agriculture in indi1

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INDEX

1 Overview

2 History

Agriculture and colonialism

Indian agriculture since 1947

IrrigationCurrent Concerns

TARGETS

Agreement on Agriculture

Developed Country Positions

Indias Objectives / Strategy in the Negotiations


Accomplishments

Problems

Initiatives
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Agriculture in India

Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today, India ranks second worldwide in

farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 16.6%

of the GDP in 2009, about 50% of the total workforce. The economic contribution of

agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic

growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a

significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.


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Overview

Per 2010FAOworld agriculture statistics, India is the world's largest producer of many

freshfruitsand vegetables,milk, majorspices, select fresh meats, select fibrous crops

such asjute, several staples such asmilletsandcastor oilseed. India is the second largest

producer ofwheatandrice, the world's majorfood staplesIndia is also the world's second

or third largest producer of severaldry fruits, agriculture-basedtextileraw

materials,rootsandtubercrops,pulses, farmedfish,eggs,coconut,sugarcaneand

numerousvegetables. India ranked within the world's five largest producers of over 80%

of agricultural produce items, including manycash cropssuch ascoffeeandcotton, in

2010.[2]India is also one of the world's five largest producers of livestock and poultry

meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of 2011.

.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_root_vegetableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_root_vegetableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_root_vegetableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India#cite_note-faostat.fao.org-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India#cite_note-faostat.fao.org-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India#cite_note-faostat.fao.org-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_India#cite_note-faostat.fao.org-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_crophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_(legume)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_root_vegetableshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization


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History

The invention of agriculture is one of the great revolution of human history. It includes

the food production and domestication which led to significant changes in human society,

population increase and biological changes. However, this revolution is best

demonstrated at Mehargarh (Period-I Neolithic period) in which the sense of the

revolution ultimately set the platform for the rise of urbanization in the Indian

SubcontinentIn the period of the Neolithic revolution (roughly 8000-5000 BCE.),

agriculture was far from the dominant mode of support for human societies. But those

who adopted it, have survived and increased, and passed their techniques of production to

the next generation. This transformation of knowledge was the base of further

development in agriculture. Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record

of agriculture in India. Rigveda hymns, for example, describes plowing, fallowing,

irrigation, fruit and vegetable cultivation. Other historical evidence suggests rice and

cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley, and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age

have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan. Bhumivargaha, another ancient Indian

Sanskrit text, suggested to be 2500 years old, classifies agricultural land into twelve

categories: urvara (fertile), ushara (barren), maru (desert), aprahata (fallow), shadvala

(grassy), pankikala (muddy), jalaprayah (watery), kachchaha (land contiguous to water),

sharkara (full of pebbles and pieces of limestone), sharkaravati (sandy), nadimatruka

(land watered from a river), and devamatruka (rainfed). Some archaeologists believe rice

was a domesticated crop along the banks of the Indian river ganges in the sixth

millennium BC. So were species of winter cereals (barley, oats, and wheat) and legumes

(lentil and chickpea) grown in Northwest India before the sixth millennium BC. Other

crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago, include sesame, linseed, safflower,

mustards, castor, mung bean, black gram, horse gram, pigeonpea, field pea, grass pea

(khesari), fenugreek, cotton, jujube, grapes, dates, jackfruit, mango, mulberry, and black

plum. Indian peasants had also domesticated cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs and

horses thousands of years ago. Some scientists claim agriculture in India was widespread


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in the Indian peninsula, some 30005000 years ago, well beyond the fertile plains of the

north. For example, one study reports twelve sites in the southern Indian states of

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses (Vigna

radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum), millet-grasses (Brachiaria ramosa and Setariaverticillata), wheats (Triticum diococcum, Triticum durum/aestivum), barley (Hordeum

vulgare), hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), finger

millet (Eleusine coracana), cotton (Gossypium sp.), linseed (Linum sp.), as well as

gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae.

Current Concerns

Pressure of the Population on Land Skewed distribution of operational holdings Land Degradation Water Balance Low level of mechanization Low Fertilizer Consumption

The Policy has indicated a nine-fold package of policy initiatives to achieve the

objectives

Development of Sustainable agriculture Food and Nutritional security Generation and Transfer of Technology Improvement of input efficiency Provision of incentives for agriculture


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Promotion of Investments in agriculture Strengthening of institutional infrastructure Better risk management Introduction of Management Reforms

TARGETS

Food Grain Production will be doubled in ten years, so as to make India hungerfree .

Special emphasis will be on horticulture production in order to achieve a quantumincrease.

Allied sectors like live stock, dairy poultry, fisheries, will be promoted Production of oilseeds and pulses will be raised substantially.

Agreement on Agriculture (AOA)

AOA and Agreement of Application on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measureswere negotiated in parallel

Decision on measures concerning the possible negative effects of the reformprogramme o least developed and net food importing developing countries also a

part of the package

Developed Country Positions

EU against fast track approach to liberalization Nordic Countries and Japan for continuation of subsidy regimes in agriculture


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Australia , New Zealand and Canada (of Cairns Group) favor a totally marketoriented approach and oppose trade distorting subsidies and protectionist regimes

of EU and Japan

US , opposing EU, but not completely with Cairns Group either, aggressivelyseeks market access in other WTO member countries

Indias Objectives / Strategy in the Negotiations

Flexibility to pursue our domestic support policies for agriculture to protect ourfood security and livelihood concerns

Retaining appropriate level of bound tariffs for protecting our farmers

Seek additional opportunities for increasing our exportsSome Elements of Indian Work Programme

Market Access Tariff line wise analysis required to be undertaken to formalize our position

with regard to tariff reductions

In depth study with regard to the utility and application of the specialsafegaurd mechanism for developing countries like India

Formulate our position on Tariff Rate Quotas (TRQs)with a view toincreasing our market access through the same


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Over 2500 years ago, Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices

andsugarcane. It was in India, between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, that the

Persians, followed by the Greeks, discovered the famous reeds that produce honey

without bees being grown. These were locally called, pronounced as saccharum

(). On their return journey, the Macedonian soldiers carried the "honey bearing

reeds," thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture. People in India had also invented,

by about 500 BC, the process to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these

crystals were called khanda which is the source of the word candy.

Prior to 18th century, cultivation of sugar cane was largely confined to India. A few

merchants began to trade insugar- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the

18th century. Sugar became widely popular in 18th century Europe, then graduated to

becoming a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world. This evolution of

taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and

social changes. Sugarcane does not grow in cold, frost-prone climate; therefore, tropical

and semitropical colonies were sought. Sugarcane plantations, just likecottonfarms,

became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early

20th century - of people from Africa and from India, both in millions - influencing the

ethnic mix, political conflicts and cultural evolution of various Caribbean, South

American, Indian Ocean and Pacific island nations. The history and past

accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced, in part, colonialism, first slavery

and then slavery-like indentured labor practices in the new world,Caribbean warsand the

world history in 18th and 19th centuries
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Indian agriculture since 1947

Over 50 years since its independence, India has made immense progress towards food

security. Indian population has tripled, but food-grain production more than quadrupled:

there has thus been substantial increase in available food-grain per capita.

Prior to the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic

requirements. However, two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to

reform its agricultural policy, and that India could not rely on foreign aid and foreign

imports for food security. India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of

foodgrain self-sufficiency. This ushered in India'sGreen Revolution. It began with the

decision to adopt superior yielding, disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with

better farming knowledge to improve productivity. The Indian state ofPunjabled India's

green revolution and earned itself the distinction of being the country's bread basket.

The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the Indian states

ofPunjab,Haryanaand westernUttar Pradesh. With both the farmers and the

government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer, India's total

foodgrain production soared. A hectare of Indian wheat farms that produced an average

of 0.8 tons in 1948, produced 4.7 tons of wheat in 1975 from the same land. Such rapidgrowths in farm productivity enabled India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s. It also

empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples

produced per hectare. By 2000, Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of

yielding 6 tons of wheat per hectare.

Irrigation

Main article:Irrigation in IndiaIrrigation in India refers to the supply of water from

Indian rivers, tanks, wells, canals and other artificial projects for the purpose of

cultivation and agricultural activities. In country such as India, 64% of cultivated land is
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dependent on monsoons. The economic significance of irrigation in India is namely, to

reduce over dependence on monsoons, advanced agricultural productivity, bringing more

land under cultivation, reducing instability in output levels, creation of job opportunities,

electricity and transport facilities, control of floods and prevention of droughts.

Accomplishments

Indian agriculture is diverse, ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed

farms utilizing modern agricultural technologies. This image shows a farming community

in a more prosperous part of India.
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A farm in Haryana, a northern state of India, prospering with India's Green Revolution.

The changing face of Indian agriculture - formation of larger farms and adoption of wind

power generation technologies.

Rice farming in Bihar, an eastern state of India

A panoramic view of a rice, cassava and banana farm in Kerala, a southern state of India.
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A mustard farm in Rajasthan, a western state of India.

Amul - an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat, a western state of India.

India has some of the world's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations. An tea estate

in Kerala, a southern state of India
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As of 2011, India had a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, for

about 16 percent of GDP and 10 percent of export earnings. India's arable land area of

159.7 million hectares (394.6 million acres) is the second largest in the world, after the

United States. Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares (215.6 million acres)is the largest in the world. India has grown to become among the top three global

producers of a broad range of crops, including wheat, rice, pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits,

and vegetables. Worldwide, as of 2011, India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle,

is the largest producer of milk, and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry

industries.

The following table presents the twenty most important agricultural products in India, by

economic value, in 2009. Included in the table is the average productivity of India's farms

for each produce. For context and comparison, included is the average of the most

productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms

existed in 2010. The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments

from productivity increases, in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes

Agriculture in India, largest crops by economic value[47]

Economic

valueUnit price

Average

yield, India

(2010)

World's most productive

farms

(2010)[45]

Rank Produce(2009 prices,

US$)

(US$ /

kilogram)

(tons per

hectare)[48]

(tons per

hectare)[49]

Country
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11 Tomatoes $4.59 billion 0.37 19.3 524.9 Belgium

12 Buffalo meat $4 billion 2.69 0.138

[50]

0.424

[50]

Thailand

13 Soyabean $3.33 billion 0.26 1.1 3.7 Turkey

14 Onions $3.17 billion 0.21 16.6 67.3 Ireland

15 ChickenMeat

$3.12 billion 0.64 10.6 20.2 Cyprus

16 Chick peas $3.11 billion 0.4 0.9 2.8 China

17 Okra $3.07 billion 0.35 7.6 23.9 Israel

18 Cattle Meat $2.93 billion 0.83 13.8[51]

24.7[51]

Jordan

19 Eggs $2.80 billion 2.7 0.1[50]

0.42[50]

Japan

20 Beans $2.57 billion 0.42 1.1 5.5 Nicaragua

The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization reported that, per final

numbers for 2009, India had grown to become the world's largest producer of the

following agricultural produce:

Fresh Fruit Pulses
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Lemons and limes Buffalo milk,

whole, fresh

Castor oil seeds Sunflower seeds Sorghum Millet Spices Okra Jute Beeswax Bananas Mangoes,

mangosteens,

guavas

IndigenousBuffalo Meat

Fruit, tropical Ginger Chick peas Areca nuts Other Bastfibres Pigeon peas Papayas Chillies and

peppers, dry

Anise, badian,fennel, coriander

Goat milk, whole,fresh

Per final numbers for 2009, India is the world's second largest producer of the following

agricultural produce:

Wheat Rice Vegetables, fresh Sugar cane Groundnuts, with

shell

Lentils Garlic Cauliflowers and

broccoli

Cow milk, whole,fresh

Tea Potatoes Onions Cotton lint Cottonseed Eggplants

(aubergines)

Nutmeg, mace


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Peas, green Sesame seed Cashew nuts, with

shell Silk-worm

cocoons, reelable

and cardamoms

Indigenous GoatMeat

Cabbages andother brassicas

Pumpkins, squashand gourds

Advantages and Disadvantages of Agriculture

Advantage: Increased Food Availability

For millions of years, humans and their evolutionary ancestors roamed savannahs andforests hunting game and gathering edible plants. During this period, the global

population changed very little, limited by ecological carrying capacity. With the advent

of agriculture, food availability grew exponentially. Starvation decreased significantly,

and family sizes increased when early people had enough food to support more offspring.

While crop failures were possible, the overall trend of cultivating food instead of

searching for it allowed for rapid growth and expansion of humanity.

Advantage: Allows Settlement

Growing crops requires constant attention. Tribes who once traveled with nomadictendencies quickly changed, as people learned to build basic shelter and irrigation.

Agriculture marked the beginning of permanently settled areas, where generations could

establish government, store food and raise livestock. Trade between villages commenced,

as did cultural milestones such as art, architecture and music. Much of what people


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Agriculture productivity in India, growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010

CropAverage YIELD, 1970-

1971

Average YIELD, 1990-

1991

Average YIELD, 2010

2011

kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare[54]

Rice 1123 1740 2240

Wheat 1307 2281 2938

Pulses 524 578 689

Oilseeds 579 771 1325

Sugarcane 48322 65395 68596

Tea 1182 1652 1669

Cotton 106 225 510

India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields. Yuan

Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a
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world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot. In

2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes

per hectare in Bihar, also in a demonstration plot. Both these farmers claim to have

employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recentinnovation in rice farming. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be

demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive

years on the same farm.

Problems

Farmers manually harvesting rice in southern India
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A rural market in India - farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus

produce

India lacks cold storage, food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport

system. This causes one of the world's highest food spoilage rates, particularly during

Indian monsoons and other adverse weather conditions. Food travels to the Indian

consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders. Indian consumers buy

agricultural produce in suburban markets known as 'sabzi mandi' such as one shown or

from roadside vendors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_rural-India_-Tamilword22.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_rural-India_-Tamilword22.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Subzi_Mandi,_Shivpuri1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_rural-India_-Tamilword22.jpg


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Cotton flower in India. This is the main cash crop in Vidarbha region.

One of the varieties ofchili pepper(which colour,dwarf) found in Karnataka
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Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques. In some

parts of India, traditional use of cattle to plough farms remains in use. Traditional farmshave some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes.

"Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of Indias

people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither

economically nor environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural

commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of

good extension services are among the factors responsible. Farmers' access to markets is

hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation."

World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008.

"With a population of just over 1.2 billion, India is the worlds largest democracy. In the

past decade, the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth, emerged as a global

player with the worlds fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms, and

made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals. Indias

integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic

growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country.

Nevertheless, disparities in income and human development are on the rise. Preliminary

estimates suggest that in 2009-10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32% compared

to 37% in 2004-05. Going forward, it will be essential for India to build a productive,
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competitive, and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural, non-farm

entrepreneurship and employment. Encouraging policies that promote competition in

agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices."

World Bank: "India Country Overview 2011.

A 2003 analysis of Indias agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001, by Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, identified systemic problems in Indian

agriculture. For food staples, the annual growth rate in production during the six-year

segments 1970-76, 197682, 198288, 19881994, 1994-2000 were found to be

respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, and 1.8 percent per annum. Corresponding analyses for the

index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern, with the growth rate for1994-2000 attaining only 1.5 percent per annum. The low growth rates may constitute in

part a response to inadequate returns to Indian farmers.[60]

India has very poor rural roads

affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms,

inadequate irrigation systems, crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack

of water while in other parts because of regional floods, poor seed quality and inefficient

farming practices in certain parts of India, lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage

causing over 30% of farmer's produce going to waste, lack oforganized retailand

competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer's ability to sell the surplus and

commercial crops. The Indian farmer receives just 10 to 23 percent of the price the Indian

consumer pays for exactly the same produce, the difference going to losses, inefficiencies

and middlemen traders. Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United

States, in contrast, receive 64 to 81 percent of the price the local consumer pays for

exactly the same produce in their supermarkets.

Even though, India has shown remarkable progress in recent years and has attained self-

sufficiency in food staples, the productivity of Indian farms for the same crop is very low

compared to farms in Brazil, the United States, France and other nations.

Indianwheatfarms, for example, produce about a third of wheat per hectare per year in

contrast with wheat farms in France. Similarly, at 44 million hectares, India had the
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largest farm area underriceproduction in 2009; yet, the rice farm productivity in India

was less than half the rice farm productivity in China. Other food staples productivity in

India is similarly low, suggesting a major opportunity for growth and future agricultural

prosperity potential in India. Indiantotal factor productivitygrowth remains below 2percent per annum; in contrast, China has shown total factor productivity growths of

about 6 percent per annum, even though China too has smallholding farmers. If India

could adopt technologies and improve its infrastructure, several studies suggest India

could eradicate hunger and malnutrition within India, and be a major source of food for

the world.

Indian farms are not poor performing for every crop. For some, Indian farms post the best

yields. For example, some of India's regions consistently posts some of the highest yields

for sugarcane, cassava and tea crops every year.

Within India, average yields for various crops vary significantly between Indian states.

Some Indian states produce two to three times more grains per acre of land than the grain

produced in same acre of land in other Indian states. The table compares the statewide

average yields for a few major agricultural crops within India, again for 2001-2002

agricultural year.[61]

Crop[61]

Average farm yield in

Bihar


Karnataka


Punjab

kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare kilogram per hectare

Wheat 2020 unknown 3880

Rice 1370 2380 3130
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Pulses 610 470 820

Oil seeds 620 680 1200

Sugarcane 45510 79560 65300

Crop yields for some farms within India are within 90% of the best achieved yields by

farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union. No single

state of India is best in every crop. Indian states such as Tamil Nadu achieve highest

yields in rice and sugarcane,Haryanaenjoys the highest yields in wheat and coarse

grains, Karnataka does well in cotton, Bihar does well in pulses, while other states do

well in horticulture, aquaculture, flower and fruit plantations. These differences in

agricultural productivity within India is a function of local infrastructure, soil quality,

micro-climates, local resources, farmer knowledge and innovations. However, one of the

serious problems in India is the lack of rural road network, storage, logistics network, and

efficient retail to allow free flow of farm produce from most productive but distant Indian

farms to Indian consumers. Indian retail system is highly inefficient. Movement of

agricultural produce within India is heavily and overly regulated, with inter-state and

even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods.[61]

The

talented and efficient farms are currently unable to focus on the crops they can produce

with high yields and at lowest costs.

One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural

infrastructure primarily in form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure, knowledge

transfer in forms of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds with the goal of

sustainably producing as many kilograms of food staples per hectare as already produced

sustainably in other nations. Additionally, cold storage, hygienic food packaging and
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agriculture in indi1

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