agricultural plastic characterization and management on

Project: Building a Canada Wide Zero-Plastic-Waste Strategy for Agriculture
Submitted to: Environment and Climate Change Canada
Version: Final – 08.01.21
Published: August 2021
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 2 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 5
Background ..................................................................................................................... 5
Previous Studies, Reports and Online Resources ............................................................ 9
Production data................................................................................................................ 9
Ag plastic descriptions ................................................................................................... 18 5.0 Ag Plastic Generation Estimates ......................................................................................... 27
Annual Ag Plastic Generation by Region ........................................................................ 27
Estimated Generation by Ag Plastic ............................................................................... 28
Ag Plastics Generated by Sector ................................................................................... 37
Ag Plastic Generated Per Unit of Production .................................................................. 41
Ag Plastic Generated by Resin Type .............................................................................. 45
Comparisons from the Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019) ........................................................................................................................... 46
6.0 End of Life Practices, Programs and Opportunities .............................................................. 47
Current Disposal Practices ............................................................................................. 47
Current Recycling Programs .......................................................................................... 47
New program development ............................................................................................ 53
New technologies that will help improve the availability of end markets .......................... 54
Extended Producer Responsibility Policy Development .................................................. 55
Appendices
B - References
E - Tame Hay – Storage Options
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mPE – metallocene polyethylene
IBC – intermediate bulk container
Plastic packaging and packaging-like products play an essential role in the Canadian agricultural sector by delivering inputs on-farm, facilitating efficient storage of crops or feed and creating ideal growing conditions.
The goal of this study was to identify the types, and estimate the amount of agricultural plastics generated across Canada and provide an overview of current diversion practices. Results will allow stakeholders to better explore end of life management solutions and develop a more circular economy for agricultural plastics.
Using desktop research and expert interviews, a model was developed to quantify and extrapolate on-farm agricultural plastic (ag plastic) generation. This model estimated that approximately 61,754 metric tonnes of agricultural plastic waste annually is generated across Canada; the bulk (53%) of which is generated in the Prairie provinces, while Ontario and Quebec account for 37% of the national tonnage.
Canadian farmers grow a variety of commodities. Different commodities and farming practices (influenced by regionality, moisture levels, and individual preferences and other factors) impact the types and amounts of ag plastics in use. The table below outlines the estimated amount of agricultural waste plastic generated by the sectors that were included in this study.
Maritimes 1,703, 3%
Quebec 9,354, 15%
Ontario 13,574, 22%
Manitoba 4,768, 7%
Saskatchewan 14,071, 23%
Alberta 14,048, 23%
Figure 1 – Annual Ag Plastic Generation by Region (tonnes, percentage)
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Table 1 - Estimated Ag Plastic Generation by Sector in Canada
When categorized by resin type, an indication of the amount of feedstock available to recyclers, the data estimates that over 50% of plastics generated are LDPE.
Table 2 – Estimated Ag Plastic Generation by Resin Type in Canada
Resin Type Annual Tonnage (est.)
% of National Tonnage
LDPE 30,113 49
PP 8,516 14
PS 6,464 10
HDPE 6,127 10
EPS 1,806 3
mPE 1,332 2
PVC 316 1
Nylon 134 <1
Total 61,754 100
For the purpose of this study, the various types of ag plastics in use were organized into 26 groupings that reflect their resin type and usage (e.g. seed and fertilizer PP bags were grouped together). The items identified in Table 3 account for 89% of Canadian agricultural plastic generation.
Sector Annual Tonnage
(est.) % of National
Maple Syrup 1,661 3
Cannabis 633 1
Total 61,754 100
Ag Plastic Annual Tonnage
LDPE Grain Bags 6,950 11
Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 6,946 11
PS Trays (e.g. propagation trays) 6,464 10
PP Twine 5,113 8
3,766 6
2,806 5
PP Woven Bags (e.g. fertilizer and seed bags) 1,908 3
EPS Trays (e.g. propagation trays) 1,806 3
HDPE Drums (e.g. pesticide and detergent drums) 1,515 2
Sub-total of Top 11 Ag Plastics 54,785 89
Other 6,969 11
Total 61,754 100
Of the 61,754 tonnes generated annually, approximately 6,000 tonnes of ag plastics are currently being diverted through a variety of recycling/disposal programs operated by Cleanfarms. The remaining plastics are managed by reuse, on-farm disposal, return-to-vendor and landfill disposal.
An analysis of current recycling systems showed that a significant portion of ag plastics (e.g. LLDPE Wrap, LDPE Silage Bags and Bunker Covers and PP Woven Bags) could be diverted through the expansion of systems already in place or in pilot phases. New program development is likely required for items like propagation trays (although significant reuse occurs amongst users) and net wrap.
Further investments in technology and policy development will also be required to increase the overall amount of ag plastics diversion.
This report is one of two research initiatives, funded by Environment and Climate Change Canada, undertaken in 2019 and 2020 to provide baseline data aimed at improving end-of-life management of agricultural plastics and increasing the quantities of agricultural plastics that are ultimately recycled and brought back into the economy. The second report examined end market availability for ag plastics and is available at www.cleanfarms.ca.
Background
Canadian farmers, and the industries that support them, are interested in improving the end-of-life stewardship of ag plastics, which are important tools in their farming operations. Various stakeholders across the entire value chain are examining ways to transition packaging to more sustainable formats, extend the lifespan of refillable containers, increase re-use and develop recycling programs that can help create a more circular economy for plastics.
One way to support this work is to ensure access to up-to-date generation data. Cleanfarms initiated a series of province-based ag waste characterizations starting in 2009. As farming practices evolve, new measurements are needed to support ongoing work to improve, evaluate or develop current or new initiatives.
This study examined ag plastic generation on Canadian farms nation-wide through the development of a model to estimate usage rates of various ag plastics based on desktop research, expert interviews and on-farm practices. It complements Cleanfarms’ three-year initiative, Building a Zero- Plastic-Waste Strategy for Agriculture, which aims to increase farmer access to recycling programs and explore ways to deliver long-term, permanent programs.
Cleanfarms engaged Envise Consulting Inc. to manage the research and analysis component of this study (desktop research, model development and expert interviews). Cleanfarms and Envise Consulting collaborated on the analysis of disposal practices and report writing.
Project Funding
This project was undertaken with the financial support of the Government of Canada through Environment and Climate Change Canada.
About Cleanfarms
Cleanfarms is a national not-for-profit organization that delivers industry-funded, end-of-life stewardship programs to the agricultural sector across Canada. It works collaboratively with more than 70 members in the pesticide, fertilizer, seed, ag plastic and animal health medication sectors, as well as other partners to develop and manage farmer-focused recycling programs.
About Envise Consulting Inc.
Envise Consulting Inc. has over 10 years of experience performing agricultural waste characterizations, developing collection models and working to enhance the recovery of agricultural resources through improving the end-of-life management of plastics.
Project Objectives
The objectives of this study were to:
(1) develop a model to estimate the total amount of each type of plastic waste generated through the wide range of commodities grown and practices in use on Canadian farms; and,
(2) categorize the findings by region, sector, plastic resin, and ag plastic type.
The deliverables of the project were:
An inventory of the types of ag plastic wastes generated in the agricultural sector across six provinces and the Maritimes.
An estimate of the annual weight of plastics generated by resin type.
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An estimate of the annual weight of plastic generated by sector. An estimate of plastic generated per unit (e.g., per acre, per head of cattle, per plant unit). An assessment of current end-of-life destinations of plastic streams e.g., recycling, recovery,
reuse, landfill. An assessment of current recycling programs and diversion systems in use. An assessment of additional plastic wastes that could be diverted through the expansion of
existing programs or the development of new programs. Recommendations that will enable the agricultural sector to work towards increased
diversion in support of the Government of Canada’s plan to achieve zero plastic waste by 2030.
Scope
Sector Selection
This study examined waste generation across nine types of production and one product line (pesticide and fertilizer containers), which are referred to as ‘sectors’ throughout this report.
The sectors were selected by Cleanfarms to capture ag plastics generation across a maximum number of acres seeded (or under roof) and head of livestock while managing the financial constraints of the project. The sectors were also chosen to align with the way that Statistics Canada organizes data and because industry-generated was available for one product line.
A wide variety of crops are grown in Canada and therefore further scoping was required as outlined below. The sectors below and the units within each sector represent at least 88% of all acres seeded in Canada and 100% percent of cattle farm sales.
Table 4 - Sectors Analyzed for Ag Plastic Generation
Sector Unit Total Units Units
Analyzed (%) Reference
Fruits, Berries and Nuts acres 332,812 92% 2016
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables acres 632,392 89% 2016
Greenhouse Vegetables acres 4,290 97% 2018
Nursery Tree and Plant Production
units 93,215,998 88% 2018
Horticultural Flowers and Plants
units 606,773,141 99% 2018
Pesticide and Fertilizer Packaging
N/A N/A 2019
Ag Plastic Selection
The study examined ag plastics or items that met the following criteria:
The item is a non-durable good, defined as a material with a lifespan of less than 3 years with the exception of greenhouse film and metallocene polyethylene tubing (mPE).
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The plastic/item was comprised predominantly of plastic. For example, greenhouse grow bags, plastic bags with 99%+ by weight of growing media, were excluded. Seed and pesticide bags which are primarily paper with a plastic liner were also excluded.
Plastics must be post-industrial waste. The plastic is destined for disposal at the farm or growing site. Items (e.g. plastic clamshells) that are used to transport items to consumers were excluded.
Items are used for direct farming activities like delivering product (e.g. pesticides, fertilizer, seed) to farms, storing feed/grain, cultivation and seed propagation. Items like oil, jugs of diesel exhaust fluid, and fuel drums were excluded.
Most plastics examined in the project were identified in advance of study or during expert interviews. See Appendix A for a full list items that formed the scope of this study.
Region Selection
British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec Maritimes – New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Newfoundland and Labrador were excluded due to low volumes of acres seeded in these areas.
Study Limitations
Planning and methodology development began in fall 2019. Expert interviews and data gathering to generate inputs into the mathematical model took place during 2020. The initial methodology included extensive onsite farm visits which were shifted to phone interviews to manage COVID-19 public health restrictions.
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3.0 Methodology
Waste characterization is a common piece of research conducted by municipalities and businesses looking to reduce waste impacts in their communities and operations.
Researchers typically select representative samples of waste from the source of generation and extrapolate those samples to the entire waste stream. For example, municipalities will select garbage bags from households at random and sort the contents into different waste types in order to identify the percentage of different waste in the garbage bags. This is then applied to the entire amount of waste generated (e.g. total number of garbage bags) in that community.
Business waste characterizations often follow a similar approach by sorting through waste from their dumpsters and then extrapolate the results to the entire amount of waste generated in that business.
Measuring plastic generation in agriculture
Measuring waste at its source of generation is not practical in an agricultural setting due to the large variation in plastic usage across the country and seasonality. The methodology used for this study therefore examined the types of plastics (either products or packaging) required for production and estimated a usage rate for each item.
First, researchers identified the ag plastics used in the different stages of production according to the scope of work (Section 2.3.2). See Appendix A for a list of all ag plastics identified.
A mathematical model was then developed which combines the usage rate of an item (e.g. kilograms of bale wrap used per acre) with the total number of units grown.
A simple example of how the generation of an item (e.g. total bale wrap generated) was calculated is as follows: A x B = C
A = plastic used per acre or usage rate (e.g. 5 kilograms of bale wrap used per acre) B = number of acres (e.g. 1,000 acres of hay seeded) C = total tonnes of plastic generated (5,000 kilograms of bale wrap used in hay production)
To account for different usage habits, further calculations are required such as:
A = the number of bales per acre (based on yield) x the weight of plastic per bale (based on the number of wraps per bale and thickness/weight of bale wrap).
B = total acres x the use rate of each of the types of plastic, (e.g. 30% of the acres seeded is bale wrapped, 70% is not.)
Usage habits vary greatly across Canada. The model used to make the calculation is complex and involved numerous inputs which were obtained from various sources (see next sections).
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The following sources provided inputs used in the mathematical model:
Previous Canadian agricultural plastic waste characterization studies provided preliminary data and comparators.
On-line academic research and industry resources provided product information (e.g. weights of items), usage guidelines, material specifications (resin type) and input calculators to determine factors like seeding rates.
Sources are identified in Appendix B.
Production data
Production data like number of acres seeded, crop yields per acre, annual production and headcounts were important inputs in the mathematical model. This was largely obtained through Statistics Canada data. Health Canada data was used for cannabis estimates.
Expert Interviews
Industry Experts
Industry experts, mostly individuals involved in the sale of ag plastics, provided insights into grower habits, item weights, applications, and usage levels in different provinces.
Individuals from various grower groups (or associations) helped identify farmers willing to participate in interviews or complete questionnaires along with additional insights specific to their membership or sector.
Appendix C identifies the 11 industry experts and 54 association contacts who were interviewed.
Subject Matter Experts
Subject matter experts included academics and provincial government officials with expertise into plant growing cycles, baling practices, crop yields and plastic product usage.
Appendix C identifies the 23 subject matter experts who were interviewed.
Farmers/growers
Farmers provided valuable input based on the scope of their operations (e.g., acres of different crops, heads of cattle, plant growing cycles, or region) and hands-on use of agricultural plastic products and packaging. COVID-19 largely restricted on-farm visits; in-depth interviews and questionnaires replaced most on-farm visits.
Appendix D identifies the regions and farm-types of the 80 farmers who were interviewed.
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Select Methodologies
A proprietary mathematical model was developed that factored in the many inputs impacting ag plastics generation. This section explains how estimates were calculated in select sectors.
Field Crops: Wheat and Canola Estimates
Different stages (e.g. seeding, pesticide and fertilizer application, and harvest) of production require different types of ag plastics. Each stage of production was examined to identify the items and weight of items generated during each stage.
3.5.1.1. Seeding
The different types and weights of bags used to bring seed on-farm were identified: LDPE bags or PP woven supersacks.
In some cases, seed is delivered in bulk meaning no packaging is used. Researchers estimated the percentage of seed delivered in bulk and in each different type of
bag. Seeding rates (the total amount of seed required per acre) were identified. Seeding rates were multiplied by total acreage (determined through Statistics Canada data)
to estimate the quantity of each type of bag required for seeding. The weight of each bag was multiplied by the total number of bags required.
3.5.1.2. Pesticide and fertilizer application
Industry-supplied data was provided by Cleanfarms. See Section 3.5.7.
3.5.1.3. Harvest and Storage
Different storage practices were identified: permanent storage (via silos) and grain bags, a single-use LDPE bag.
The different sizes and weights of grain bags were identified. Researchers estimated the average weight per foot of a grain bag.
Researchers estimated the percentage of grain stored in grain bags. Researchers estimated the amount of grain stored per linear foot of a grain bag. Yield data (tonnes/acre and bushels/acre) allowed researchers to estimate the weight of
grain bags used per acre.
Field Crops: Tame Hay Estimates
See sections 3.5.1.1 and 3.5.7 to determine how waste generation for seeding and pesticide and fertilizer application was calculated.
Researchers identified different storage options: baled, stored in silage tubes, stored in bunkers or stored in pits and the items identified with each option.
The ag plastics needed for each storage option were identified. For example, bales, which can be square or round, use twine or netting to hold the bales together. Some bales are then
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covered in bale wrap and others are not. Tame hay that is stored in bunkers or pits are always covered with a silage bunker cover.
Researchers estimated the ratio of hay stored using each storage option. For each storage option, researchers determined the weight of plastic used (e.g. kilograms of
net wrap used per bale or kilograms of bale wrap used per bale). Researchers then combined acreage, bale counts, bushels harvested, etc. to estimate a
“kg/acre” of plastic generation. The kg/acre of plastic generation was multiplied by total acres seeded.
The figure below illustrates how different storage options impact plastic generation. For example, a round bale of hay can include four different combinations of plastics: twine only, net wrap only, twine and bale wrap or net wrap and bale wrap. Depending on the technology used to apply bale wrap to a bale (individual wrapping vs. continuous/inline wrapping), one round bag will use different quantities, and therefore weights of bale wrap.
(This figure examines plastic generation for round bales that are initially wrapped in net wrap. See Appendix E for a more complete diagram of all storage options.)
Figure 2 – Plastic Generation for Net Wrapped Round Bales
Hay
Baled
Field Crops: Straw Estimates
Straw is a byproduct of harvesting certain grains, so plastic generation during seeding and pesticide and fertilizer application does not apply. Plastic generation during harvest and storage was estimated.
The grain crops harvested for straw were identified as well as the acreage harvested. Researchers identified handling practices for straw: e.g. retained in field (no plastic required),
collected for straw (plastic required), or losses due to various activities (no plastic required). The storage options for crop that is collected for straw were identified. The steps identified in Section 3.5.2.1 were then followed.
Cattle Estimates
Ag plastics are mainly generated through feeding and cleaning practices. Generation was examined from the calving stage to the milking parlor and feedlot stage.
3.5.4.1. Feeding
Feed can be delivered to a farm in different sized bags or in bulk (no packaging).
The different types, sizes and weights of bags used to deliver feed on-farm were identified: LDPE bags, large PP bags.
Researchers estimated the percentage of feed delivered in bulk and in each different type of bag.
The kilograms of feed required for each cattle class (cow, heifer, bull, etc.) and region was estimated.
Researchers estimated the total numbers of each bag needed to deliver the required feed on- farm.
The weight of each bag was multiplied by the total number of bags required.
Note: The amount of plastics generated in the growing or storing of fodder (e.g. feed such as hay) or bedding (e.g. straw) has been accounted for in the ‘Field Crops’ sector.
3.5.4.2. Cleaning and Hygiene
Containers and bags are used to bring a variety of cleaning and hygiene products (e.g. ivermectin, cleaning chemicals, teat dip, hoof treatments and copper sulfate) on farm.
The different types, sizes and weights of containers or bags used were identified: LDPE bags, HDPE pails, drums and IBCs.
For each cleaning and hygiene product (product) identified, researchers estimated an ‘average container weight’ due to the large variation of containers identified.
For each cattle class, researchers estimated the volume of each product used. Researchers estimated the total number (and associated weight) of containers needed to
deliver the required volume of cleaning and hygiene products on-farm.
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Greenhouse Vegetables Estimates
All estimates for this sector examined plastic generation in tomatoes, peppers and cucumber production only, which accounts for 97% of all units of greenhouse vegetables grown.
Plastics are primarily used to support seeding/propagation, provide structure, cover flooring, support the growth of plants, deliver chemicals to greenhouses and provide carbon dioxide inside structures.
3.5.5.1. Seeding and Propagation
Tomatoes and pepper seeds are first placed in propagation trays before they are transferred to grow bags to continue propagation. Cucumbers are placed immediately in grow bags (which are not part of the scope of this study) for their complete propagation period.
Researchers identified the annual number of plants per m2 for each crop. This allowed researchers to estimate the number of seeds required to support the acreage planted of each crop.
The different types, sizes, ratios and weights of bags used to deliver seed to greenhouses or propagators (i.e. facilities that specialize in propagation) were identified: mylar seed bags (a multi-layer plastic packaging composed of LDPE film and foil).
The different types, sizes, ratios and weights of trays used for propagation of tomatoes and peppers were identified: propagation trays made of EPS, PS, or PVC.
Researchers then determined the number and (associated weights) of seed bags and propagations trays required.
Note: Multiple crops per year and significant reuse of propagation trays were factored into the model.
3.5.5.2. Structural Plastic
Greenhouses are constructed with either glass, acrylic or plastic poly film (also known as greenhouse roofing or greenhouse plastic roof cover). Glass and acrylic are permanent and not part of this study.
The type of plastic used to cover greenhouses was identified: double layered LDPE plastic. The lifespan of plastic poly film was estimated: 4 years. Statistics Canada data provided an estimate of the acreage grown in greenhouses constructed
of poly film. The amount (and associated weight) of poly film needed to cover the acreage was estimated.
To account for sidewalls (not just roofs) being constructed of poly film, researchers adjusted the volume up by 15 per cent. The total amount was then adjusted down to 25% to account for the 4 year lifepan of this item.
3.5.5.3. Floor Plastic
Greenhouses generally use two types of floor coverings: a layer made out of black-woven PP (out of scope due to its 10-year lifespan) and a second film layer used for pest control (which is replaced annually).
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The type of plastic (within the project’s scope) used to cover floors was identified: LDPE plastic
also known as LDPE poly floor film.
Statistics Canada data provided the total acreage grown in greenhouses constructed of poly
film. (A portion of greenhouses constructed of polyfilm use LDPE poly floor film.)
Researchers estimated the total area that uses LDPE poly floor film.
The amount of LDPE poly floor film used was estimated by multiplying the density of the plastic
by the total area of greenhouses.
3.5.5.4. Greenhouse hardware
A number of plastic tools are needed to support greenhouse vegetable production. This ensures the vertical space in a greenhouse is well utilized.
The different types, weights and sizes of items used to support greenhouse vegetables were identified:
o Clips support plant trunks and branches and tether plants to guide wires. o Truss arch supports hold up plant branches that are too heavy to stay up on their
own. o Twine and hooks hold up plants so that the plant can grow upwards to heights of 10
feet or higher and support vertical growing strategies used to maximize productivity and efficiency.
A usage rate (kilogram of each item used per plant) was estimated based on the type of plant and grower habits. For example, approximately 50% of cucumber acres are grown using a “high wire” technique while 50% were estimated to use the umbrella technique. The high wire technique uses substantially higher amounts of twine compared to the umbrella technique.
The usage rate was multiplied by plants per acre and total acreage to estimate plastic generation.
3.5.5.5. Cleaning and Disinfectant Chemicals
Greenhouse operators use disinfectant and cleaning chemicals to prevent the spread of pests.
The different types, sizes and ratios of containers used to bring disinfectant and cleaning chemicals to greenhouses were identified: HDPE pails, drums and IBC containers.
The usage rate (e.g. litres of disinfectant per acre) was determined.
The usage rates were multiplied by total acreage to estimate the quantities of each type of container required to deliver disinfectant and cleaning chemicals to greenhouses.
The weight of each containers was multiplied by the total number of containers required.
3.5.5.6. CO2 Tubing
LDPE plastic tubing is used to deliver residual carbon dioxide gas to the greenhouse growing areas.
The different types, weights and sizes of plastic tubing (e.g. rigid (out of scope due to its long lifespan) vs. non rigid piping (in scope)) were identified: LDPE tubing.
A usage rate was determined by estimating the length of tubing needed for one acre of the greenhouse
Researchers estimated the total acreage that uses CO2 tubing. (CO2 tubing is primarily used in British Columbia.)
Total generation was determined by multiplying the usage rate by the linear foot per acre and
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weight per foot.
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables Estimates
The methodology used to estimate plastics generation for non-greenhouse vegetable production is largely based on the approach used in previous sections where plastic generation in the various stages of production (e.g. seeding and in-field growing) was estimated. The text that follows is intended to demonstrate how researchers factored in different practices used for different non- greenhouse vegetables.
3.5.6.1. Seeding
The different types, sizes, weights and ratios of containers or bags used to bring seed to farms or propagate seeds prior to planting were identified: plastic pails, mylar bags, propagation trays.
o For potatoes, most seed is delivered in bulk (no packaging required) or using supersacks (FIBCs).
o Most carrot seed is delivered in 20 Litre pails. o Similar to greenhouse tomatoes, field grown tomatoes are propagated first, before
being planted in the field. o Pumpkin seed that is purchased is typically delivered in mylar bags or 20 Litre pails.
However, some pumpkin is grown from recovered seed. Researchers estimated the number of plants of each non-greenhouse vegetable that are
grown per acre which considers in-row plant spacing, spacing between rows and individual habits.
The number of plants planted per acre was used to estimate the total seed required per acre. This was used to determine the total containers or bags required to deliver seed to farms or
propagators.
3.5.6.2. Cultivation
The different types, sizes, weights of plastics used during cultivation were identified: LDPE mulch film and HDPE drip tape.
Researchers identified planting densities and row spacings to determine the total row length for each crop, per acre.
The total row length allowed researchers to estimate the amount of mulch film and drip tape required for crops.
3.5.6.3. Hoop Houses and Cold Frames
Some crops (e.g. lettuce) rely on starter plants (seedlings). Seedlings are usually planted in hoop houses and cold frames (which are covered in poly film) before they are transferred to a field.
The type of plastic used was identified: LDPE poly film. Through farmer interviews, researchers made a correlation between the square feet of cold
frames or hoop houses to acreage grown. This allowed researchers to estimate a total square footage required for cold frames or hoop houses (covered area).
Researchers multiplied the covered area by the density of the poly film.
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Pesticides and Fertilizers
Containers and bags (along with some bulk delivery) are used to deliver pesticide and fertilizer on- farm.
Pesticide and fertilizer container and bag generation data was supplied by Cleanfarms. The data provided included the number, weights and sizes of containers and bags used to
deliver pesticide and fertilizer on farm: HDPE containers, PP Bags, LDPE Bags, HDPE containers and IBCs.
This allowed researchers to estimate the total tonnage associated with each container or bag type generated.
Researchers estimated the ratio of each container and bag type used in each region based on recovery data.
To estimate the amount of pesticide and fertilizer packaging used per acre (kg/acre), researchers divided the total amount of plastic used by the total acreage from sectors that use pesticides and fertilizers (all sectors except Livestock and Maple Syrup).
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4.0 Inventory of plastics generated
A total of 26 ag plastics (see section 5.2.1) were identified through this research. This section provides a description of the main ag plastics identified that make up >99% of the volume of plastic generated.
Table 5 – Inventory of Ag Plastics – Main Types
Ag Plastic Resin Type(s) Sector with highest generation
Notes
Net wrap Mixed plastic Field crops
Bale wrap LLDPE Field crops Primarily used in Ontario, Quebec and southern BC
Bale bags and tubes LLDPE Field crops
Silage bags LDPE Field crops
Silage tarps LDPE Field crops
Grain bags LDPE Field crops Primarily used in the Prairies
Greenhouse roof film LDPE Greenhouse vegetables
Primarily used in ON and BC
Propagation trays PP, EPS, PS, PVC
Non greenhouse vegetables
Tote bags PP Field crops
Also known as woven bags, flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs), mini bags or supersacks
Plastic bags for seed, feed and fertilizer
Mylar (LDPE & foil), LDPE, PP
Field crops
Plastic mulch film LLDPE Fruit, Berries and Nuts
Drip tape HDPE Fruit, Berries and Nuts
Maple syrup tubing mPE Maple syrup
Maple syrup taps and spiles Nylon Maple syrup
Pesticide and fertilizer containers HDPE Field crops Includes drums and intermediate bulk containers (IBCs)
Greenhouse Hardware PP Greenhouse vegetables
Clips, supports and spools
Baler Twine
Baler twine, made from polypropylene (PP), is used to make dry hay and straw bales as well as bales of cereal crops (called greenfeed). The hay and cereal crop bales are used for animal feed while straw bales are used mostly for animal bedding. PP twine can be used to make round and square bale. Reports suggest that twine usage is slowly being replaced by net wrap on round bales. Similarly, PP twine has greatly replaced sisal twine on square bales.
PP twine is generally sold in three different grades: fine twine (approx. 0.9 grams per metre) is typically used on round bales, medium twine (approx. 3.3 grams per metre) is used on small square bales, and thick twine (approx. 8.9 grams per metre) used on large square bales.
Source: (L) hayandforage.com, (R) stock
Net Wrap
Net wrap can be a knitted high-density polyethylene (HDPE), or mixed plastic netting used to make round bales. Although more expensive than twine, net wrap has replaced twine in many farm baling operations due to increased baling efficiency and the improved ability to maintain bale shape and repel moisture.
Note: A small number of farm operations have started using a product called net replacement film (NRF), a thin LLDPE film, to make round bales. NRF is not part of this project’s scope.
Source: (L) syfilco.on.ca, (C) honsdar.com, (R) farmbagsupplystore.com
Figure 3 - PP Twine
Figure 4 - Net Wrap
Bale Wrap
Bale wrap is a thin (1 mil) stretch film made from linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) which is used to wrap round or large square bales of hay (and some cereal crops) after the bales have first been wrapped by twine or net wrap to create baleage, a form of silage (fermented feed) fed to livestock.
Bale wrap is more commonly used in wetter climates (e.g., Ontario, Quebec, southern BC) to prevent excess moisture in the bales. Bale wrap can be applied to individual bales or can be used to wrap multiple bales using a continuous in-line baler
Source: (L) deereequipment.com, (R) goeweil.com
Bale Bags and Tubes
Individual round and square bales can also be loaded into 4 to 5 mil thick low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bale bags or LLDPE bale tubes using a bale loading machine for the purpose of ensuring that the contents are stored under the right conditions for its intended end use.
Source: (L) atfilmsinc.com, (C) atfilmsinc.com, (R) agriculture-xprt.com
Figure 5 - LLDPE Bale Wrap
Figure 6 - Bale Bags and Tubes
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Silage Bags
Silage bags are 7 to 9 mil thick two-layer (white on the outside and black on the inside) LDPE bags used to store loose silage crops (grains and hay) on farm fields in order to produce fermented feed for livestock.
Source: (L) hayandforage.com, (R) chinooksilagecovers.com
Silage Tarps
Larger beef and dairy farms often store silage crops in large concrete bunkers or silage pits. The bunkers and pits are covered with 5 to 6 mil thick two-layer (white on the outside and black on the inside) LDPE silage tarps. A limited number of farms also line the bunker walls with silage tarps if the walls are damaged and do not provide a proper moisture seal.
In addition, some beef and dairy farms have started using a very thin (0.05 mil) oxygen barrier film (also referred to as top seal and made from LDPE) under silage tarps to increase feed quality and reduce surface spoilage.
Source: (L) farmersfriend.com, (R) indiamart.com
Figure 7 - Silage Bags
Figure 8 - Silage Tarps
Grain Bags
Grain bags are used to store harvested field crops in farm fields as an alternative to on-farm steel silage bins or off-farm grain elevators. Grain bags are identical to silage bags except that they are usually thicker (8 to 10 mil) in order to protect crops from wildlife and birds. Typically, only cereal crops are stored in grain bags although some harvested canola is stored in bags as well.
Grain bags are used predominantly in the Prairie provinces. While the majority of harvested crops are stored in silos or elevators, grain bags can be a useful storage option when there is a bumper crop, when crops are grown on rented land or when the crop field is a long distance from the silos. Small grain farms that do not have silos and do not have access to elevators will also use grain bags for crop storage.
Source: (L) atfilmsinc.com, (R) startribune.com
Greenhouse Roof Film
LDPE plastic film is used to cover hoop houses and overwintering houses that protect nursery crops, as well as to cover greenhouses for housing nursery and vegetable crops. Greenhouses can also be constructed with long-lasting rigid polycarbonate panels (not included in the scope of this study).
Three or 4 mil thick film is common for one year use on hoop houses and overwintering houses. A thicker film, typically 6 mil thickness is used to cover greenhouses, and can be used for multi-year applications.
Source: (L) greenpro.co.in, (R) amazon.com
Figure 9 - Grain Bags
22
Propagation Trays and Growing Pots
Propagation trays are used by nurseries, greenhouse vegetable growers and cannabis growers to propagate seedlings. Trays can be made from rigid polypropylene (PP) or expanded polypropylene (EPS). After the propagation phase, small plants are either planted outside or transferred to growing pots which can be made from PP or HDPE.
Source: (L) Greenhousemegastore.com, (R) thegrowdepot.ca
Tote Bags
Tote bags, also referred to as flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs) or mini-bulk bags, are made from woven PP with nylon strapping. They are used primarily to package seeds, pesticides, and animal feed in a bulk format. The most common sizes for farm use are 500 kg and 1 tonne capacity.
Source: (L) megasack.com, (R) stock photo
Figure 11 - Propagation Trays and Growing Pots
Figure 12 - Tote Bags
Plastic Bags for Seed, Feed and Fertilizer
Plastic bags for seeds, animal feed supplements and fertilizer can be made from Mylar (LDPE and Foil), LDPE film or woven PP. The bags generally have capacities of less than 30 kg. Small mylar (LDPE film and foil) bags are used for vegetable seeds. Plastic-lined paper bags used for seeds and feed were not quantified in this study.
Source: (L) stokeseeds.com, (C) stock, (R) lloydbag.com
Animal Health Product Containers
Health product containers for livestock are generally made of HDPE and can come in a wide range of sizes, for example: 50 ml bottles of antiparasitic chemicals, 20 L buckets of detergent and 205 L drums of teat dip. The majority of containers are generated from the use of liquid chemicals and detergents in dairy farm milking parlours.
Source: (L) vetoquinol.ca, (C) delaval.com, (R) Harrcroft Dairy Farm
Figure 13 - Plastic Bags for Seed, Feed and Fertilizer
Figure 14 - Animal Health Product Containers
24
Plastic Mulch Film
Black or white on black plastic mulch is an LLDPE film which may be predrilled with holes at specific intervals for plants. Plastic mulch is used primarily in vegetable and strawberry plant production to reduce water consumption, eliminate weeds, warm up the soil, protect against erosion, and prevent fruits and vegetables from being in direct contact with the soil.
Plastic mulch is used for 1-3 seasons before requiring disposal. Biodegradable plastic mulch is also available on the market, although it is limited to use for only one growing season. It does present the perceived benefit of avoiding disposal as it often breaks down in 30-180 days.
Source: (L) novamont.com, (R) duboisag.com
Drip Tape
Drip tape is a thin HDPE irrigation tube with regularly spaced emitters that release water along the length of the tube. It is used in vegetable and fruit production.
Source: fedcoseeds.com
Figure 16 - Drip Tape
Maple Syrup Tubing and Taps
A special type of polyethylene called metallocene polyethylene (mPE) is used to make tubing for carrying the sap collected from maple trees to a holding tank. Nylon taps, also called spiles, are inserted in the trees to collect the sap.
Source: (L) White Meadow Farms, (R) White Meadow Farms
Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers
Plastic containers for liquid pesticides and fertilizers are made from HDPE and come in a range of sizes including small bottles (<1 L), jugs (1 to ≤23 L), 20 L pails, 205 L drums and 454 L–1500 L totes, also called intermediate bulk containers (IBCs). The majority of containers are HDPE jugs with less than 23 L capacity.
Source: (L) stock, (R) stock
Figure 17 - Maple Syrup Tubing
Figure 18 – Pesticide and Fertilizer Containers
26
Greenhouse Hardware
Due to the high cost of space in greenhouses, growers typically use elevation to maximize the number of plants per square foot ratio, thus requiring support plastics (greenhouse hardware) to achieve this. Hardware typically includes:
Clips – used to guide plant stems along twine
Truss arches – used to support fruit bearing branches
Hooks and twine - used to support the plant and train the stem to grow to heights of 10 feet or higher.
Source: (L) stock, (C) boshraamin.com, (R) stock
Figure 19 - Greenhouse Hardware
5.0 Ag Plastic Generation Estimates
The model estimated that 61,754 tonnes of ag plastics are generated in the scoped regions annually. This section presents the data in different ways, often on a national scale and then by region.
Annual Ag Plastic Generation by Region
Table 6 - Annual Ag plastic Generation by Region (tonnes)
Region Annual Tonnage
(est.) % of National
Maritimes 1,703, 3%
Quebec 9,354, 15%
Ontario 13,574, 22%
Manitoba 4,768, 7%
Saskatchewan 14,071, 23%
Alberta 14,048, 23%
Canada
Mixed Plastics Net Wrap 6,946 11
PS Trays 6,464 10
PP Twine 5,113 8
EPS Trays 1,806 3
HDPE Drums 1,515 2
LDPE Bags 1,306 2
Greenhouse Hardware 843 1
HDPE IBCs 756 1
PP Pots 641 1
PVC Trays 316 1
HDPE Pots 238 <1
Nylon Fittings 134 <1
LDPE Tubing 7 <1
Total 61,754 100
LLDPE Bale Wrap 15,055, 24%
LDPE Grain Bags 6,950, 11%
Mixed Plastics Net Wrap 6,946, 11%
PS Trays 6,464, 11% PP Twine 5,113,
8%
All Other 12,593, 21%
PS Trays 226 13
Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 127 7
HDPE Drip Tape 107 6
PP Twine 106 6
HDPE Drums 51 3
LDPE Bags 24 1
PP Pots 22 1
HDPE IBCs 20 1
Other - 11 Ag Plastics 71 4
Total 1,703 100
PS Trays 226, 14%
Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 127, 8%
HDPE Drip Tape 107, 7%
PP Twine 106, 6%
LDPE Roof Film 485 5
LLDPE Mulch Film 456 5
PP Twine 442 5
HDPE Drums 372 4
LDPE Bags 147 2
Nylon Fittings 122 1
EPS Trays 103 1
PP Pots 83 1
Other – 11 Ag Plastics 397 4
Total 9,355 100
PS Trays 2,465, 28%
mPE Tubing 1,206, 13% Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 490, 6%
LDPE Roof Film 485, 5%
LLDPE Mulch Film 456, 5%
PP Twine 442, 5%
HDPE Drums 372, 4%
All Other 1,157, 13%
EPS Trays 1,348 10
PP Twine 916 7
HDPE Drums 312 2
PP Pots 282 2
PVC Trays 197 1
LDPE Bags 173 1
Total 13,574 100
PS Trays 2,964, 23%
LLDPE Bale Wrap 2,035,
Greenhouse Hardware 579, 4% HDPE < 23L Containers
462, 4%
LDPE Grain Bags 767 16
PP Twine 517 11
HDPE Drums 141 3
LDPE Bags 120 3
HDPE IBCs 101 2
PS Trays 50 1
Total 4,768 100
LLDPE Bale Wrap 1,480, 31%Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 786,
17%
PP Twine 517, 11%
HDPE Drums 141, 3%
LDPE Bags 120, 2%
All Other 419, 9%
PP Twine 1,324 9
HDPE Drums 326 2
LDPE Bags 280 2
HDPE IBCs 249 2
PS Trays 18 <1
Other - 11 Ag Plastics 28 <1
Total 14,071 100
Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 2,166, 15%
PP Twine 1,324, 9%
HDPE Drums 326, 2%
All Other 780, 6%
LDPE Grain Bags 1,980 14
PP Twine 1,484 11
LDPE Bags 486 3
HDPE Drums 256 2
HDPE IBCs 179 1
PS Trays 57 <1
EPS Trays 43 <1
Total 14,048 100
Mixed Plastics - Net Wrap 2,460, 18%
PP Twine 1,484, 11%
LDPE Bags 486, 3%
All Other 906, 6%
Table 14 - British Columbia: Estimated Generation by Ag Plastic (tonnes)
PS Trays 684 16
PP Twine 323 8
EPS Trays 301 7
PP Pots 198 5
LDPE Bags 76 2
HDPE Drums 57 1
HDPE Pots 56 1
Other -11 Ag Plastics 105 2
Total 4,236 100
Figure 28- British Columbia: Estimated Generation by Ag Plastic (tonnes)
LLDPE Bale Wrap 1,043, 25%LDPE Roof Film 691, 17%
PS Trays 684, 17%
PP Twine 323, 8%
EPS Trays 301, 7%
PP Pots 198, 5% Greenhouse Hardware 135,
3%
Canada
Sector Annual Tonnage (est.) % of National
Tonnage
Maple Syrup 1,661 3
Cannabis 633 1
Total 61,754 100
Sector Annual Tonnage (est.) % of Regional
Tonnage
Maple Syrup 95 6
Total 1,703 100
Sector Annual Tonnage (est.) % of Provincial Tonnage
Field Crops 3,009 32
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables 2,756 29
Maple Syrup 1,505 16
Greenhouse Vegetables 393 4
Cannabis 38 <1
Total 9,354 100
Sector Annual Tonnage (est.) % of Provincial
Tonnage
Cannabis 283 2
Cattle 275 2
Tonnage
Cattle 133 3
Cannabis 38 1
Greenhouse Vegetables 2 <1
Maple Syrup 0 0
Tonnage
Cattle 291 2
Cannabis 19 <1
Greenhouse Vegetables 6 <1
Maple Syrup 0 0
Tonnage
Cattle 532 4
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables 40 <1
Maple Syrup 0 0
Table 22 - British Columbia: Estimated Ag Plastic by Sector (tonnes)
Tonnage
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables 311 7
Cannabis 149 4
Cattle 105 2
Maple Syrup 0 0
Canada
Table 23 - Canada: Estimated Ag Plastic Generated per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 12,255,000
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables 564,690 6,099 2.95
Greenhouse Vegetables 4,151 5,876 1,415.68
Nursery Production and Plants 41,498
(unit) 1,373 33.09 kg/unit
Cannabis 1,942 633 326.10
Total 61,754
* Pesticide and Fertilizer Packaging acreage = the total acreage of all sectors excluding Cattle and Maple Syrup.
Maritimes
Table 24 - Maritimes: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 257,480
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables 143,979 376 2.61
Greenhouse Vegetables 22 35 1,553.19
(unit) 26 1.62 kg/unit
Cannabis 132 43 326.14
Total 1,703
42
Quebec
Table 25 - Quebec: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 1,289,400
Cannabis 118 38 326.14
Total 9,354
Ontario
Table 26 - Ontario: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 2,051,614
Greenhouse Vegetables 2,970 4,363 1,469.06
Cannabis 874 283 323.94
Total 13,574
43
Manitoba
Table 27 - Manitoba: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 1,296,600
Nursery Production and Plants 461
Cannabis 118 38 326.14
Maple Syrup 5,961 (taps)
Total 4,768
Saskatchewan
Table 28 - Saskatchewan: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
(unless noted)
Cattle 2,977,900
Cannabis 59 19 326.14
Total 14,071
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Alberta
Table 29 - Alberta: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
Cattle 6,984,150
Cannabis 191 62 326.14
Total 14,048
British Columbia
Table 30 - British Columbia: Estimated Ag Plastic Per Unit of Production
Sector Acreage
Cattle 774,350
Cannabis 456 149 326.14
Total 4,236
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Table 31 – Estimated Ag Plastic Generation by Resin Type (tonnes)
Figure 29 – Canada: Estimated Ag Plastic Generation by Resin Type
Resin Type Canada Maritimes QC ON MB SK AB BC
LDPE 30,113 707 3,131 5,019 2,643 8,370 8,244 1,999
PP 8,516 272 751 2,097 631 2,007 2,082 675
Mixed Plastics 6,946 127 490 622 786 2,166 2,460 295
PS 6,464 226 2,465 2,964 50 18 57 684
HDPE 6,127 269 1,011 1,272 657 1,508 1,157 252
EPS 1,806 8 103 1,348 1 2 43 301
mPE 1,332 78 1,206 49 0 0 0 0
PVC 316 8 76 197 0 0 4 31
Nylon 134 8 122 5 0 0 0 0
Total 61,754 1,703 9,354 13,574 4,768 14,071 14,048 4,236
LDPE 30,113,089 kg,
kg, 0%
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Comparisons from the Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019)
Terminology
The Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019), authored by Deloitte and ChemInfo, contains frequently used terminology to describe plastic material flow in Canada.
To assist readers in making linkages between this document and The Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019), the figures estimated and reported in section 5.0 most closely aligned with the definition of ‘GEN’ and refers to the plastic supplied to the domestic market.
Findings
The Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019) estimated the total amount of plastic generated across Canada in all sectors to be 3.3 million tonnes. Of the 3.3 million tonnes, 1.553 million tonnes were classified as packaging. An additional 46,000 tonnes of agricultural plastics were reported. The 46,000 tonnes agricultural plastic estimate was provided by Cleanfarms and reflected the best estimate at that time.
The findings in this document (61,754 tonnes) represent a more thorough analysis and replace the 46,000 tonnes agricultural plastic estimate provided in The Economic Study of the Plastics Industry, Markets and Waste, Task 1 Report (2019).
The 61,754 tonnes of agricultural plastic generated represents 1.88% of the total plastic generated annually. More significantly, agricultural plastics represent 3.82% of the packaging plus agricultural plastics (packaging and packaging-like products) generated in Canada annually.
47
Current Disposal Practices
The primary disposal practices for the ag plastics scoped in this study are recycling, reuse, on-farm disposal (burning or burying), return-to-vendor, municipal landfill or energy recovery.
Disposal practices vary by region and are often based on a variety of factors including availability of recycling programs, farming practices, and needs of local communities.
Reuse includes the repurposing of materials on the farm where the waste is generated and by local stakeholders. For example, drums can be reused as rain barrels by businesses (e.g. a landscaper) or residents; tote bags can be reused for packaging firewood, and roofing film can be used to cover wood piles or make backyard skating rinks.
Return-to-vendor - Propagation trays and growing pots are often reused by nurseries, cannabis growers and greenhouse vegetable growers prior to being returned to vendors. Plastic drums and totes used for sanitation products and detergents are often returned to vendors.
Recycling – See next section. On-farm disposal – This usually refers to burning or burying on farm. Municipal landfill – Municipal landfills will often accept ag plastics Energy recovery – Energy recovery is an option, typically if recycling markets are not
available.
An industry-wide scan identified a variety of recycling/diversion programs that were in operation as of December 2020.
The following categorizations were used to classify available recycling/diversion programs:
Permanent program – an industry-funded program that is available year-over-year. Most permanent programs have a reliable funding source.
Pilot – a program that is available on a trial basis in a relatively wide area. A pilot is often a precursor to a permanent program and is usually funded by government sources.
Micro-pilot – a program that is available on a trial basis in a small, targeted area. A micro- pilot is often a precursor to a pilot and funded by governments or local stakeholders.
48
Ag Plastic BC AB SK MB ON QC Maritimes
Pesticide & Fertilizer containers
Permanent program for drums and totes (>23L) available since 2016.
Grain bags N/A
Ag plastic is generally not in use in these regions.
Twine N/A
3 Micro-pilot
Net wrap N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Pilot started: 2019
N/A
Silage Tarps and Bags
N/A Pilot started: 2019
Maple Syrup Tubing
Ag plastic is generally not in use in these regions. N/A 6 Other N/A
Unless otherwise noted, the programs in this table are operated by Cleanfarms.
1 Pilots are led by the multi-stakeholder Agricultural Plastics Recycling Group; funds were granted by the Government of Alberta and are administered by Alberta Beef Producers. Cleanfarms is the program operator.
2 Pilot is led by growers in the District of Kent.
3 Pilot is led by the Northern Caucus of the Ontario Federation of Agriculture and the Northern Ontario Farm Innovation Alliance (NOFIA).
4 U-Pac Agri Service operates an on-farm collection program for bale wrap in Prince Edward County and Leeds Grenville County.
5 Since 2012, Island Waste Management Corporation has collected bale wrap in Prince Edward Island.
6 Some recycling programs for maple syrup tubing are available.
Note:
Most of the pilots and programs noted in this section aim to send the ag plastics collected to recycling end markets.
Based on data supplied by Cleanfarms, approximately 6,000 tonnes of ag plastics were diverted through the organization’s stewardship programs in 2019. This excludes any ag plastics diverted through the micro-pilots or pilots operated in British Columbia, Ontario (via
49
Additional Plastic Diversion Opportunities
Most agricultural plastics are, in theory, recyclable. Recycling ag plastics is a challenge because of contamination, limited end markets and decentralized generators.
Researchers examined the ag plastics that make up 87% of the estimated volume of plastics generated through the model. Each ag plastic was assessed to identify if/how the material could be diverted through the expansion of a program/pilot identified in the Section 6.2 or through new program development.
When compared to program expansion, new program development requires significantly more resources (funding) and lead time (for onboarding the multiple stakeholders (e.g. transporters, processors, recyclers) involved in program delivery) to achieve significant diversion. The following factors were considered:
Quantities currently being diverted through existing programs/pilots - A measure of farmer usage.
Existence and maturity of recycling programs - This is an indication of the availability of infrastructure (e.g. collection sites), baseline knowledge amongst key stakeholders, and contractor experience with managing ag plastics.
Policy development – A stable funding source is required to manage ag plastics over the long term. Policy in the form of provincially regulated extended producer responsibility (EPR) legislation is often linked to permanent programs.
Stability of recycling end markets – Stable end markets ensure that an ag plastic is, in fact, being recycled. Revenue from the sale of ag plastics to end markets can help offset the costs of recycling.
General trends in ag plastics usage/management and future plans in pilots or programs.
Ag plastics that could be diverted through program expansion
Table 33 – Ag plastics that could be diverted through program expansion
Ag Plastic, Amount Generated, Resin Type
Analysis Assessment
15,055 tonnes
LLDPE
Pilots and micro-pilots currently exist in high generation regions (ON, QC).
End markets are very limited. Provincial regulators in Quebec (a
high generation region) have indicated interest in policy development.
Technologies like on-farm presses are available to help minimize on- farm contamination and storage space requirements.
This ag plastic could be diverted through the expansion of existing pilots.
End market development and policy development are critical to long-term diversion plans.
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Analysis Assessment
Grain Bags
6,950 tonnes
LDPE
A permanent program exists in the highest generation region (SK) with pilots in other high generation regions (AB, MB).
End markets are stable, but limited. Provincial regulators in AB and MB
have indicated interest in policy development. (Policy already exists in SK).
The high amount of material currently being diverted in SK (2,256 tonnes in 2019) demonstrates farmer uptake.
Significantly higher volumes of this ag plastic could be diverted through the expansion of existing pilots or SK’s program.
Relatively stable end markets support the development of a cost-effective program.
Policy development is critical to long-term diversion plans.
Twine
PP
Pilot programs exists in high and low generation areas. A number of additional micro-pilots are planned for 2021.
Recycling markets are limited and showing some promise. Demand is strong.
Provincial regulators in AB and MB have indicated interest in policy development.
Continued end market development and policy development are critical to long- term diversion plans.
Woven Bags
1,908 tonnes
PP
Permanent programs for some woven bags exist in low generation regions areas (Eastern Canada) and pilots exist in high volume regions (Western Canada).
Policy development may not be required to divert many woven bags because a voluntary, industry-funded program for some of these bags are already in place.
This ag plastic could be diverted through the expansion of existing pilots and programs.
If industry support can be achieved without policy development, diversion could take place in the near future.
Silage Tarps and Bags
LDPE
Pilot programs exist in low generation areas. A number of additional micro-pilots are planned in high generation areas for 2021.
Recycling markets for silage bags are limited, primarily due to higher contamination (compared to grain bags, also LDPE) of this ag plastic at end of life.
Provincial regulators in Quebec (a high generation region) have indicated interest in policy development.
Technologies like on-farm presses are available to help minimize on- farm contamination and are being adapted for use with silage bags.
Further piloting is necessary to develop the expertise and economies of scale to manage this ag plastic efficiently across various regions.
Continued end market development and policy development are critical to long- term diversion plans.
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Analysis Assessment
HDPE
The majority of HDPE containers and drums (used for pesticides and fertilizers) are currently managed through a permanent, industry- funded program operated by Cleanfarms.
Recycling markets are relatively stable.
HDPE containers and drums used for cleaning and disinfectant purposes could be managed through program expansion.
Relatively stable end markets and existing expertise support the development of a cost- effective program.
Policy development is critical to long-term diversion plans of containers that aren’t currently managed.
Ag plastics that require new program development for diversion
Table 34 – Ag Plastics Requiring New Program Development.
Ag Plastic, Amount Generated, Resin Type
Analysis Assessment
8,372 tonnes
PS, EPS
There is significant re-use of this ag plastic.
Anecdotal information suggests that end markets may be available in localized regions of ON and BC.
New program development is likely needed to divert the portion that is not re-used or following re-use.
Net Wrap
6,946 tonnes
Mixed Plastics
A pilot exists in Quebec (a low generation region).
There are technical barriers to recycling this material because it is a mixed plastic and highly contaminated at end of life.
Chemical recycling may be an option to manage this unique mixed plastic.
Because this material is unique, further piloting is necessary to develop the expertise to manage this ag plastic efficiently across various regions.
New program development is likely needed to manage this ag plastic.
52
Other
Analysis Assessment
LDPE
Anecdotal information suggests that end markets may be available in some regions (AB).
An external funding source such as government funding or industry funding may not be necessary to achieve significant diversion of this ag plastic because this material is relatively clean at end of life and end markets are currently available within Canada.
This is an example of an ag plastic that could be managed through the private sector
53
7.0 Recommendations
The availability of a long-standing, national program to manage empty pesticide and fertilizer containers, which started on a voluntary basis, is one example of how the agricultural sector is ahead of the curve with respect to how plastic is managed within the sector.
At the same time, there is a strong desire to divert even more ag plastics. The diversion of ag plastics, which includes recycling is a complex process that is impacted by market demand for recycled content or feedstock, supply, and appropriate market-driven policies.
A national, multi-phased strategy would enable the industry to divert even more ag plastics and recirculate them in the economy. The strategy should focus on the interconnected priorities outlined below.
Increasing the use of existing recycling programs
When convenient, well designed recycling programs are in place, farmers will overwhelmingly use
them over other disposal options. Section 6.2 highlights some of these programs.
Customized communication strategies and outreach that encourage farmers to use existing recycling
programs will help divert more plastic, make better use of existing collection networks and systems
and direct more plastic to already existing recycling end markets.
New program development
Sections 6.2 and 6.3 outline a variety of initiatives that are underway to develop best management practices to collect commonly used ag plastics in ways that ensure their recyclability. Ensuring that these pilots are transitioned into permanent programs, when appropriate (i.e. when best practices are established, recycling markets are available, etc.), it is necessary to ensure that these pilots translate into long-term diversion.
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New technologies that will help improve the availability of end markets
Technologies that improve the quality of ag plastics as feedstock
The potential for high contamination at end-of-life is one of the key challenges to managing ag plastics.
Highly contaminated ag plastics are a less desirable or low-quality feedstock. This limits the availability
of end markets.
Lessons learned from existing recycling programs demonstrate that technologies/innovations that
improve the quality of ag plastics, prior to their delivery to a recycling facility, or even prior to their
delivery to a collection site, allow program operators to offer recyclers a higher quality feedstock.
Two examples of relatively simple technologies that have improved the industry’s ability to recycle
containers (HDPE) and grain bags (LDPE) are:
Grain bag rollers – This technology, which originated in Western Canada, helps farmers quickly and efficiently roll their grain bags once the grain stored in the bag has been extracted from it. Extractors (a tool that empties a grain bag) are now available with grain bag rollers automatically attached to them which further reduces time required to roll grain bags.
Chem handlers – This tool helps farmers empty and mix liquid product before application. Chem handlers allow for the quick and efficient pressure rinsing of containers. Chem handlers have become a very standard, commonly used tool in modern farming operations.
These two tools make it easier for farmers to prepare these two types of ag plastics in a way that
minimizes contamination. This has, in part, allowed program operators like Cleanfarms to find and
maintain end markets, which ensures that the plastics are recycled upon collection.
Similar tools may help program operators find more reliable end markets for other types of ag
plastics like silage plastics and bale wrap. A variety of on-farm presses (also known as manual
compactors) are presently being tested through a variety of pilot projects.
Technologies that will increase domestic demand for ag plastics as feedstock
Presently, there is an infrastructure gap that limits plastic waste from agricultural operations from being recycled into agricultural packaging (e.g., containers, bags) and products (e.g., ag films).
In Brazil, facilities such as Campo Limpo Reciclagem e Transformação de Plásticos S.A, manufacturer plastic containers that are made using 85% recycled content from used plastic pesticide containers. In other countries, such as New Zealand where the dairy industry is about six times the size of Canada’s industry, companies have introduced bale wrap incorporating used bale wrap plastic. While Brazil and other countries have spearheaded the development of processes to incorporate
used plastic back into new products, there is more than just a transfer of technology required to
make things work in Canada. For instance, products like chemical containers are highly regulated
and we need to ensure new technologies can meet all the Canadian specifications for these
products. In other cases, Canada’s harsher winter can make a difference in the performance of
certain products. A technology fund could help plastic convertors identify challenges, barriers and
solutions to improve circular economy for agricultural plastics.
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Extended Producer Responsibility Policy Development
A stable funding source is required to manage ag plastics over the long term. Policy in the form of
provincially regulated extended producer responsibility is frequently necessary to ensure that a stable
funding source exists to recover ag plastics over the long term.
The Canadian agricultural sector is well positioned to support diversion efforts because it aligns with
ongoing commitments to improve on-farm sustainability. This is complemented by strong industry
leadership and collaboration that can help facilitate industry-wide action.
56
Sector Ag Plastic & Size Resin Type
Field Crops
Net Wrap - Mixed Plastics Mixed
Baling Twine PP
Bale Tubes LLDPE
Bale Wrap LLDPE
Silage Bags LDPE
Top Seal for Bunker and Pits LDPE
Grain Bags LDPE
Large Feed Bags - 650 KG FIBC PP
Cleaning Chemical Containers HDPE
Teet Dip Containers HDPE
Drip Tape HDPE
Mylar Seed Bags - LDPE & Foil LDPE Mylar
Seed in Pails HDPE
Propagation Trays (PS) PS
Propagation Trays (PVC) PVC
Greenhouse Vegetables
Propagation Trays (EPS) EPS
Propagation Trays (PS) PS
Propagation Trays (PVC) PVC
Greenhouse Roof - Poly Film LDPE
CO2 Tubing - Poly tube LDPE
Cleaning Chemical Drums - 210L
57
Nursery Production and Plants Propagation Trays (PS) PS
Propagation Pots (PP) PP
Hoop House & Cold Frame - Poly Film LDPE
Cannabis Clone Propagation Trays PS
Flowering Plant Pots HDPE
Maple Syrup Mettalocene 5/16" tubing mPE
Taps / Spiles Nylon
Horticultural Flowers and Plants Seed Bottles HDPE
Mylar Seed Bags LDPE Mylar
Cuttings Bags – LDPE LDPE
Propagation Pots (PP) PP
Greenhouse Film - Poly Film LDPE
Hoop House & Cold Frame - Poly Film LDPE
Pesticides and Fertilizers
Fertilizer Bags - ≤ 25kg LDPE
HDPE
HDPE
58
References
The following list of references refers to documents and websites that were accessible at the time this study was undertaken, between January 2020 and January 2021. Links may have changed subsequently.
Field Crops
01-073 Harvesting and Storing Haylage OAMFRA FS, OMAFRA, Clarke S. October 2001 http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/01-073.htm
Ag-Bag by RCI – Silage Bag Capacity Calculator, Holmes, B.J. http://www.ag- bag.com/product_support/capacity_calculator.php
Agassiz’s agricultural plastics program heading to the dump, unless province steps in, Mission City Record, Jan. 26, 2021, Kennedy G, https://www.missioncityrecord.com/news/agassizs-agricultural- plastics-program-heading-to-the-dump-unless-province-steps-in/
Alberta 2019 crop season in review, Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Forestry. Economics and Competitiveness Branch, April 2020, https://open.alberta.ca/publications/5394242#summary
Alberta 2019 Greenfeed and Silage Production Survey Results, Government of Alberta, April 2020 https://open.alberta.ca/publications/5394227
Alberta Agricultural Waste Characterization Study Update 2019, Cleanfarms, Alberta Ag-Plastic, ES Consulting Ltd, October 2019 https://cleanfarms.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Alberta-Ag-Waste- Characterization-Study-Update-Oct-2019.pdf
November 2019 Estimates Crop Production Alberta Highlights, Government of Alberta, Agri-Food Statistics Update: Issue CR19-2, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/e1b7e388-7b03-4bb9-80eb- 64237550ce21/resource/2f975423-47b9-4347-9bf6-36f52d5aae12/download/af-november-2019- estimates-crop-production-alberta-highlights.pdf
Agricultural Plastics Recycling - Agricultural Producers Survey, Government of Alberta, 2020 https://www.alberta.ca/agricultural-plastics.aspx
Area, Yield, Production and Farm Value of Specified Field Crops, Ontario, 2015 – 2021, OMAFRA 2020 http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/stats/crops/
Baleage and Bale Wrap Film Questions and Answers, Dr. Tom Chamberlain, https://www.centerracoop.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Bale-Wrap-QAv3-2016-web.pdf
Bale Weight: How Important Is It? AgriLife System Extension, E-319, 1-12, Texas A&M, Banta J. http://agrilife.org/beeffax/files/2013/09/2012-Bale-weight-how-important-is-it-Banta-E-319-.pdf
Crop Packaging Product Guide, Mole Valley Farmers, https://s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/mcs- img-store/images/advice-and-guides/crop-packaging-guide/Crop+Packaging+Guide.pdf
Grain Bags: Frequently Asked Questions: Show Me Short Line Blog, June 2018, http://www.showmeshortlineblog.com/blog/grain-bags-frequently-asked-questions
Grain Bag Specifications, Neeralta Manufacturing Inc. https://neeralta.com/grain-bags/
Guidelines for Estimating Hay Production Costs – 2021, Round Bale Hay and Silage January 2021, Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development Office https://www.manitoba.ca/agriculture/farm- management/production-economics/pubs/cop-forage-alfalfa-hay.pdf
Hay and Straw Bale Weights, Canfield Family Farm, https://www.canfieldfamilyfarm.com/hay--- straw.html
Harvesting Surplus Cereal Straws, Government of Saskatchewan, Agricultural Knowledge Center https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness- farmers-and-ranchers/crops-and-irrigation/field-crops/cereals-barley-wheat-oats-triticale/harvesting- surplus-cereal-straw
Historical Production and Value of Tame Hay, (Original Data Source)Statistics Canada, Table 32-10- 0359-01; Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development, Foresight and Analysis, https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/markets-and-statistics/statistics-tables/pubs/tame-hay-prodn.pdf
How Much Does a Bale of Hay Weigh?, folio3: Animal Care Practice December 2020, https://animalcare.folio3.com/how-much-does-a-bale-of-hay-weigh/
Kuhn Agricultural Plastic Calculator, https://www.kuhn.com/zoom/online-apps/wrapping- calculator/us/film.html
Northern Ontario Agricultural Plastics Disposal Assessment Report, NOFIA, Envise Consulting Inc. March 2018, https://b87b95f8-5e20-4b8f-a7d7- bc63a2c64123.filesusr.com/ugd/b6164f_038031280fca4f228e3e4945be18a60b.pdf
Net Wrap Manufacturing, Tama Inc. https://www.tama.co.il/tama-assist/knowledge/articles/netwrap- manufacturing/
Production and distribution of cereal straw on the Canadian prairies, Volume 48 2006 CANADIAN BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING 3.39, S. Sokhansanj, S. Mani, M. Stumborg, R. Samson and J. Fenton, https://library.csbe-scgab.ca/docs/journal/48/c0556.pdf
Production and Marketing of Milling Oats in Ontario, OMAFRA 1998, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/98-017.htm
Production of principal field crops, November 2019, December 2019, Statistics Canada, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/191206/dq191206b-eng.htm
Saskatchewan Crop Report Final November 12 18 2019 complete, Government of Saskatchewan, 2019 https://www.saskatchewan.ca/crop-report
Seed Rate Calculator, Alberta Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry https://www.agric.gov.ab.ca/app19/loadSeedRateCalc
Selling nutrients: the last straw, Grainnews, February 2019, Evans , I., https://www.grainews.ca/columns/selling-nutrients-the-last-straw/
Silage Bag Capacity, October 2016, Holmes J. https://m.farms.com/news/silage-bag-capacity- 114267.aspx
Single Bale Wrapping vs. Inline Bale Wrapping, Beef Magazine, August 2017, https://www.beefmagazine.com/equipment/single-bale-wrapping-vs-inline-bale-wrapping
Standard Weight per Bushel for Agricultural Commodities, Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Administrative Code, Title 8, Agriculture and Animals, Chapter 1, Department of Agriculture, Sub- Chapter p, Weights and Measures, Part 600 Weights and Measures Act, Section 600. Table B, https://www.ilga.gov/commission/jcar/admincode/008/00800600zz9998br.html
Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0359-01 Field Crops estimated areas, yield, production, average farm price and total farm value of principal field crops, in metric and imperial units, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210035901
Straw Manufacturing in Alberta, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, January 2020, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/690317b0-1d07-4f9e-ae71-6340e16f6493/resource/89789096-1c7a- 47ab-beb2-94d55606c922/download/af-straw-manufacturing-in-alberta-2020-01.pdf
Straw Procurement Business Case, Manitoba BioProducts Working Group, Prairie Practitioners Group Ltd 2008, https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/innovation-and-research/pubs/straw- procurement-final-report.pdf
Types of Haylage, Moore-Colyer, M., Sept 2017 https://www.haygain.ca/blogs/news-and- events/types-of-haylage
What do your hay bales weigh? Hay & Forage Grower, Pg 22. January 2018 https://.hayandforage.com/article-1767-what-do-your-hay-bales-weigh-.html
What’s all the fuss about corn on the Prairies?, Canadian Cattlemen, May 2015, McCartney D. https://www.canadiancattlemen.ca/features/whats-all-the-fuss-about-corn-on-the-prairies/
Livestock
Alberta Agricultural Waste Characterization Study Update 2019, Cleanfarms, Alberta Ag-Plastic, ES Consulting Ltd, October 2019 https://cleanfarms.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Alberta-Ag-Waste- Characterization-Study-Update-Oct-2019.pdf
Northern Ontario Agricultural Plastics Disposal Assessment Report, NOFIA, Envise Consulting Inc. March 2018, https://b87b95f8-5e20-4b8f-a7d7- bc63a2c64123.filesusr.com/ugd/b6164f_038031280fca4f228e3e4945be18a60b.pdf
Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0130-01 Number of cattle, by class and farm type (x 1,000) https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210013001 https://doi.org/10.25318/3210013001-eng
Fruits Berries and Nuts
2019 BCCMC Cranberry Marketing Annual Report Final, https://www.bccranberries.com/about- us/annual-reports/
Best Practice Guide for Grapes for British Columbia Growers 2010 Edition, http://www.bcwgc.org/best-practices-guide
Business Planning and Economics of Cranberry Bog Establishment and Cost of Production in Nova Scotia, Jones C., Nova Scotia Department of Agriculture, https://novascotia.ca/agri/documents/business-research/CranberryReport.pdf
Financial Info for Establishing a Vinefera Planting – Rev Jun 2014, British Columbia Grape Growers Association, https://www.grapegrowers.bc.ca/sites/default/files/resource/Financial Planning Information For Establishing A Vinifera Wine Grape Planting, Okanagan Region (Revised November 2014)/files/FinancialInfoforEstablishingaVineferaPlanting-RevJun2014.pdf
Ice Wine Grape Vine Clips, https://www.duboisag.com/ca_en/tomato-clips.html
Ice Wine Production Volumes, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_wine#Canada_2
Organic Blueberry and Cranberry Production in British Columbia Gaps Analysis, Project Report to the Organic Sector Development Program, Fraserland Organics BC Blueberry Council 2013, Ferris, K and Dessureault, M., E.S. Cropconsult, Ltd https://certifiedorganic.bc.ca/programs/osdp/I- 176_Berry_GAP_Analysis_Final_Report.pdf
QC berry growers challenged by labour costs, 2019 Meerveld, R. http://thegrower.org/news/qc- berry-growers-challenged-labour-costs
Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0417-01 Fruits, berries and nuts, 2016 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210041701, DOI: https://doi.org/10.25318/3210041701-eng
Strawberry propagators, OMAFRA http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/resource/berrypropstraw.htm
Wine Country Ontario Our Story 2015, Wine Marketing Association of Ontario, https://winecountryontario.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ENGLISH-Wine-Country-Ontario-Our- Story-2015-Final_compressed.pdf
Non-Greenhouse Vegetables
Crop Profile for Potatoes in Canada 2017, https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/scientific-collaboration-and- research-in-agriculture/agriculture-and-agri-food-research-centres-and-collections/ontario/pest- management-centre/pesticide-risk-reduction-at-the-pest-management-centre/crop-profiles/crop- profile-for-potato-in-canada-2017-87-pages-synopsis/?id=1535561820176
Mulch Film Specifications, Toro, 2018, https://cdn2.toro.com/en/-/media/Files/Toro/Agriculture/drip- tape-and-dripline/ALT046_1_Aqua-Traxx_Eng_APR-2018_Web.ashx
Potato Data, Department of Agriculture and Land, https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/agriculture-and-land/agriculture-on-pei
Potato Bags, Bag Supplies Limited Canada, https://bagsupplies.ca/products/potato-bulk-bags/
Potato Utilization, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada https://www.agr.gc.ca/eng/horticulture/horticulture-sector-reports/potato-market-information-review- 2018-2019/?id=1578663511988#a1.2
Pumpkin and Squash Production Fact Sheet, OMAFRA 2009, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-031.htm
Seeding Chart, Johnny’s Select Seeds, https://www.johnnyseeds.com
Seed Count Sources:
Snyder’s Mulch Film installation, Snyder’s Sweet Corn, https://snyderscorn.ca/plastic_laying/
Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0418-01 Vegetables (excluding greenhouse vegetables) https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210041801 https://doi.org/10.25318/3210041801-eng
Statistics Canada. Table 32-10-0358-01 Area, production and farm value of potatoes https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3210035801 https://doi.org/10.25318/3210035801-eng
Stokes Seeds 2020 Gardening Guide, Seed catalogue, https://www.stokeseeds.com/ca/vegetables
Statistical Overview of the Canadian Vegetable Industry 2018, Crops and Horticultural Division, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, https://www.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/pdf/vegrep_2018- eng.pdf
What a Certified Crop Advisor Should Know About Green Beans, Maynard L., Dep’t. of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, Groff M., Cropwatch, Inc., Foster R., Dep’t. of Entomology, Purdue University, Egel D., Dep’t. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University https://www.agry.purdue.edu/cca/2009/CCA%202009/Proceedings/Maynard-Groff-green- beans_cca09_Final%20Version%2011-24.pdf
Greenhouse Vegetables
An Economic Impact Study of the Greenhouse Industry in Ontario, 2006, The Ontario Greenhouse Alliance, Planscape in assoc. with Regional Analytics Inc. http://members.ontariogreenhouse.com/default/assets/File/Final%20- %20TOGA%20Compiled%20Report_06Jun12.pdf
A Twin-head ‘‘V’’ High-wire Greenhouse Cucumber Production System for Reducing Crop Start-up Costs, American Society for Horticultural Science, Hao X, Wen G , Papadopoulos AP , and Khosla S, https://journals.ashs.org/horttech/view/journals/horttech/20/6/article-p963.xml
Commercial Greenhouse Vegetable Production, Alberta Ministry of Agriculture, Agri-Facts" Revised June 2017, Agdex 250/830-2, https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/595e02f2-bca0-4b51-8bf7- 9c4fb3d6046e/resource/81d869ff-dcf7-4b0e-87b8-859fa4ac9ae7/download/250-830-2.pdf
Everything you Need to Know Abut Hydroponic Cucumber Production, Greenhouse Growers Magazine, Online, Currey, C. November 15, 2019, https://www.greenhousegrower.com/production/everything-you-need-to-know-about-hydroponic- cucumber-production/
Facts & Figures About Canadian Greenhouse Vegetables, Farm Food Care Ontario, https://www.farmfoodcareon.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Fact-Sheet-GreenhouseVeg-2016.pdf
Growing Greenhouse Vegetables in Ontario (Publication 836), OMAFRA 2010, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub836/p836order.htm
Guide to commercial greenhouse sweet bell pepper production in Alberta, Government of Alberta, Calpas J. https://

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