls0fdf xof]u kUg] xbf o lsldsf sfos|d +rfng ug

kg] b]lvG5

^= b]lv j6f afv|f kfNg] dlxnf jf blnt jf lgDgjusf s[ifsnfO k|lt afv|L amp)))

sf bn] cgbfg lbg] svfsf] xsdf )) svf kfNg] s[ifsnfO k|lt svf ) sf

bn] cgbfg lbg] jLpmsf] nflu af]P af]sf k|lt $) b]lv ) afv|fsf] nflu j6fsf

bn] xg] uL k cgbfgdf lat0f ug plrt xg] b]lvG5

dfly h] s sf elgP tfklg blnt dlxnf eldlxg s[ifsdf nhfg] 7nf sfoqmdsf]

xsdf )Uuml cgbfgsf] Jojyfsf] Uof]lG6 uL sfos|d +rfng ug nufpg] t sfd

DkGg ePsf] cflwsfls k|df0f k]z u] kl5 as dfkmt k eQmfgL lbg] Jojyf ldnfpg

Jojxfls xg Sb5 clu|d sd lb+bf sd lxgfldgf eO of]hgf ckmn ePsf 36gf

labf f]xL glthfsf] kgfj[lt gxf]nf eGg lsbg

amp= k|fylds pTkfbgdf pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf sfo dfq ubf dNo gt+[vnfdf +nUg cGo

f]sfjfnf ]jf ljwfaf6 56g Sg] xbf o ljifonfO klg plTts Dj]bgzLn e x]L

f]xL cgf of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug dgflj xg Sb5

= eljiodf Jofjfon] lgGttf kfpgsf fy Jofjfoa[l4nfO d]t Wofgsf fvL 7nf

JofjflonfO k|fljlws ]jf 6]jf sd Jofhbdf shf divideC0f pknAw ufpg kxn ug

Jojxfls xg Sb5

+sng s]Gb| yfkgf +rfng pBf]u +rfng sd Jofh bdf C0f

= j8f g+ nfO kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf

tyf +rfng ug] j8f g+ () df kfos kg] uL j8f g+ df afv|f nf]sn

svf +sng s]Gb| yfkgf tyf +rfng ug]

39

= bfgfsf]nflu cfjZos kg] sRrf kbfy yfgLo tdf pknJw xgSg] +efjgf sd

b]lvPsf] xbf j8f g+ ) jf df ldgn ldSr lxtsf] s]sf 9f]8 5jfnL jf rf]s

k]nL Ans agfpg] Ps pBf]u xsfodf +rfng ug k|f]Tflxt ug] Ansdf kfli6s tTj

a9fpg] k|ljlw af] hfgsfL pBf]uLnfO pknAw ufpg dgflj xg] b]lvG5

= DefJotfsf] cfwfdf j8f g+ df 8]L pBf]u +rfng uL bwsf klsf tof uL

laqmL ug] Jojyf ldnfpg]

$= hUufsf] pknAwtf kfgLsf] pknAwtfl8kf]hn ug] 7fpFsf] pknAwtf hgjfYo

+If0fsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 j8f g+ (df fuf] vLsf] nflu j8f g+ jf $ df svfsf]

nflu jwyn lgdf0f uL +rfng ug]

= JoafoL kmfdsf] kdf amp k|ltzt hL ufO jf df eL kfng jf ) eGbf a9L

afv|fkfng ug] JoafoLnfO kz vLb ubf sd Jofh bdf C0f lbg kxn ug] 9jfgL

cgbfgsf] d]t Jojyf ldnfpFg]

svfkfng ljtf

jltaf6 s]xL bL 6f9f xg] uL j8f g+ $ df Jojflos svfkfng ljtf ug] j8f

g+ df cw Jojflos svfkfng sfonfO lgGttf lbg] j8f g+ df cw Jojflos

yfgLo svfkfng sfo +rfng ug]

kzkfng Jojfo +rfng ubf s[ifsdivideJojfoLsf] xeflutf

cWoogsf] s|ddf s[ifs JojfoLxn] ) b]lv amp k|ltzt sd sfaf6 Joxf]g kg] cfzo

JoSt u]sf] kfOPsf] 5 xfn kzkfng Jojfodf Joxf]]sf] dof ltgsf] dof dfwfg

ug s[ifssf] tkmaf6 Joxf]g] sdsf] k|ltzt cglrdf $ df k|tfj ulPsf] 5 cglr$

df k|tfljt k|ltzt j8fndashj8fdf s]xL kms b]lvP tfklg kzkfng JojfonfO lbuf] fVg

s|lds kdf f]sfjfnf adf sfos|d kyenofpgsf nflu g= kf= n] cTofjZos ]jf

sfsf] bfloTj leq kg] ]jfsf xsdf lgMzNs pknAw ufpg] lgdf0f sfodf $) divide^)

Uuml cGo sfos|dsf] xsdf ) divide) Uuml sf bn] sd Joxf]g a9L Joxfls xg] b]lvG5

= sfo of]hgf

of] sfo of]hgfdf ljleGg jfnLxsf] nfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f uL nfe nfut cgkft a9L xg]

jfnLxsf] dfq pTkfbg ug lkmfl ulPsf 5g oL tL x]bf cfn pTkfbgsf] nfe

cgkft = 5 eg] bf]|f]df xlt u[xdf 6df6 v]tLsf] cgkft =$^ sfFqmf]sf] =amp fwf0f

6df6sf] pTkfbg =$ x]sf] 5 ctM oL jfnLxnfO JojfoLs kdf cuf8L a9fpg k|tfj

ulPsf] 5 osf cnfjf ljleGg lhNnfxdf kmn sfoqmdnfO klg JojfoLs kdf cuf8L

a9fpg k|tfj ulPsf] 5

40

tflnsf 13 M nfe nfut cgkft

sfoqmd hDdf nfut hDdf

gfkmf

nfedividenfutdivide

cgkft

cgbfg )

) k|ltzt

hDdf

nfut

Wffg pTkfbg amp))= amp() = ) amp)

Dfs pTkfbg ^$= ^) = $ $)

cfn pTkfbg )^ )))) = amp

sfpnL amp=amp )) =( ^$^ $)

6df6 ( amp =$ )amp) $

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 )() ))) =$^ amp^amp ^

Dfnf $amp=amp amp)) =$ amp( ^(

sfFqmf] ampamp=( amp)) =amp ^ ($amp

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

41

j8f cgf k|fyldstf k|fKt sfoqmd ah]6 Jojyf

tflnsf 14M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+= divide

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

snf]sf] Jojyfkg ndash )))))) )))))) ndash )))))) ndash snf]sf] lgdf0f Jojyfkg ug]

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp amp amp amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -

)_

)amp)) -

)_

)amp))

-)_

$) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf]

k|of]u -66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -

$_

^amp -

$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL

tflnd 6g]n lat0f

DfLkfng amp) -

)_

amp) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd

uf]nf lxt 3f lat0f

^ cn+rL dividecdlnf] )))) )))) ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cn+rL dividecdlnf]sf] a]gf lat0f

tflnd

amp sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp ($amp ($amp ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug

Aofsf] lnosf] k|of]u

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ amp(^ amp(^ $ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n

lat0f

( Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

42

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

) kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf -

ht y|] l6n lk_

cfO= lk=Pd= sfoqmd ))))-_ ))))-_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f

emf]ndnsf] fdfu|L lat0f

hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -

Tricho-compost Green Manure

Composting_

Dfnf ndash

^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf]

lat0f

^ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf

pTkfbg tflnd

amp l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash ))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt

ahf rgf s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf amp$()

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=yen +sng s]Gb| lh=Pd=cfO= yen dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf s]Gb|

43

tflnsf 15 Mj8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

sd df

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_ Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

fgf l+rfO ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash ))))) ndash Yf]kf l+rfO Knfli6sdivideld]6 kf]vL

^ cnrL ))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash cn+rL a]gf lat0f tflnd

amp cbjf a]f

pTkfbg

))))) ))))) )))))

))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

kmfd oflGqs0f ndash ))))) ndash ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

( DfLkfng - amp) -_

amp) ^$amp)) ndash Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg

ndash dL kfns lsfgnfO tflnd uf]nf lxt 3f

lat0f

44

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))-_

)))) -_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

tsfL gL ))))

)))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hfljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-

compost Green Manure Composting_

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f ^ kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

amp Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ( l=l=dividelh=Pd=cfO ndash

))))) ndash

ndash ))))) ndash +sng s]Gb dxdf cfwflt ahf rgf

s]Gbsf] yfkgf

hDdf ^amp^^$)

jfO=l=kL=yen ojf s]lGb|t sfoqmd l=l=dividel=l=dividePd=cfO=l=yen +sng s]Gb| divide ahf rgf s]Gb| kmfd Pkm=Pd= kmfd oflGqs0f

45

tflnsf 16M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+=

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmot

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^amp

-$_

^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -

)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f lsf

lgoGq0f_

$ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^

-_

amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp))))

-_

amp))))

-_

ndash ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf dx

jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

amp ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

cbjf a]f

pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

( cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

))))

-_

))))

-_

))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

46

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

) slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

Hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_

tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

$ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u

sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

^ Dfnf ^(-_ ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

( kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg tflnd

hDdf ^amp($)

47

tflnsf 17 M j8f g+= $ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ $

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash SDP LLCP nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

$^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

6g]n lat0f

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

-)_

amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd $ RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_ amp kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ( kfgL Aojyfkg ndash ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash af]lEuml u] kfgLsf] Aojyfkg

) ngdivide Kofh )))) )))) )))) )))) $)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif

48

sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp

-_

ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u lsjL pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash au+rf Aojyfkg tflnd

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f $ sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($

-(_

^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] ^ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

hDdf amp()) P=lk=l8= blnt nlIft sfoqmd P=Pn=L=kL=eldxLg nlIft sfoqmd

49

tflnsf 18 M j8f g+= sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+

k|fyldstf

sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

Xlt u[xdf 6df6 ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^)^ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

6df6 )amp))

-)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp))

-)_ )amp))

-)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

$ tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd cbjf a]f pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf ^ sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u amp RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d LLCP

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n

lk_

( ld]G6]8 kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

50

) cfO= lk=Pd=

sfoqmd

)))) -_ )))) -_ ))))) ndash jfnL laif]z cfO= lk=Pd= kf7zfnf

ndash cfO= lk=Pd= fdfu|L lat0f emf]ndnsf]

fdfu|L lat0f

sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($-(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Dfnf ^( -_ ^(-_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

$ Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f

^ cgfh pTkfbg ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash gFof k|ljlw nlIft s[lif hDdf ^()amp($)

51

tflnsf 19M j8f g+= ^ sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ ^

k|fyldstf sfoqmdx Klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]gtf] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

sfzL v]tL ndash )))) )))) )))) ()))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

s6 v]tL -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp PsufpF Ps pTkfbg

$ sfpnL amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ amp($-(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ ^amp -$_ $^$ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd 6g]n

lat0f

^ 6df6 )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ )amp)) -)_ $) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -66f

lsf lgoGq0f_

amp cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

( ld]G6]8

kf]vL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ndash lgdf0f fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf tfnLd

) Dfnf ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ ^(-_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

52

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf] lnosf]

k|of]u le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable

Retail

Marketing)

))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

$ Gtnf

pTkfbg

^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f hljs dn )))) )))) )))) )))) ))))) ndash Tflnd fdfu|Lsf] pknAwtf -Tricho-compost

Green Manure Composting_ ^ kmfd

oflGqs0f

)))))-_ ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf] pkNawtf

dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|] l6n lk_

hDdf ^)$)

53

tflnsf 20 M j8f g+=amp sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyf ah]6 Jojyf

Jff8 g+ amp

k|fyldstf

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sfzL v]tL )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash sfzL v]tL tflnd

RofFp amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ amp(^ -_ $ ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo (Spawn) ljpsf]

pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

Xlt u[xdf

6df6

^amp -$_ ^amp

-$_

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ndash Aoaflos 6g]n v]tLsf nfuL tflnd

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ndash l6 Pn Pd lno k|sfz kff]sf] k|of]u -

66f lsf lgoGq0f_

kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash Aoaflos v]tLsf nfuL 6g]n lat0f

^ le=cf=Pd=

(Vegetable Retail

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))))) -_ )))))

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amp Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash udnfdf kmNg] hftxmsf] lat0f

kmfd oflGqs0f amp)))) -_ amp))))

-_

amp)))) -_ ndash )))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash cfjZostfdf cfwfLt oGqxmsf]

pkNawtf dx jf xsfLdf - ht y|]

l6n lk_

( cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp -)_ amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

54

) Xlof] tsfL

v]tL ))))) -_ )))))

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfoqmd

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sfpnL amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ amp($ -(_ ^(^ ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] lat0f

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug]

ndash kmn sxfpg] cff lgoGq0f ug Aofsf]

lnosf] k|of]u $ Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f hDdf ampamp$^

55

tflnsf 21 M j8f g sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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cfn pTkfbg amp -)_ amp -)_ amp

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amp

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amp)) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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Dfnf ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ ^( -_ $amp) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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tsfL gL )))) )))) ))))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

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^ kmnsf] v]tL ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) $))))) ndash ojf nlIft sfos|||d

ndash Tflnd u0ftlo ljpsf] pknAwtf

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amp slkm pTkfbg )))) )))) )))) )))) )))) ndash u0ftlo j]gfsf] lat0f

ndash au+rf Aojyfkg Tflnd

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56

kmnkmn gL )))) )))) )))) ^)))) ndash u0ftlo ljpsf] k|of]u ul a]gf pTkfbg

tflnd

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k|of]u Gtnf pTkfbg ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^^ -_ ^$($$ ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f kmnkmn pTkfbg -_ -_ -_ -_ $amp ndash au+rf Aojyfkg

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57

tflnsf 22 M j8f g+= ( sf] k|fyldstf sfoqmd tyfah]6 Jojyf

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58

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v]tL ))))) -_ ))))) -_ )))))

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ndash jftfj0f fk]lIft hftxmsf] lat0f amp cfO= lk=Pd=

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59

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ndash ljpsf] hflto u0f sfod ug] sfFqmf ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ($amp -_ ampamp) ndash u0ftlo nf]sn ljpsf] pknAwtf

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60

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61

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62

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64

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65

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$ ufOkfng Jojflos svfkfng

ufOkfng Jojflos svfdividexfkfng

^ ufOkfng afv|fkfng 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

amp ) ) 8]L dfkn wf

jwyn lgdf0f

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

( ufOdivideelkfng nf]sn svf

) ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufOkfng afv|fkfng

ufO divideelkfng afv|fkfng

gf]6Mndash

= j8f g+ $ ( df cgbfgdf z4 aLp pknAw ufO xeflutfsf] l4fGtdf cfwflt

Jofjflos xlof] 3f pTkfbg kLIf0fsf] kdf ug] k|fKt glthfsf] cfwfdf otf

s[ifsnfO dn aLpm pTkfbg ugdf d]t pTk|]lt ug]

= Jojflos afv|fkfng -)ndash 3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= Ps afv|f gtf]t s]Gb| yfkgf -slDtdf ))) afv|f k|lt gtf]t s]Gb|_

$= Jojflos afv|fkfng -j8f g+ df _-ndash) afv|f_divide3 kfNg]

= Jojflos ufOkfng kmfd -ndash) ufOdividekmfd_

^= JojfloseLkfng kmfd -ndash) eLdividekmfd_

amp= Ps ufO gtf]t s]Gb| -)ndash ufOdivide3sf bn] slDtdf ) 3n] kfNg] _

= xf svf kmfd -xf )) svf )))dividekmfd_

(= afv|fkfng ks]6df af]P af]sf - j6fdividej8f_ lgMzNs lbg]

)= Jojflos svf kmfd -xf $))) svf )))) eGbf a9Ldividekmfd_

Gff]6M kzkfng tkmsf] j8fut sfo of]hgf cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

66

Tfflnsf 27 s[lif Fu DalGwt ljleGg jfnLxsf] rf aifsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj k|If]k0f

afnL

cfwf aif

Ifqkmn x] pTkfbg d] 6 cfwf Afif

pTkfbsTj

j[lcent klxnf]

jif -)= Uuml_

j[lcent bf]gtf] jif

-)=) Uuml_

j[lcent t]gtf]jif

-=))Uuml_

j[lcent rfyf] jif

-=)Uuml_

Wffg - pTkfbsTj_ ( ($$ $=( $=( $=(^ =) =)amp

pTkfbg ( ($$ ($) (amp (^$ (amp$(

Dfs - pTkfbsTj_ ()$ = =$ =amp =^ =^

pTkfbg ()$ ()$ ($) (amp ( ($$

sf]bf] - pTkfbsTj_ )$ $ =( =( =( =(amp =((

pTkfbg )$ $ $ amp ( (( ^)

ux+ - pTkfbsTj_ amp amp() = =$ =amp =) =$

pTkfbg amp amp() = amp(( ^ $ amp

Hff - pTkfbsTj_ ^ ( =^$ =^ =^^ =^amp =^(

pTkfbg ^ ( ^) ^ ^ ^ ^

kmfk - pTkfbsTj_ $ $ =) =)^ =)amp =) =)(

pTkfbg $ $ $=) $$ $ $^ $amp

bfn hft -pTkfbsTj_ () (( =) = = = =$

pTkfbg () (( (( ) ) ) )$

t]nxg -pTkfbsTj_ amp ) =) =)$ =) =)^ =)amp

pTkfbg amp ) ) $

dnf jfnL -pTkfbsTj_ ) ^$$ $=( $=(amp =) =)^ =

pTkfbg ) ^$$ ^$$ ^$ ^$^ ^amp ^^

tsfL -pTkfbsTj_ ^($ ))(^ =^ =) =) $=)) =))

pTkfbg ^($ ))(^ ndash amp () $) ampamp)

Gtnf hft -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ = =$ =( (=)) (=

67

pTkfbg $)$ = ^)amp ^)) ^^ ^)

kmnkmn -pTkfbsTj_ $)$ $=amp = =) =^) +=()

pTkfbg $)$ $=amp amp)) ampamp amp$ ^

cfn -pTkfbsTj amp$ =) (=) )=) =) =) =)

cfn pTkfbg amp$ $amp ^)^ $ $ ($

llrt If]q -afx| dlxgf_ ) )) ) )) $))

llrt If]q x] -dfdL_ )$ )) amp)) ^) ))

Rofp pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ ^() ())) ))) ))) )amp

s6 pTkfbg s]=hL ) ^) ) )) ))

kmn pTkfbg s]=hL )) $)) ))) )) )))

cnrL s]=hL ))) )) )) ))) ^)))

clDf|f] s]=hL ))) )) ))) )))

cbjfdividej]f s]=hL ))) $))) ^))) ))) )))

slkm pTkfbg s]=hL ) ) ) ) )

dfL -) 3f_ s]=hL ^) )))) ))))

Gtnfx]divided] 6 ) $$) = (

l6Dd s]=hL ) ))

68

Tfflnsf 28M kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg

ljj0f cfwfaif Rff alifo of]hgf

)ampdivide)amp^ )amp^divide)ampamp )ampampdivide)amp )ampdivide)amp( )amp(divide))

Dff -xhf d] 6_ ) $ () (amp ((

bw-xhf d] 6_ (amp )) )amp) amp)

c08f -xhfdf_ ^^ ^() amp$ amp amp()

Gf]f6M cgdflgt aflifs A[l4bM bwdf k|ltzt dfdf $ k|ltzt c08fdf $ k|ltzt

gtf]tsf] klxrfg

= g]kfn sf

= wlnv]n gukflnsf

= fem]bf +3 +yf

$= lglh If]q

Tfflnsf 29 M Wflnv]n gukfnLdf xg]s[lifsf] cgdflgt ah]6

sd df

Gfukf

lnsf sfoqmdx klxnf] aif bf]|f] aif t]|f] aif Rffyf] aif hDdf slkmoy

Yff]s ahf ljsf

(WSMD)

)))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) Donor Funded

Pd=cfO=P=l8= ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) )))))) Afhf rgf )))))) )))))) )))))) ))))))

$ Tflnd (TSF) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) ^ Jftfj0f (CCA) )))))) )))))) )))))) )))))) $)))))) amp K|fljlws ljz]if1

(MTP)

))))) ))))) ))))) ))))) ))))))

CHC ))))) ))))) ))))) ^))))) ( Lab ))))) ))))) ^)))))

hDdf )amp)))))) CHC=Custom hiring centre TSF= Training for Staff amp farmers MISD = Market Information System development ES= Expert Service WSMD= Wholesale Market Development CCA=Climate Change Adoptation MTP=Management of Technical Personnel HBD- Hermatic Bag Distribution

kz ]jf tkms]fdVo sfoqmd cgdflgt jh]6zff+

gZn wf sfos|d kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d kz jfYo sfos|d kmfd

Jojyfkg sfos|d kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d cGo

ljz]if sfos|d dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d j+s shfdf Jojflos svfkfng

j+s shfdf jwzfnf lgdf0f sfoqmdsf] lat[t ljj0f cglr $ df lbOPsf] 5

gukflnsfsf] yfoL bjGbL cgfsf sdrfLsf nflu 8ssf] t pGgltdivideddt j8f

j8fdf x]sf e]6]lgL zfvfsf] ejg tyf Nofaf]f6f]L yfkgf tyf +rfng j+saf6 shf

lnO vLb ulg] pGgt kz jf Jojflos svfkfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg] ah]6 o leq

dfj]z ulPsf] 5g f] jfx]s cf= j )amp^divideampamp b]lv )amp(divide)) Dd $ aifsf] nflu

cgdflgt ah]6 o k|sf 5 -Tfflnsf )_M

69

Tfflnsf )M kz ]jf tkmsf]aifut kdf cgdflgt ah]6

sd = xhfdf

j8f g+ aif aif aif aif $ hDdf

) f]sfjfnf

af6 Aoxf]g]

$) )) )^ amp^ $)

(amp $ )

amp(^ ( ( ^

$ $^ amp$( amp amp amp^

)^ )amp ^ $() amp(amp

^ )) ) )) ) ^amp))

amp ) ))) ) ))) (amp))

amp ^) ( ^amp

( )amp )$ ) ( amp(

) $^ amp ) ( ^amp

$ amp( amp amp $amp)

$ amp amp amp ^$(

$ aifsf] hDdf

sd

amp^ $)^ $ ^amp amp) (^

Gf]f6 M

= u0ftLo kz tyf pks0f vLb ug sd Jofh bdf gt[0f pknJw ufpg kxn ulg]5

= sfos|dsf] k|s[lt cggf f]sfjfnfaf6 ) +d sd Aoxf]g] 5g

(= cgudg tyf dNof+sg

+rfng ulPsf sg klg sfos|dsf] cjyf u0ft sld sdhf]Lsf] klxrfg ug lgGt

kdf cgudg dNof+sg ugkg] xG5 cgudgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]LnfO s|lds

kdf x6fO sfos|dnfO k|efjsfL agfpg lhDd]jf lgsfosf] stJo xg cfpb5 ty w=

g= kf= n] of] 0fgLlts of]hgf cgf +rfng ug] sfos|dsf] cgudg ug Ps +oGq agfpg]5

sfos|d +rfngdf eP u]sf sdL sdhf]LnfO x6fpg f]sfjfnfnfO emfj Nnfx tyf

cfjZos k]df r]t d]t ufpg Sg]5 oL +rflnt of]hgf z ePsf] aifdf

dWosflng of]hgf dNof+sg cGTodf k6s of]hgfsf] pknlJw dNof+sg ug]5 dNof+sgaf6

cfPsf k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwfdf csf] cfjlws 0fglts of]hgf thdf tyf sfofGjog ug]5 $

jifdf xg] kzhGo kbfysf] pTkfbg cgdfg dfyL Tfflnsf df lbOPsf] 5

70

)= Gbe fdu|L

Agriculture Profile of Kavrepalanchok District 20702071 District Agriculture Development

Office

Annual Agriculture Development Program and Statistics Booklet 2073 District Agriculture

Development Office Kavrepalanchok

Annual Progress Report Booklet 20722073 and 207374 District Livestock ServiceOffice

Kavrepalanchok

Cost of Production and marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475

Market Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Cost of Production and benefit cost analysis of fruit farming in Nepal 207475 Market

Research

and Statistics Management Program (Verified from Field Survey 2075)

Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint VentureWith Nidan

International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and Research Service

PvtLtd

District Agriculture Profile and Statistics Booklet of Kavrepalanchok 20702071 District

Agriculture Development Office Kavrepalanchok

District Profile of Kavrepalanchok 2071 District Development Committee District Profile

Kavrepalanchok 2074 CBS Kavrepalanchok

Field survey and Horticulture Development Centre Kirtipur

Field survey including cost benefit analysis of KRISHI BEBASAYA PRABARDHAN RA

BAJAR BIKAS NIRDESANALAYA 2018

Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Kavrepalanchowak Darpan 2074

MOALD amp Department of customs

National Population and Housing Census 2011 2017 Ward Level CBS Kathmandu

Soil Report of Dhulikhel Nagarpalika Profile Ojaswi Out Sourcing Center PvtLtd Joint

VentureWith Nidan International PvtLtd 207374 In Association with Geo Info Solution and

Research Service Pvt Ltd

71

cglr 1M ljleGg j8fxsf] 3wL +Vof h+Vofsf] ljj0f

Source Field survey

SN Total

HH Total ppl

Janjati Dalit Other Caste Landless

HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl HH Ppl

1 550 2240 165 672 49 201 335 1362 1 5

2 621 2527 150 600 43 215 421 1684 7 28

3 524 2096 300 1200 10 40 204 816 10 42

4 853 3412 341 1365 171 684 337 347 4 16

5 1000 4007 800 3200 30 120 163 652 7 35

6 375 1500 95 380 1 4 234 937 45 180

7 390 1560 70 1480 2 8 13 52 5 20

8 915 3739 450 1800 60 240 394 1654 11 45

9 1047 4188 60 241 1000 778 2904 9 43

10 322 2183 105 735 126 197 1310 2 12

11 839 4192 295 1445 260 491 2405 8 35

12 660 2930 462 2310 140 163 480 0 0

Total 8096 34574 3293 15428 3038 3730 14603 109 032

Perce

nt

100 100 4067 830 906 4608 4355 135 137

72

cglr 2M ljleGg j8fxdf ulPsf] 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] ljj0f

WN Problems

1 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

wild creatures

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

2 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of seed

quality

3Lack of

technician

4 Heavy

application of

pesticides

5 Lack of proper

transportation

6 Problem of

wild creatures

7 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

4 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

5 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

proper

management of

river

6 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

7 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

73

8 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Increasing

plotting of the

agricultural

lands

8 Lack of

collection

centre

9 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

10 1 Lack of

Irrigation

2 No better price

to organic

products

3 Lack of

seed quality

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Lack of

collection

centre

11 1 Lack of

Trainings

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

technician

4 Lack of

irrigation channel

5 Problem of

mechnization

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Lack of

proper

transportation

8 Lack of seed

quality

12 1 Lack of

seed quality

2 Lack of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Lack of

irrigation

channel

4 Lack of

technician

5 Heavy

application of

pesticides

6 No better

price to organic

products

7 Problem of

insect pest in

citrus

8 Lack of

collection

centre

Source Field survey

74

cglr 3M 5nkmnjf6 lgwf0f ulPsf] dofxsf] dfwfg DjlGw ljj0f

Way out Share

External Internal

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Management

for wild

creatures

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

60 40

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access to

quality seed

3 Access to

technician

4

Enhanceme

nt of IPM

technology

5 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

6 Management

for wild

creatures

7 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

product

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

60 40

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Damage due

to flood shoul be

compensated

70 30

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

70 30

75

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper land

use policies

8 Access to

collection center

70 30

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

75 25

1 Access

of

irrigation

channel

2 Better price

to organic

products

3 Access to

quality seed

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

7 Access to

collection

center

50 50

1 Acess of

Trainings

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access to

technician

4 Access

of

irrigation

channel

5 Easy access

to mechanized

tools

6 Better price

to organic

products

7 Proper

transportation

facilty for 365

days

8 Access to

quality seed

50 50

1 Access

to quality

seed

2 Access of

Market

mangement

facilities

3 Access of

irrigation

channel

4 Access

to

technician

5

Enhancement

of IPM

technology

6 Better price

to organic

products

7

Management

of citrus based

pests

8 Access to

collection center

75 25

Source Field survey

76

cglr 4M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] 3wLsf] hUufsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Land Category in Ropane

Category HH Max Min

1

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

240 199 111

30 2

Total 550

2

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

310 205 106

40

Total 612

3

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

250 165 109

35 lt6 Ana

Total 524

4

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

503 271 79

40 lt1

Total 853

5 1 1-10 1000 5 lt05 Tota 1000

6 1 1 1-10 375

Total 375

7 1 1-10 2 10-20

290 100

15 lt05

Total 390

8

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

477 382 56

55 1

Total 915

9

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

571 440 36

30 05

Total 1047

10

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

208 92 22

50 lt05

Total 322

11

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

420 360 59

45 1

Total 839

12

1 1-10 2 10-20 3 20 of Above

330 250 70

48 1

Total 660

77

cglr 5M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] cGg jfnL kmnkmnsf]

ljj0f

Major cereal crops Major fruit crops

1Paddy 2Maize 1Pomegranate 2citrus

1Maize 2Paddy 1 Citrus

1Maize 2Paddy

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard 1Walnut 2Hog plum 3Plum

1Paddy 2Maize

1Paddy 2Maize 3Mustard

1Maize 2Paddy 3Wheat 1sweet orange 2 walnut 3Dragon fruit

1Maize 2Paddy 1Orange 2litchi 3Mango

1Maize 2Paddy 1C itrus

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3litchi

1Paddy 2Maize 3Wheat 1Citrus 2persimmon 3Avocado

Source Field survey

cglr 6M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf nufOg] tsfL jfnLsf] ljj0f

W

N

Major vegetable crops

1 1Tomato 2 Potato 3Bittergourd 4GarlicOnio

n

5Cauliflower

cabbage

6Green leaf

vegetable

2 1

Tomato

2Potato 3 Cucumber 4 cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

3 1Tomato 2Potato 3Cucurbitaceou

s

4Cauliflower 5 GarlicOnion 6Green leaf

vegetable

4 1Tomato 2Potato 3cauliflowerCa

bbage

4Garlic 5 Cucurbits 6 Beans

5 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Radish 6 Cucumber

cucurbits

6 1Potato 2Tomato 3Raddish 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Cucurbits 6 Garlic

Onion

7 1Potato 2Green

leaf

vegetable

3Garlic 4Raddish 5Bean 6Cauliflower

cabbage

8 1Tomota 2Raddish 3Potato 4

Cauliflower

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Beans

9 1Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4Cucurbitac

eous crops

5 GarlicOnion 6 Green leaf

vegetables

10 1Potato 2Cauliflo

wer

3Tomato 4Cabbage 5 Cucurbits 6Green leaf

vegetable

11 1Potato 2cucubitac

eous crop

3GarlicOnion 4Green leaf

vegetable

5 Tomato 6 Green leaf

vegetables

12 1 Potato 2Tomato 3Cauliflower 4

OnionGarlic

5 Green leaf

vegetables

6 Radish

Potato 5833 3333 CF= 3333

Tomato 4167 3333

78

cglr 7M wlnv]n g=kf= cGtutsf j8fdf x]sf] gtf]txsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Forest Road

Electri

city

Source of

water (Nil

availableinad

equate very

scarcePlenty)

Moistur

e in soil Remarks

Forest

resource

size

No Of

Commun

ity forest

Rough Metal

1 Plenty 4 and 1

leasehold

Max No Yes Plenty Good

2 Medium 7 Max No Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good

3 Medium 3 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

4 Very small No Nil Yes Yes Inadequate

5 Medium 1 Max Min Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Fair

6 Small size 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Fair

7 Large 1 Min Max Yes Inadequate Not

good

8 Plenty 5 Rough Yes Very Scarce

Nil

Good No source of water

9

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Inadequate Varying Deep boring will be

tried at 5 points

and have source in

2 areas

10 Plenty 1 Max Least Yes Inadequate Good Have source of

water

11

Plenty 7 Max Least Yes Adequate Good Have source of

water but no land

for forage

cultivation

12

Plenty 5 Max Least Yes Very Scarce

Nil in the

field but has

stream

Good

79

cglr 8M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] tfkqmdsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly

Average

2007 Max 0C 138 14 201 247 262 264 255 262 249 233 197 166 2178

Min 0C 38 51 82 131 157 18 19 19 178 139 85 44 1221

2008 Max 0C 15 174 222 27 271 267 269 259 247 228 195 159 2259

Min 0C 37 36 9 116 138 18 189 186 171 127 86 64 1183

2009 Max 0C 164 199 223 271 254 272 266 259 251 225 189 154 2273

Min 0C 51 67 86 129 144 173 188 185 167 133 92 5 1221

2010 Max 0C 168 178 247 283 281 288 26 255 242 225 193 161 2318

Min 0C 41 47 102 13 148 178 187 186 172 134 89 36 1208

2011 Max 0C 146 178 226 243 253 261 253 266 251 23 179 161 2206

Min 0C 24 49 8 107 142 169 181 179 164 134 87 41 1131

2012 Max 0C 166 186 DNA 258 291 292 261 263 256 233 195 175 2342

Min 0C 2 55 DNA 119 146 184 192 186 175 117 65 41 1182

2013 Max 0C 159 20 243 259 279 264 262 262 183 215 187 155 2223

Min 0C 22 54 96 121 158 183 188 182 45 11 4 45 1037

2014 Max 0C 154 17 212 262 267 273 267 255 242 197 146 112 2131

Min 0C 41 54 83 118 152 187 194 187 172 124 89 48 1208

2015 Max 0C 111 14 17 19 245 252 228 224 221 185 146 103 1846

Min 0C 43 59 88 114 15 179 179 174 169 128 89 42 1178

2016 Max 0C 10 149 188 237 217 235 223 23 21 186 146 124 1871

Min 0C 36 64 98 138 149 18 189 185 176 141 81 6 1248

Monthly Average

Max 0C 1456 1714 2147 2520 2620 2668 2544 2535 2352 2157 1773 1470

Min 0C 353 536 894 1223 1484 1793 1877 1840 1589 1287 803 471

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

cglr 9M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg jifdf lnOPsf] jiffsf] ljj0f

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yearly Total

2007 0 1106 356 1162 904 171 287 237 2894 492 4 0 13907

2008 6 0 17 374 1053 216 174 317 2392 18 0 2 11324

2009 0 0 142 182 135 134 314 313 737 487 0 75 10587

2010 1 422 142 674 409 682 434 330 1692 322 0 0 11988

2011 35 473 163 642 2079 267 287 276 2574 4 265 0 1458

2012 99 272 12 98 361 111 423 DNA 2101 0 0 0 9166

2013 63 342 226 534 934 149 294 155 797 122 0 0 10097

2014 3 125 383 122 1363 136 332 288 2136 732 0 194 12643

2015 13 256 73 659 182 111 369 427 997 292 0 0 12193

2016 12 104 13 43 1383 179 363 132 3378 917 0 0 12583

Total Monthly

322 310 234 5372 1002 1543 3277 2475 1970 469 305 289

gtf]tM xfO8laquof]nf]hL d]6laquof]nf]hL ljefu

80

cglr 10M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] If]qkmn cDbfgLsf] ljj0f

Source Field Survey

Ward

No

Area under Vegetable

Cultivation Area Under Cereal Cultivation Income year

(Based on Ag)

Source of Income

Summer Rainy Winter Total Summer Rainy Winter Total Primary Secondary Teritary

1 70 10 100 180 30 90 0 120 5-7 Lakh Agriculture Business JobDily wage

2 80 5 100 185 20 95 0 115 6-8 Lakh Agriculture Job Business Livestocl

3 72 15 87 174 28 85 0 113 3-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculturelivestock

4 75 20 105 200 25 80 0 105 2-5 Lakh Business Job AgricultureLivestock

5 75 5 77 157 25 95 0 120 4-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

6 80 15 67 162 20 85 0 105 2-4 Lakh Business Job Agriculture FJ

7 75 20 55 150 25 80 0 105 1-2 lakh Business Job AgriculturetourismFJ

8 80 10 80 170 20 90 0 110 4-5 Lakh Agriculture Job Jobs

9 80 5 89 174 20 95 0 115 6-7 Lakh Agriculture Business Jobs

10 75 25 78 178 25 75 0 100 5-6 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

11 90 35 90 215 10 65 0 75 8-9 Lakh Agriculture Job Business

12 90 30 92 212 10 70 0 80 7-9 Lakh Agriculture Business Job

Total 942 195 1020 2157 258 1005 0 1263

81

cglr 11M wlnv]n g=kf= sf] ljleGg j8fxdf x]sf] ljleGg jfnLxsf] cft

nfut dgfkmfsf] ljj0f

=k|lt f]kgL wfg pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^=dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ))dividendash

sn gtd kof )))

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f )= ) dividendash y|] 306f )= ) ^=dividendash aLp s]hL amp)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL ^ ( dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) dividendash olof s]hL = ) ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash lhIacute s]hL )= ) ^)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof )) dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ^) )=dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof ) dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp))=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof amp()dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL amp) ^amp)dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL $)) )) dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ()=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )) dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof )) dividendash Afhf dNo kof amp)$dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof amp= dividendash BC ratio = dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

82

_ k|lt f]kgL ds pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof dfgjLo gtd kof $ amp)) ))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

y|] 306f

aLp s]hL = $) ^)dividendash k|]o 306f

Dnvfb s]hL ^ (dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = =dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL

lhIacute s]hL

afnL +If0f kof )dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof ))dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=)$ $()= (=)dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof ^dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNoAringfp kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ^$=dividendash sn dgfkmf (GrossIncome) kof ^)dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL ) amp)dividendash v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^)=$dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ^))dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ))dividendash Afhf dNo s]hL ) amp$)dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof amp$=$dividendash BC ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

83

_ k|lt f]kgL cfn pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production

and Margin per ropani) ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof DfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sngtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL () ^) $)dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash dnvfb s]hL ) ()dividendash dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL = amp=dividendash olof s]hL ) ()dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ))dividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) =dividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof dividendash eld s kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (TotalCost) kof )^dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ))

pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof (^dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof )dividendash ahf dNo kof )) )))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof (dividendash BC Ratio =dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

84

$_ k|lt f]kgL sfpnL pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut(variable cost) kof ^)=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) ())dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )=$ ^) ^)dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL

k|]o 306f )= ) $=dividendash Dnvfb s]hL )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ^dividendash olof s]hL $= ) dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )= ^)=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL ) ) ))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof ^^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof $)dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof dividendash ahf dNo kof ampamp ampdividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof $)^=dividendash BC Ratio =(dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

85

_ k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof $amp dividendash dfgjLo gtd kof amp)) $))dividendash sn gtd kof ))) )))dividendash kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=) )))) $))dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash dn vfb s]hL ()) ))dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL $ )dividendash olof s]hL $ ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof

Jojyfkg nfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) ( $=($dividendash eldksectf kof

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash snvr (Total Cost) kof (dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof ampdividendash dVopTkfbg s]hL ) ampdividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof )ampampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof )dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof $dividendash ahf dNo kof )))dividendash vb gfkmf(Net Profit) kof ampdividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

86

^_ k|lt f]kgL dnf pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_(Average cost of Production and Margin per Ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof )(^=ampdividendash dfgjLo gtd kof ) amp)) amp)))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash kDk ]6 306f

aLp s]hL )=)$ $) dividendash k|]o 306f )= ) dividendash dn vfb s]hL amp) )dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL )dividendash olof s]hL = ) ampdividendash kf]6f s]hL $) $)dividendash afnL +If0f kof ampdividendash Jojyfkg nfut kof )dividendash r nfutdf Aofh kof ^amp=ampdividendash cGo nfut kof

ly nfut (Fixed Cost) kof ))dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof dividendash v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof

v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof )dividendash v]t pks0fsf] ddt ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof $amp=ampdividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL () amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df snnfe kof ^=dividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ($=dividendash Afhfls0f dNo kof ampdividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof $($=dividendash BC Ratio =$dividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cerealsvegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

87

amp_ k|lt f]kgL sfs|f] pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf -cGt_ (Average cost of Production and Margin per ropani)

ljz]if (Particular) OsfO Kldf0f dNo k|lt OsfO hDdf nfut nfe

pTkfbgsf] cft nfutk|lt f]kgL

r nfut (variable cost) kof =(dividendash DffgjLo gtd kof amp)) ^))dividendash sn gtd kof

kfj l6n 306f )= ^) dividendash k|]o 306f ) )dividendash aLp s]hL )=) ^)) ampdividendash dn vfb s]hL () ampamp)dividendash Dn s]hL

l8 P kL s]hL ) )dividendash olof s]hL ) )dividendash kf]6f s]hL $) )dividendash afnL +If0f fog kof

Jojyfkgnfut kof

r nfutdf Aofh kof )=) )($ =(dividendash eldksectf

cGo nfut kof ))dividendash ly nfut(Fixed Cost) kof dividendash elds kof dividendash kfgL s kof

v]t pks0fsf] dNo Aringf kof )dividendash v]t pksf0fsf] ddt kof ))dividendash sn vr (Total Cost) kof ampamp=(dividendash sn dgfkmf (Gross Income) kof amp))dividendash dVo pTkfbg s]hL )) amp))dividendash pTkfbg 4ff s]hL

v]t u]6df sn nfe kof amp=ampdividendash k|lt sOG6n nfut kof ))=amp(dividendash ahfls0f dNo kof ))) amp )dividendash ahf dNo kof amp)))dividendash vb gfkmf (Net Profit) kof =(=ampdividendash BC Ratio =ampdividendash

Source Cost of Production and Marketing margin of cereals vegetables and industrial crops 207475 Market

Research and Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

88

परति रोपनी सनतला उतपादनको औसि लागि र मातजिन (Average cost of production and margin per Ropani)

तिशष(particular) एकाइ(unit) मातरा (quantity) मलय(price) Value in Rs

उतपादनको औसि लागि परति रोपनी

चर लागि(variable cost) रपया 9812

मानव शरम दिन 2 1000 2000

बल शरम दिन

टर याकटर घणटा 1 650 650

सपरयर घणटा 5 30 150

फनचिग घणटा

रखािकन दिन 05 1200 600

दबरवा वटा 17 50 850

मलखाि क जी 170 3 51

मल क जी

दि ए पी क जी 15 55 83

यररया क जी 1 30 30

पोटास क जी 05 40 20

बाली सिरकषण रसायन रपया 400

दमशर बोरड़ोण र माइकरो पोषक ततव 700

तादलम र काट छााटन 1000

उपकरण नमबर 1 1000 1000

वयवसथापन लागत रपया 1 900 900

चर लागत मा बयाज रपया 004 9447 3778

भदम पटटा रपया

अनय लागत रपया 1000

सथिर लागि(fixed cost) रपया 1013

भदम कर रपया 3

पानी कर रपया

खत उपकरणको मलयहरास रपया 10

खत उपकरणको मममत रपया 1000

कल खचि(total cost) रपया 10825

कल आय(gross income) रपया 75000

कल आय परति िषि (gross income

per year)

25000

मखय उतपािन क जी 2500 30 75000

उतपािन दवारा क जी

खत गट मा कल लाभ रपया 64175

परति क़इनटल लागि रपया 1500

बजारीकरण मलय रपया 400

बजारमा मलय क जी 2400 40 96000

कल नाफा( Net profit) रपया 84775

BC ratio 231

Source Cost of Production and Benefit Cost Analysis of Fruit Farming in Nepal 207475 Market Research and

Statistics Management Program (Verified from field survey)

89

Benefit cost analysis of Apiculture Sno Benefit cost Analysis

(A) Fixed costs 50 hives

1 Cost of hives (50 frames each) with bees Rs 11000 per hive 550000

2 Wax sheet 1 kg Rs 700 per kg 35000

3 Honey extractor local 7000

4 Smoker local 400

5 Hive tool (hammer knives hand saw etc) 1000

6 Comb foundation 2000

7 06 kg Steel wire (20-30 gauge) Rs 150 per kg 1200

8 Bee veil 3Nos 200 Rs per veil 600

9 Honey canes 30 No Rs 250Cane 7500

10 Miscellaneous expenses approximately Rs 50 per hive 3000

Total fix cost 607700

Variable cost

1 Full time labor 9000 per month 9000

2 Suger per single colony ( 8 kgmonths)Rs 60 per kg 4000

3 Medicine chemical treatment with formic acid and Apistan

strips for mite control for single colony

2000

4 Transportation charges 6000

5 Rent charges per season 3500

6 Miscellaneous and unforeseen expenditure 2500

7 Total Variable cost 27000

Total cost 634700

8 Gross Profit (50 Ghars40kg ghar600 selling price) 1200000

BCR 189

Source On the basis of discussion with Plant Proction Directorate

cglr 12M k|lt f]kgL uf]ne]8f pTkfbgsf] cfft nfut dgfkmf cGt

Source Intensive Multipurpose Agriculture Development Company Pvt Ltd Tikathli

Description Total Cost per Ropani year

1 Plastic House 1250005 years = 25000 per year

2 Fertilizer 28000

3 Vitamin 4490

4 Insecticide and

Pesticide

3500

5 Pipes and Pump 11000

6 Sprayer 1600

7 Plastic Crate 1800

8 Land Lease 12000

9 Labors 15000

10 Total 102390

90

cglr 13M b]zdf x]sf jfnLxsf] cfoftsf] ljj0f

SNo Commodity Amount (Rs)

1 Paddyrice 27 17 billion

2 Maize 1044 billion

3 Vegetables 1593 billion

4 Fruits amp nuts 1054 billion

5 OnionPotatoes 753 billion

6 Meat and fish 733 billion

Total 7894 Billion

Others 2106 Billion

Grand Total 100 Billion

Source MOALD amp Department of customs

91

cglr 14M kz ]jf +alGwt j8fut sfo of]hgf

sfos|d j8f g+

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt ah]6

))) df +Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

gZn wf sfos|d pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 625 6250 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 5 200 0 0 5 200 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg +Vof 632 315 0 0 5 3 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

j8fxdf_

+Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

dxut afv|fkfng -)j6f k|lt3_ +Vof 200 1000 200 1000 200 1000 - -

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ s] hL 250 75 0 0 0 0 0 0

8fn] 3fF gl yfkgf - ))) ljjf_ j8f g+ _ j6f 1 30 0 0 1 30 0 0

8fn] 3fF ljjf 9jfgL cgbfg l6laquok 1 5 1 5 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ S] hL sf] k|lt ufO[kfns

3df sf bn]_

+Vof 400 120 0 0 400 120 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 425 43 425 43 425 43 425 43

vf]k ]jf +Vof 400 200 400 200 400 200 400 200

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30 1000 30

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf +Vof 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ ^ dlxgf 1 120 0 1 120 0

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg k6s 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg k6s 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

l8lkordf 6ofIacute lgdf0f +Vof 1 150 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

vf] hTtf]] wf sfos|d +Vof 25 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

92

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 25 175 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 200 125 0 200 125 0

uf]7 wf sfos|d +Vof 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000 50 2000

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf +rfng -j8f

g+ sf] lardf kg] uL_

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 0 0 0

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg k6s 1 1000 1 1000 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0

0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 B 1 200 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

sn sd 6480 2100 2863 1765

93

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9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 2 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a j8fxdf_ +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ - a j8fxdf_ 0 0 0 0 0

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kz jfYo sfos|d

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

kz lrlsTs Jojyf - df lgLIf0fdf nflu_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

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$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ 5 100 5 100 5 100 5 100

svf kmfd k|jwg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

94

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dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

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sn sd 9732 4332 3232 2832

95

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9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 200 600 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 Hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 Hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

96

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ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 +Vof 5 500 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 0 0 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 2 400 1 200 0 0 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 5 500 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 100 700 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 f]kgL 20 20 20 20 20 20

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 20 140 0 0 0 20 140 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf +Vof 100 30 +Vof 100 30 100 30 100 30

svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 Hjfg 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 7962 3934 2392 2552

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amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 200 30000 0 0 0 0

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng - ufO eL kfng ug] a

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb - a j8fxdf_ f]kgL 0 0 20 30 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+ $ ( df_ f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f - cgbfgdf_ s] hL sf] k|lt ufOkfns 3df

sf bn]_

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kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf hgf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_^ dlxgf hgf 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg +Vof 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d +Vof 20 800 20 800 20 800 20 800

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 20 100 20 100 20 100 20 100

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb +Vof 5 500 5 500 5 500 5 500

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 0 0 50 500 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 0 0 1 250 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

98

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kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ 1 300 1 300 0 0 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 k6s 1 50 1 50 0 0 0 0

xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg 0 0 5 500 0 0 0 0

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 100 700 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 20 140 0 0 0 0

k|f= pkrf ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf +Vof 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

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svf rNnf ljt0f 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0 eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 0 0 0 0

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5

5

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1 j+s C0fdf

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99

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s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 250 50 250 50 250 50 250 50

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO +Vof 0 0 200 600 0 0 200 600

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d

0

0 0 0 0 0

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lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 20 20 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 6g 20

0 0 0 0 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 0 0 90 27 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf f]kgL 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg f]kgL 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d

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kz ljdf Jojyfkg f]kgL

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kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof

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0 0 0 0 0

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^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d

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100

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ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] k6s

0

0

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x] k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 0 0 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d +Vof

0 0 0 0 0

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xsfodf uf]a Uof h8fg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

svf rNnf ljt0f +Vof 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8 1500 8

svfsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 15 75 15 75 15 75 15 75

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf +Vof

0

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khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 1500 10 0 10 1500 10 0 10

ynut svf kfng tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60

j+s C0fdf Jojflos svfkfng +Vof 5

5

5

5

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3065

1037

2365

1490

101

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amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfgdf +Vof 2 80 0 0 2 80 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 1 250 1 250 1 250 1 250

df kn wf +Vof 3 450 0 0 3 450 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd 2500 852 2500 850

102

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kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d 6g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

8]L kn wf +Vof 3 750 0 0 3 750 0 0

df kn wf +Vof 2 300 2 300 2 300 2 300

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d k6s 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

df k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amp lbg]_ k6s 1 500 0 0 1 500 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ k6s 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

dNo gt[+vnfdf +nUg a s[ifs JojfoLnfO r]tgf

uf]li7

k6s 1 100 1 100 1 100 1 100

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 +Vof 0 0 1 50 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg +Vof 0 0 1 1000 0 0 1 1000

d]l8sn Nofaf]6L 6]Sgf]nf]lhi6 jf tflnd k|fKt

Nofaf]6L cli6]G6

hgf 0 0 1

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dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hgf 10 600 10 600 10 600 10 600

sn sd

2950

2050

2950

2050

103

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gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz klxrfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

ldgn Ans lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 1000 300 0 0 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

104

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 300 0 0 1 300 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 300

cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg - j8f _ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3812 2782 6102 2982

105

sfos|d j8f (

l

g+

sfos|d OsfO

aif aif aif aif $

+Vof divide

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

pGgt afv|f vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 2000 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb cgbfg +Vof 0 0 0 0 5 200 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg tyf las|L lat0f-f]kgL_ -j8f g+

( df_

f]kgL 30 45 15 22 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

106

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000 0 0

jwzfnf lgdf0f tyf Jojyfkg +Vof

2 10000

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEofdivide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

ufzfnf lgdf0f uL ltgLxsf] Joayfkg +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] Hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3507 2804 5502 11982

107

sfos|d j8f g+ )

l g+ sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6 )))

df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

e]6]lgL cfifwL kn Jojyfkg 1 50 0 0 1 50 0 0

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

108

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

afv|fdividevLdivideyf= svf +sng s]Gb| lgdf0f tyf

+rfng

1 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd -

lbg]_

+Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

snf]divide kfgL Jojyfkg - j8f ) df_ k6s 1 1000 0 0 0 1 1000

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

bw k|zf]wg DalGwt tflnd -amplbg]_ 0 0 0 0 0 0

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 5462 2782 5502 2982

109

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

x] pTkfbg -6g_ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fOnf] lk6 lgdf0f kLIf0f 0 0 0 0 1 100 0 0

fOn]h pTkfbg -6g_ f]kgL 0 0 20 10 800 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 1 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

110

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 5 500 5 500 0 0 0 0

8]L pBf]u yfkgf 0 0 0 0 1 500

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 1000 0 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200

0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3792 6212 1782

111

sfos|d j8f g++

l

g+

sfos|d

aif aif aif aif $

OsfO +Vof

dividekldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

kldf0f

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

+Vof

cgdflgt

ah]6

))) df

gZn wf sfos|d

amp k| z hL ufO vLbdivide eLkfng tyf k|jwg +Vof 0 0 0 0 200 30000 0 0

s[=u= Joayfkg tyf +rfng +Vof 500 100 500 100 500 100 500 100

9jfgL cgbfg ))) k|lt ufO divideeL 0 0 0 0 200 600 0 0

kz cxff pTkfbg tyf Jojyfkg sfos|d +Vof 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fFsf] dn aLp vLb f]kgL 40 60 0 0 0 0 0 0

aif] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 10 20 10 0 0 0 0

kz jfYo sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

k|fylds pkrf ]jf 200 40 200 40 200 40 200 40

vf]k ]jf +Vof 800 40 800 40 800 40 800 40

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf 800 80 800 80 800 80 800 80

k|fljlwssf] Jojyf 1 390 1 390 1 390 1 390

ljlzi6 kz lrlsTf ]jf -sfdf_ +Vof 1 120 1 120 1 120 1 120

u|fld0f kz jYo sfostf Jojyfkg hgf 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

$ kmfd Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

uf]7 tyf esff] wf sfos|d hgf 20 800 20 800 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 50 0 0 0 0 0 0

rfkm s6 lat0f -cgbfgdf_ +Vof 5 100 5 100 0 0 0 0

kz ljdf Jojyfkg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldlsEuml d[lzg vLb 0 0 0 0 5 500 5 500

kz klxrfg 0 0 0 0 200 40 0 0

kz ahf Jojyfkg sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ldNs PgfnfOh sDKo6 vLb tyf lat0f 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

ldNs Sofg vLb tyf lat0f +Vof 50 500 50 500 0 0 0 0

lrlnordf Eof6 vLb +Vof 1 1000

112

9f]8 rf]s s]sf] 3fFsf] Ans pBf]u -j8f g++ ()

sf] aLr kg]uL j8f g+ df_

+Vof 0 0 0 0 1 2000 0

^ ynut tflnd tyf uf]li7 sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ynut ufO kfng tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200

kmf bw pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 1 250 0 0 1 200 0 0

cn cEof divide hljs IFFff DalGwt tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 1 200 0 0 1 200 0 0

x] fOn]h k|ljlw xtfGt0f tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 300 0 0

dx klrfng tyf kmfd Jojyfkg tflnd - lbg]_ +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 1 200

amp cGo ljz]if sfos|d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

hnjfo kljtg cgsng r]tgf uf]li7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 50

aif] kfgL +sng tyf Jojyfkg kLif0f - j8f _ 0 0 1 1000 0 0 0 0

s+KofS6]]8 u|fe]]n f]]8 lgdf0fdivideddt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

dlxnf blnt eldlxgsf nflu sfos|d 1 200 1 200 0 0 0 0

dxdf pGgt afv|f vLb - j6f divides[ifs _ cgbfgdf +Vof 0 0 0 0 100 700 0 0

af]P af]sf vLb +Vof 2 80 0 0 0 0 0 0

lxpb] 3fF pTkfbg -f]kgL_ f]kgL 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0

afv|fsf] vf] lgdf0f +Vof 0 0 0 0 20 140

k|fylds pkrf ]jf k6s 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

vf]k ]jf 100 10 100 10 100 10 100 10

khLlj lgoGq0f ]jf k6s 100 30 100 30 100 30 100 30

ynut afv|f kfng tflnd - lbg]_ 1 200 1 200 1 200 1 200

kmf df pTkfbg tflnd - lbg] +Vof 0 0 0 0 1 200 0 0

eldlxgnfO u s[lif If]qdf +nUg ufpg] hjfg 2 120 2 120 0 0 0 0

sn sd 3422 3782 7512 1782

113

cglr 15M nlIft dx 5nkmnsf xeflux k|dv rgf bftfsf] ljj0f

Participation in FGD and KIS Ward

No

Farmers and

entrepreneurs

Key informants Number

present

1 31 Ward chairman 12

2 21 Technicians 4

3 17 Cooperatives 12

4 19 Milk Cooperatives 2

5 33 Agrovet shop 3

6 17 Others Staff 4

7 16 Vet Hospital and SMS Center Chief 1

8 26 Vet Hospital and SMS Center officers 3

9 13 Agri Dev And Knowledge Center Chief 1

10 12 0

11 22 Total 42

12 35

Total 262

cglr 16M kz ]jf sfos|d +rfngsf] nflu dfhbf hgzlStsf] ljj0f

a Technical HR at Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

SN Designation Present allocation

of posts No

Additional

posts No

1 Class II Officer 1

2 Vet Officer 1

3 Livestock Officer 1

4 Animal Health tech 1

5 Livestock Tech 1

6 Astt AH Tech 1

7 Astt Live Tech 1

8 Radiologist 0 1

9 MLT or Lab Technologist 0 1

10 Vet Gyanecologist MV Sc

Gynaecology

0 1

Total 7 3

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

b Veterinary human resource at Dhilikhel Municipality

SN Designation No 1 Class III Officer 1 2 Animal Health tech 1 3 Office Assistant 1

114

c Veterinary human resource Ward No VAHW Inseminator Vet JTA

1 1 2 1

2 2 2 1

3 2 2 0

4 1 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 0

8 2 2 0

9 2 0 0

10 1 1 1

11 2 1 1

12 1 0 0

Total 15 10 4

Source Vet Hospital and Livestick Service SMS Center 2018

115

cglr 17M wlnv]n g=kf=sf] j8fxdf x]sf] kz kfngsf] ljjf0f

War

d No

Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig No of Poultry farm Livestock farm

No of cattle

buffalo

HH raising

dairy animals

HH raised

CB for

sale

No of

goats

HH Avr No

of goats

House

No of

pigs

HH Avr No

of pig

house

Commerci

al Large

Semi

commercial

1 550 220 0 3400 550 six 650 22 1 22 0 30 4 dairy farm 110 goat

farms having 20-25

HH 1 pig farm

2 800 500 1 2100 500 Five 18 10 Two 8 11 0

3 600 300 15 800 200 4 20 8 Two-

three

0 5 0

4 625 597 0 1062 425 25 50 5 10 15 102 7 dairy farms 2 large

poutry farms

5 578 45 0 20 6 90 4

0 4 to 5 Duck and pig pocket

of Vet Hospital

6 105 35 0 50 13 3 to 4 30 2 15 0 0 2 cow farms

7 123 112 0 35 6 6 to 7 1`1 1 11 0 0 1 pig farm

8 2000 670 0 5000 904 5 10 2 5 1 15 8 cow farms 2 pig

farms

9 2820 1038 0 3200 800 4 to 5 100 1 100 0 21 1 comm pig farm

10 322 250 15 1577 315 5 7 1 7 1 20 of 500 Have 1 fish farm 1

cow farm

11 976 545 0 1585 600 15 15 51 4 0 1 of semi

and less than

1000 = 15

farms

Large cow farm 1 with

300 cows

12 1320 660 0 2112 528 4 0 0 0 0 5 Small

farms only

Tot

al

10819 4972

20941 4847

362 86

25 230

Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

116

cglr 18 wlnv]n g= kf= cGtutsf] e]6gL cktfnn] fv]sf] kz kmfdxsf] ljj0f

Ward No Cow Buffalo farm Goat farm Pig farm Poultry Hatchery

1 9 0 1 0 0

2 9 0 1 1 0

3 2 0 0 1 0

4 4 0 2 0 2

5 2 0 1 1 0

6 2 0 0 0 0

7 1 0 2 1 0

8 8 0 2 1 0

9 4 1 0 1 0

10 4 0 0 1 0

11 9 2 0 1 0

12 5 1 1 5 0

Total 59 4 10 13 2

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center 2018

117

cglr 19M ynut e]If0f jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbg ahfLs0fsf] cgdflgt ljj0f

Ward No

Priority commodity Livestock Farmers

Group Avr Milk sale day in Litre

Avr Milk sale day

HH in Litre

No of Milk collection

center ( Major)

0

Avr Milk collection

day Milk sold to

Avr Goat popu and

sold yr

No of broiler

sold lot

No of eggs sold day I II III Male Female

1 Goat Poultry Cattle 0 0 1980 9 2 1980 Coope 34001750 1500 0

2 Cow Goat 0 0 5000 6 4 5000 CoopeDDC 2000 900 0 1000

3 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 1800 6 3 1800 Locally 800250 0 0

4 Cow Poultry Goat 0 0 2600 6 1 0 Locally 1250 800 1000 0

5 Cow Poultry Sheep goat

0 0 240 6 1 0 Locally 2210 1500 0

6 Cow Pig Goat 0 150 5 1 150 Collection

center 52 16 0 0

7 0 0 0 0 0 - - 1 0 0 400 by 6 HH 0 0

8 Cow Goat Poultry 0 0 6000 7 2 6000

Collection center

4500 1830 8000 0

9 Cow Buffalo

Local poultry 0 0 0 6200 6 2 6200

Collection center

3500 1600 4000 0

10 Cow Goat 0 1 Mixed ( Sharada

Devi Hariyali FG)

0 1250 5 1 1250 Collection

center 1570 630 1500 0

11 Cow Goat Local poultry

0 0 4000 6 2 4000 Coop CC 2480 2000 300

LCday 0

12 Cow Buffalo

Goat Poultry 0 0 3564 6 1 3564

Collection center

1780 1056 2000 0

Total 32784 21

118

cglr 20M wlnv]n g=kf= jf6 k|fKt kzhGo pTkfbgsf] ljj0f

Ward No Milk MT yr ) Meat MT yr Eggs Thouyr Remarks 1 1100 20 5 2 1753 30 7 3 1300 35 4 4 300 30 1610 5 50 35 3 6 40 250 5 7 50 300 3 8 1200 30 4 9 1400 30 3

10 440 20 3 11 800 30 4 12 1300 40 5

Total 9733 850 1656

Source Vet Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Center Dhulikhel 2018

cglr 21M wlnv]n g=kf= df x]sf] Pu|f]e]6 8]L bw +sng s]Gb| df kn sf]

ljj0f

Ward No

Major market No of

agrovet Vet

drugs

Seedspesticides and equipments

available

No of

Dairy shop

Chilling center

No of Meat shop

Slaughtering of buffalo

day

Poultry meat shop

1 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 - 0 1

1 2 Banepa KTM 2 Yes No 1 2 1

0

3 Banepa KTM 1 Yes No 2 0 1

4 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0 2 G

5 Banepa KTM 0 0 0 1 0

3 G

6 Dhulikhel 1 0 0 1 0 3 Buff

7 0 1 Yes Yes 3 0 4 5

8 Dhilikhel Banepa KTM

0 0 0 2 0

1 0 4

9 Dhulikhel KTM 1 (by Coop)

Yes Yes 2 1 1 0 3

10 Middleman 1 Yes 0 1 0 1 0 1 11 Kathmandu 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 12 Panauti

Dhulikhel and Kathmandu

3 Yes Yes 1 1 1 0 1

Total

16 6 20

Goat = G Buffalo = B Source Field survey Figures are in round figure

119

cglr 22M 5nkmnjf6 lgsLPsf dofxsf] dfwfgsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

Safe animal production practice Way to solve problems

1 Used vaccines in poultry but not in other animals Regular use of vaccine in all animals

Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

No shed and manure management practice Soft loan grant training

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Specific short-term training

2 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers entrepreneurs

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

Know about shed and manure management practice but not applied Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of safe milk and meat production

collection storage and transportation

Soft loan grant to procure quality equipments training for quality

production and diversification of milk and meat use of new

technology Not working in group Working in group cooperative

3 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on Biosecurity measures and its

applicagtion Do not know about group mobilization and development Training on group dynamics and development

Scarce human resource to apply safty measures Availability of suitable equipments required for livestock

production collection and storage Do not know about new technologies Training on new technologies

4 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

5 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption for

poultry

120

6 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied Need soft loan and Training on biosecurity and safe production in

value chain Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

7 Not interested in livestock farming 0

8 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program

9 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

10 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

11 Know about biosecurity measures but not applied fully by all farmers Application of recommended measures by all farmers Training to

all stakeholders on manure management Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

12 Do not know about biosecurity measures Training and awareness program on biosecurity and M and E by

the government Separate milk collection chain and price for

biosecure products

Do not know about the techniques of protecting animals from the effects

of climate change and resilience

Training and awareness program on climate change and adoption

manure management

Source Field survey

121

cglr 23M dlxnf eldlxg blnt dbfonfO nlIft sfoqmd

Ward

No

Priority programs for

women

Priority programs for landless farmers

and dalit

Only forage production

in cultivated land for

selling

1 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

2 a Dairy cattle farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Goat farming

3 a Goat farming Poultry keeping Not possible

b Poultry farming Goat farming

4 a Poultry farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Possible as some farmers

are interested b Goat farming Poultry

5 Poultry farming Poultry farming Not possible

6 a Goat farming Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

b Poultry farming Training

c Insurance Awareness program

d Soft loan Subsidy in goat procurement

7 Not interested in

farming

Land in lease and keeping of small animals Not possible

8 Forage Contract farming

Goat farming Subcidy for forage and poultry farming Not possible

9 a Based on capacity Contract farming Possible in some areas

b Specific Training on

production collection

and storage for

commercialization

Subcidy for goat or poultry farming

Species specific training on animal

husbandry

Land in lease to keep small animals

10 a Goat farming Goat farming Not possible

b Cow farming Poultry keeping

Land in lease to keep small animals

11 Cow farming or goat

farming based on

geography

Land in lease to keep small animals Not possible

Species specific training Market management

12 a Cow farming Poultry keeping Not possible b Goat farming Training on poultry keeping Specific Training on commercial

production collection and storage

Source Field survey

122

cglr 24M j8f g+= sf] dVo dof dfwfg cgbfgsf] k|ltzt

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of productive improved goat breeds and Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of Boer and Jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Failure of artificial insemination Used vet technicians to treat and conduct AI 25 75 for experienced technicians

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of local

feed ingredients eg maize bran cake 25 75 ( for maize soya production in

block)

4

Outbreak of FMD mastitis Lifer fluke diseases in majority of cattle and buffalo Farmers not interested in vaccination

Treated by vet technicians but not solved 100 for worms control vaccination and treatment of diseases

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians hardly available Experienced technicians from Dhulikhel are costly

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and many farmers do not know its provisions

25 75

8 Unavailability of vet drugs for ruminants

No well trained person in the ward to keep vet drugs

100 Soft loan from the government

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Scarcity of of quality green grasses during winter

Some farmers tried to get quality seeds 75 25

11 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 25 ( Labour) 75

12 Tax on livestock if moved to market

Complained to authority 0 100

123

Ward No 2 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Some farmers interested in HF cross cows and improved goats

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Development of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer bucks and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed Requested to the feed companies use of

local feed ingredients eg maize Bran cake

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and vaginal prolapse in LA foot disease in goats

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet technicians available Many farmers do not ask for such services

0 100

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance not timely available and done on the basis of volume of loan

A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Inadequate milk collection centers Requested to authority to solve 40 60

12 Problems in marketing of goats Selling in a cheaper price

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

40 60

124

Ward No 3 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows and quality breed of goat

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and quality goat and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats 25 for forage cultivation 75 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly Need to produce locally

Not tried 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from Dhulikhel

Vet doctor not available 40 60

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 40 60

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 40 60

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

40 60

11 Real farmers not identified Requested to DLSO to provide grant

loan to the real farmers 10 90

125

Ward No 4 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows Unavailability of improved goat breed

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter

Tried for oats by some farmers 50 for forage cultivation 50 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality

Complained but no improvement feed prepared locally

25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility in cows

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel Services not found in time

Vet doctor not available 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -

availability of Insurance Company agents in time

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Unproductive animals on road Not done 50 50

126

Ward No 5 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost 1 Costly chicks and no quality breed cows Contacted to DLSO and other

farms 100 Provide soft loan

2 Inadequate water availability and land for forage production for winter for sheep goat

30 for forage cultivation

80 for water harvesting

3 Feed very costly and of low quality Complained but no improvemen 25 75 ( for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cows Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports and disease control

5 Quality veterinary services Costly vet Services Genarally Vet technician available

30 70

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 30 70 7 Unknown about hay and silage technology 30 70 for training 8 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal

husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Rate of milk low

127

Ward No 6 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of Jersey cross cows

Contacted to DLSO and other districts

100 Development of resource centers of jersey cross cattle and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

25 75 for water harvesting

3 Outbreak of FMD mastitis in cattle

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

4 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

5 Costly Vet service DLSO Vet technicians not available 50 50

6

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

7 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

8

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

9 Very dirty slaughtering place no slaughterhouse

Tried to convince to keep clean but not found effective

50

10 No improved goat available

50 50 + soft loan

128

Ward No 7 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in

the total cost Share of the government

in the total cost 1 only 6HHs have goats 2 HHs

have cattle and some farmers have kept back yard poultry

Not interested in livestock but interested in other business

Not applicable Not applicable

Ward No 8 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo Improved breed of goat not available

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan Provide improved bucks for breeding

2

Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Costly service from dhulikhel

Vet technicians available on fees 25 75

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 25 75

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers adopted due to un -availability of Insurance Company agents in time and low insurance value fixed for costly animals and done on the basis of volume of loan

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

75 25 for training

129

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 25 75

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 40 60

11 Problems in marketing of goats Collected by middle men in cheap price

could do nothing But need a collection center

40 for collection center development

60

Ward No 9 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows and pure Murrha buffalo ( now 8 -14 L Jersey cross cow)

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Murrha buffalo by the government and provide soft loan

2 Scarcity of water and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

25 75 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMD mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and buffalo

Treated by vet technicians but recurring every yeartime

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees 50 50

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their

stocks Majority have interest but environment is not favourable

25 75

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

130

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round

50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and need a collection center

Collected by middle men in cheap price can do nothing

50 for collection center development

50

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried But some persons are found interested

50 50

Ward No 10 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and Boer buck and provide soft loan

2

Inadequate water supply but has source and land for forage production

Tried for oats requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land- tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting and deep boring

3 Unavailability of Cattle feed and used home made feed

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment cost 100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

50 50 ( ask for vet service in ward)

131

6 Poor Shed and manure management

Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7

Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology

Not tried 50 50 for training

9

Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development and transportation

12 No person ready to cultivate forage for sale

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman

No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one interested to do this)

132

Ward No 11 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total cost

1 Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have only local cows (Now have some HF X cows) Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Good water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

Requested to owner to provide fallow land in lease but not given by owners

25 for land tax if in leased and forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4

Outbreak of brucellosis FMDHSBQ mastitis Ephemoral fever infertility uterine prolapse and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance A few farmers have insured their stocks

Majority famers do not know the importance of insurance

50 50 for training and awareness

8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road maximum Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11 Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middle men in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 One person ready to cultivate forage for sale but not started

Not tried No one s interested 25 75 ( if some one interested to do this)

13 Market price controlled by middleman No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost if some one

interested to do this)

133

Ward No 12 Major problems faced effort made and programwise share in the total cost for

SN Major problems Effort made to solve Share of the

stakeholder in the total cost

Share of the government in the total

cost

1

Unavailability of 75 Jersey cross cows Have some Jersey X cows Same condition for goat breeds

Contacted to DLSO and other districts 100 Identification of resource centers of 75 Jersey cross cattle and boer buck and provide soft loan

2 Scarce water source but no irrigation facilities has no adequate land for forage production

25 for land tax if land in leased for forage cultivation

75 for water harvesting or water management and irrigation facilities

3 Unavailability of cattle feed and used home made feed (bran cake maize)

Local feed ingredients used eg maize bran cake

50 50 (subcidy for maize soya production in block)

4 Outbreak of FMDHSBQ mastitis infertility and milk fever in cattle and PPR

Vaccinated against diseases Treated by vet technicians but recurring every year

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 for technical supports

5 Quality veterinary services Very Costly service (Rs 500 -1000case fee)

VAHW available on fees Vet doctor not available

Treatment and vaccination cost

100 ( ask for vet service in ward)

6 Poor Shed and manure management Not done due to lack of budget 50 50

7 Livestock insurance Adopted by majority of people but

problem encountered in some places 50 50 for training and

awareness 8 Unknown about hay and silage technology Not tried 50 50 for training

9 Inadequate knowledge and skills on animal husbandry biosecurity quality livestock production and marketing

Tried to get training 50 50

10 Rough road Requested to ward office for timely

maintainance of road for all year round 50 50

11

Problems in marketing of goats and local poultry

Collected by middlemen in cheap price could do nothing But need a collection center and transportation facility

50 for collection center development

50 for both collection center development

12 Market price controlled by middle man No body tried to carry out this 50 50 ( (transportation cost

if some one interested to do this)

Source Field survey

134

cglr 25M wlnv]n g= kf=df x]sf bw xsfLxsf] ljj0f

SN Ward No Name of Milk Production cooperatives Address No

1 1 Deorali Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 1 1

2 1 Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Devitar 7 1

3 1 Mitinichhap Devitar 2 1

4 2 Deurali rali Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 1 1

5 2 Seti Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Raviopi 2 1

6 8 Bhairab sthan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

7 8 Janasewa Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 4 1

8 9 Rampur Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 1 1

9 9 Kishan Milan Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 7 1

10 9 Panityanki Milk Production Cooperatives Kavre 2 1

11 9

Siddhi Binayak Milk Production Cooperatives Badalgaun 6 1

12 9 Kashikhanda Milk Production Cooperatives Fulbari 6 1

13 10 Sharada Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 4 1

14 10 Adyuit Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 5 1

15 10 Jansahayog Milk Production Cooperatives Sharada Batase 8 1

16 11 Kali Devi Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

17 11 Visworupa Milk Production Cooperatives Patle khet 5 1

18 11 Pathak Besi Milk Production Cooperatives 1

19 12 Harihar Milk Production Cooperatives Shankhu 4 1

TOTAL 19

Source Field survey and Veterinary Hospital and Livestock Service SMS Centre 2018

cglr 26M rf jifdf xg Sg] cf+slnt bwsf] j[l4 bsf] ljj0f

Ward

No

No of cattle

buffalo

Avr Milk sale

dayHH in Litre

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 4

Growth

rate 22

Growth

rate

Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y4

1 550 9 936 938 12 12

2 800 6 624 938 12 12

3 600 6 624 938 12 12

4 625 6 624 938 12 12

5 578 6 624 938 12 12

6 105 5 624 938 12 12

7 123 - - 938 12 12

8 2000 7 73 938 12 12

9 2820 6 624 938 12 12

10 322 5 525 938 12 12

11

6 624 938 12 12

12 1320 6 624 938 12 12

Avr

609

12

135

cglr 27M 5nkmnsf s|ddf e]6LPsf ljleGg +yfsf k|ltlglwxsf] ljj0f

1 Sabita Lamsal 9843420572 Secretary Ward No - 6

2 Laxmi Pariyar 9843620544 JTA Rabiopi

3 Dr Narayan Bahadur Shrestha Vet Hospital Chief 9754203032

4 Mr Raj kumar Humagain Livestock Officer Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center

Dhulikhel

5 Mr Uday Prasad Sapkota Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

6 Mr Ratna Adhikary Vet Technician Veterinary Hospital and SMS Center Dhulikhel

7 Dhulikhel Meat Shop Mr XXXXX Contact No 9841006048

8 Mrs Buddha Laxmi Khadgi Sabin Fresh Meat Shop Dhulikhel - 6

9 Ms Sita Khadgi Contact No 9841495335 Bhimeswor Fresh Meat Dhulikhel - 7

10 Mr Ananda Pokhrel Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3

11 Mr Harihar Adhikari Vet JTAAgro-Ver ConcernDhulikhel - 3 ((Owner)

12 Mr Bidur jangham Contact No 9841257485 01490015 Bidur Veterinary Concern

Dhulikhel - 7

13 Mr Madhav Pokharel Contact No 9841431413 Kishan Agro- Veterinary Dhulikhel - 7

14 Mr Sukhen Koju Contact No 9841105632 Feed Ingredient supplier Dhulikhel - 3

15 Mr Shambhu Raj Ghimire Dairy Farmer Contact No 9849191086Dhulikhel - 3

16 Mr ivinda Tiwari Chandeshwori Dairy Farm 9840261251 Dhulikhel - 6

17 Mr Shatrubhuj Timilsina Contact no Setidevi Milk Cooperatives Rabiopi - Ward No -2

18 MrShiva Koirala Contact No 9841109082 Deurali Milk Cooperative Rabiopi - Ward

No -2

136

cglr 28M kz If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Dhulikhel Municipality Ward No helliphelliphelliphellip

Date

I FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

A FGD for Farmers

1 General information

a Total No of population in ward

b Total House hold (HH)

c Tentative No of Janajati

d Tentative No of Dalit

e Number of landless HH

f Other caste HH

g Tentative No of cattle buffalo in your ward

h Number of cross bred cattle

i Number of HH raising cattle buffalo for milk

j Raising cattle buffalo for sales

k Average amount of milk sold by each HH every day (Lit)

l Tentative No of goat in your ward

m Number of HH raising goats

n Average goats per HH

o No of pig raising household (HH)

p Total no of pigs in ward

q No of pigs per HH

r Tentative No of commercial poultry farms helliphelliphellip semi -commercial poultry in your

ward helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip backyard poultry

s Land holding Maxi helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani Minimum helliphelliphelliphelliphellip ropani

t Forest areas Plenty medium size small size

u Number of community forests in your ward

v Source of water for animals forage production and irrigation Scarce adequate inadequate

w Road facilities

x Electricity facility

y No of agro-vets

z No of Livestock Farmers group Male group Women group Mixedgroup

aa No of Milk Production Cooperatives in ward

2 Technical information

a What is priority commodity in your ward Cattle BuffaloGoat chicken pig fish othershelliphellip

b What are second priority livestock commodity in your area helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

137

c Production scale in ward

Avr Milk productionday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Milk salesday helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Goat sold per year helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr Eggs dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Avr broiler chicken Lothelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Pigs production 6 months

Pigs sold 6 months

d Where do you sale your produces

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

e What are five major problems issues to increase production and marketing

i Problems related to breed and breeding

ii Problems related to Feed feedings forage fodders production

iii Problems related to animal health

iv Problems related to management

v Problems related to forage fodder

vi Livestock Insurance

vii Veterinary Services Treatment artificial insemination

viii Market and marketing ( structure collection storage pricing system transportation and

distribution outlets)

f What did you do to solve these problems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

g What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to your community Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in

)

Share from external source

(in )

h How do you produce safe and climate resilient livestock products

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

i Do you know about biosecurity and risk management in the livestock and poultry farm

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

j What type of program may be useful to landless and family with limited land

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

k What type of programs will be suitable for females

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

l Is anybody interest to cultivate green forage for selling purpose

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

138

m From which place you get vet drugs grass seeds saplings and small equipments

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

n Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smart practice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smart practice ( insurance weather forecast etc)

o One village one product

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

p Non- farm activities for landless

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

q Pricing system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

r Involvement of women dalit janajati in livestock production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

s Any other points you want toadd

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

t Others

1 No of milk collection centre

2 No of chilling centers

3 No live animal collection centre

4 No of slaughter place slaughterhouse

5 No of meat shops

6 No of dairy industry

7 No of dairy shops

139

II KEY INFORMANT SURVEY (KIS)

B FOR TRADERS ENTREPRENEURS COOPERATIVES NAME AND ADRESS STATUS POST 1 Is there any collection centre Industry market place in your ward

No of milk collection centre No of chilling centers No live animal collection centre No of slaughter place slaughterhouse No of meat shops No of dairy industry No of dairy shops

2 Collection scale in your ward (any idea)

Avr milk collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Rate per liter Avr goat collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs collection day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Market place Local Dhulikhel Banepa Kathmandu 4 Sales per day

Avr milk Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr goat Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr eggs Sales day helliphelliphelliphelliphellip Avr broiler chicken Sales dayhelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5 What are three major problems issues to increase production collection and marketing helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What did you do to solve these problems If applicable helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is provided

to you

Task activities Efforts made by stakeholders to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

8 Cross cutting issues (if any)

bull Water smartpractice Rainwater harvesting private ponds Plastic ponds

bull Energy smart ( solar panel labour mechanization etc)

bull Future smartpractice ( insurance weather forecast etc) 9 One village one product

10 Non- farm activities for land less

11 Pricing system

12 Is some point missed (if any)

140

C AGRO-VET SUPPLIERS

1 When do you start your agrovet 2 Have you kept vet drugs and pesticides separately and sold from different counter 3 Where do you buy vet drugs pesticides helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 Is your supply of vet drugs pesticides sufficient to cope the demand helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 What are your major problems to run agro-vet helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you

Task activities Efforts made to solve problem

Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Annual profit from this business helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 8 Any other points you want toadd D FOR SERVICE PROVIDER AND POLITICAL BODIES 1 Have you any idea regarding the potentiality of livestock production and marketing in

different wards of Dhulikhel Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the position of vet drugs grass seeds fertilizer supply in Dhulikhel Municipality for livestock production Sufficient insufficient lacking 3 What are the market places for livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are major problems in this municipality to increase livestock production and

productivity

bull Vet service Technical service

bull Vet drug supply

bull Animal breeds

bull Animal feed and forage

bull Animal management including manure and urine management

bull Livestock marketing

bull Technical knowhow in stakeholders

bull Any other point 5 How can above said problems be solved Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

6 Additional points (if any)

141

E MIDDLEMAN TRANSPORTER 1 How do you collect livestock or livestock produces helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2 What is the volume of produces Adequate inadequate very small 3 Where do you sale the collected produces Banepa Bhulikhel Kathmandu helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4 What are the major problems faced helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 5 In your opinion what should be done to solve above said problems helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6 What will be your effort and share to solve above said problems if external support is

provided to you Task activities Efforts made to

solve problem Share of stakeholder (in )

Share from external source (in )

7 Any other points you want toadd

142

cglr 29M s[lif If]qsf] nlIft dx 5nkmn k|dv rgf bftfsf] nflu tof

uLPsf] k|ZgfjnL

Data collection through participatory approaches

1 Collection of data and informationndashprimary and secondary

bull Background information of village

Total House hold (hh)

Tentative No of Janajati

Tentative No of Dalit

Number of landless HH

Other caste

Tentative area under vegetable cultivation

Number of HH under cereal production

Family income based on Agriculture Nrshelliphelliphelliphellipperyear

Categorizethemonthebasisofsourceofincome

Primary ()

Secondary ()

Tertiary ()

bull Informationonlandsoilirrigationndash

Type of soil

Maximum Land holding helliphelliphelliphellip ropani minimum helliphelliphelliphellipropani

Irrigation facility yes No

If yes helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major vegetable crops

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major cereal crop

1helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 2helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 3helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 4helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

5helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip 6helliphelliphelliphelliphellip 7helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Major farming cropping systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

2 Collectinformationonthefollowingforfutureanalysis

bull Problems in Agriculture production

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Possible way outs that farmers feel relevant (Solutions)

143

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Are there any locally available resources and non chemical products used in agriculture

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Generally you practice mono cropping or diversified cropping pattern

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Additiondeletionofanyenterprisecommodity

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Due to influence of government policy processing storage irrigation communication and other

infrastructure facilities etc leading to intensification and diversification of any farming system

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

What could be the technological gaps in productivity and income from various commodities

and enterprises under farming systems

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Which control measures do you prefer for the control of the insect pest

IPM Organic Chemical

Why

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Area coverage by ()

a) Paddy

b) Wheat

c) Maize

d) Vegetables

e) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

f) helliphelliphelliphelliphellip

3 Availability of Inputs amp technology (Yes No )

If yes available on time not available on time

4 Mechanization use (Yes No)

If yes 1 No of power tiller under government subsidy

2 No of power tiller purchased personally

3 No of HHs under MIT

4 helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

144

5 Migration of people from the place to (Abroadother cities of Nepal)

Reason behind migration

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Availability of Human Labor for Agriculture (Yes No)

If yes available easily Not available easily

Cost of Laborhelliphelliphelliphellip perday

6 Commercialization in agriculture is necessary (Yes No)

How can municipality help in commercialization

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

Share of the municipality and the beneficiaries in adopting new climate smart technologies ()

Municipality helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip Beneficiaries helliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphelliphellip

145

cglr 30M lj1xsf] sfo ljj0f

TOR of the expert was to bull Facilitate consultation workshop organized by the Municipality

bull Collect necessary primary information for strategy plan development from the

groupscommunities within the Municipality using PRA tools like FGDs and KIS) in

coordination with Municipality authorities

bull Collect secondary information required for strategy plan development from respective

stakelholders including village district regional and national level GON agencies

bull Prepare Climate Resilient Agriculture Strategic Plan Document of Dhulikhel Municipality

aligning it with Agriculture Development Strategy Plan of Nepal government

bull Submit the draft to CEAPRED and Dhulikhel Municipality for comments and feedback

bull Incorporate the Comments from CEAPRED ICIMOD and Dhulikhel Municipality and

submit the final strategy plan for approval by the Municipality

Deliverables

bull Facilitate the consultative workshop of stakeholders organized by the Municipality at

Dhulikhel

bull Action Plan for Strategic plan development including check list for FGD and KIS

bull Preparing and sharing of 1st draft with CEAPRED for primary comments

bull Sharing of 2nd draft report with Dhulikhe Municipality CEAPRED and ICIMOD and

presentation in the workshop for collection of commentsinputs for improvement in the

report

bull Submission of final Strategic Plan Document to CEAPRED in quadruplet after

incorporating inputs from workshop