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i Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
PCARRD Book Series No. 179/2009
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and DevelopmentDepartment of Science and Technology
Los Baños, Laguna2009
ii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
First Edition 2009
Bibliographic Citation:
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2009. 104p. - (PCARRD Book Series No. 179/2009)
ISBN 978-971-20-0543-5
iii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Foreword
The potential of agricultural machinery in realizing agricultural development is enormous. In other
countries, wide application of farm machinery dramatically changed agriculture production methods, increased farm productivity and efficiency, provided remarkable progress for rural society, and guaranteed food security.
There have been improvements in farm inputs such as seeds, high-yielding varieties, and animal breeds. Yet, rarely we realize that mechanization provides the means by which these farm inputs could be applied efficiently and effectively. The full benefit in farming can be achieved through mechanization along with other improved inputs, infrastructure, and support services.
This book presents the significant contribution of farm mechanization in the overall development of agriculture. It assesses the state of agricultural mechanization as applied in crop and animal production and postproduction operations. It identifies the constraints and corresponding interventions that will improve the productivity and sustainability of Philippine agriculture. Moreover, this book deals with the state of agricultural mechanization R&D, the areas for further research, and the challenges and opportunities foragricultural mechanization.
With the information found in this publication, we hope our readers, the policy makers, researchers, academicians, and extension agents would be aware of
iv Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
the state and importance of agricultural mechanization in the country and thereby identify specific points for further improvement and areas where we can contribute whatever available resource we have.
PATRICIO S. FAYLON Executive Director PCARRD
v Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Acknowledgment
PCARRD would like to thank Dr. Delfin C. Suministrado for substantiating the contents of
this publication and Dr. Arsenio N. Resurreccion for his comments and suggestions. Both are professors of agricultural engineering at the University of the Philippines Los Baños who at the same time served as commodity team leaders of the Agricultural Resources Management Research Division.
This publication partly sums up the results of two workshops held at PCARRD. The workshop on Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines and Stakeholders’ Consultation Workshop on the Validation of Agricultural Engineering Science and Technology Agenda for Philippine Agriculture 2020 were held in 2005. Hence, PCARRD is indebted to those who actively participated in paper presentation and in the workshop sessions.
Similarly, PCARRD would like to thank the members of the Agricultural Engineering Experts Pool who actively participated in the formulation, validation, and updating of the R&D Agenda during commodity team meetings from 2005 to 2007.
Finally, PCARRD would like to recognize the efforts of researchers, agricultural engineers, and manufacturers’ association for their endless efforts in establishing the significant contribution of agricultural engineering in the country’s economy.
This document is open to feedbacks for improvement and updating most especially of its contents. Hence, we are thanking in advance those who would share valuable comments and information for future publication.
vi Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Contents
Foreword iiiAcknowledgment vProduction Team xAcronyms xi
Introduction 1
Impact of Agricultural Mechanization 3 Socioeconomic Impact 3 Labor productivity 3 Women and family labor 4 Farm income 5 Yield and Cropping Intensity 6 Impact on Other Crops and Livestock 8
Levels of Mechanization 10 Rice 10 Corn 14 Vegetables 15 Coconut 16 Abaca 17 Fruits 18 Rootcrops 18 Sugarcane 18 Livestock and Poultry 19
Postharvest Mechanization 22 Postharvest Facilities for Rice and Corn 23 Transport and Storage 27
Ownership and Utilization of Machines 28 Sources of Agricultural Machinery Supply 34
vii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Sales and Demand for Agricultural Machinery 35 Imports and Exports 37
Problems, Issues, and Constraints 38 Small Farm Size 38 Decreasing Supply of Hired Labor in the Farm 40 Appropriate Machinery and Technology vs. Mechanization Needs 40 Innovative Machines vs. Market-Driven
Machines 41 Inadequate Technology Transfer Mechanisms 41 Inadequate Support Services 42 Policy Constraints 43
Areas for Intervention 44 Research and Development 45
Machinery Requirements of Specific Commodities 53 Rice 53 Corn, vegetables, and other upland crops 53 Coconut 54 Banana 55 Other fruit crops 55 Livestock and poultry 55 R&D Results Utilization 56 Capacity Building and Institution Development 57 Policy Advocacy 58
Strategies and Recommendations 61 Targets 61 Strategies 62
References 65
Annexes
A Agricultural Engineering Technologies/Information for Dissemination Generated from R&D
(2001–2007) 71
viii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
B Completed Agricultural Engineering R&D Projects (2001–2007) 75
C Agricultural Engineering R&D Areas (2006–2010) 87
D Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of Agricultural Mechanization for Crops, Livestock, Forestry, and Environment 95
Tables
1 Mechanization levels in various operations of selected crops 11
2 Machines and equipment locally used for specific rice operations and their adoption level in the Philippines 12
3 Farm equipment and facilities used in livestock and poultry farms 20
4 Status of postharvest facilities for rice 245 Status of postharvest facilities for corn 256 Postharvest facilities inventory, Philippines 267 Census of agricultural equipment by farm,
number owned, and number used 318 Sales of agricultural machinery by AMMDA
members 369 Major completed R&D projects, 1990–2007 46
Figures
1 Agricultural mechanization helps increase land and labor efficiency in agriculture 1
2 Hand tractor with ride-on attachments 113 Mechanization levels of various corn farm operations
in selected corn-producing provinces in the Philippines 15
4 Mechanization levels of major farm operations in selected vegetable-producing areas in the Philippines 16
ix Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
5 BPRE grain moisture meter 226 Tools and equipment owned by rice farmers 287 Tools and equipment owned by corn farmers 298 Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers 309 Frequency of custom-hired services/facilities
for corn in selected areas of the country 3210 Machines and equipment employed by vegetable
farmers for custom hiring 3311 Regional distribution of agricultural machinery
manufacturers and dealers in the country 3412 Mechanization problem tree 39
Appendix Tables
1 Survey of machines and equipment owned and used for rice farming in selected provinces 101
2 Inventory of machines and equipment used by farmer-respondents in corn production 103
3 Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers 104
x Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Writers:
l Delfin C. Suministrado Team Leader Agricultural Resources Management Research Division (ARMRD), PCARRD and Professor Agricultural Engineering College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology University of the Philippines Los Baños
l Ofelia F. Domingo Science Research Specialist II ARMRD-PCARRD
Reviewer/Editor:
l Rodolfo O. Ilao Acting Director ARMRD-PCARRD
Volume Editor:
l Joel Eneristo A. Joven Senior Science Research Specialist Applied Communication Division PCARRD
Production Team
xi Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Acronyms
AFMA Agriculture and Fishery Modernization ActACEF Agricultural Competitiveness Enhancement
FundAFMeC Agriculture and Fishery Mechanization
CommitteeAMDP Agricultural Machinery Development
ProgramAMIC Agricultural Mechanization Inter-agency
CommitteeAMMDA Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and
Distributors AssociationAMTEC Agricultural Machinery Testing and
Evaluation CenterAPCAEM Asian and Pacific Center for Agricultural
Engineering and MachineryARCs Agrarian Reform CommunitiesBAR Bureau of Agricultural ResearchBAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBPRE Bureau of Postharvest Research and
ExtensionCAD computer-aided designCAM computer-aided manufacturingCEAT College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial
TechnologyDA Department of AgricultureFAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFFTC Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for
the Asian and Pacific RegionFIDA Fiber Industry Development AuthorityGDP gross domestic productGPS Global Positioning SystemHVCC High Value Commercial CropsIRRI International Rice Research Institute
xii Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
LAMMA Laguna Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers Association
LGU local government unitLSU Leyte State UniversityMIAP Metalworking Industries Association
of the PhilippinesMPDP multipurpose drying pavementNAFC National Agriculture and Fishery CouncilNAPHIRE National Post harvest Institute for Research
and ExtensionNARC National Abaca Research CenterNEDA National Economic and Development
AuthorityNGOs Non government organizationsNSO National Statistics OfficePCA Philippine Coconut AuthorityPH Post harvestPhilRice Philippine Rice Research InstitutePhilSCAT Philippine Sino Center for Agricultural
TechnologyPhilSURIN Philippine Sugar Research InstitutePNA Philippine News AgencyR&D research and developmentRA Republic ActRNAM Regional Network of Agricultural
MachinerySCUs State Colleges and UniversitiesSWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
ThreatsUNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural OrganizationUPLB University of the Philippines Los BañosVAT Value added taxVCO Virgin Coconut OilVELERO Vegetables, Legumes, and Rootcrops
Introduction
Fig. 1. Agricultural mechanization helps increase land and labor efficiency in agriculture.
The country is faced with issues of poverty and food security. This implies the need to sustain food
production to satisfy the basic needs of the growing population. A way to achieve this is by increasing land and labor efficiency in agriculture through agricultural mechanization (Fig. 1). Agricultural mechanization refers to the manufacture, distribution, and utilization of tools, implements, and machines, and the provision of after-sales service for the development of farmlands, agricultural production and post-production processes. It includes the use of human, animal, mechanical, and natural sources of power, and other non-conventional sources of energy. The goal of agricultural mechanization is to sustain agricultural production by bringing in more lands under
2 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
cultivation, saving energy and resources, protecting the environment, and increasing the overall economic welfare of farmers. Machines and equipment are major inputs to agriculture along with good seeds and other cultural management practices. The use and application of these inputs to farm production is one way of maximizing farm production and profit. Agricultural machines help increase crop yield through better soil preparation, better irrigation, crop protection, proper fertilizer management, and reduced postharvest losses. Moreover, machines help address labor shortage during the peak of land preparation and harvesting. By mechanizing selected farm operations like land preparation, family labor mostly employed in most farms in the country may engage in other income-generating activities on- and off-farm.
3 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Impact of AgriculturalMechanization
Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines had a significant growth during the era of the Green
Revolution. Although the use of tools and equipment in farming operations is independent of the kind of seed or crop variety, these machines have become necessary components of the package of technology that also includes irrigation water, fertilizers, pesticides, and management techniques.
Socioeconomic Impact
Labor Productivity
Different types of machines have varied impacts on labor and labor productivity. Some machines can generate labor by increasing cropping intensities and making possible the full utilization of farm products and by-products. Some can directly replace animal and human labor. Also, some machines enable farmers to perform tasks that cannot be done by available human and animal power (AMDP 2005). The impact of mechanization on labor displacement or employment generation were investigated by many researchers decades ago and in the more recent past, and the complicated phenomena have been found to also influence the quality of life of farmers’ families and the structures of labor exchange in the community. Ebron et al. (1983) reported that according to the workers themselves, mechanical threshers brought more advantages than disadvantages to the landless workers. As the traditional threshing method was the most tedious
4 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
and time consuming of all farm operations, mechanical threshing was fast and more convenient. Faster threshing was also reported to give workers more time to harvest in other fields, thus increasing their income and getting their crop share sooner. However, one major disadvantage that workers find is the sharp decline in their sharing rate. Moreover, studies showed that mechanized farms require less total labor hours to accomplish all farm operations. They require lower family labor hours than non-mechanized farms. Farms, which utilized two-wheel tractors and mechanical threshers, reduced the number of hired labor (Sison et al. 1983 as cited by Larona 2006). Gonzales et al. (1983), in their study on the impact of five machines on labor utilization and production reported that tillers and tractors displaced family labor more than hired labor while threshers displaced more hired labor than family labor. Irrigation pumps showed no direct impact on labor.
Women and Family Labor
Mechanized threshing provided more opportunities to women and children. The method not only saves time and human energy but also eliminates the tediousness of the manual ‘hampasan’ technique. As the combined harvesting-threshing operation used to be participated mostly by men, the separation of harvesting and threshing has allowed more women and younger workers to enter the workforce as the tasks involved in harvesting are already within their physical strength. Manual threshing, the most physically demanding task, has now been substituted by mechanical threshing (Ebron et al. 1983). Mechanizing farm operations result in changes in the roles and tasks of household members. These changes included reduction in the manual tasks of land preparation, crop establishment, transplanting rice, upland crop production, crop management, and
5 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
harvesting and postharvest activities. The researchers further reported that the introduction of mechanical thresher tended to change existing sharing arrangements. As the cost of threshing labor increases, farmers tend to mechanize the operation. Some of the factors that influenced changes in harvesting-threshing arrangements were the use of high yielding varieties, availability of irrigation, population pressure, and industrialization. The use of mechanical threshers provided advantages over the manual methods in terms of faster operations, reducing losses and production costs, and increasing labor efficiency (Juarez 1986 as cited by Larona 2006).
Farm Income
Lim (1983) and Campbell (1990) had both noted that mechanization significantly affected income beyond certain farm size. Lim suggested that land consolidation or formation of cooperatives may help realize economies of scale. She also mentioned that mechanization presented potential for releasing labor, which can be used for other work. In a study made by Gagelona et al. (2005) regarding the impact of rice mechanization among farm households who were recipients and non-recipients of farm equipment loans, they noted that based on the cost and returns analysis, the net income of loan recipients who mechanized their farm operations was not significantly higher than those of the non-recipients (5% higher). Among cost components, seedbed preparation, land preparation, and threshing costs were all lower for recipients than for non- recipients, all with significant differences. The majority of the loan recipients considered the acquisition of equipment as advantageous. They had improved household income particularly because they can also derive additional returns from renting out the machine. The quality of their produce also increased,
6 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
thus their goods commanded higher competitive prices. Along with increased productivity and efficiency owing to timely farming schedule, they found satisfaction in their ability to help other farmers (Gagelona et al. 2005).
Yield and Cropping Intensity
Without the use of appropriate machines, the introduction of modern agricultural technology may not bring about any increase in yield. The impact of mechanization on yield cannot be easily distinguished from those of other farm inputs. As in developed countries, old and new data about Philippine agriculture showed that increase in productivity per area was due to modern machines in combination with other components of new agricultural production methods. Juarez and Pathnopas (1983) studied the benefits and costs of thresher use in some areas in Thailand and Philippines. They reported that small farms gained relatively more per hectare than either medium or large farms by switching to a thresher. The net cost saving, the losses saved, and the yields were all larger in smaller farms. Sison et al. (1983) reported that statistically, mechanized farms had higher levels of rice outputs than non-mechanized farms. However, they noted that this could not be attributed entirely to mechanization since mechanized farms used higher level of fertilizers and chemicals and better irrigation facilities. The Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension (BPRE) reported that the use of machines specifically in planting and basal fertilizer application resulted in higher yields, net income, and return on variable expense. Likewise, the unit cost of producing corn was significantly lower in mechanically planted and fertilized corn farms (PNA 2005).
7 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
While there were studies indicating the positive effect of mechanization, several studies have reported that the effects of mechanization on yield increases are not directly evident. Aguilar et al. (1983) and Campbell (1990) investigated the differences in inputs, cropping intensity, and yield for non-mechanized, partially mechanized, and fully mechanized farms in non-irrigated and irrigated areas in Central Luzon. The study revealed that irrigation was the major determinant of yield and cropping intensity, and that there was no evidence of a yield effect directly attributable to mechanization. They also reported that mechanization shortened the turnaround interval between crops. The turnaround time for a mechanized rice farm was substantially lower than for a non-mechanized farm because farmers had the control of irrigation using their own wells and pumps. For community irrigation systems, little or no difference in turnaround time existed between mechanized and non-mechanized farms. Gagelona et al. (2005) evaluated the impact of rice mechanization among 182 farm households in 11 provinces nationwide stratified into recipients and non-recipients of farm equipment loan project. Both groups previously relied mainly on hired labor for labor-intensive farm operations like land preparation, crop establishment, harvesting, and threshing. With the loan, the recipients had mostly availed of hand tractors, diesel engines, and threshers. They reported that yield differences, although statistically insignificant, were higher for non-recipients of loan regardless of equipment type. They however attributed the difference to the amount of fertilizer used. Non-recipients of loan had reportedly applied more fertilizer per hectare than the recipients of farm equipment loan. They concluded that the use of machine had no direct effect on yield. Gonzales et al. (1983) found no empirical evidence showing that tiller and tractors increased yield. They also noted that according to Moya (1981), irrigation pumps
8 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
can increase yield from 1.5 t/ha to 3.4 t/ha compared to rainfed rice. On the other hand, portable threshers can increase yield by approximately 292 kg/ha due to change in threshing technique from manual method to machine threshing. Juarez and Duff (1979) as cited by Larona (2006) found that yield increase related to the use of thresher was due to the “minimized handling losses, spoilage, and less pilferage by dishonest laborers and elimination of cleaning fee.” Further, field losses using the thresher were lower than the traditional “hampas” method as the machine removed grains from the panicle more efficiently than the manual method.
Impact on Other Crops and Livestock
As most of the early research studies on the impacts of mechanization were mainly on rice, later investigations involved other farming systems like corn, vegetables, and livestock. Amongo (2005) reported on the significant effects on the working and living conditions of family members of some Cebu farmers who adopted the manual corn sheller introduced by the Agricultural Mechanization Development Program (AMDP) of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). As the corn sheller replaced the traditional method, the operation became three times faster and operators no longer experienced wrist pains and blisters. With the saved time, men and women were able to perform additional economic activities. This also resulted in more income, as they need not employ hired labor. The sheller is easy to operate and can be used by children such that participation of other family members was encouraged. The shelling operation also became a venue for interaction. The College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT), UPLB recently conducted a survey on mechanization needs of rice, corn, vegetables,
9 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
livestock, and fisheries in selected provinces of the country. Based on the findings, Larona (2006) reported that higher crop production was generally achieved in mechanized farms. The increase related to the use of machine can be attributed to the quality of machine performance such as “better soil preparation, better water, pest, and fertilizer management, and reduced harvest and storage losses.” The survey found other positive impacts of mechanization such as land reclamation for agricultural use; decrease in farm working hours; opportunity for farmers to engage in other enterprising activities because of reduced time in farming; possible savings due to use of appropriate agricultural machinery; reduction of loss of quality and quantity of product, thus giving farmers the opportunity to increase commodity prices; improved timeliness of operations that could increase cropping intensity; and favorably increase demand for farm labor in non-mechanized operations. These literatures showed that some studies point to positive effects of agricultural mechanization on crop yield while others showed indirect effects. It is also clear that increases in crop yield could not just be attributed to a single farm input in the total production system. Each farm input contributes in the success or failure in the farm; not to mention other external factors like climate.
10 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Levels of Mechanization
The level of mechanization of various agricultural operations in the country can be categorized into
three major levels: low, intermediate, and high. Low mechanization means that an operation is done with the use of non-mechanical power source such as man and animal. Intermediate mechanization refers to operations done with the use of non-mechanical and mechanical power sources. High mechanization involves operations done solely with the use of mechanical power source. There is a higher level of mechanization wherein the operations are done with the use of mechanical power source with limited human intervention such as computerized machines or robots (UPLB-BAR 2001). Table 1 shows the mechanization levels in various operations in crops such as rice and corn, sugarcane, legumes and rootcrops, coconut, sugarcane, fruits, and fiber crops. Mechanization level in the production of these crops is generally low, except for land preparation and threshing/shelling operations in rice and corn.
Rice
Field and postharvest operations in rice are still heavily reliant on manual labor with just few operations using farm machinery. Table 2 shows the mechanization in specific rice operation in the Philippines (Bautista 2003). Land preparation activities such as plowing, harrowing, and secondary harrowing have been mechanized in the intermediate to high levels using hand-tractors as the primary equipment (Fig. 2). Crop establishment, crop care, and harvesting are all at low level. The introduction of new equipment for direct seeding, transplanting, and harvesting has not progressed well.
11 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Fig. 2. Hand tractor with ride-on attachments.
Table 1. Mechanization levels in various operations of selected crops.
Operations Rice & CornVegetable, Legumes & Rootcrops
Coconut Sugarcane Fruits Fiber Crops
Land preparation
Intermediate to high
Low Intermediateto high
Low Low
Planting/transplanting
Low Low Low Low to intermediate
Low Low
Crop carecultivation
Low Low Low Low to high Low Low
Harvesting Low Low Low Low Low Low
Threshing/shelling/dehusking
Intermediate to high
Low (legumes)
Low
Cleaning Low
Drying Low Low (legumesandrootcrops)
Low Low
Milling/ village levelprocessing
High Low Low Low Low
12 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Table 2. Machines and equipment locally used for specific rice operations and their adoption level in the Philippines (Bautista 2003).
OperationMachines and Equip-ment Locally Adopted
Level of R&D/Adoption
Land preparation Power tiller + attach-ments
Highly adopted in favorable areas, for custom hiring in irrigated areas
Four-wheel tractor + rotavator
For custom hiring service near sugar estates. Reconditioned mini-tractors becoming popular in Luzon for custom land preparation
Transplanting None (done manu-ally)
IRRI manual transplanters are not widely accepted
Direct seeding None (mostly by hand broadcast)
Slow but continuing adoption of drum seeder
Crop protection Lever-operated knap-sack sprayer
Highly adopted (imported from China, Taiwan, and other countries)
Manual rotary weeder Adopted in Laguna, Cotabato, and Nueva Vizcaya
Harvesting None (still done mostly by sickle)
IRRI reaper introduced but not popular; PhilRice reaper released for commercial manufacture
Imported reaper-windrower highly adopted in Bataan, nearby provinces
Stripper gatherer newly introduced in Isabela and Central Luzon
Threshing Axial-flow design IRRI thresher design highly adopted in irrigated and rainfed areas with many models and sizes
Pedal thresher Widely adopted in Northern Luzon, Bohol, other small islands in Visayas
Drying None (mostly sun drying on concrete pavements)
Flat-bed/continuous flow, other imported designs adopted by big rice millers/traders
PhilRice flatbed dryer slowly being adopted with some 150 units installed since 1994
Flash dryer, in-bin drying systems (high capacity) introduced by BPRE through DA programs
Milling Rubber roll/cono/steel hullers
Highly mechanized except in upland remote areas but low quality of output from locally manufactured mills
Irrigation Centrifugal pumps Highly adopted in Ilocos, Central Luzon, and few rainfed areas
Axial-flow pump Less adoption in rice farms; more adoption by fishpond operators
Transport Power tiller + trailer Highly adopted in irrigated/rainfed areas
13 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Palay threshing is at the intermediate level with most of the farmers using mechanical threshers. Approximately more than 80% of rice fields are now threshed by axial-flow threshers, which come in different sizes and forms depending on the locality. Many farmers do away with drying as they can directly sell their harvest immediately while wet. As such they do not have to dry their palay. They only process the small amount, which they retain for household consumption. Again, although the government has exerted efforts in the 1970s and the 1980s in promoting mechanical dryers such as the batch dryers and recirculating dryers, sun drying on concrete pavements is still the usual practice at the farm level. The level of mechanization of transport systems depends on the road network and road conditions. Manual and animal means of transport are common when the field is inaccessible to other means of transportation such as hand-tractor drawn trailers or trucks. Rice milling has long been mechanized in the country with the prevalence of ‘kiskisan’. Currently, modern rubber rolls and other more efficient systems have replaced the old ‘kiskisan’ units. Portable custom mills mounted on land vehicles and hand carried or hand-tractor-mounted micro mills are reportedly available in few remote areas through the promotion work of various institutions (Bautista 2003; UPLB-BAR 2001). The study conducted by Gavino et al. (2006) gave the same levels of rice mechanization in various farm operations in Regions 1, 2, and 3. Mechanical power is used in 95% of all land preparation activities (high). Crop establishment is 100% manual, of which 0.3% makes use of the drum seeder (low). Crop care is 100% manual (low) with the manual sprayer very much used in pest control. Irrigation is largely by gravity system (85.5%, low). Harvesting is 92.55% manual (low) and threshing operation is 93.9% by mechanical thresher (intermediate). Transport is 35% manual, as road
14 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
conditions must have precluded the entry of animal and mechanical transport means in many rural areas. The use of animal power is 40.55% and the use of machines like carts, jeeps, and trucks is 23.35%. Drying is 96.7% by solar energy (low) and milling is 100% by machine (high). Corn
Mechanization of corn is generally at low level and concentrated in land preparation, shelling, and transport operations. Some farmers perform plowing and harrowing with mechanical source of power but furrowing is mostly done with animal-drawn furrowers. Farmers prefer animal-drawn furrowers because they can make straighter and better aligned furrows than with 2-wheel or 4-wheel tractors. Figure 3 shows a comparison of the levels of mechanization of various operations in selected corn-producing provinces of the country (Franco et al. 2003). Seeding operation has been found to be at low level as farmers use bare hands and/or hand tools to seed the furrow beds. Crop care, which includes weeding, fertilizer, and chemical application also falls under low level. Farmers mostly employ animal-drawn plows in weeding and hilling-up operation. Harvesting operation is also low as most farmers use hand tools such as sickle. Shelling operation is at intermediate level as corn shellers and threshers/shellers with small engines are used in the operation. Some farmers also use hand-operated corn shellers. Corn drying mechanization is low since sun drying is still the most widely used method. The level of mechanization of transport operation for corn varies with farm locations and traditional practices of farmers. Animal-drawn transport systems are used if the farm is inaccessible but motorcycles, jeepneys, and trucks are used to transport corn if road network and conditions would allow.
15 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Vegetables
Mechanization level of vegetable farming is generally low as indicated in a survey of 13-vegetable key producing provinces: Albay, Batangas, Bohol, Bukidnon, Camarines Sur, Laguna, Leyte, Misamis Oriental, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental Mindoro, Pangasinan, and Quezon (Fig 4). Except for land preparation, irrigation, and transport, farmers using hand tools and animal drawn implements manually do all other major operations. In certain limited areas, washing, sorting and packing are somewhat mechanized but generally, the use of machines is very minimal. De Asis et al. (2003) reported that renting of farm machinery for vegetable production is widely available in majority of the surveyed provinces. This was true for farmers who do not have the capacity to buy their own machines. Wealthy individuals and farmer groups who have the machines rent these out to other farmers. Furthermore, marketing fresh harvests took more priority than village level processing. Besides, farmers
Fig. 3. Mechanization levels of various corn farm operations in selected corn-producing provinces in the Philippines (Adapted from Franco et al. 2003).
16 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
indicated inadequacy in performing postharvest and by-product processing activities like canning, bottling, vegetable preservation, fermentation, and repacking, among others. The farmers’ interest in mechanization technologies was overruled by farmers’ other perceived problems in vegetable farming such as recurring incidence of pests and diseases, environmental, and marketing problems.
Coconut
Mechanization in coconut production is nil as traditional tools and systems for farm operations have not virtually changed for decades. In addition, mechanization has not advanced the postproduction operations particularly at the farm level. The ‘tapahan’ system is still the most prevalent copra-making procedure while ‘lambanog’ production has almost disappeared in the Southern Luzon areas as the risky task of gathering ‘tuba’ atop the coconut tree has discouraged new generations of farm workers. No alternate and/
Fig. 4. Mechanization levels of major farm operations in selected vegetable- producing areas of the Philippines (Adapted from De Asis et al. 2003).
17 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
or improved method has yet been developed to do the same activity to continue if not expand the farm level alcohol production system. In recent years, the growth of village-level processing systems declined along with the decline of the coconut industry itself. Whole coconut fruits are now directly sold to intermediaries for transport to large processing centers instead of being processed in the farm. The potential for the utilization of various products and by-products from the ‘tree of life’ has long been identified but only a few of these have been commercially successful in the village level. Recently, however, the coir has been developed for coconet (geotextile) production. For this purpose, decorticating machines of different designs and capacities emerged. In addition, machinery systems for production of oil (including the virgin coconut oil) became available but only for large-scale processors.
Abaca
Abaca stripping is by hand or mechanical means. Hand stripping is practiced in about 80% of the abaca fiber in the country and is practiced mainly in Bicol and some parts of Leyte and Samar provinces. The remaining 20% of the fiber is produced through spindle stripping machine in Mindanao and Leyte provinces. The Fiber Industry Development Authority (FIDA) and the National Abaca Research Center (NARC) are among the agencies in the country engaged in developing machines and equipment for abaca processing. Some of the products of FIDA’s research undertakings are: multifiber decorticating machine (which can also be used for pineapple, maguey, ramie, and banana), mechanical tuxer, mobile spindle stripping machine, and abaca dryer. NARC, on the other hand, has developed, among others, portable engine-powered abaca spindle stripping machine and village-level machines such as twisting
18 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
and twining machine, pulping machine, and handmade-paper dryer. Fruits
Generally, low level of mechanization exists in fruits production. Imported and locally-manufactured processing equipment are generally found in large-scale processing plants. Machines for small-scale and or village level processing of fruits like canning, bottling, preservation, repacking, and many others have yet to be developed or adopted. Also, machines for the diversification of products and by-products are not currently in use. For example, while pineapple is grown extensively in the country mainly for its fruits, its leaves are discarded as farm wastes. No machine or system is used to extract the fibers as raw materials for textile and papers.
Rootcrops
The level of mechanization for the production of root crops is generally low and can easily be considered similar to those of vegetables. Machines for processing are available but they have very limited application as farmers choose to sell their products in raw forms after harvest particularly in the rural areas. The Philippine Rootcrops Research and Training Center is among the few agencies, which developed machines for rootcrop processing such as cassava grater, dryer, flourmill, and others.
Sugarcane
Highly mechanized systems are available for sugarcane, however most of these are imported and widely used in large-scale sugarcane plantations. These are tractor-drawn plow and harrow; tractor-drawn
19 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
planter with fertilizer applicator; tractor-drawn chipper-cultivator for exposing the germinating seed pieces to sunlight 2–3 weeks after planting to promote uniform cane growth and tillering; and a cutaway implement used to cultivate deeply into the sides of the growing stools to disturb growth of emerging tillers and remove weeds along sugarcane rows (PCARRD 2001).
Livestock and Poultry
Manual labor with or without the aid of tools or specialized equipment is still used extensively throughout the whole range of livestock and poultry production operations. Machines are rarely used in animal production except for pumping water and feed milling. Only large-scale farms are using high mechanization technology in their operations. Table 3 shows the various operations in livestock and poultry farms surveyed by Franco et al. (2003) and the levels of mechanization of operations.
20 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Table 3. Farm equipment and facilities used in livestock and poultry farms (Franco et al. 2003).
System Equipment TotalPercentage
%Level of
Mechanization
Water supply
Deep well/ stream/bought in containers 224 18 Low
Manual water pump 334 26 LowWater pump 330 26 LowPiped water system 321 25 HighPiped water system + pump 28 2 HighNot indicated 36 3
Feed Prepara-tion
Grazed/ Not necessary 108 8 LowCut and carry/ manually
prepared 100 8 LowCommercial feeds 1052 83 LowHammer mill/ grinder 7 1 HighForage chopper 1 0 HighMechanical mixer 9 1 High
Feeding System
Grazed 119 9 LowTrough/ floor feeding 1111 87 LowTube Feeder 41 3 HighMechanized feeder 2 0 High
Increase of Temperature
Heater with blower 0 0 HighHeater (kerosene, LPG, electric,
etc) 69 5 IntermediateSide Curtains/none 1204 95 Low
Decrease of Temperature
Ventilation Fan 3 0 IntermediateNone 1270 100 LowAir conditioning 0 0 High
Drinking System
None/Stream/Pond 92 7 LowTrough 1028 81 LowSemi automatic 34 3 HighNipples/automatic 119 9 High
Manure Re-moval
Not necessary 172 14 LowBroomstick/scrub and pails
of waters 735 58 LowBroomstick/scrub and hose 233 18 LowPower sprayer 132 10 IntermediateFully automatic 1 0 High
21 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
System Equipment TotalPercentage
%Level of
Mechanization
Waste Treat-ment
None/canal 787 62 LowPit /balon 181 14 LowManure lagoon/septic tank 160 13 LowLagoon w/ aerators or sludge pump 9 1 Intermediate
Biogas Digester 8 1 IntermediateFertilizer 127 10 IntermediateDryer 1 0 High
LayerManual collection/ cleaning/ sorting 31 100 Low
Mechanical 0 0 High
Dairy Manual 4 57 LowAutomatic 3 43 High
Slaughtering Manual 7 100 LowMechanical 0 0 Intermediate
Table 3. (Continued).
22 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Postharvest Mechanization
An efficient postharvest system aims to reduce losses and maintain the quality of the crop until it reaches
the final consumer. Reduced postharvest losses help increase farmers income and yield. Thus, postharvest facilities and equipment like dryers, shellers, mills, and storage facilities are significant inputs to farm productivity. Research-development-extension programs have been geared towards efficient drying and dehydration for increased farm productivity and appropriate handling, storage, and processing techniques for increased value. The programs have resulted in significant research-generated technologies such as grain moisture meter, mobile flash dryer, in-store dryer, multi-commodity solar tunnel dryer, and flatbed dryer (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. BPRE grain moisture meter.
23 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Postharvest Facilities for Rice and Corn Rice and corn have been the focus of postharvest mechanization programs for the past years because of their importance as staple crops and source of food for man in the case of rice and feed ingredient for animals in the case of corn. Tables 4 and 5 show the status of postharvest facilities for rice and corn in the Philippines (BPRE 2003). The ‘Production-Postharvest (PH) Losses’ column shows the available volume of rice or corn processing. It can be noticed that losses are incurred in every postharvest operation performed, the highest of which is during drying. The capacity of existing postharvest facilities at 100% utilization is 60 days/year for the mechanical dryer and 90 days/year for the multipurpose drying pavement (MPDP). Likewise, at 75% utilization, the capacity is 45 days/year for the mechanical dryer and 67.5 days/year for the MPDP. However, the 75% utilization data is normally used as this reflects a more realistic situation since in actual, the utilization may even be lower. In Table 4, BPRE computed the total loss incurred based on the average losses in each of the postharvest operation, which was 1,885,766 t or 13.86% of the annual rice production. It can be noted that there is a deficit in the facilities for drying and storage at 75% utilization and facilities for storage even at 100% utilization. For corn, BPRE likewise computed the total loss incurred based on the average losses of the postharvest operations, which was 328,946 t or 12.12% of the total annual corn production. The deficit in the facilities for drying and storage at 75% utilization and storage facilities even at 100% utilization is evident, the same as in the status of facilities for processing rice. Generally, the postharvest facility inventory conducted by BPRE indicated a total of 102,011,189 units of threshing, shelling, drying , and milling facilities (Table 6).
24 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Tabl
e 4. S
tatu
s of p
osth
arve
st fa
ciliti
es fo
r rice
.a
PH O
pera
tions
Aver
-ag
e PH
Loss
es, %
PH
Loss
es, t
Avail
able
Rice
for
Pro
cess
ing,
t/yea
r
Exist
ing C
apac
ity, t/
yrSu
rplus
/(Defi
cit),
t/yea
r75
% U
tiliza
tion
100%
Utili
za-
tion
75%
Utili
zatio
n10
0% U
tiliza
tion
Harve
sting
&
Pilin
g2.3
531
9,665
Thre
shing
&
Clea
ning
2.17
288,2
4313
,283,0
9764
,076,7
6085
,435,6
8050
,793,6
6372
,152,5
83
Dryin
g4.5
058
4,768
12,99
4,854
11,27
0,070
15,02
6,760
(1,72
4,784
)2,0
31,90
6 M
echa
nical
437,1
30MP
DP10
,832,9
40St
orag
e2.7
233
7,554
12,41
0,086
912,6
001,2
16,80
0(11
,497,4
86)
(11,19
3,286
)
Millin
g3.1
035
5,536
12,07
2,532
17,84
6,938
23,79
5,917
5,774
,406
11,72
3,385
Rice
Pro
ducti
on =
13,60
2,762
t; de
ducte
d 5%
from
the v
olume
prior
to m
illing
for s
eed p
urpo
ses.
a BPRE
2003
.
25 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Tabl
e 5. S
tatu
s of p
osth
arve
st fa
ciliti
es fo
r cor
n. a
PH O
pera
tions
Aver
age P
H Lo
sses
, %PH
Lo
sses
, t
Avail
able
Corn
for
Pro
cess
ing,
t/yea
r
Exist
ing C
apac
ity, t/
year
Surp
lus/(D
eficit
), t/y
ear
75%
Ut
ilizati
on10
0%
Utiliz
ation
75%
Ut
ilizati
on10
0%
Utiliz
ation
Harve
sting
& P
iling
2.30
62,41
3Sh
elling
& C
leanin
g2.7
071
,582
2,651
,187
4,424
,400
5,899
,200
1,773
,213
3,248
,013
Dryin
g4.6
011
8,662
2,579
,605
2,113
,020
2,817
,360
(466
,585)
237,7
55Me
chan
ical
27,81
0
MPDP
2,085
,210
Stor
age
3.10
76,28
92,4
60,94
314
1,540
(2,31
9,403
)(1
80,94
3)(2
,272,2
23)
Corn
Pro
ducti
on =
2,71
3,600
t.a B
PRE
2003
.
26 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Table 6. Postharvest facilities inventory, Philippines.a
Number of Units
Capacityt/hour t/year
Threshing/Shelling Facilities Rice thresher 78,097 1.00 56,229,840 Multipurpose sheller 5,751 1.00 4,140,720 Pedal thresher (manual) 23,010 0.25 4,141,800 Pedal thresher (motorized) 1,198 0.50 431,280 Corn sheller 4,941 1.00 3,557,520
Total 112,997 68,501,160Drying Facilities Flatbed dryer (2 t) 380 2.00 34,200 Flatbed dryer (6 t) 47 6.00 12,690 Electric grain dryer 970 4.00 174,600 Mobile flash dryer 1,345 0.50 242,100 LSU type 5 6.00 1,350 MPDP 47,845 4.00 12,918,150
Total 50,592 13,383,090Rice mill (single pass) 29,959 0.54 16,908,111Rice mill (multi pass) 477 1.45 933,728Micro mill 17 0.20 5,100Corn mill 3,040 0.50 2,280,000
Total 33,493 20,126,939a BPRE 2003.
27 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Transport and Storage
To facilitate transport of goods from inaccessible farms to the nearest road network, BPRE has developed a National Tramline Program. The agricultural tramline system is a system of cable lines and pulleys used for hauling agricultural products. It is an alternative transport system that facilitates efficient delivery of agricultural products at an affordable cost from production areas to the market. This system has been implemented in Buguias and Atok Benguet and in Alimodian, Iloilo. The cold chain system has also been developed to answer the problems of farmers and traders on preserving the quality and freshness of the produce during transport and storage. It is the process of keeping the right temperature of perishable crops at every chain to preserve its quality and prolong its shelf life. It provides uninterrupted refrigerated handling operation of high value crops from farm to market. It has been implemented in Benguet, Visayas, and Mindanao.
28 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Ownership and Utilizationof Machines
Cost appears to be a prime influence in the acquisition of farm equipment. Ownership was generally high for low-cost items such as animal-drawn plows and harrows and manual tools like shovels and sickles. Figures 6, 7, and 8 show inventories of machines and other equipment owned and used by farmers in rice, corn, and vegetables farms. Details of the survey of machines and equipment
Fig. 6. Tools and equipment owned by rice farmers (UPLB-BAR 2001).
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Four-wheel tractor
Hand tractor
Moldbord plow
Disc plow
Spike tooth harrow
Disc harrow
Toolbar subsoiler
Rotavator
Spiral harrow
Hydrotiller
Animal drawn plow
Animal drawn harrow
Shovel
Sod hoe
Rake
Seeder
Transplanter
Irrigation pump
Motorized sprayer
Manual weeder
Grass cutter
Knapsack sprayer
Reaper
Motorized thresher
Pedal thresher, etc.
Blower
Sickle
Mechanical dryer
Milling machine
Transport machine
Percentage of Respondents
29 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Fig. 7. Tools and equipment owned by corn farmers (Franco et al. 2003).
30 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Fig. 8. Inventory of farm equipment of vegetable farmers (de Asis et al. 2003).
owned and used in selected provinces of the country are shown in Appendix Tables 1–3. For primary tillage, many farmers own only hand tools and animal-drawn implements, which are indicative of low mechanization levels. Relatively, mechanization of rice is higher than corn as higher percentage of rice farmers own hand tractors for tillage operation, knapsack sprayers for chemical application and pump sets for irrigation. Also, vegetable farmers mostly own hand tools and animal-drawn tools and a negligibly small number of mechanically powered equipment. For post production tools and equipment, the most commonly owned are the motorized threshers for rice, the hand-operated shellers for corn, the sorting tables for vegetables and transport vehicles of various kinds. These data confirm the observation earlier reported by Rodulfo et al. (1998) that farmers do not necessarily own the machines that they use. In their study, Rodulfo
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Handtools (sod hoe, rake,shovel, sickle, bareta, etc.)
Animal drawn implements(plow/harrow)
Irrigation tools (sprinklers,pump, faucet, artesian
well)
Tractors (2-wheel, 4-wheel)
Crop care (poweredsprayer, knapsack
sprayer, etc.)
Transport (cart, trailer,tricycle, jeepney)
Sorting table
No. of Units
31 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
et al. found that the farm machines with the exception of cultivation and weeders posed a ratio of ownership to number of farms of less than 1.00, that is from 0.16 to 0.93 (Table 7). Access to mechanized farming method has therefore been made possible to farmers through custom hiring. This is a form of service wherein machine-owners perform farm operations on behalf of the farmers at an agreed prices. In rice, for example, land preparation, threshing, transport, and milling are relatively mechanized and these are all generally performed through custom service. Similarly for corn, among the operations that employ custom-hired services, land preparation, shelling, and transport are relatively at higher levels of mechanization (Figure 9). Fig. 10 shows the various machines used by vegetable farmers through custom hiring.
Table 7. Census of agricultural equipment by farm, number owned, and number used (Rodulfo et al. 1998)a.
Machine Owned/Farm Used/Owned Area/Machine
Plow 0.89 1.29 3.48Harrow 0.87 1.25 3.16Cultivator and weeder 1.03 1.37 3.36Fertilizer applicator 0.93 1.34 8.86Sprayer 0.58 1.84 4.62Combine 0.52 2.03 5.03Thresher 0.16 6.63 14.96Hand tractor 0.30 3.55 8.36Four wheel 0.17 6.37 23.52Trailer 0.43 2.43 7.89Irrigation 0.58 1.81 3.95
aNational Census of Agriculture 1991 and Agricultural Indicators Systems, Bureau of Agricultural Statistics 1997.
32 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Fig.
9.
Freq
uenc
y of c
usto
m-h
ired
serv
ices/f
acilit
ies fo
r cor
n in
selec
ted
area
s of t
he co
untry
(Fra
nco
et al
. 200
1).
102
244
654
104
563
733
456
157
567
156
568
218
40
278
142
543
3 3 4 1 9 1 1 1
49
63
91
010
020
030
040
050
060
070
080
090
0
Tran
spor
tation
Milli
ngDr
ying
Shell
ingHa
rvesti
ngIrr
igatio
nSe
eding
/crop
care
/harve
sting
Crop
care
Seed
ing/cr
op ca
reSe
eding
Entire
tillag
e ope
ratio
nPl
owing
and f
urro
wing
Furro
wing
Harro
wing
and f
urro
wing
Harro
wing
Plow
ing an
d har
rowi
ngPl
owing
Custom-Hired Services/Facilities
Num
ber o
f Res
pons
es
Paym
ent in
Kind
Paym
ent in
Cas
h
33 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Fig.
10.
Mach
ines
and
equi
pmen
t em
ploy
ed b
y veg
etab
le fa
rmer
s for
cust
om h
iring
(de A
sis et
al. 2
003)
.
125
105
60
2716
53
020406080100
120
140
4-wh
eel T
racto
r2-
whee
l Tra
ctor
Anim
al/An
imal
Draw
nIm
plem
ents
Wate
r Pum
pEn
gine f
orIrr
igatio
nRo
tavato
rCu
ltivato
r/Gra
ssCu
tter
Mac
hine
s/Fa
ciliti
es
Frequency
34 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Sources of Agricultural Machinery Supply
Agricultural machinery and equipment come from local production and importation. About 400 machinery manufacturers exist all over the country (AMTEC 2001). These include craftsmen and small-scale, seasonal manufacturers. These local manufacturers can only make small machinery and equipment like power tillers, hand tractors, palay threshers, husker-sheller, corn sheller, harvester, flash dryer, rice mill, pumps, disc plows, disc harrows, and poultry and livestock equipment. These are manufactured in Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna (Los Baños), and Manila. Figure 11 shows the regional distribution of these manufacturers and dealers. Data shows that about 56% is in Luzon, 8% in the Visayas and 36% in Mindanao. The larger and more sophisticated machinery like feed mill equipment, irrigation systems, recirculating dryers, sugarcane equipment, incubator, grain silo, tractors, etc. are imported.
Fig. 11. Regional distribution of agricultural machinery manufacturers and dealers in the country (AMTEC 2001).
35 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Since the 1970s, the Agricultural Machinery Manu-facturers and Distributors Association (AMMDA) has represented the manufacturers and dealers in the country. Its current membership is composed of 30 big- and medium-sized companies engaged in mananufacture, assembly, distribution, and service of farm machinery such as 4-wheel tractors and implements, power tillers and attachments, irrigation equipment, engines, sprayers, and other agricultural machinery (Tamayo 2005).
Sales and Demand of Agricultural Machinery
Sales from AMMDA alone showed that from 2006 to January 2009, machines sold were 1284 units of tractors, 1608 units of postharvest structures and farm processing equipment, 24 dryers, and 3,159 2-wheel hand tractors (Table 8). A study by AMMDA (2003) showed that with the current growth rate of the economy and production in the agriculture sector, about 188,000 units of various pieces of agricultural machinery and farm engines will be needed over the next few years. The projection is based on the sales trend that includes about 50,000 units of gasoline engines and 15,000 units of diesel engines. The sales growth rate stands at about 30%. They also estimated that the annual demand for power tillers will range from 15,000 to 20,000 units; for rice threshers, from 8,000 to 10,000 units, and for rice mill, about 4,000 units. The market for planters and reapers is still in the development stage. AMMDA further states that demand for grain dryers is decreasing, with yearly demand of 500 units. Manufacturers are trying to find ways to match appropriate drying type for existing rice mills. On the other hand, required irrigation pumps in areas not served or under served by National Irrigation
36 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Tabl
e 8. S
ales o
f agr
icultu
ral m
achi
nery
by A
MMDA
mem
bers
(no.
of u
nits
sold
)a
Equip
ment/
Mach
inery
Bran
d20
0620
0720
0820
09TO
TAL
Trac
tors
Stan
dard
4-wh
eel
Jon D
eere
, Valt
ra, K
ubota
195
242
182
1062
9Tr
actor
s (Ab
ove 2
3.87 k
W/32
Hp)
Daed
ong,
Mass
ey F
ergu
son
New
Holla
nd, S
ame,
and E
uros
tar
Comp
act 4
-whe
elJo
n Dee
re, V
altra
, Kub
ota
110
213
Trac
tors (
below
23.87
kW/32
Hp)
Daed
ong,
Mass
ey F
ergu
son
New
Holla
nd, S
ame,
and E
uros
tar
Comb
ined s
tanda
rdJo
n Dee
re, V
altra
, Kub
ota19
524
319
212
642
& co
mpac
t trac
tors
Daed
ong,
Mass
ey F
ergu
son
New
Holla
nd, S
ame,
and E
uros
tar
TOTA
L
1284
Post
harv
est/S
truct
ures
and
Farm
Pro
cess
ing
Equi
pmen
t
Re
aper
ACT,
Kulig
lig, K
ATO
210
0
10
2Ri
ce th
resh
er
1020
845
1810
91Ri
ce po
lishe
r
Co
rn sh
eller
6
9
15
Farm
trail
er
55
55Ri
ce m
ill
7161
207
634
5TO
TAL
16
08Dr
yer
Recir
culat
ingFix
, CAS
AREN
O, K
OLBI
Fla
tbed t
ype
KULIG
LIG, K
ANEK
O, A
CT7
15
13
BPRE
type
PADI
SCOR
71
3
11TO
TAL
24
2 Whe
el/Ha
nd Tr
acto
rFie
ldstar
/Ore
c, Ku
liglig
, Kato
Pu
ll-typ
e
1608
552
485
2826
73Flo
ating
31
449
444
411
With
rotar
y tille
r
75
75TO
TAL
31
59a S
ales r
epor
t as o
f Jan
uary
2009
; AM
MDA
200
9.
37 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Administration facilities and services stand at about 10,000 units annually.
Imports and Exports AMMDA noted the substantial importation of agricultural machinery. In 1992 alone, total imports posted a whopping $102 million and from 1993 to 2004, the value was estimated to be around $121,739,445 (Tamayo 2005). The NSO also reported the significant growth of the total importation of wheeled tractors since 1992 to 1999 caused mainly by the entry of used tractors from Japan and the United Kingdom. Some manufacturers in the country continue to explore the export market with the hope for a more active and dynamic local agricultural machinery export industry. Total export of machinery stood at a mere $350,000 for the 1993–2004 period (Tamayo 2005).
38 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Problems, Issues, and Constraints
Agricultural mechanization in the Philippines is faced with many problems such that its success or failure can only be the result of a complex interplay of factors. Various factors affecting the country’s agricultural mechanization have been analyzed before and the problems are shown in Figure 12. The conditions with which mechanization is being introduced in the country have not been very conducive both in the local and national levels. Economic, technical, and policy factors had hindered the adoption of machines in agriculture.
Small Farm Size
“In 2002, the Philippines registered a total of 4.8 M agricultural farms, covering 9.7 M ha. The total agricultural land area constituted 32.2% of the country’s total land area. Although the number of farms was 4.6% higher than the 4.6 M farms reported in 1991, the country’s total farm area decreased by 3% after a period of more than one decade. The decrease in total farm area could be attributed to the conversion of farmlands to residential and commercial purposes. As a result, the average farm size declined from 2.2 ha/farm in 1991 to 2 ha/farm in 2002.” (http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/sr04144tx.html). Small farm size is a big factor in agricultural mechanization because it is against the principle of “economies of scale.” In land preparation and harvesting operations, mechanizing small and non-contiguous parcels of land would be inefficient.
39 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Low
labo
rpr
oduc
tivity
inag
ricul
tura
l pro
duct
ion
Low
mec
hani
zatio
nle
vel i
n pr
oduc
tion
&po
st-h
arve
st
Farm
ers a
re re
luct
ant
to m
echa
nize
prod
uctio
n an
dpo
st-h
arve
st o
pera
tions
Farm
ers u
naw
are
ofne
w m
echa
niza
tion
tech
nolo
gy
Soci
al c
onst
rain
ts(p
ress
ure
from
man
ual
labo
r gro
up)
Farm
ers a
refin
anci
ally
inca
pabl
eto
acq
uire
mac
hine
ry/e
quip
men
t
Inad
equa
te g
over
nmen
tsu
ppor
t to
mec
hani
zatio
n(e
.g. l
ow in
vest
men
t in
mec
hani
zatio
n R
&D
)
Inad
equa
tem
echa
niza
tion
tech
nolo
gypr
omot
ion
Inad
equa
teco
ordi
natio
n of
R&
D a
genc
ies/
units
Lack
of f
unds
for p
rom
otio
nof m
echa
niza
tion
tech
nolo
gy
No
com
preh
ensi
vem
echa
niza
tion
tech
nolo
gyex
tens
ion
prog
ram
Abs
ence
of
afte
r-sa
les
serv
ices
Ris
ks a
ssoc
iate
dw
ith a
dopt
ion
of mec
hani
zatio
nte
chno
logi
es
Ava
ilabi
lity
of c
heap
farm
labo
r
Low
qua
lity
of fr
am e
qpt.
avai
labl
e in
mar
ket
Ava
ilabl
ete
chno
logy
not s
uite
d to
exis
ting
cond
ition
s_
No
qual
ityco
ntro
lin
spec
tion
inm
ost p
lace
s
Pres
ence
of
unsc
rupo
lous
and
fly-
by-
nigh
tm
anuf
actu
rers
Low
leve
lof m
anuf
actu
ring
tech
nolo
gy
Inad
equa
tem
echa
niza
tion
need
s ana
lysi
s
Low
farm
ers'
inco
me
Hig
hco
st o
feq
uipm
ent
Insu
ffic
ient
polic
y to
war
dm
echa
niza
tion
Less
prio
rity
give
n to
mec
hani
zatio
n
Mis
conc
eptio
nsab
out m
echa
niza
tion
(e.g
. adv
erse
eff
ects
on la
bor;
mec
hani
zatio
n =
'trac
toriz
atio
n')
Lack
of
info
rmat
ion
diss
emin
atio
non m
echa
niza
tion
Lack
of s
kille
dw
orke
rsSu
b-st
anda
rdm
ater
ials
for
fabr
icat
ion
Inad
equa
tesh
op e
quip
men
tLa
ck o
f tra
inin
g(m
anuf
actu
rers
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40 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Decreasing Supply of Hired Labor in the Farm
Agricultural hired labor is decreasing owing to preference of labor for employment opportunities in urban centers and abroad and high level of education and literacy in the labor force. In rice production, labor cost represents around 60% of the total input costs in rice production. Farmers therefore have to mechanize in order to lessen costs and dependence on unreliable supply of hired labor while increasing crop productivity (Bautista 2003).
Appropriate Machinery and Technology vs. Mechanization Needs
The mismatch between available mechanization technologies and farmers’ need and farm conditions stems from inadequate need assessment. Failure to identify the actual needs of the farmers results in non-utilization of machines. A case in point is the manual transplanter. It has been the product of the cooperation of many countries and research institutions within Asia. Yet, after a long series of modification, tests, and improvements, funded by many governments, Filipino farmers have not shown interest in adopting it. The influx of second hand imported machinery in the country is another important concern. They are attractive investments to some farmers due to low initial costs. But repair and maintenance pose problems especially when replacement parts are hard to find. Moreover, the machinery design may not be suited to local conditions. On the other hand, some researchers tend to design machines out of mere interest without regard to what is needed in the farm. Scientists and engineers tend to create something that is novel but sophisticated, without
41 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
much regard to small farm applications. What the small farming systems in the Philippines usually require are machines for small-scale operations and not the high-powered large machines such as those from Europe and the United States. As such, local designs end up unused because farmers cannot afford them or cannot understand their use.
Innovative Machines vs. Market-Driven Machines
The overriding issue in developing commercially successful machines is meeting the market demands within acceptable price levels. The industry must be able to come up with marketable machines, which could meet farmers’ operational needs at an affordable price. While private local manufacturers are apt at developing commercial machines, the institutional approach to technology development is quite different. Research institutions have a tendency to be preoccupied with innovations rather than be propelled by a clearly perceived market demands. Apparently, machinery development efforts at public research institutions are geared towards satisfying the farmers’ functional needs rather than meeting the market demand for new machines. While it is true that farmers need a variety of machines or mechanized services, these however may be beyond their buying capacity. Machines should not only be innovative. It should be affordable and with market demand.
Inadequate Technology Transfer Mechanisms
Many farmers are unaware of the availability of suitable machines, tools, or implements that could help ease their tedious work. For instance, simple and manually-operated corn shellers have long been
42 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
available, but corn farmers in some parts of the country continued to perform the operation using their traditional and tedious method that caused them wrist pains and blisters. It was only in late 2000 and beyond that they came to know about the better tool. For some reasons, either the information has not been widely disseminated or some farmers are just uninterested in mechanization or they simply resist change. Extension workers are the key persons in technology transfer. They need interpersonal communication skills as well as technical qualifications. With a very limited number of extension staff for a big number of client-farmers, the result would likely be non-adoption of some technologies. Besides, extension workers may lack the capability to integrate the mechanization technology in the total farming system. They too may need trainings to have sufficient background on related aspects of agricultural mechanization (Paras and Amongo 2005).
Inadequate Support Services The lack of support services to ensure machine’s acceptability to farmers has been a continuing constraint in promoting agricultural machineries. These include limited access to credit, ineffective marketing systems, and inefficient after-sales service. Prices of acquiring and maintaining durable farm machines continue to stay at levels unaffordable to most farmers. One of the reasons is the high tariff rate levied by government on imported agricultural machinery and parts. Imported farm machinery are still levied a 12% value added tax. Furthermore, locally manufactured machineries have high import content. The only means available for farmers to access machineries are credit facilities, common ownerships through cooperatives and associations, and custom-hire arrangements with private entrepreneurs. However,
43 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
employing these means continue to be minimal because of the limited cooperativism and small number of entrepreneurs who engage in the business (AMMDA 2003). Moreover, the presence of repair shops and service centers with readily available spare parts would also help boost the acquisition and performance of machines. This is also a major factor in the development of agricultural machineries in the country.
Policy Constraints
One of the reasons for the proliferation of imported equipment in the Philippines is the adoption of liberal import policies and lack of import restrictions on agricultural machinery. This is in addition to unstructured tariff and taxation systems, which have negative effects on the viability of the local agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. Also, growth of mechanization is very much affected by the purchasing power of farmers. Government policies on price levels of farm commodities should help increase farmer’s income from their products. The acquisition of machines to improve farm operations can follow if farmers can afford the machines.
44 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Areas for Intervention
About a third of the total land area of 30 M ha of the country is under intensive cultivation. With the application of suitable farming technologies, the sustained cultivation of additional 8 M ha is possible. Mechanization is essential to intensify production and expand the current agricultural area of the country. Roughly half the cultivated land is devoted to rice and corn. Mechanizing rice and corn production remains to be a priority concern of the government because of their importance as major staple food crops. For rice, 70% of the total population is greatly dependent on its production, processing, distribution, and marketing and about 3 M farmers distributed along the many islands of the country are actually involved in rice farming (Bautista 2003). Corn is utilized as food by 20% of the population. Yellow corn production is mostly used in feed formulation for livestock and poultry production. The other important crops are coconut, sugarcane, fruits, root crops, vegetables, fiber crops, coffee, cacao, tobacco, and rubber. Developing the agricultural economy through appropriate and efficient machineries covering all types of crops and animal production necessitates addressing specific problems mentioned in earlier discussions. To address the constraints, areas of intervention could be along the lines of R&D activities, utilization of research results, capacity development, support services and infrastructures, and policy advocacy.
45 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Research and Development
Early efforts to mechanize Philippine agriculture mostly involved the importation of machines. During the Green Revolution of the 1970s, the local agricultural manufacturing industry grew with the need to adapt imported machines as well as to develop new ones most appropriate to local conditions. While the slow pace of agricultural mechanization reflected various social, economic, and technical constraints, government research institutions and private entrepreneurs provided the necessary machinery hardware to improve farm and post harvest operations. Significant products of local R&D efforts in agricultural machinery engineering are the power tillers and hydrotillers, irrigation pumps, rice transplanters, drum seeders, weeders, rice reapers, rice strippers, corn and peanut shellers, village rice mills, grain moisture meters, coconut husk decorticators, grain and copra dryers, and many others. Annex A shows the list of technologies and information ready for dissemination as reported by various agencies. Introduction of agricultural machinery in a developing country like the Philippines can be a controversial subject. Although machines are considered necessary for agricultural development particularly to increase productivity of land and labor, the perceived threat to employment of an expanding labor force can be an issue. Therefore, along with the R&D work on the hardware of machinery fabrication and manufacture, investigations on the impact studies on mechanization have also been conducted to mitigate possible negative consequences. The criteria for appropriate agricultural mechanization technology were drawn to guide government planners, policy makers, extension workers, and all concerned with agricultural mechanization. Currently, the socio-
46 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
political, economic, and environmental dimensions of agricultural mechanization are also important research interests. The output of R&D efforts from 1990 to 2007 is shown in Table 9. A great percentage constituted the agricultural machinery and power and postproduction processing (13% and 48%, respectively). The focus on irrigation (13%) was based on its recognized importance as a production input that can help intensify and sustain cropping systems. The research on electrification and energy (8%) addressed the need for alternative power and energy source as fossil fuel costs continue to escalate. Noticeably, ranked among the lowest were: agricultural building and structures, instrumentation and control, technical standards for agricultural machinery, and machines for agricultural
Table 9. Major completed R&D projects, 1990–2007.a
Areas of Concern 1990–2000a 2001–2007b TotalAgricultural machinery and power 26 9 35 (13%)Postharvest/Agricultural processing and
food engineering83 47 130 (48%)
Agricultural buildings and structures 2 2 4 (1%)Irrigation and agricultural drainage
system2 32 34 (13%)
Agricultural waste utilization and environmental management
2 3 5 (2%)
Agricultural instrumentation and control 3 2 5 (2%)Technical standards for agricultural
machinery, materials and procedures4 1 5 (2%)
Agricultural electrification and energy 14 8 22 (8%)Benchmark survey and information
system for agricultural engineering 2 5 7 (3%)
Impact assessment and policy studies in support of agricultural engineering
9 15 24 (9%)
Total 147 124 271 (100%)
a PCARRD, 2002; bPCARRD, 2007.
47 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
waste management. The first two areas are backbones towards the development of protected agriculture, which includes hydroponics and controlled-environment systems, and precision agriculture, which involves robotics and automatic controls. Annex B shows the list of completed agricultural engineering projects from 2001 to 2007 as reported to PCARRD. It was estimated that the country’s investment in R&D efforts constituted 0.11% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) while the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recommends 1% for a developing country like the Philippines (NEDA 2005). Therefore, while a thorough selection is necessary in the identification and prioritization of R&D ventures for purposes of allocation of resources, the expansion and acceleration of these scientific efforts is much more necessary in the programs on sustainable economic development including agricultural modernization. To achieve this, increased investments in R&D from both the public and the private sectors are to be promoted. Several research and academic institutions are involved in agricultural machinery development and promotion. Often, they act separately in organizing activities that will identify R&D gaps and interventions, even if specific organizations are already mandated to implement such. This seems inevitable considering that mandated agencies have their own priorities and agenda, with which agricultural engineering is a component. In such efforts, it is important to ensure agency representation and active participation of individuals. Also, even with such scenario, the differences lie in specifics and emphasis or importance in priority ranking. R&D interventions identified by various agencies can be summarized into the following general areas:
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l Development of More Energy-Efficient Machines
The increasing fuel cost demands that priority be on harnessing non-conventional sources of energy in developing machines. The country imports a large amount of its fuel requirement. Although the energy share of the agriculture and fishery sectors is very small, ramifications of any oil price increase can definitely affect the use of mechanical technologies for agricultural production. For R&D work, it is still much preferable to improve designs of machines rather than focus on low input farming technologies that cut down energy consumption at the expense of crop production. The use of energy efficient machines is always an ideal approach to conserve energy input for agricultural operations (AMDP 1990).
Also, alternative sources of energy must be given importance such as development of windmills, solar power utilization system, gasifier technology, and other biomass energy resource utilization schemes like coconut oil and jatropha extract for diesel engines and ethanol for gasoline engines.
l Development of Machines for Village-Level Processing of Farm Products and By-Products
Machines for village-level post harvest operations generate employment and livelihood in rural areas. Likewise, these help diversify and increase value of farm products. A comprehensive development of processing machines, systems, and technologies that are efficient, affordable, and locally adaptable will promote the development of rural agro-based processing enterprises.
49 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
l Formulation of Quality Standards for Agricultural Machines
The machines’ quality is determined based on the materials used, the quality of manufacture, their performance, soundness of design, and after-sales service availability. Hence, formulation of standards is necessary especially if machines are to be commercialized. Inadequate testing and evaluation of machines prior to release for commercial production results in many field problems and customer dissatisfaction. Such machines fail to generate repeat demand and eventually end up in display rooms of research institutions.
Therefore, there is a need to certify agricultural machinery performance under local conditions using established standards and test procedures and assessment of field performance and after-sales service. Test results need to be disseminated to guide farmers, extension workers, manufacturers, and financing institutions in the selection of appropriate agricultural machinery.
l Mechanization of Packinghouse Operations for Perishables
Improved handling, transport, and packing facilities for perishables will facilitate transport of goods without negatively affecting the quality and quantity of perishables like fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Mechanization concerns include packinghouses, storage facilities, and appropriate containers and packaging materials. Mechanizing these postproduction factors would lead to reduction in losses (BPRE 2004).
50 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
l Development of Simple, Low-Cost and Gender-friendly Machines
In the Philippines, indigenous design and production of simple, low-cost machines are important in mechanizing small farm holdings. As much as 80% of the farm power is provided by human labor. To complement this labor, there is a need to develop simple manual equipment for various farm operations.
In most developing countries, human labor comprises as much as 60% of women workers. Hence, the proposed appropriate machine designs should be based on the ergonomic limitations of the individuals (Salokhe 2003).
lMaterials Science and Manufacturing Processes
The capability of the local mechanization industry to produce quality products has to be enhanced. This requires R&D on materials and manufacturing processes and setting of standards for agricultural machinery (AMDP 2005). As an example, optimization of shapes and parts by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) can greatly help in reducing size and weight of machines.
lRobotics, Mechatronics and Precision Agriculture The fields of electronics and microcomputer
technology provide a broad range of applications in agricultural machinery engineering. The application of mechatronic devices and/or GPS-guided machine assemblies for remote-controlled operations can be practical and economical in some respects. Also, the need for precision and accuracy in many farm operations from land preparation and planting stages to product sorting and classification now warrants
51 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
R&D work on machine components interfaced with electronics and computer technology such as machine vision, artificial intelligence, and automatic controls.
lStructures and Controlled-Environment Agriculture
Protected agriculture is a high-potential technology for raising crops like ornamentals and high-value crops. Currently, R&D efforts in this field are very limited. While there exist few (R&D) success stories, which helped boost commercial operation, these are mostly imported technologies or units that include all the structural components and auxiliary systems. Technologies like hydroponics, soil-less agriculture, and other similar crop production techniques will find their niches both as large-scale commercial enterprises that require a separate land area or as small-scale operations in urban and sub-urban communities.
lBioprocessing and Postharvest Systems
The application of many processing techniques and post harvest technology systems still faces problems on cost efficiency. Efforts to improve or create new designs for more cost-efficient operations are continuing tasks of researchers. Fresh approaches to these problems are sometimes developed using new technology from other fields.
For example, robotics have been applied in the industry at least 30 or 40 years ago. With the current advancement in machine vision, we are now developing techniques and systems for harvesting (the machine can select ripe fruits), for quality assessment of products (like corn and or rice grains), and for sorting of products by virtue of their color and shape.
Acoustics, which used to be limited to mechanical engineering, is now being applied to classification of products, such as maturity levels of “buko.” Radiation
52 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
and ultrasound technologies have been used in medicine before. Now, it is used to determine sugar content and or sweetness of oranges and melons.
Also, some insignificant plant or animal materials can sometimes yield new products of important application. Again, R&D efforts are needed to understand proper handling procedures along with the necessary machines. This could refer to basic research involving the possible discovery of relatively unknown product of agriculture, but which may find application in many fields. While Jatropha craze is focused on the oil product, there could be a possibility that a pesticide can be extracted from the same oil obtained from the seed or from other parts of the plant itself.
lWaste Management and Environmental Conservation
Agricultural activities produce by-products that can accumulate to levels that threaten the environment. There are available machines and processes, which convert these wastes into valuable products or at least neutralize their harmful effects. As the need for food, feed and fiber increases, R&D work can focus on specific problems and conditions of localities and the technology packages. The variety of agricultural products in the country may require the same variety of approaches to waste management and environmental conservation.
lBasic Research
Scarce resources for R&D are easily allocated to activities in the applied field, but basic research is also necessary. Local researchers have to generate fundamental knowledge, which may not yet have any direct application to any design or procedure but can help extend the frontiers of knowledge. Local
53 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
products, conditions, and needs specific or unique to the country and localities must be addressed. The experience of developed countries is a testament to the eventual application of knowledge accumulated through basic research in fields of varied nature.
Machinery Requirements of Specific Commodities
Rice
To achieve complete mechanization, rice needs machines for planting or transplanting, crop care, harvesting, and drying. The manual pull-type transplanter developed as early as the 1980s never found much success among farmers while the engine-powered design performance is far from being acceptable. The current improvement in the drum seeder’s construction and material components has considerably reduced its total weight and drastically lessened the burden of operation. It is now in the process of extension. The favorable performance of the Philippine Rice Research Institute’s (PhilRice) new combine harvester shows some promise while its rice stripper has yet to decrease grain loss to within tolerable limits. Many designs of mechanical driers are already available, which produce higher milling recovery. However, affordability of the technology is still an issue when the farmer has to choose between sun drying and costly machine.
Corn, Vegetables, and Other Upland Crops
Mechanization of corn is the focus of the current agricultural development program of the government (PNA, 2005). A Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension’s (BPRE) study recommended the use of currently available machines to increase yield and
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improve productivity. It further recommended the development of more appropriate and efficient machine models, an example of which is the smaller version of the combine harvester. De Asis et al. (2003) earlier reported that vegetable farming was at a very low level of mechanization and only irrigation, washing/sorting/packing operations, and transport were mechanized at certain levels in limited areas of the country. There were many available machines for upland farming, which can perform the farm operations for vegetables especially land preparation. However, the affordability of the machines is still the issue causing low adoption of the technology. One high impact area for R&D includes machines for village-level processing of farm products and by-products. Such technologies can generate employment and livelihood and increase land productivity as well as diversify and increase the value of farm products.
Coconut
The ‘tapahan’ method of drying is still very prevalent in spite of the availability of more efficient dryers. Adoption by farmers has been very slow. The motor-powered coconut grater has been an accepted gadget in ordinary markets although it still needs further improvement and optimization. The design of the coconut milk extractor is also evolving. Similar to the grater, it also needs value analysis for optimal performance. However, some commercial machines for coconut product processing are reportedly working inefficiently like decorticators and oil mills. The possible increase in demand for coconut coir products (e.g., ‘coconet’ for soil erosion control) may require improvements in the design or rehabilitation of old machines. As there is currently no small-scale technology for coconut processing (PCARRD 2005), other machines may have to be developed. The ‘virgin oil’ phenomenon opens up
55 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
new challenges to machine designers and developers. Also, another very important research area is the use of coconut oil as diesel engine fuel (NEDA 2005) and the mechanization needs for processing 'buko' meat into confectionery items and juice into beverage. Banana
New areas for banana production need equipment for land clearing to remove trees or logs, knockdown and uproot herbaceous plants and chop these into small pieces. Equipment for plowing, pulverizing soil, and final plowing are also requirements of medium and large farm plantations (PCARRD 2004).
Other Fruit Crops
Low level of mechanization exists particularly in the production and processing of fruits. There are imported and locally manufactured processing equipment usually found in large-scale plants. Similar to the vegetable sector, R&D on new products and processes for small scale and/or village-level processing can increase the level of current technical knowledge in canning, bottling, preservation, repacking, and many other operations.
Livestock and Poultry
High level of technology is already used in large-scale farms. Backyard farmers need technologies that fit their scale of operation. Housing designs and equipment are needed for swine production. Swine growers' interest in biogas digesters is increasing along with the growing concern to manage and recycle wastes into useful products. Affordable slaughterhouse equipment such as cutting/chopping tools for the best cut of goat meats that are sold to supermarkets and stainless pails and eartaggers are among the simple yet inevitable tools
56 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
in the goat industry. Modified or improved machines for briquetting and pelleting feeds are also needed for small-hold cattle raisers. The need for small-scale portable milking machines would help facilitate milking activities of small to medium dairy animal raisers. Annex C shows the detailed R&D areas on agricultural engineering as formulated and reviewed in PCARRD’s workshops and meetings. The outputs of conferences and workshops related to mechanization needs identification for selected crop commodities are also indicated in the list.
R&D Results Utilization
R&D products and services have to reach the intended beneficiaries to realize the impact of agricultural mechanization. This means providing the information and technology needs of the clients. Activities along this line should focus on strengthening technology packaging and promotion services. Information dissemination activities through tri-media, machine displays and exhibits, farmers’ field day, and technology demonstrations should be actively pursued in the countryside where machines are needed. Popularized versions of training and technical materials and their translation to local dialects would promote better understanding of these materials (Paras and Amongo 2005). The current GIS technology can be applied along with the tedious but necessary actual and reliable data gathering process. The kind of information can be very helpful not only to researchers and extension workers but to machinery dealers. Information systems and databases in agencies working on agricultural mechanization can be housed in a centralized information system accessible to farmers, extension personnel, scientists, engineers, students, and
57 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
policy makers. Among the information necessary for inclusion in the databank are statistics and information on machinery inventories, trends in machinery sales, development and availability of new machinery/technologies in the local and international community, and prices and suppliers of locally made and imported agricultural machines. A web-based information system can also be a vehicle towards on-line registration of available and operational machines. This would facilitate inventory of local and imported machines that are available in the market and those that are operational on field.
Capability Building and Institution Development
Local government units (LGUs) are in the forefront of extension activities. Extension workers under the LGUs need technological updating, good management, and interpersonal skills to achieve the goals of extension. However, the number of extension workers is very limited compared to a greater number of farmer-clients. As much as they want to extend mechanization, they may not have adequate knowledge and skill about mechanization and how it can become an important input to the farming system (Paras and Amongo 2005). To address this concern, training provisions and other skill-building activities will help improve the technical, business, and social capabilities of farm workers. Target groups would be farmers, extension workers, and manufacturers. Farmers should be trained regarding machine use and operations. Extension workers need to enhance technology transfer approaches for agricultural machines. Local manufacture of machines should be encouraged by equipping manufacturers on craftmanship, manufacturing technology, operation, repair, and maintenance.
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Policy Advocacy
The 1970s were considered the golden age of farm mechanization in the Philippines as it was in this period that there was a coherent program to increase grain production which included massive financing of the acquisition of farm machineries and postharvest equipment (Sanvictores, 1998). During the decade, PCARRD, a government body that monitors agricultural and forestry research has included agricultural engineering as a commodity of investigation. In the national legislature, a bill has been proposed to create a body to coordinate agricultural mechanization activities (Lantin 1978). During the 80s and 90s, the mechanization of the country slowed down due to political, social and financial constraints (Sanvictores, 1998). No substantive increase in the level of mechanization occurred in the 80s but several agencies and programs were established or launched to promote it. These include the (1) Agricultural Mechanization Development Program based at the University of the Philippines Los Banos, which is the country’s commitment to the RNAM or Regional Network of Agricultural Machinery (now APCAEM or Asia and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery), (2) the AMIC or Agricultural Inter-Agency Committee, a multi-agency body which serves as the technical adviser of the Department of Agriculture regarding mechanization policies and strategies, (3) the NAPHIRE or National Postharvest Institute for Research and Extension (now BPRE or Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension), (4) the AMTEC or Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center which was envisioned to provide testing, evaluation and quality control services of agricultural machines (AMDP, 1990), and (5) the PhilRice or Philippine Rice Research Institute which virtually
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took charge of the work of IRRI in the design and development of machines for rice. Another mechanization plan was initiated in the national legislature as early as 1990 but it reached only the proposal stage. As mechanization proceeded without a coherent national plan, it never reached the small farm holders that constitute the vast majority of farmers. In recent years, Republic Act (R.A.) 8435, otherwise known as the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) provided the boost for agricultural mechanization development and promotion in the country. Several other related policies followed through. R.A. 7607 (Magna Carta for Small Farmers) ensures the provision of farm machinery to small farmers. In R.A. 7150 (Local Government Code), mechanization services and facilities are among the agricultural support services that will be provided by the LGUs. In R.A. 7900 (High Value Commercial Crops Law), farm machinery is part of the post harvest facilities which will be provided by the Department of Agriculture (DA) as incentive to program beneficiaries. The Philippine Agricultural Engineering Act or R.A. 8559 espouses the delivery of basic and technical services to accelerate agricultural modernization through adequate and well-trained professional agricultural engineers. Other agency administrative orders particularly within DA are memorandum circulars creating the National Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization Program and the formulation and implementation of the National Agricultural and Fishery Engineering R&D Extension Program (Rico 2008). In 2009, House Bill No. 3989 (An Act Promoting and Developing Agricultural and Fisheries Mechanization in the Philippines) has been endorsed by selected members of the House of Representatives. The Bill seeks to promote the development and
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adoption of modern, appropriate, cost-effective, and environmentally safe agricultural and fishery machinery and equipment. These policy advocacies from the government if well implemented could help attain a modernized agriculture through mechanization. Moreover, the following policy recommendations are also important for consideration by policy makers both at the national and local level:
l Availability of credit to purchase agricultural machinery from credit institutions that provide low interest rates and easy requirements for loan processing and loan amortization;
l Provision of alternative business enterprises by establishing farm machinery repair and service outlets, and farm machinery rental centers;
l Establishment of cooperative buying centers in villages equipped with storage and marketing facilities;
l Consolidation of small farms for effective and economical implementation of mechanization technologies;
l Support to small- and large-scale local manufacturers to encourage local manufacturing of machines;
l Intellectual property rights on R&D outputs and support in patenting inventions; and
l Expansion of value-adding activities to generate jobs in both rural and urban centers.
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Strategies and Recommendations
Based on the AFMA framework, the roadmap for agricultural mechanization should aim to: 1) promote use and widen farmers’ access to farm machines; 2) enhance the delivery of support services to improve farm mechanization; and 3) encourage the development of a progressive agricultural machinery manufacturing industry. Based on the development objectives set forth by AMMDA and the NAFC, the following targets and strategies were identified to achieve the objectives (AMMDA 2003):
Targets
1. Raise farm mechanization level. Efforts should focus on promoting the use of compact and low-powered (under 20 hp) machinery and equipment and on rice and corn postproduction mechanization to substantially reduce post harvest losses.
2. Raise local content in farm machineries by promoting greater private sector investments in the assembly of small, single cylinder engines. This effort will expand their production capacities and lower the import content of local farm machinery.
3. Raise public investment in agriculture mechanization R&D to at least one fourth of one percent of the agriculture and industry sectors’ gross value added. This sum shall not only be invested in R&D, but also in agricultural and industrial extension that will promote the research results. Since agricultural mechanization impact on development areas outside agriculture, the sum shall be shared among DA,
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the Department of Trade and Industry, and the Department of Science and Technology.
Strategies
1. Enact and implement progressive pricing polices to support fair product prices at the farm gate and ensure stable income for farmers. Only under such condition will farmers gain financial ability to invest in farm machineries.
2. Some policies that are currently in force impede the formation of an environment that favors sustained development of agricultural mechanization and farmers' access to agriculture machinery. Policy reforms to address this concern include:
a. Liberalizing imports and reducing tariffs on imported agricultural machines and spare parts that are not produced locally;
b. Lifting the value added tax on intermediate agricultural machineries and their components;
c. Increasing government investment in research, development, and promotion of farm mechanization; and,
d. Sustaining rural electrification.
3. Implement measures that will increase credit available to farmers for acquiring farm machinery.
4. Unify R&D efforts and strengthen technology transfer to farmers through:
a. Conduct of a comprehensive review and assessment of machines suitable to farmers and their farm conditions;
b. Promotion of right farm tools, improve packaging of mature, ready-to-use technologies, and disseminate information to users; and
63 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
c. Improvement of linkage among private and public institutions engaged in farm mechanization development.
5. Provide incentives to develop the agricultural machinery industry and ensure availability of appropriate machinery through:
a. Tariff reduction on farm machine imports and machine components that are not locally produced;
b. Implementation of industrial extension measures, including standardization and product certification services;
c. Promotion of investment and joint ventures in farm machinery manufacturing;
d. Establishment of an industry linkage to encourage mutual support and complementation of manufacturing and after-sales services;
e. Production and development of agricultural machinery exports.
The fundamental consideration in the agricultural mechanization sector is to address the needs of various stakeholders. At the farmers’ level, it is important that farmers have the widest choice of appropriate farm tools, machinery, and equipment at affordable prices. Access to spare parts and services would allow farmers to decide on the best choice that suits their needs. More than this is their need for accessible sources of advice and existence of legislation that will protect them from commercial exploitation (Clark 1997). Retailers and wholesalers require a suitable competitive, commercial environment to develop their businesses. This involves access to commercial credit for business development and cash flow purposes, a stable market in which to sell their products, access to business development assistance, and removal of any
64 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
unfair competition. Manufacturers require access to a stable supply of raw materials at stable prices, access to credit for business development and cash flow, stable foreign exchange, good communications, a stable market, contacts with potential overseas partners/licensers, access to market information, assistance in product R&D and production engineering, and others. Importers require a suitable competitive, commercial environment to develop their businesses. This includes access to foreign exchange at undistorted rates, foreign contacts, removal of any unfair competition from the state, marketing assistance, and access to credit for business and cash flow development. The role of the government sector is to provide assistance in terms of policy support; R&D; testing of farm machinery; education, training, and extension; mechanization departments/organizational structure; and consumer protection. A strong linkage among these parties is a fundamental requirement to a sustainable agricultural mechanization sector.
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References
Aguilar, A.M.; Camacho, E.C.; Generalla, A.C.; Moran, P.B.; Sison, J.F.; Wicks, J.A. Consequenses of small rice mechanization in the Philippines: A summary of preliminary analysis. Presented in the Workshop on Consequences of Small-Farm Mechanization. Los Baños, Laguna: International Rice Research Institute, 1983. pp. 151–164.
Amongo, R.M.C. Gender impacts of manual corn sheller on corn processing in Barili, Cebu. Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull., Vol. XI, No. 3, 4th Quarter Issue, 2004. pp. 3–13.
Agricultural Mechanization Development Program, 2005: R&D prospects and the role of SCUs in the Philippine Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization. Paper presented at the Consultation Workshop on Updating the Status of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines; PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna; May 25, 2005.
Agricultural Mechanization Development Program, 1990: Agricultural Mechanization Development Program for the Philippines. Prepared by the University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, and the Department of Agriculture, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines.
Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center. Catalogue of agricultural machinery manufacturers and dealers. Los Baños, Laguna: AMTEC-UPLB, 2001.
Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association (AMMDA). Agricultural mechanization roadmap. Makati City: AMMDA, December 2003. – (Unpublished Report).
66 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Bautista, E.U. “Mechanizing rice production and postharvest operations in the Philippines: Present status, prospects and challenges.” Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull. 10(2); 27–39, Second Quarter, 2003. Los Baños, Laguna: AMDP-UPLB.
Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension. Status of postharvest facilities for rice and corn. Unpublished data provided to ARMRD-PCARRD during the Workshop on Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines; May 25, 2005; PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna.
Campbell, J.K. Dibble sticks, donkeys, and diesels. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 1990.
Clarke, L.J. Agricultural mechanization strategy formulation, concepts, and methodology, and the roles of the private sector and the government. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), September 1997. (http://www.fao.org/ag/AGS/AGSE/STRATEGY.htm). Accessed 2005 October.
Cruz, F. PL. Effects of industrial policies on the farm machinery industry in the Philippines. RNAM Newsletter No. 39, Los Baños, Laguna, December 1990.
De Asis, A.M.; Franco, D.T.; Suministrado, D.C.; Capareda, S.C.; Tallada, J.G.; Reyes, M. Status of vegetable farm mechanization in the Philippines. Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull. 10(3):3-17, Third Quarter, 2003.
Ebron, L.Z.; Castillo, G.; Kaiser, P.M. Changes in harvesting-threshing arrangements and landless labor. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm Mechanization; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; December 1–2, 1983.
Franco, D.T.; Capareda, S.C.; Suministrado, D.C.; De Asis, A.M.; Yabes, R.; Tallada, J.G. National livestock and poultry mechanization survey needs
67 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
and analysis. College, Laguna: College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology-University of the Philippines, Los Baños, 2003. 32p. – (Unpublished Paper).
Gagelona, E.C.; Mataia, A.B.; Cabling, J.M.; Regalado, M.J.C.; Ramos, P.S.; Bautista, E. G.; Ramos, J.A.; Hamor, N.B.; Bermudez, G.C.; Ablaza, N.A. Philippine R&D Highlights 2004. Nueva Ecija: PhilRice, September 2005.
Gavino, R.B.; Dizon, M.D. Status and prospects of agricultural mechanization in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14–16, 2005.
Gavino, R.B.; Fernando, C.M.; Gavino, H.F.; Sicat, E.M.; Romero, M.M. Benchmark survey on farm mechanization status in irrigated lowlands of Regions 1, 2, and 3. Paper presented at the 4th PSAE International Convention and Exhibition; Balanghai Hotel, Butuan City, Philippines; April 17–21, 2006.
Gonzales, L.A.; Herdt, R.W.; Webster, P. An ex-ante evaluation of national mechanization policies in the Philippines. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm Mechanization; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; December 1–2, 1983.
Juarez, F.; Pathnopas, R. Comparative analysis of thresher adoption and use in Thailand and the Philippines. Presented in the Workshop on Consequences of Small-Farm Mechanization; Los Baños, Laguna: International Rice Research Institute, 1983. pp. 119–137.
Juarez, F.S. The private and social profitability of mechanical threshing. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm
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Mechanization; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; December 1–2, 1983
Khan, A.U. Critical issues in transferring agricultural mechanization technologies in the developing world. Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull. 5(2): 3–11, 1991.
Lim, P.C. Effects of agricultural mechanization on farm income patterns. Paper presented at a National Workshop on the Consequences of Small Farm Mechanization; Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; December 1–2, 1983.
Larona, MV.L. Alternative social arrangements and agricultural landscape for large-scale mechanization in corn production areas in Isabela, Philippines. Doctoral Dissertation. College, Los Baños, Laguna: University of the Philippines Los Baños, July 2006.
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Ong, D.C. Situational analysis on the constraints of manufacturing and marketing of postharvest equipment. Phil. Agricl. Mech. Bull. 24(1): 22, 25, 1993.
Paras, F.O.; Amongo, R.M. Technology transfer strategies and experiences for small farm mechanization technologies in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14–16, 2005.
Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. R&D status and directions (2000 and beyond) Agricultural Engineering. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2002.
__________. Completed agricultural engineering R&D projects (2001–2004). Document provided during the Consultation Workshop on Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines, Los Baños, Laguna, May 25, 2005.
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Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development. The Philippines recommends for sugarcane. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST and PHILSURIN, 2001. 269p.
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Tamayo, R.H. Private sector investment on small farm equipment in the Philippines. Paper presented during the FFTC International Workshop on Small Farm Mechanization Systems Development, Adoption, and Utilization; Oasis Hotel, Los Baños, Laguna; June 14-16, 2005.
UPLB-BAR. National farm mechanization needs survey and analysis project: Terminal Report. Los Baños, Laguna: Institute of Agricultural Engineering, CEAT, UPLB, 2001.
71 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Annex A
Agricultural Engineering Technologies/Information for Dissemination Generated from R&D (2001–2007)
Year Reported Technologies/Information Agency (ies)
2007 Plant oil fueled cookstove LSURice hull-fired dryer for natural sausage casing SLSUDesign and development of small-scale virgin coconut oil mill
CapSU
Mechanical drying of palays for quality milled rice NSCABrick and drum kilns for charcoal making PCA-XI and UP
Min2006 Adaptation of panicle thresher-corn sheller
in Ilocos RegionPhilRice
Pilot testing of the processing technologies for arrowroot
BU
Mechanized paddy gatherer: an alternative to manual paddy gathering
WPU
Construction and evaluation of a solar cabinet dryer CSCSTDesign, development, and evaluation of saba banana chipper
CapSU
Design and development of a horizontal vortex fruit and vegetable washer
CSSAC
Evaluation of different designs of village level biogas digester
WESMIARC
Rice husk furnace for recirculating type of mechanical paddy dryer
CPU
Construction and evaluation of manually-operated banana chipper
CapSU
Determining the compost quality and efficiency of using prototype horizontal composting aerator
MOSCAT
72 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Year Reported Technologies/Information Agency (ies)
2005 Coconut husk decorticating machines (PCA-ZRC)Mechanized technology for arrowroot processing BUCAF and KOLBIImprovement of axial-flow biomass shredders CA-CPUSago starch grater machine LSU and TUATFloating tiller for improved rice productivity PhilRiceBio-N enhances growth and yield of rainfed rice DMMMSUSite-specific nutrient management as an approach to attain target yield of rice
PhilRice
2004 Dried cassava grates processing system PhilRootcrops-LSUZero-waste ginger processing technology BUCAFSmall-scale coffee roaster CavSUMechanized village-level handmade paper-making NARC-LSUVillage-scale abaca fiber twisting and twining machines
NARC-LSU
Golden kuhol crusher-grinder CSSACMechanical banana male bud bagger DA-CARIARCImproved steam distillation unit for essential oil FPRDIPortable electric fruit dryer NVSUMechanical transplanter for rice PhilRiceUsing water to pump water: the hydro-powered water pump
PhilRice
2003 Adaptability testing of existing dryers for non-grain commodities
BPRE
Development of the vortex cooler/dryer PhilRiceMechanization of supplementary pollination in hybrid rice seed production
PhilRice
Mechanized hybrid rice supplementary pollinator DA-Region 2Design and development of solar cabinet dryer for small-scale coffee processing
NEUST
Improved biomass cookstove ASU
Annex A. (Continued) ..........
73 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Year Reported Technologies/Information Agency (ies)
Development of a seed cleaner for rice hybrids PhilRiceRide comfort development with handtractor-drawn implements
PhilRice
Development and improvement of postproduction tools and equipment for ginger: Pilot testing of integrated processing equipment for ginger at selected cooperative in Albay
BUCAF
Technical improvement of the root crop grates processing system
ViSCA
Modified oil skimmer SLPCDevelopment of a tractor-drawn sweetpotato harvester
LSU
2002 Mechanical pili nut cracker BUCAFA small-scale dryer for flowers and foliage UPLBLow-cost axial-flow type biomass shredder CPUModified traditional frame loom and its loom accessories for silk weaving
DMMMSU
Cassava milling machine CPUMechanized precision seeder for hybrid rice PhilRiceMechanized supplementary pollination in hybrid rice seed production
PhilRice
Mechanical properties of eggshells UPLBEngineering the crop establishment for paddy wet seeding
PhilRice
2001 Hand tractor-mounted seeder-fertilizer applicator for upland crops
DA-CVLMROS
Palay dryer FPRDI“Super Curyat” tiller for Cordillera rice terraces PhilRice
CECAPCalamansi juice extractor USEP
UPLBReceiving tank for batch recirculating dryer NFAStandardization of postharvest machinery testing and evaluation
AMTEC-UPLBIRRI
Rice hull furnace in flue-curing tobacco NTA
Annex A. (Continued) ..........
74 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Year Reported Technologies/Information Agency (ies)
Mechanical reaper cage wheel SUNAS-TESDAThermal properties of eggplant as a factor for developing an appropriate crop processing system
UPLB
Analysis of impact damage in papaya fruit for appropriate machinery development
UPLB
Portable moisture meter for abaca fiber LSUConvertible ginger crusher, juice extractor, and mill BUCAFProposed technology interventions for bulk handling of corn at farmers-cooperative level
BPRE
Annex A. (Continued) ..........
75 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Annex B
Completed Agricultural Engineering R&D Projects (2001–2007)
I. Farm Production Power and Machinery
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Rice
Development of mechanized supplementary pollinator
L. Caranguian; L. Lorenzo; E.D. Guzman; G. Oli; E. Egipto; G.G. Dante; M.L. Calimag
DA-CVLMROS
Performance evaluation of the China-made walking type mechanical rice transplanter using two methods of seedling preparations (mechanical seedling preparation and double mulching technique)
R.B. Gavino; E.V. Sicat CLSU
Corn
Mechanizing corn cluster areas in Region 02
G. Oli; I.S. Cabalsi; F.S. Aguinaldo; J.R. Binarao; J.E. Tuliao,. Corres; N. Battad
DA-II
FruitsDesign and fabrication of a pressurized mango sprayer D.M. Aquino DMMMSU
Pressurized sprayer and portable ladder for mango production E. De Padua DMMMSU
RootcropsDevelopment of a tractor-drawn sweetpotato harvester
A.B. Loreto; M.B. Loreto PRCRTC
Multicrop
Development of hand tractor mounted seeder-fertilizer applicator
G. Oli; L.M. Caranguian; V.I. Eslava; R. Cubero; E. Egypto
DA-Region II
SericultureFabrication of beekeeping tools and equipment G.R. Ipac DMMMSU
76 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Herbs and Spices
Design and development of garlic planter A.F. Dumaoa MMSU
II. Postharvest/Agricultural Processing and Food EngineeringRiceFiber glass designed rice thresher; its effects on rice threshing F. Man; C. Duhig HNU
Outdoor storage of paddy seeds in sealed plastic enclosures
R.L. Tiongson; E.C. Blaza; J.V. Dator DA-BPRE
Design, construction, and performance testing of golden kuhol crusher-grinder M.L. Pesino CSSAC
Drying of hybrid rice seeds
R.E. Manalabe; R.C. Martinez; R. Dimla; R.E. Daquila; J.A. Lavarias; E.D. Flores;M.A.T. Cantre
BPRE
Performance evaluation of the China-made complete rice milling machine as influenced by different varieties and purity levels of paddy
R.B. Gavino; E.V. Sicat; R.G. Peneyra CLSU
Grains and CerealsDesign, development, and pilot testing of corn harvester
M.C. Bulaong; R.E. Manalabe DA-BPRE
Application of heat pump technology for grain drying
R. Cachuela; R. Macaranas DA-BPRE
Adaptation of existing dryers for non-grain commodities
R.C. Martinez;R. Dimla; L. Miranda; E. Flores; N.
DA- BPRE
Promotion of mechanical dryers through BPRE drying center
M.C. Bulaong; R.C. Martinez; R.E. Daquila; N.T. Asuncion
DA-BPRE
Quantitative and qualitative assessment of corn post harvest losses
R.O. Verena; G.B. Calica; H.G. Malanon; A.R. Salvador; P.C. Castillo
DA-BPRE
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
77 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
FruitsDesign and development of cashew dehydrating equipment
R. Macaranas; L.N. Miranda DA BPRE
Development of controlled atmosphere storage chamber for delayed ripening and prolonged storage life or mango
N. Candelaria CLSU
Design and fabrication of a mechanical banana pole bagger
M.A. C. Soria; L. Panes; M.L.C. Bangalisan;E. Abalos; D.L. Dumaluan; J. Garcines; A.C. Nonan
DA-RFU X-III
Adaptation of biomass heating system for non-grain commodities R.P. Gregorio DA-BPRE
Establishment of controlled atmosphere protocol for commercial export of Philippine mango
R.E.A. Lagunda DA-BPRE
Design and development of depulping machine for pili; design and development of pili nut cracker/sheller; adoption of a twin screw press for pili and kernel oil extraction; pilot testing of pili harvesting device
A.B. Guinto; A.P. Malinis DA-BPRE
Development and testing of a micro-electric fruit dryer E. B. Guzman NVSU
Development of banana chipping machine
M.M. Malapad; C.J. Andam MSC
Improvement of the transport and handling system of the Malabing Valley citrus industry
R.Q. Gutierrez; R.G. Idago DA-BPRE
Processing of mango fruits; development and evaluation of cabinet type fruit dryer for mango leather, dried mango, dehydrated pineapple candy, and other similar products
E.B. Guzman NVSU
Plantation CropsComparative performance evaluation of the different abaca stripping machines in Region VIII
V.L. Reoma; N.O. Morales; V. A. Pelesco SLSCST
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
78 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Improvement of existing portable abaca stripping machine
M.B. Manolo, Jr.; F.G. Sinon LSU
Design and fabrication of single strand yarning machine L. Manolo, Jr. LSU
Design and development of a convertible ginger crusher, extractor, and mill
A.P. Malinis BUCAF
Comparative evaluation of different commerciable abaca stripping machines in Region 8
V.L. Reoma LSU
Small-scale coffee processing M.A. Cabling NEUSTDesign, construction and evaluation of a batch type coffee roaster for small-scale roasting
R.M. Mojica CavSU
Design, fabrication and evaluation of portable electro-motor powered abaca stripping machine for high quality fibers (development of a portable engine-powered abaca spindle stripping machine)
F.G. Sinon; M.F. Delandar LSU
Design and fabrication of multi-stranded yarning machine F.G. Sinon LSU
Mechanization of village-level processing of woven products: development of twisting and yarning machine; development of twining machine; utilization of abaca stripping wastes for handmade paper production and packaging materials
F.G. Sinon; A.M. Martinez LSU
Comparative performance evaluation of the different abaca stripping machines in Region VIII
V.L. Reoma; N.O. Morales; V. A. Pelesco SLSCST
RootcropsAdaptation of diffused light storage system for potato in the mid-elevated conditions
A.D.V. Coloma DA BPRE
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
79 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Technical improvements of the rootcrop grates processing system: design and development of a continuous-type water extraction machine for grates; Design and development of a rotary drum-type for grates; integration of the machines for the grates and for flour processing
R.R. Orias; Daniel L.S. Tan LSU
Field testing of processing machines for cassava, sweetpotato, and ube N.T. Diaz; A.D. Conge DMMMSU
SericultureSeri tools/machineries development: improvement of warping machine
R.V. Pascua; A. Laborte; T.B. Bunnao DMMSU
Design, construction, testing, and evaluation of beehive for sting less bees
G.R. Ipac DMMMSU
Design and development of prototype machine; innovation of honey extractor machine; support to apiculture industry
D.M. Aquino DMMSU
Innovation of honey extractor: support to apiculture industry V. Palabay DMMMSU
MulticropDevelopment of the integrated multi-crop (ginger, pandan, lemon grass, arrowroot, and other fibrous crops) processing technology
A.P. Malinis,; E. L. Baluster BUCAF
Development of multi-purpose kiln dryer
A.S. Accad; E.S. Valerio; T.E. Eyana; D. Ebon; G. Flores; R. Juesa
SKPSC
Enhancing the quality of dried fish through the use of Multicommodity Solar Tunnel Dryer (MCSTD)
H.F. Martinez; et al. DA-BPRE
CoconutDevelopment of portable engine-powered coconut husk fiber extractor E.E. Sudaria LSU
LegumesDesign, construction and performance testing of a revolving solar dryer (peanut processing equipment)
E.Z. Cordero; M.U. Villados ISU-Echague
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
80 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Manufacture of farm tools and equipment for peanut in Region 02
R.D. Velasco;G. A. Batoon ISU-ANEC
Development of an abrasive plate type peanut decoater blower E.Z. Cordero ISU-Echague
Poultry
Development of egg incubator equipped with electronic thermostat and automatic egg rotator
C.C. Divina; R.C. Dizon; G.R. Berganio; M.R. Canlas; R.B. Graza; R.E. Mesa; A.B. Torero, Jr.; R.G. Fortuna; N.R. Villanueva
SKPSC
Portable balut maker (Elective II) R.C. de Vera ASCOT
III. Irrigation and Agricultural Drainage SystemEvaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 2
E.F. Ausa; O.F. Balderama; B.T. Ausa; N.S. Alvarez; R.S. Tanap
ISU-Echague
Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 3
T. Aguinaldo CLSU
Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Bicol Region
M.L. Pesino CSSAC
Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 7
M. Escalante; M. Sacedon
LSU
Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 10
L.R. Laureles; B.D. Concha
CMU
Evaluation of the suitability of the design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 10
R.S. Garzon; H. Gutierrez; N.M. Tolentino
USM/USMARC
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
81 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Evaluation of the suitability design criteria for the headworks and main systems of irrigation systems in Central and Western Mindanao
H. Gutierrez; N.M. Tolentino; J.A.L. Deleña; J.O. Fernandez
USM
Evaluation of the suitability design criteria for the headwork and main systems of existing SWIPs, CIS, and NIS in Region 10
B.D. Concha; R.C. Bayawa
CMU
Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition
R.P. Caro; R.M. Vicarme, E.F. Ausa; O.F. Balderama; B.T. Ausa; E.B. Santos; D.P. Viloria
ISU-Echague
Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition
H.L. Angeles; R.B. Gavino
CLSU
Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition
J.R. Pardales; H.A. Mabesa; J. L. Pardales, Jr.; J.L. De Villa
CSSAC
Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially-available pumps and prime movers under field condition in Region 7
A.L. Presbitero; E.C. Lopes
LSU
Evaluation of the long term performance of commercially available pumps and prime movers under field condition in Region 10
J.C. Villarina; N.A. Virgo
CMU
Field assessment and performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria
G. Oli DA-II
Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines
C. Estrada; F.M. Tan; L.N. Cruz; G. Bulgado
DA-EVIARC
Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines
M.M. Aguilos DA-Region VII
Field assessment and performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria
P.M. Andalahao DA-WESMIARC
Field assessment of the performance of pumps and engines passing the AMTEC test criteria
J.F. Torres; P.P. Margate
DA-XII
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
82 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Field assessment of problems associated with selection, after sales services, operation, and maintenance of STW pumps
R.P. Caro; B.T. Ausa; E.B. Santos; J.A. Pacis
ISU-Echague
Field assessment of problems associated with after sales services, operation, and maintenance of STW pumps
H.L. Angeles; R.B. Gavino
CLSU
Field assessment of problems associated with the selection, after-sale services, operation and maintenance of STW and low lift pumps
A.L. Presbitero; E.C. Lopes
LSU
Field adaptation of recommended pump and prime mover combination and determining effective method of transferring them to target clientele
J.F. Torres; P.P. Margate
DA-FOS
Improving the efficiencies of pumps and prime movers
R.S. Garzon; H.A. Villaruz
USM/USMARC
Delineation of areas served by minor irrigation systems: STW, SFR/VIS, and SWIP
R.B. Ayaso; M.L. Capili
UPLB
Development and prototyping of workable model hydraulic ram suited for the upland farms in Southern Nueva Vizcaya
E.B. Guzman NVSU
Development and testing of a ram pump as alternative irrigation system for small upland farm
E.B. Guzman NVSU
Fabrication, installation and evaluation of modified JB windpump
LSU
Micro-irrigation studies for diversified cops
E.P. Ramos NVSU
Evaluation of the suitability of design criteria for the head works and main systems of existing SWIPs, CISs, NISs in Region XI
C.M. Limbaga; R. F. Cuna
USP
Development and promotion of hydro-powered water pump
R.C. Castro; M. U. Baradi
DA-PhilRice CESDA-PhilRice-Batac
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
83 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Development of a vortex cooler/dryer R.C. Castro; M.U. Baradi
DA-PhilRice CESDA-PhilRice-Batac
Development of a Savonious windmill R.C. Castro; M. U. Baradi
DA-PhilRice CESDA-PhilRice-Batac
IV. Agricultural Electrification and EnergyAdaptability testing of biomass-based heating system
R.P. Gregorio; B.G. Jallorina; R. Dimla; E.D. Flores
DA BPRE
Barangay electrification project for Region 2
R.D. Velasco DOE
Comparative study of the performance/efficiency of electric motor, diesel and gasoline engine prime mover for grass chopper
D.T. Sayo; C.R. Babas
ISU
Design, construction and performance evaluation of load stabilizers in existing micro-hydro power distribution system
D. Falgui KASC
Modified rice hull stove G.O. Manrique; M.M. Malapad; H. Montejo; C.J. Andam
MSC
Study on the techno-economic viability of photovoltaic pumping system for domestic supply and agricultural production in the Cagayan Valley region
R.D. Velasco; O. F. Balderama; S.B. Lazaro; A.J. Castro
ISU
Workability of a mini hydroelectric power plant at Sitio Catanan, Banilla, Dupax del Sur, Nueva Vizcaya
A.V. Domagas; F.T. Valdez; D.J. Vicente; M.B. Pasion
NVSU
Design, construction, performance, and economic evaluation of biogas digester in Nueva Vizcaya
Anita, A.; S.P. Aquino; R.J. Fernandez
NVSU
V. Impact Assessment, Socioeconomics, and Policy Studies in Support of Agricultural Engineering
An analysis of the environmental impact of STW pumping
R.B. Ayaso; JJC. Palma
DA-EVIARC
Impact evaluation of the hydraulic ram pump among the adopters in the upland communities
E.B. Guzman; F.M. Ramos
DA-CASCADE
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
84 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Farm mechanization: its impact to corn farming in Ifugao
C. Pimentel ISCAF
Impact of the presence of support services on the viability and sustainability of existing and proposed irrigation systems
R.B. Ayaso; M.T. Sacay
DA-VIII
Postharvest machinery market structure analysis
C.L. Maranan; R.O. Vereña; C.A. Lanuza
DA BPRE
Review and assessment of the mandate of public and private institutions concerned with irrigation development
H.L. Angeles CLSU
Study of the role, viability, performance, empowerment of the farmers’ irrigators’ association in the development, operation, and maintenance of irrigation system
H.L. Angeles CLSU
Identification of operation and maintenance activities that could be devolved to water users group or irrigators association or private sector for reduced operation and maintenance cost
H.L. Angeles, J.A. Matutino, Jr.
CLSU
Monitoring of the impacts of irrigation policies, programs, and other policy instruments
R.S. Garzon USM/USMARC
Economic analysis of alternative policy options for improving grain drying
L.S. Cabanilla DA-BPREUPLB-CPAf
Technology assessment and process documentation of a fully mechanized postproduction system in Quirino Province
A.M. Apaga; E. Nicolas
DA-BPRE; RED Foundation, Inc.
Socio-economic assessment and technical feasibility of using cold chain systems in the Cordillera
M.E.B. Ramos; F.B. Lanuza; H.G. Malanon
DA-BPRE
Economic analysis of existing machine service arrangements in corn mechanization
R.S.M. dela Cruz DA-BPRE
Quantitative and qualitative loss assessment on high value food crops
MEV. Ramos; R. Rapusas; R. Gutierrez
BPRE
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
85 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Profitability testing of BPRE pneumatic corn planer when engaged in custom servicing
R.S. dela Cruz; N.T. Asucion; R.J. Pontawe
BPRE
VI. Agricultural Waste Utilization and Environmental ManagementBioengineering as stream bank rehabilitation and stabilization at Mount Data
MPSPC
Design, construction and efficiency of composters/compost bin: A DMMSU model
M. Antonio; L.E. Ngilangil
DMMSU
Development of biodegradable decomposer
M.F. Accad; R. Delfinado; J. L. Brillantes; J.D. Datungputi; P.D. Gardose
SKPSC
VII. Technical Standards for Agricultural Machinery, Materials, and Procedures
Enhancing the implementation of AFMA through improved agricultural engineering standards
D. Aranguren; A. Resurreccion; F.M. Dagaas
UPLB-CEAT-AMTEC
VIII. Benchmark Surveys, Information System, and Communication Support for Agricultural Engineering
National farm mechanization needs survey and analysis
D.T. Franco UPLB-CEAT-AMTEC
Communication campaign strategies for peanut processing technologies
ISU-Echague
Establishment of postharvest facility database for master planning
G.M. Tolentino; A.M. Tuates, Jr.; A.M. Apaga; E.V. Circa; B.T. Belonio
DA-BPRE
PRA on the proposed sites of microhydro in Kalinga
M. Bilagot; E. Guzman;S. Lucob
KASC
Annex B. (Continued) ..........
86 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Project Title Researcher Implementing/Lead Agency
Development of software information system of KASC-ANEC technology guide in installing microhydro and fabricators guide in crossflow turbine fabrication
M. Bilagot; E. Guzman; S. Lucob
KASC
IX. Agricultural Instrumentation and ControlDevelopment and pilot testing of a portable strength and moisture meter
F.G. Sinon; E. Vedasto
LSU
Overhead tank’s motor automatic controller
A.V. Dimgas;D.R. Pajarito;JC B. Nilo
NVSU
X. Agricultural Buildings and InfrastructuresDesign and development of a low-cost NORMISIST greenhouse
D.L. Dumaluan NORMISIST
Operationalization and documentation of the viability of agricultural tramline systems in Buguias, Benguet
AR M. Apaga; I.A. Areda
BPRE
Annex B . (Continued) ..........
87 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x CAg
ricul
tura
l Eng
inee
ring
R&D
Area
s (20
06–2
010)
1
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Mang
o
Fres
h fru
its Pr
oces
sed P
rodu
cts
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n sys
tem
Redu
cing p
ost-
ha
rvest
losse
s
Desig
n/mod
ificati
on of
fertig
ation
syste
mMo
difica
tion o
f spr
aying
syste
mDe
velop
ment
of fer
tilize
r app
licato
rDe
velop
ment
of fru
it har
veste
r
Impr
oved
irriga
tion p
racti
ces
Effic
ient c
hemi
cal s
pray
ers
Fertil
izer a
pplic
ator
Fruit
harve
ster
Deve
lopme
nt of
vapo
r hea
t trea
tmen
t for c
ontro
lling
fru
it flies
and o
ther d
iseas
eVa
por h
eat tr
eatm
ent fo
r man
goes
for e
xpor
t
Deve
lopme
nt of
mech
anica
l sizi
ng sy
stem
Mech
anica
l gra
ders
and s
orter
s
Deve
lopme
nt of
drye
rs for
proc
esse
d man
go pr
oduc
tsDr
yers
Impr
ovem
ent o
f pac
kagin
g and
prod
uct p
rese
ntatio
nDe
sign o
f pac
king m
ateria
ls, se
aling
and
pac
kagin
g equ
ipmen
tDe
velop
ment
of pr
oces
sing e
quipm
ent fo
r pro
cess
ed
pro
ducts
Proc
essin
g equ
ipmen
t for m
ango
pure
e,
juic
e, dr
ied, a
nd po
wder
ed m
ango
esMa
ngo p
ulp pr
oces
sing m
achin
esEs
tablis
hmen
t of p
ost h
arve
st fac
ilities
Pack
ingho
uses
and C
ontro
lled A
tmos
pher
e a
nd M
odifie
d Atm
osph
ere s
torag
e fac
ilities
1 PCA
RRD:
200
6-20
07 A
E Co
mmod
ity Te
am M
eetin
gs; W
orks
hop
on th
e Va
lidati
on o
f Ag.
Eng A
gend
a for
PA
2020
-25
Oct.
2005
; UPL
B-NA
FC: C
onfer
ence
on
HVCC
Mec
haniz
ation
Ne
eds,
17Ju
ly 20
08, A
gribu
sines
s Opp
ortun
ities i
n the
Phil
ippine
s, htt
p://w
ww.co
mmer
ceca
n.icg
c.ca
88 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Bana
na Fres
h fru
its
Proc
esse
d Pro
ducts
(sa
ba ch
ips)
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n s
ystem
Deve
lopme
nt/im
prov
emen
t of fa
rm to
ols
and
mac
hiner
ies
e.g., m
ale bu
d rem
over
for f
resh
saba
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
l
osse
sDe
velop
ment
and p
romo
tion o
f alte
rnati
ves
to c
onve
ntion
al re
friger
ation
f
or te
mper
ature
man
agem
ent
Self-c
onstr
ucted
cold
room
sVe
ntilat
ed co
oling
syste
mEv
apor
ative
cooli
ng sy
stem
Ther
mal s
torag
e sys
temIm
prov
ing pr
oces
sing
tec
hnolo
gies
Deve
lopme
nt of
bana
na ch
ipper
s/slic
ers
Deve
lopme
nt of
drye
rsIm
prov
emen
t of p
acka
ging m
ateria
ls
Bana
na ch
ipper
s/slic
ers
Drye
rSe
aling
and p
acka
ging e
quipm
ent
Papa
ya Varie
ties
Fres
h Fru
itsPr
oces
sed P
rodu
cts
(drie
d pap
aya)
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
l
osse
sDe
velop
ment/
impr
ovem
ent o
f pos
tharve
st ha
ndlin
g s
ystem
s and
facil
ities
Deve
lopme
nt of
mech
anica
l gra
ders
and s
orter
s
Cold
chain
syste
m (h
igh-e
nd an
d low
-cost
t
echn
ologie
s)Dr
yer
Grad
ers a
nd S
orter
s
Impr
oving
proc
essin
g a
nd m
arke
ting
Deve
lopme
nt/im
prov
emen
t of p
rodu
cts an
d p
acka
ging s
ystem
sTr
aining
on st
anda
rds,
quali
ty co
ntrol,
•
pack
ingho
use o
pera
tions
, pac
kagin
g
Seali
ng an
d pac
kagin
g equ
ipmen
tIm
prov
ed pa
cking
hous
e ope
ratio
ns
Pine
appl
eFr
esh f
ruits
Proc
esse
d fru
its
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n a
nd pr
oces
sing
sys
tem
Loca
l fabr
icatio
n of h
arve
sting
mac
hines
and
pro
cess
ing eq
uipme
ntHa
rvesti
ng m
achin
esPe
eling
and c
utting
mac
hines
Seali
ng/C
annin
g mac
hines
Crus
hers,
juice
rs, bl
ende
rsDr
yers
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
89 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Vege
tabl
es, le
gum
es,
and
root
crop
s (VE
LERO
)Ve
getab
lesVa
rietie
sOr
ganic
ally-g
rown
fre
sh ve
getab
lesFr
esh v
egeta
bles
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n De
velop
ment
and i
mpro
veme
nt of
the fo
llowi
ng:
Seed
ling p
icker
o
Low
cost
desig
n tra
y mate
rials
o
Low
cost
irriga
tion s
ystem
o
Porta
ble an
d biom
ass—
fueled
ster
ilizer
o
Prec
ision
seed
er/ro
botic
so
Deve
lopme
nt of
low co
st tra
ctor a
nd im
pleme
ntsDe
velop
ment/
modifi
catio
n/ada
ptatio
n of
see
dling
tran
splan
terDe
sign a
nd de
velop
ment
of de
vices
for s
eedli
ng
rem
oval
Desig
n and
deve
lopme
nt of
orga
nic an
d c
hemi
cal fe
rtilize
r app
licato
rPr
ecisi
on ag
ricult
ure
Deve
lopme
nt of
local
drip
irriga
tion s
ystem
, rain
c
ollec
tor, a
nd ha
rvesti
ng sy
stems
Deve
lopme
nt/mo
difica
tion o
f har
veste
rsOf
f sea
son a
nd pr
otecte
d cult
ure p
rodu
ction
s
ystem
s
Vege
tables
Nurse
ry:Se
edlin
g pick
erLo
w co
st tra
y mate
rials
Low
cost
irriga
tion s
ystem
Porta
ble an
d biom
ass-f
ueled
ster
ilizer
Prec
ision
seed
er/ro
botic
sLa
nd P
repa
ratio
n:Lo
w co
st tra
ctor a
nd im
pleme
ntsCr
op E
stabli
shme
nt:Mo
dified
seed
ling t
rans
plante
rDe
vices
for s
eedli
ng re
mova
lCr
op C
are
Orga
nic an
d che
mica
l fertil
izer a
pplic
ator
Fertig
ation
syste
msPr
otecte
d cult
ivatio
n usin
g gre
enho
use
struc
tures
Harve
sting
Modifi
ed ha
rveste
rs
Pean
ut
Var
ieties
F
resh
nuts
P
roce
ssed
prod
ucts
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
los
ses
Impr
ovem
ent o
f farm
tools
and m
achin
eries
Impr
ovem
ent o
f stor
age s
ystem
s
Impr
oved
desig
ns of
pean
ut sh
eller
s/thr
eshe
rs
Impr
oved
desig
ns of
low-
cost
pean
ut sto
rage
90 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Root
crop
s (ya
m, s
weet
po
tato
, and
cass
ava)
Varie
ties f
or
indus
trial p
urpo
ses
Plan
ting m
ateria
lsPr
oces
sed P
rodu
cts
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n s
ystem
and
p
roce
ssing
e
chno
logies
Prom
otion
and u
tiliza
tion o
f roo
tcrop
s pro
cess
ing
mac
hines
Harve
ster,
slice
r/chip
per, d
ryer,
millin
g mac
hine,
wash
er-p
eeler
, juice
-star
ch
extra
ctor, fl
our g
rinde
r, finis
her
Abac
aVa
rietie
sPl
antin
g mate
rials
Tools
, equ
ipmen
t, and
m
achin
eries
for fi
ber
extr
actio
nDi
agno
stic k
itsAb
aca fi
ber
Quali
ty sta
ndar
ds
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n s
ystem
Deve
lopme
nt/im
prov
emen
t of n
utrien
t and
wate
r m
anag
emen
t sys
tems:
Prod
uctio
n of c
ompo
st an
d sub
sequ
ent r
ecyc
ling o
f n
utrien
ts thr
ough
rapid
comp
ostin
g
Mech
anize
d rap
id co
mpos
ting t
echn
ique
Impr
oving
proc
essin
g t
echn
ologie
sIm
prov
emen
t of m
echa
nized
abac
a fibe
r extr
actio
nIm
prov
emen
t of m
echa
nical
fiber
dryin
g mac
hine
Mech
anize
d twi
sting
and y
arnin
g mac
hine
Estab
lishm
ent o
f villa
ge-le
vel p
roce
ssing
of w
oven
p
rodu
ctsUt
ilizati
on of
abac
a strip
ping w
astes
for h
andm
ade
pap
er pr
oduc
tion a
nd pa
ckag
ing m
ateria
ls (a
baca
w
aste
mana
geme
nt)
Impr
oved
abac
a strip
ping m
achin
esFib
er dr
yers
Twist
ing an
d yar
ning m
achin
eMe
chan
ized v
illage
-leve
l pro
cess
ing of
wo
ven p
rodu
ctsPr
ototyp
e aba
ca w
aste
recy
cling
sy
stems
91 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Coffe
e Orga
nic A
rabic
a Co
ffee
Plan
ting m
ateria
lsGr
ound
coffe
e
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n s
ystem
Deve
lopme
nt/im
prov
emen
t of o
rgan
ic pr
oduc
tion
sys
tems
Mech
anize
d com
post
– mak
ing by
coffe
e far
mers
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
los
ses
Deve
lopme
nt/im
prov
emen
t of p
ostha
rvest
facilit
ies
and
equip
ment
for pr
oduc
tion o
f high
quali
ty be
ans
Posth
arve
st fac
ilities
and e
quipm
ent d
esign
s: co
ffee h
uller,
batch
-type
coffe
e roa
ster
Impr
oving
proc
essin
g t
echn
ologie
sEs
tablis
hmen
t of a
comm
unity
proc
essin
g plan
tPr
oces
sing p
lant d
esign
Coco
nut
Plan
ting m
ateria
ls (
maca
puno
)Pl
antin
g mate
rials
(co
conu
t)Fr
esh n
utsPr
oces
sed p
rodu
cts
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
los
ses
Impr
oving
proc
essin
g t
echn
ologie
s
Copr
a qua
lity im
prov
emen
t pro
gram
at th
e villa
ge
lev
el (In
stalla
tion o
f 20,0
00 ef
ficien
t cop
ra dr
yers;
2
0 ppb
acce
ptable
aflato
xin le
vel; L
ower
PAH
c
onten
t thro
ugh n
on-sm
oke p
rodu
cing c
opra
drye
rs;
Dev
elopm
ent a
nd st
anda
rdiza
tion o
f the q
uality
m
anag
emen
t sys
tems)
Asse
ssme
nt of
exist
ing m
achin
ery f
or V
irgin
Coco
nut
Oil (
VCO)
prod
uctio
nDe
velop
ment
of su
itable
dryin
g and
proc
essin
g m
achin
ery f
or co
co co
ir, du
st, an
d geo
textile
Deve
lopme
nt an
d pilo
ting o
f a co
conu
t fibe
r extr
actio
n m
achin
eEs
tablis
hmen
t of s
tanda
rds f
or di
ffere
nt co
conu
t p
roce
ssing
mac
hiner
yDe
velop
ment
and p
ilotin
g of c
ocon
ut hu
sk
dec
ortic
ating
mac
hine,
shre
dding
and c
ompo
sting
m
achin
ery
Impr
oved
copr
a drye
r
Mach
inery
for V
CO pr
oduc
tion
Dryin
g and
proc
essin
g mac
hiner
y for
coco
c
oir, d
ust, a
nd ge
otexti
leCo
conu
t fibe
r extr
actio
n mac
hine
Stan
dard
s
Impr
oved
coco
husk
deco
rticato
r. coc
o hus
k s
hred
der, a
nd co
mpos
ting m
achin
ery
92 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Orna
men
tal P
lants
Varie
ties
Tools
, equ
ipmen
t, ma
chine
ries
Cutflo
wers/
cutfo
liage
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
losse
s
Estab
lishm
ent o
f cold
stor
age f
acilit
ies ne
ar ai
rpor
tsIm
prov
emen
t in po
sthar
vest
hand
ling o
f orn
amen
tal
plants De
velop
ment
of ma
nual
on po
sthar
vest
prac
tices
•De
velop
ment
of pa
ckag
ing m
ateria
ls an
d •
posth
arve
st pr
actic
esIm
prov
emen
t and
prom
otion
of po
sthar
vest
•pr
actic
es
Desig
n of c
entra
lized
cold
stora
ge fa
cilitie
s
Pack
aging
mate
rial d
esign
Infor
matio
n on p
ostha
rvest
techn
ologie
s
Rice
and
white
corn
Orga
nicall
y gro
wn
rice
Rice
Whit
e cor
n
Impr
oving
prod
uctio
n sy
stem
Redu
cing p
ostha
rvest
losse
s
Adop
t wate
r use
effic
iency
syste
m an
d con
serva
tion
Reha
bilita
tion o
f exis
ting i
rriga
tion s
ystem
s•
Desig
n, co
nstru
ction
and p
erfor
manc
e eva
luatio
n •
of bio
mass
-bas
ed he
ating
syste
m for
palay
dryin
g op
erati
onDe
velop
ment
of an
autom
atic m
achin
e visi
on
•sy
stem
for th
e rap
id qu
ality
inspe
ction
and v
ariet
y cla
ssific
ation
of ric
e and
corn
grain
s
Reha
bilita
ted Ir
rigati
on sy
stem
Impr
oved
biom
ass-f
ueled
drye
r
Autom
atic m
achin
e visi
on sy
stem
Suga
rcan
eMu
scov
ado
Impr
oving
proc
essin
g sy
stem
Desig
n, de
velop
ment
and p
ilot te
sting
of ap
prop
riate
and
affor
dable
equip
ment/
mac
hiner
y for
the
utili
zatio
n of b
y-pro
ducts
for e
thano
l and
for p
ower
g
ener
ation
Desig
n, de
velop
ment,
and p
ilot te
sting
of su
itable
e
quipm
ent/m
achin
ery f
or co
nver
ting c
ane r
esidu
es
(mu
dpre
ss, c
ane t
ops)
into f
ertili
zers
Pilot
ing of
proc
essin
g sys
tems f
or m
usco
vado
p
rodu
ction
Appr
opria
te an
d affo
rdab
le eq
uipme
nt/
mac
hiner
y for
the u
tiliza
tion o
f by-p
rodu
cts
for
etha
nol a
nd fo
r pow
er ge
nera
tion
Proto
col fo
r opti
mum
ethan
ol-bio
diese
l p
rodu
ction
Suita
ble eq
uipme
nt/ma
chine
ry for
conv
ertin
g c
ane r
esidu
es: c
ane t
ops c
rush
er, im
prov
ed
briq
uettin
g mac
hine
Mech
anize
d mus
cova
do pr
oduc
tion
tec
hnolo
gy
93 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Swin
e-Po
ultry
-Yell
ow
Corn
Swine
& P
oultry
Live s
laugh
ter ho
gs
•an
d por
k cuts
Enha
ncing
c
ompe
titive
ness
a
nd su
staina
bility
o
f com
merci
al an
imal
pro
ducti
on
Build
ing as
sets
from
susta
ined s
mall
lives
tock
and p
oultry
-ba
sed e
nterp
rises
Deve
lopme
nt of
hous
ing de
signs
and e
quipm
ent fo
r e
fficien
t swi
ne pr
oduc
tion
Appr
oach
es in
mini
mizin
g poll
utants
in w
aste
from
sma
ll-hold
swine
farm
sIE
C on
swine
and p
oultry
was
te co
mpos
ting a
nd
biog
as pr
oduc
tion f
or sm
allho
ld far
ms
Hous
ing de
sign
Biog
as/bi
o-dig
ester
Yello
w Co
rnFe
eds f
rom
corn
•Lo
w-co
st po
sthar
vest
facilit
ies:
Prac
tical
and e
cono
mica
l dryi
ng sy
stems
•De
velop
ment
of su
itable
dryin
g sys
tem in
the
•loc
ality
Publi
c inv
estm
ent o
n har
vest/
dryin
g fac
ilities
•Bu
rner
deve
lopme
nt to
impr
ove b
urnin
g•
Solar
and M
echa
nical
Drye
rs; E
fficien
t b
urne
rs
Past
ure-
Rum
inan
tsSl
augh
ter go
atsFe
asibi
lity S
tudy o
n the
fabr
icatio
n of s
laugh
ter ho
use
equip
ment
i.e. c
utting
/chop
ping t
ools
for m
aking
the
best
cut o
f goa
t mea
t for s
elling
at su
perm
arke
tsSl
augh
terho
use e
quipm
ent fa
brica
tion (
i.e st
ainles
s pa
ils an
d ear
tagg
ers)
Slau
ghter
hous
e des
ign an
d equ
ipmen
t
Cattle
(sma
llhold
er)
Deve
lopme
nt of
the to
tal m
ixed r
ation
s (TM
R)
•for
feed
lot an
d dair
y anim
als us
ing av
ailab
le fee
d res
ource
s and
in su
itable
form
s (pe
llets
and
briqu
ette s
ize fe
eds)
Modifi
catio
n of lo
cal b
rique
tting
mach
ine
•to
prod
uce b
rique
tte fe
eds m
ade o
f feed
co
ncen
trates
and g
rass
es
Pelle
tizer
Briqu
etting
mac
hine
Dairy
Anim
al (m
ilk)
Feas
ibility
stud
y on t
he lo
cal fa
brica
tion o
f sma
ll-•
scale
porta
ble ty
pe m
ilking
mac
hine t
o fac
ilitate
mi
lking
activ
ities
Porta
ble m
ilking
mac
hine i
nclud
ing st
ainles
s pa
ils
94 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Anne
x C. (
Cont
inue
d) ...
.......
Comm
odity
and T
arge
t Pr
oduc
tsR&
D Ag
enda
AE
R&D
Are
asAE
Pro
ducts
, Sys
tems,
and S
ervic
es
Envir
onm
enta
l Ser
vices
Was
te Ma
nage
ment
Biofe
rtilize
rs, or
ganic
fer
tilize
rs, so
il con
dition
ers
Desig
ning a
nd bu
ilding
appr
opria
te wa
stewa
ter
trea
tmen
t facil
ities
Mach
inery
deve
lopme
nt an
d utili
zatio
n for
the
pro
ducti
on of
biofe
rtilize
rs, or
ganic
fertil
izers,
and
soil
cond
itione
rs.
Was
tewate
r tre
atmen
t des
ign an
d fac
ilities
De
signs
for b
iodige
sters
and p
elleti
zers
95 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Annex D
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of Agricultural Mechanization for Crops, Livestock,
Forestry, and Environment1
A. Crops Sector
Strengths
1. Policies/Institutionall AFMA EnactmentlExistence of AFMeC Programl Presence of existing agricultural machinery
standardsl Presence of National Research Centers (PhilRice,
BPRE, PCA, SCUs, Philsurin, FiDA, PhilSCAT)l Availability of technical capability of agencies and
manufacturersl Presence of private organizations involved
in agricultural mechanization development (LAMMA, AMMDA, Filipino Investors’ Society, MIAP)
lPresence of farmers organization and cooperatives (ARCs, Coconut Farmers’ Association)
2. Technologyl Availability of small-scale machines and
postharvest technologies
3. InfrastructurelAvailable irrigation facilities specially for rice
1 Output of the Consultation Workshop on “Updating the Status and Directions of Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines, held in PCARRD on May 25, 2005.
96 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Weaknesses
1. Policies/Institutionall Poor implementation of AFMAlInsufficient funding for R&DlDevolution of functions of DA to LGUslEnforcement of the existing machinery standardslNo available standards for other machinesl Lack of coordination between/among research
agenciesl Lack of promotion/low adoption of technologies
due to resistance to changel Absence of agencies that will regulate presence of
substandard machinesl Low level of manufacturing capability (8% of
manufacturers) – production systemlLack of easy creditlNo updated data (available local machines)lNo agency updating of datal Unsustainable implementation of programs and
projects (change in administration means change in programs/projects)
2. Technologyl Lack of small scale technology for coconut
processingl No locally developed corn row planter lSlow adoption of technologies
3. Infrastructure lFarms are not structured for mechanization
Opportunities 1. Policies/Institutional
lIncreasing demand for agricultural productslFull utilization of products and by-products
97 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
lEmployment of livelihood and generation potential
lOpening of other production areaslDevelopment of new agricultural projectslAvailability of soft loan for farmer-cooperativeslConservation or earnings of foreign currencies
from local manufacture of machines
2. TechnologylIncrease productivitylReduce losseslHigh quality of productlProduct diversification
Threats
1. Policies/InstitutionallOil price increase, VATlLabor displacement
2. TechnologylPreference for imported machines/surpluses lEntry of low price foreign machineries
To enhance the strengths, take advantage of development opportunities, overcome the weaknesses and counteract the threats, the following were recommended:
1. Provision of financial support (development of good proposal for ACEF funding)
2. Sustain and institutionalize agricultural mechanization program
3. Policy advocacy related to availability of easy credit, effective implementation of AFMA, standards coordination among agencies
4. Enhance technical capability of concerned agencies/manufacturers to develop high-quality
98 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
machinery to compete with imported machinery for product diversification
l Utilize farmers organization as a venue to increase adoption of machine (they can buy the machine)
l Enhance development of processing machines to increase agricultural industrialization to solve labor displacement
5. Policy advocacy of agencies/people involved in agricultural mechanization promotion/social preparation
Others:
l Creation of soft loan /credit programs for farmers and manufacturers
l Dissemination of available loans to farmer-organizations
lStructure the additional areas conducive to agricultural mechanization
l Establish manufacturing industries capable of developing quality machines
l Strengthen complementation in the development of projects
B. Livestock, Forestry, and Environment
Strengths
lExisting waste management technologylPresence of experts/coops/NGOslEstablishment of mechanization information network
99 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Weaknesses
lTechnology gaplColonial mentalitylLogisticslInadequate infrastructurelContradicting policies
Opportunities
lControlled pollutionlProduction of organic fertilizerlEnergy resourcelDomestic and international market
Threats
lCompetitionlSustainability of policy programs and technologieslCompetency
Recommendations:
lIntegration of waste management mechanization in the LGU program
lPromotion and advocacy for the design and adoption of existing waste management technologies
l Establishment of small-scale processing facility in production area
l Availability and affordability of small tractors and implements/machinery
lTap SMEs and cooperativeslSustained information network for mechanizationlFunding support or resource generationl Strengthen institutional arrangement for
mechanization
100 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
l Development of the following technologies for livestock:- Small-scale manure spreader- Small-scale baler- Locally manufactured milking machine- Fat separator machine- Locally manufactured slaughtering machine
101 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Pang
asina
nIsa
bela
Nueva
Vizcay
aPa
mpan
gaLa
guna
Quezo
nOc
ciden
talMin
doro
Orien
talMin
doro
Cama
rines
Sur
Albay
Sorso
gon
Iloilo
Boho
lLe
yteBu
kidno
nSo
uthCo
tabato
Total
Perce
nt of
Total
Respo
nden
tsLa
nd Pr
epara
tion
four-w
heel t
ractor
11
1
25
111
0.9ha
nd tra
ctor
4879
5868
2622
4448
2216
2740
1022
2732
589
48.9
moldb
ord plo
w11
169
1619
1990
7.5dis
c plow
3076
3767
3525
41
1622
27
322
26.7
spike
tooth
harro
w36
3844
580
4438
1914
2629
222
370
30.7
disc h
arrow
3310
401
7
917.6
toolba
r sub
soiler
21
36
0.5rot
avator
241
126
2.2spi
ral ha
rrow
1510
252.1
hydrot
iller
11
06
00
010
914
04
453.7
anima
l-draw
n plow
4439
3164
1738
5854
1815
4627
6553
5358
680
56.4
anima
l-draw
n harr
ow32
3629
4517
3557
5416
1536
2563
4259
5561
651
.1sho
vel66
9899
101
6965
6666
4051
9183
7492
9810
112
6010
4.6sod
hoe
3245
2296
4715
2041
9130
616
4027
573
47.6
rake
4650
1478
1610
00
1738
8049
4820
3945
550
45.6
Planti
ng/Tr
ansp
lantin
g0.1
seede
r1
10.1
transp
lanter
11
26.1
Irriga
tion
1.7Irri
gation
pump
318
574
3613
2123
123
4818
113
831
43.7
Appe
ndix
Tabl
e 1. S
urve
y of m
achi
nes a
nd eq
uipm
ent o
wned
and
used
for r
ice fa
rmin
g in
selec
ted
prov
ince
s.
102 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Pang
asina
nIsa
bela
Nueva
Vizcay
aPa
mpan
gaLa
guna
Quezo
nOc
ciden
talMin
doro
Orien
talMin
doro
Cama
rines
Sur
Albay
Sorso
gon
Iloilo
Boho
lLe
yteBu
kidno
nSo
uthCo
tabato
Total
Perce
nt of
Total
Respo
nden
tsCr
op Ca
re0.2
motor
ized s
prayer
120
2188
.1ma
nual w
eede
r20
62
53
17
440.6
grass
cutter
33
18.1
knapsa
ck spr
ayer
5795
8987
6452
5385
3137
7082
3253
8689
1062
3.7Ha
rvesti
ng/Th
reshin
g2.2
reape
r6
17
78.5
motor
ized t
hreshe
r16
2012
138
512
2216
1123
322
224
218
0.8pe
dal th
reshe
r, etc.
341
442.2
blowe
r9
24
1227
18.3
sickle
6185
9190
3944
5462
2970
6239
5872
9094
678
.506
Posth
arves
t/Milli
ngme
chanic
al drye
r1
26
110
0.830
milling
mach
ine3
32
45
11
15
227
2.241
Trans
port
transp
ort m
achine
3636
2010
00
2110
1210
123
1010
2222
118
.340
No. o
f Resp
onde
nts*
7510
210
110
791
7068
7551
5310
485
9910
399
101
1384
* With
multip
le resp
onses
.
Appe
ndix
Tabl
e 1.
(Con
tinue
d).
103 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Machines and Equipment No. of Respondents*
Percent of Respondents
Animal drawn furrower 26.2 2Animal drawn harrow 720.5 55Animal drawn plow 982.5 75Sickle 1021.8 78Rake 537.1 41Sod hoe 668.1 51Shovel 917 70Bolo 314.4 24Knapsack sprayer 589.5 45Irrigation pump 196.5 15Manual seeder 26.2 2Spiral harrow 13.1 1Spiketooth harrow 52.4 4Disc harrow 26.2 2Disc plow 52.4 4Moldboard plow 13.1 1Hand tractor 196.5 15Four wheel tractor 13.1 1Milling machine 4.061 0.31Grain Dryer 4.061 0.31Hand-operated corn sheller 110.04 8.4Motorized corn sheller 36.942 2.82Motorized thresher 47.029 3.59Blower 1.965 0.15Reaper 1.048 0.08Transport vehicle 89.997 6.87Trailer 66.024 5.04*With multiple responses.
Appendix Table 2. Inventory of machines and equipment used by farmer-respondents in corn production.
104 Agricultural Mechanization in the Philippines
Pang
asina
nNu
eva
Vizc
aya
Pam
pang
aLa
guna
Bat
anga
sQu
ezon
Occid
enta
lM
indor
oCa
mar
ines
Sur
Alba
yM
isam
isOr
ienta
lBo
hol
Leyte
Bukid
non
Tota
l
Hand
tools
(sod
hoe
, rak
e, sh
ovel,
sic
kle, b
aret
a, e
tc.)
389
787
658
308
436
223
379
398
361
486
272
438
848
5983
Anim
al dr
awn
imple
men
ts(plo
w/ha
rrow)
9314
016
810
369
104
170
144
150
186
101
9418
617
08
Irriga
tion
tools
(spr
inkler
s, pu
mp,
fa
ucet
, arte
sian
well)
9010
810
592
105
2310
378
3613
717
318
310
80
Trac
tors
(2-w
heel,
4-w
heel)
4017
158
32
366
81
34
014
3
Crop
care
(pow
ered
spra
yer,
knap
sack
spra
yer,
etc.)
9110
512
180
5711
082
9211
214
431
3915
412
18
Tran
spor
t (ca
rt, tr
ailer
, tric
ycle,
jee
pney
)25
7748
1820
1264
55
571
559
396
Sorti
ng ta
ble3
748
8
1
715
116
Othe
rs63
63
No. o
f Res
pond
ents*
100
103
9999
8798
9694
9898
7010
099
1241
* With
multip
le resp
onses
.
App
endi
x Ta
ble
3. In
vent
ory
of fa
rm e
quip
men
t of v
eget
able
farm
ers
(de
Asi
s, e
t al.
2003
).