agriculture and nutrientagriculture and nutrient
TRANSCRIPT
Crop and Soil SciencesSoil Fertility and Plant Nutrition CourseAthens, November 29, 2011
Agriculture and nutrientAgriculture and nutrient management in the Southern Cone of Latin AmericaCone of Latin AmericaFernando O. GarciaIPNI Southern [email protected]/lasc
OutlineWhat is IPNI?
Agriculture in the Southern Cone
Agriculture in Argentina Information on field crops
Management of field crop systems
BMPs for nutrient management in grain production systemsNitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Potassium in Uruguay
Experiences in Bolivia
Other n trientsOther nutrients
Mission StatementMission StatementThe mission of IPNI is to develop and promote
i tifi i f ti b t th iblscientific information about the responsible management of plant nutrients for the benefit of the human family.
To help provide a coordinated scientific foundation forIPNI PurposeIPNI Purpose
To help provide a coordinated scientific foundation for fertilizer nutrient use and to scientifically address the associated environmental issues.
Better Crops, Better Environment … through Science
IPNI is supported by leading fertilizer manufacturers d i d t i tiand industry associations
Scientific Staff
Bolivia Latin AmericaSouthern Cone program
naPacific Atlantic
Arg
entin
Uruguay
Chi
leOcean
t a t cOcean
C Country Area Populationthousand
km2millions
A ti 2780 37 0Argentina 2780 37.0Bolivia 1099 8.3Chile 757 15.1
Paraguay 407 5.7Uruguay 177 3.4
Total 5220 69.5
Crops in the Southern Cone countriesArgentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
32%32%
9%7%11%
6%
2%1%Total Area= 67,228,602 ha2%
Soybean WheatCorn Other field cropsFruits & grapes Vegetables
Other crops includes sunflower, sorghum, barley, rice, sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, potatoes etc
Fruits & grapes VegetablesForestry Pastures & annual forages
potatoes, etc.Fruits and grapes includes citrus, grapes, apples, pears, peaches, etc.
Source : MinAgri, INE, ODEPA, DGEEC, DIEA
Area (ha), production (ton) and average yield (kg/ha) of the main field crops at the five countries of the S th C i i 2008/09
Country/ Source Soybean Wheat Maize Sunflower Sorghum Barley Rice Total
ArgentinaArea 18000000 4732000 3489000 1957000 806000 589000 205450 29778450
Production 31000000 8373000 13080000 2440000 1752000 1265660 1325000 59235660
Southern Cone region in 2008/09
MIinAgriProduction 31000000 8373000 13080000 2440000 1752000 1265660 1325000 59235660
Yield 1722 1769 3749 1247 2174 2149 6449 1989
Bolivia
INE
Area 835039 134795 408705 259218 134327 55202 178533 2005819
Production 1225885 161553 1000385 298642 436133 46936 435960 3605494INE
Yield 1468 1199 2448 1152 3247 850 2442 1798
Chile
ODEPA
Area ‐ 280644 128211 4355 ‐ 18513 23680 455403
Production ‐ 1237861 1365472 7607 ‐ 95869 121400 2828209
Yield 4411 10650 1747 5178 5127 6210Yield ‐ 4411 10650 1747 ‐ 5178 5127 6210
Paraguay
CAPECO, INBIO e IICA
Area 2644856 508954 634206 180536 23000 ‐ 70000 4061552
Production 5969166 1063200 1400000 280000 27000 ‐ 216650 8956016
Yield 2257 2089 2207 1551 1172 ‐ 3095 2205
Uruguay
DIEA
Area 577800 475500 87500 55100 68100 129900 160700 1554600
Production 1028600 1356600 269800 50600 324200 409500 1287200 4726500
Yield 1780 2853 3083 918 4761 3152 8010 3040
A 22057695 6131893 4747622 2456209 1031427 792615 638363 37855824
Total region
Area 22057695 6131893 4747622 2456209 1031427 792615 638363 37855824
Production 39223651 12192214 17115657 3076849 2539333 1817965 3386210 79351879
Yield 1778 1988 3605 1253 2462 2294 5305 2096
Estimated nutrient consumption b tby country
Consumption (thousand ton)Country Year
p ( )
N P2O5 K2OTotal
N+P2O5+K2O
A ti 2007 894 702 54 1650Argentina 2007 894 702 54 1650
Bolivia 2004 13 10 2.3 26
Chile 2003 270 180 81 532Chile 2003 270 180 81 532
Paraguay 2007 42 167 82 291
Uruguay 2007 128 178 21 328Uruguay 2007 128 178 21 328
Total 1347 1241 242 2829
Elaborated from Fertilizar AC; APIA; SQM; CAPASAGRO; and DF-DIEA-MGAP
Grain production in Argentina
Boliviac
Oce
an 22º S
•Approximately 90% of grain cropsharvested area is located in the Pampas‐
Argentinana
Paci
fic Chaco
pChaco region, in the east‐central plains ofArgentina.
S il f th P d fi i t ientin Uruguay
le
Pampas
•Soils of the Pampas are deficient innitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur(S).Ar
geChi
l
40º S
Country Area 2780 km2Population 41 million
•65% of the cropping area is under no‐tillage
A i t l 50% f th t t l dc O
cean
p•Approximately 50% of the total croppedland is under annual leasing conditions
Atla
ntic
Beef and Dairy production atBeef and Dairy production at USA and Argentina
USA Argentina
B f l (h d ) 104 illi 50 illiBeef cattle (heads) 104 million 50 million
Beef production (t) 12 million 3 million
Dairy cows (heads) 9 million 1.7 million
Milk production (L) 77 million 9 millionMilk production (L) 77 million 9 million
Source: USDA and SAGPyA
Field crops at ArgentinaField crops at ArgentinaArea, production, and grain yields from 1990 to 2010Area, production, and grain yields from 1990 to 2010
25000
30000
35000
a)
Others
Sunflower
Wheat
Soybean
M i
80000
90000
100000Others
Sunflower10000
15000
20000
25000
Area
(tho
usand ha Maize
50000
60000
70000
80000
(tho
usand tonn
es) Wheat
Soybean
Maize0
5000
10000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
10000
20000
30000
40000
Prod
uctio
n 5000
6000
7000
ha)
Maize
Soybean
Wheat
Sunflower
Elaborated from information of MinAgri
01991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
2000
3000
4000
Area
(tho
usand h
Elaborated from information of MinAgri
0
1000
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
The Pampas region of ArgentinaThe Pampas region of Argentina
28° SouthernSouthern TexasTexas
40 50 inches
32°
Entre Ríos
Santa Fe
Córdoba
40-50 inches
Entre Ríos
Athens, GAAthens, GABuenos Aires City
36°Buenos AiresLa Pampa
Balcarce
40° IndianapolisIndianapolis20-25 inches
Map developed with ArcView - ESRI
Field crops at USA and Argentina Field crops at USA and Argentina 200720072007 season2007 season
88991 46036888991 460368
2900087530
Elaborated from information of USDA and SAGPyA
Grain yields at USA and Argentina 1991 to 20071991 to 2007
+144 kg/ha/year
7000
8000
9000
10000
)
C
+120 kg/ha/year4000
5000
6000
7000
ain yield (kg/ha Corn
+120 kg/ha/year
0
1000
2000
3000Gra
USA
Argentina
35001991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
+ 26 kg/ha/year
+53 kg/ha/year2000
2500
3000
(kg/ha)
1000
1500
2000
Grain yield (
USA
Soybean
0
500
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007
ArgentinaElaborated from information of USDA and SAGPyA
Organic C levels in soils of the northern Pampas since beginning of agriculture(Argiudolls)(Argiudolls)
80
60
/ha)
40
arbo
n (t/
43% of
y = -6,4 Ln(x) + 70R2 = 0,71
20Ca original
R 0,71
00 30 60 90 120
Years under cropping
Source: Alvarez y Steinbach (2006) from data of Andriulo and Cordone (1998)
Looking for sustainabilityg y•No‐tillage
– Decrease erosion– Stable and higher yields– Improved water use efficiencyImproved water use efficiency– Improved soil C balance
• Rotationsotat o s– Residues: greater amount, different quality– Diversity of root systems: Architecture and rhizosphere– Soil cover for longer periods (cover crops)
• Balanced nutrition
Area under No-Tillage in Argentina
20000ha) 19,719,000 ha in 2005/06
69% of the total cropped area
15000
20000
ousa
nd h 69% of the total cropped area
10000
r NT
(tho
5000
ea u
nder
01990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Are
Source: AAPRESID (2007)
Continuous SoyCottonSunflower/SoyWheat/Soy –Corn/Soy
SugarcaneContinuous SoySoy Corn Wheat/Soy Corn/Soy
PasturesRice - PasturesSoy - Rice
Soy – CornWheat/Soy
y
Continuous SoyWheat/SoyCorn – Wheat/Soy
Continuous SoyCorn – SoyPastures Corn – Soy - Wheat/SoyPasturesCorn – Soy - Wheat/Soy
Wheat/SoyBarley/ Soy y yWheat - SoyWheat - SunflowerCorn – Wheat/SoyCorn – Soy – Wheat
Wheat - SoyBarley - Soy y
Pasturesa ey Soy
PasturesWheat – SunflowerWheat – FallowContinuous SoyCo t uous Soy
Rotations and Sequences
Area planted to Soybeans in the County of CaserosArea planted to Soybeans in the County of CaserosSouthSouth--Central Santa Fe Central Santa Fe -- Soybean Belt of Argentina Soybean Belt of Argentina -- 2000/012000/01
S G C d (INTA C ild )Source: G. Cordone (INTA Casilda)
GR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in ArgentinaGR Soybeans expansion in Argentina14000
10000
12000
and
ha)
6000
8000
(thou
sa
0
2000
4000
Are
a
Total SoybeansGR Soybeans
01995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Fertilizer consumption in Argentina1993-2010
1400
1000
1200
umption
onne
s)
S K P N
600
800
utreint con
su(tho
usan
d to
200
400Nu
In the 2010/11 season total consumption was of 1 17
01993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
In the 2010/11 season, total consumption was of 1.17 million tones of N, P, K and S (3.37 million tones of fertilizer products) Elaborated from data of SAGPyA and Fertilizar AC
ArgentinaApplication/removal ratios of nutrients in corn, wheat, soybean, and sunflower1993-2010
20100 70
54%
2010
0.50
0.60
0.70
oval
ratio N P K S
33%38%
0.30
0.40
tion/
rem
o
2%0.10
0.20
App
licat
2%
I th i 2010/11 it li d 33% 54% 2% d 38% f th N
0.001993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
In the growing season 2010/11, it was applied 33%, 54%, 2% and 38% of the N, P, K and S removed in grains, respectively
Elaborated from SAGPyA and Fertilizar AC
Estimated nutrient consumption by cropEstimated nutrient consumption by cropArgentina - 2007
Crop N P S
Wheatkg/ha 46 15 10
% f tili d 95 95 50% fertilized area 95 95 50
Maízekg/ha 57 14 7
% fertilized area 90 90 40% fertilized area 90 90 40
Soybeankg/ha - 15 10
% fertilized area - 50 50
Sunflowerkg/ha 15 9 5
% fertilized area 60 40 10Source: García and Darwich, 2009
Fertilizer consumption in non-grain crops and pastures in Argentina (2006)and pastures in Argentina (2006)
200000
140000
160000
180000
(ton
es)
80000
100000
120000
consum
ption
40000
60000
80000
Fertilizer c
0
20000
Fruits Citrus Wine and table grape
Potatoes Sugarcane Tobacco Others Pastures
Source: Fertilizar Asociación Civil
g p
Biodiversity
Resource use ffi i i
Nutrient balance Nutrient loss
Soil erosion
Healthy environment
CROPPING SYSTEM OBJECTIVESefficiencies:
Energy, Labor, Nutrient, Water
Water & air quality
Ecosystems i
Net profit
Yield
Quality
services
Affordable & accessible food
Productivity
Profitability
Durability
Net profitWorking conditions
Return on investment
Farm income AdoptionSoil productivity
Yield stability
Right Source Right Source at Right Rate, Right Time, Right PlaceRight Rate, Right Time, Right Place
Water use efficiency in maize under different fertilization treatmentsfertilization treatmentsNutrition Network CREA Southern Santa Fe –2010/11
30
20
25
(kg/mm)
Check
15
20
e efficiency ( PS
NS
NP
5
10
Water use
NPS
NPSMicro
P i i i Pl i i
0Balducci San Alfredo
Precipitation Planting‐maturityBalducci 420 mm and San Alfredo 517 mm
Source: CREA Sur de Santa Fe‐IPNI‐ASP
Networks CREA Southern Santa Fe – AAPRESID/IPNIAverages of 43 sites in 5 years
Check NPSWheat
2588 kg/ha 3878 kg/ha
Double crop soybeans
Check2763 kg/ha
NPS3136 kg/ha
Soybean inoculationA. Perticari ‐ INTA InocularA. Perticari INTA Inocular
1994‐2004
3113
1896
282227193113
3000
g/ha
)
1896
1000
2000
n yi
eld
(kg
0
1000
Gra
in
Check Inoculated
102 102 trialstrials 180 180 trialstrials
No soy history With soy history
Biological N fixation provides up to 75% of the N accumulated by the crop
Fate of N fertilizer applied to wheat and maize crops in the Pampas region of Argentina
Sink Range References
p p g g
Plant 35 to 80%Melaj et al. 2003; Portela et al. 2006; Rilloand Richmond 2006; Rimski-Korsakov et
al. 2008
Organic matter 7 to 29% Sainz Rozas et al. 2004; Portela et al. 2006 ; Rimski-Korsakov et al. 2008;
Videla et al., 1996; Garcia et al. 1999; Volatilization 1.1 to 30% Sainz Rozas et al. 2004; Rimski-Korsakov
et al. 2007a
D it ifi ti 0 13 t 6 9%Palma et al. 1997; Picone et al. 1997;
Denitrification 0.13 to 6.9% Sainz Rosas et al. 2001; Ciampitti et al. 2008
Leaching <0.01 to 23% Sainz Rozas, et al. 2004; Portela et al. 2006 ; Aparicio et al 2008g 2006 ; Aparicio et al. 2008
Adapted from Lavado et al. (2007)
Right N rate for wheat and maize crops
Soil testing for nitrate-N at planting (0-60 cm)
Partial N budgets
N mineralization indices (Nmin, POM)
Sap nitrate concentration in stems
Crop simulation models
Sap nitrate concentration in stems
Crop canopy sensors (Minolta SPAD 502 or p py (remote sensors such as Greenseeker)
Available N at planting and maize grain yieldg y
AAPRESID-Profertil 2001 INTA C. Gomez 2000 INTA C. Gomez 2001AAPRESID-INPOFOS 2000 CREA 2000 CREA 2002CREA 2003 CREA 2004
14000
/ha) Applying 80 kg N 10000 kg grain
(29 kg grain per kg N)
10000
12000
eld
(kg/
( g g p g )
Grain yield = 1800.1 N 0.3398
8000
rain
yie
7700 kg/ha yR 2 = 0.493
n=834000
6000G
70 kg N
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400N at planting, 0-60 cm + fertilizer N (kg/ha)
Critical levels of available N at planting (NO3--N, 0-60 cm
depth) for wheat and maize in different areas of the Pampas with different expected yields
AreaCritical level
(NO ‐ N 0 60 cm Expected yield ReferenceArea (NO3 ‐N, 0‐60 cm + fertilizer)
Expected yield Reference
‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ kg ha‐1 ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐
Wh tWheatSE Buenos Aires 125 3500 González Montaner et al., 1991
SE Buenos Aires 175 5000‐5500 González Montaner et al., 2003
Central and South Santa Fe 92 3500‐4000 Salvagiotti et al., 2004b
Southern Santa Fe and Córdoba 100‐150 3200‐4400 García et al., 2006
MaizeNorthern Buenos Aires 150 9000 Ruiz et al., 2001
Northern Buenos Aires 150‐170 10000 Alvarez et al., 2003
C t l d S th S t F135 < 9500
S l i i l 2004Central and South Santa Fe162 > 9500
Salvagiotti et al., 2004c
Southern Santa Fe and Córdoba 150‐200 10000‐11000 García et al., 2006
Right time: N losses by leaching and denitrification for two different applicationdenitrification for two different application times in wheat
50 50
40
50
(kg
ha-1) Leaching
Denitrif icationMdP 2003
40
50
(kg
ha-1) Leaching
Denitrif icationMdP 2005
20
30
gen
loss
es (
20
30
gen
loss
es (
Planting Tillering
Planting
Tillering
0
10
0 75S 125S 175S 75T 125T 175T
Nitr
og
0
10
Nitr
og
g
0 75S 125S 175S 75T 125T 175T
N rate (kg ha-1)0 60S 120S 60T 120T
N rate (kg ha-1)
Barbieri et al., 2008
Right time: Grain yield under two different
9000a) FP *
application times in wheat
Planting
600070008000
ld(k
g/ha FP
FT
**
**
PlantingTillering
300040005000
grai
n yi
e **
010002000
Whe
at g
MdP02
MdP03
MdP04
MdP05
Balc02
Balc04
Balc05
Tand02
Tand03
Tand04
Location and year
Barbieri et al., 2008* denotes significant differences between treatments
Right source and place: Maize yield under different N sources and placement at centraldifferent N sources and placement at central Santa Fe
0 0 4
7110 78
40
7902 89
50
7650 85
25
7995 89
60
7642 85
60
8000 89
44
8000
10000
g/ha
)
4000
6000
e yi
eld
(kg
2000
4000
Mai
ze
Urea CAN UAN
Broadcast Incorporated0
40 80 40 80N Rate (kg/ha)
Broadcast Incorporated
ate ( g/ a)
Fontanetto, 2004
Current work looking at Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Sources: Urease and nitrification inhibitors
Urease Inhibitors in MaizeFontanetto, Bianchini et al., 2007/08
Treatment NH3‐N Losses Grain yield NUE% kg/ha kg grain/kg N
Check ‐ 7334 ‐Urea 70N 10 8381 15
Urea 70N + NBTPT 4 9166 26Urea 140N 25 9623 16
U 140N NBTPT 6 10368 22Urea 140N + NBTPT 6 10368 22
¿How do we manage P?¿How do we manage P?
• Soil testing: Bray 1 P• Recommendation options• Recommendation options–Sufficiency concept–Build and maintenance concept
Bray 1 P availability in i igrain cropping areas
of Argentina
0-20 cm sampling, 2005 and 2006 (n=34447)
(Sainz Rozas and Echeverría, 2008)Echeverría, 2008)
P response in soybeans101 field trials 1996-2004101 field trials 1996 2004Compiled from data of INTA, INTA-Fertilizar, FA-UBA, FCA-UNER and CREA
PUE = 42.0 -11.8 Ln(Bray P)60g ( y )R 2 = 0.419
4050
bean
/kg
12 k b /k P12 k b /k P2030
(kg
soyb
P) 12 kg soybean/kg P12 kg soybean/kg P
010
pons
e (
12 mg/kg Bray P12 mg/kg Bray P-20-10 0 20 40 60 80
P R
es
20Bray P (mg/kg)
Relationship between Bray 1 P and relative yield of the main crops at the Pampas of Argentinathe main crops at the Pampas of Argentina
1616--2020 2222--26261414--18181010--1414 1616 2020 2222 26261414 18181010 1414
Phosphorus Agronomic Efficiency and Partial Nutrient Balance in Soybean at the Northern Pampas of Argentina 15 field trials carried out at in the 2003/04 season
TreatmentGrain
yieldAgronomicEfficiency
Soil P balance
PartialNutrientBalance
(kg/ha) (kg soybean/kg P) (kg P in the soil) (kg P removed/kg P applied)
Check 3135 - -16.9 -P10 3372 24 -8.2 1.8P20 3557 21 0.8 1.0P30 3695 19 10.0 0. 7
Source: Melchiori et al. (2004), Project INTA-IPNI-Mosaic
Fate of fertilizer P applied to grain crops in the Pampas region of Argentina
Sink Range ReferencePlant 15 al 35% Ciampitti, 2009, Rubio et al. 1998
p g g
p
Labile fractions# 15 al 44% Boschetti et al., 2004; Picone et al., 2008; Ciampitti 20092008; Ciampitti, 2009
Moderately labile 26 al 59% Boschetti et al., 2004; Picone et al., fractions† 26 al 59% 2008; Ciampitti, 2009
Recalcitrant orRecalcitrant or stable fractions₤ 17 al 36% Vázquez et al., 2008; Ciampitti, 2009
# Resin-P or MIA, Pi- and Po-NaHCO3, 3† Pi- and Po- NaOH, and P-HCl₤ Extracted with H2SO4 or digestion with H2SO4/H2O2
Ciampitti et al., 2009
Relationship between soil P balance and soil Bray 1 Psoil Bray 1 P
40
50ControlFertilizado con P
ASoils< 20 ppm Bray 1 P increases 4
mg/kg with 10 kg P
20
30
0,018*Balg-1
sue
lo)
g/ g gof positive balance
0
10 0,37*Bal
80 B-1 (m
g P
kg
Soils
4050607080
-0,19*BalP B
ray- > 40 ppm
10203040
0,006*BalBray 1 P decreases 2 mg/kg with 10 kg P of negative balance
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 1000
Balance Acumulado de P (kg P ha-1) Ciampitti, 2009Accumulated P Balance (kg P/ha)
S deficiencies• Soils with low organic matter sandy soils or• Soils with low organic matter, sandy soils or
intensively cropped soils which lost SOM
Diagnosis of S deficiencies• Cropping system and environment• 10 ppm sulfate-S critical levelpp• Shallow water table with high sulfate
concentration
Responses to SulfurResponses to Sulfur
No SNo S With SWith SNo SNo S With SWith S
••Rates of 10Rates of 10--15 kg S/ha15 kg S/haRates of 10Rates of 10 15 kg S/ha15 kg S/ha••Sources: Sulfate containing fertilizersSources: Sulfate containing fertilizersTi PTi P l ti l til ti l ti••Time: PreTime: Pre--planting or plantingplanting or planting
••Placement: Broadcast or bandedPlacement: Broadcast or banded••Residual effectsResidual effects
Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), N Recovery efficiency (RE) and N Internal efficiency (IE) of wheat crops fertilized only with N (N100) and N +wheat crops fertilized only with N (N100) and N + S (N100+ S20)
Variable Units N100 N100 +S20
NUE kg grain per kg applied N 8.4 10.7NU kg grain per kg applied N 8.4 0.7
REkg N uptake per kg
applied N0.35 0.47
pp
IE kg grain per kg N uptake 22.7 22.5
S l i tti t l 2009Salvagiotti et al., 2009
UruguayExploration of K deficiencies inExploration of K deficiencies in corn in the western region
P bl d t t d i 2005/06Problems detected in 2005/06
Field trials in 2006/07 and 2007/08
Uruguay: K in MaizeVa. Constitución (Uruguay) - 2006/07( g y)
Cano and Ernst – Facultad de Agronomía (UdelaR)
6372 b6467 b6364 b6290 b7000 6290 b
4000
5000
6000
(kg/
ha)
2638 a
2000
3000
4000
Gra
in y
ield
0
1000
Check 125 kg KCl 125 kg KCl 225 kg KCl 75 kg KCl +
G
voleo 75 kgK2SO4
•Soil analysis Exch. K 0.15 cmol/kg•Planting date: 12/10/06•Planting date: 12/10/06. •Hybrid: Mass 504 MGCL. •Fertilization 150 kg (12-52-0).
Uruguay: K in maize Uruguay: K in maize Cano et al (2007/08)Cano et al (2007/08) -- Young (Uruguay)Young (Uruguay)
(La Macarena)
Cano et al. (2007/08) Cano et al. (2007/08) -- Young (Uruguay)Young (Uruguay)
4458 a3976 a
5000
3976 a
3000
4000
d (k
g/ha
)
346 b349 b313 b1000
2000
Gra
in y
iel
346 b349 b313 b
0Check 70 kg Urea 150 kg AS 150 kg KCl 150 kg KCl
+ 150 k+ 150 kgAS
K calibration for UruguayBarbazán (2009)Barbazán (2009)34 field trials from Bautes and Beux; Garcia and Quincke; and Cano and col.
Critical level at 0.34 meq/100 g
(133 ppm K)
Bolivia: Fertilization Network Bolivia: Fertilization Network FundacruzFundacruz--IPNIIPNISanta Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)( )( )Jorge Terrazas, Emilio Avila and collaborators
Ch kCh k PKSMiPKSMiCheckCheck2321 kg/ha2321 kg/ha
PKSMicrosPKSMicros3196 kg/ha3196 kg/ha+875 kg/ha (38%)+875 kg/ha (38%)
Soybean: Average Yields in three regions of Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia)
4500
Network Fundacruz-IPNI
3000
3500
4000
kg/ha)
Check
1500
2000
2500
ean yield (k PK
PS
KS
500
1000
1500
Soyb
KS
PKS
PKS+Micros
0N C E N C E N C E
2005/06 2006/07 2007/08
Chloride in wheat in the PampasAverage yields for the 10 field trials with response to ClAverage yields for the 10 field trials with response to Cl between 2001 and 2006
36583872 3978 4016
4000
d (kg/ha)
3000
grain yiel
2000
Whe
at
2000
0 23 46 69Cl rate (kg/ha)
Zinc in Maize
28
University of Rio Cuarto/Mosaic –2007/08
1081
6
67411
002
1032
7
1163
7
1070
3129 2
1174
4
12000
a) 96 1
8000
eld
(kg/
ha
4000
Gra
in y
ie
NPNPS blendNPS chemical blend
0
La Aguada Calvo
NPS+Zn
Rates of 11-21 kg S and 1 kg Zn
XIX Latin‐American and XXIII Argentinean Soil Science Congress
Latin America together protecting its soilsLatin America together protecting its soils Mar del Plata, 16‐20 April 2012
More information atwww congresodesuelos org arwww.congresodesuelos.org.ar
XIX ISTRO 2012 - IV Reunión SUCS
Montevideo 24 28 September 2012Montevideo, 24-28 September 2012
10 December 2011Deadline to present contributionsDeadline to present contributions
www.fagro.edu.uy/ISTRO
ISTRO - International Soil Tillage Research Organization Founded on 27 September 1973
www.fagro.edu.uy/ISTRO
Founded on 27 September 1973
Non-profit Organization Organized as a corporation for education and scientific
Th nkTh nk uu!!!!ThankThank youyou!!!!
Fernando O. GarciaIPNI Southern ConeIPNI Southern Cone
[email protected]/lasc