agricultural machinery- cassava mechanical dryer- methods

Agricultural Machinery- Cassava Mechanical Dryer- Methods of Test

PNS/BAFS PAES 258:2018 ICS 65.060.99

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL

STANDARD

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines Trunkline: (632) 928-8741 to 64 loc. 3301-3319 E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.bafs.da.gov.ph

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Contents

Foreword ............................................................................................................ iii

1 Scope ........................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references ................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................... 1

4 General Conditions for Test .......................................................................... 4

5 Test Preparation ............................................................................................ 4

6 Pre-Test Observation .................................................................................... 5

7 Performance Test .......................................................................................... 6

8 Laboratory Analysis ....................................................................................... 8

9 Presentation of Results ................................................................................. 8

10 Formula ......................................................................................................... 8

11 Test Report ................................................................................................... 8

Annex A ............................................................................................................... 9

Annex B ............................................................................................................. 10

Annex C ............................................................................................................ 16

Annex D ............................................................................................................ 17

Annex E ............................................................................................................. 19

Annex F ............................................................................................................. 20

Annex G ............................................................................................................ 21

Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 24

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS PAES 258:2018

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Foreword The Philippine National Standards (PNS) for Agricultural Machinery- Cassava Mechanical Dryer- Methods of Test (PNS/BAFS PAES 258:2018) has been prepared by the Technical Working Group (TWG) for Cassava Mechanical Dryer as per approved Department of Agriculture Special Order No. 92 series of 2017. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The word “shall” is used to indicate mandatory requirements to conform to the standard. The word “should” is used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable without mentioning or excluding others.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL STANDARD PNS/BAFS PAES 258:2018

Agricultural Machinery– Cassava Mechanical Dryer– Methods of Test

1 Scope This standard specifies the methods of test for cassava mechanical dryer. Specifically, it shall be used to: 1.1 verify the mechanism, dimensions, materials and accessories of the cassava

mechanical dryer and the list of specifications submitted by the manufacturer;

1.2 determine the performance of the machine;

1.3 evaluate the ease of handling and safety features; and

1.4 report the results of the tests. 2 Normative References The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this documents. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. PAES 103:2000, Agricultural Machinery – Methods of Sampling PNS/BAFS PAES 257:2018, Agricultural Machinery- Cassava Mechanical Dryer-

Specifications 3 Terms and Definitions For the purpose of this standard, the terms and definitions given in PNS/ BAFS PAES 257:2018 and the following shall apply. 3.1 airflow rate volume of air in cubic meters per second delivered to the mass of cassava primary products 3.2 drying air temperature mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the product, measured at a number of points as close as practicable to its entry to the drying bed 3.3 drying rate amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

3.4 fuel consumption rate ratio of the total amount of fuel consumed to the total drying time

PNS/BAFS PAES 258:2018

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3.5 heat utilization total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kilojoules per kilogram of water evaporated 3.6 holding capacity load capacity continuous flow dryer: weight of cassava primary products that could be contained in the dryer batch type dryer: weight of cassava primary products required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content 3.7 moisture content (wet basis) amount of moisture in the cassava primary products, expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample 3.8 moisture reduction rate ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the cassava primary product to drying time, expressed in percent per hour 3.9 overall height distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the cassava mechanical dryer NOTE All parts of the cassava mechanical dryer projecting upwards are contained between these two planes. 3.10 overall width distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the dryer on its respective side 3.11 overall length distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the dryer and touching its front and rear extremities 3.12 plenum chamber maintained under pressure for uniform distribution of the heated air through the mass of cassava primary products 3.13 running-in preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of the test until the operation is stable


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3.14 test applicant manufacturer, direct importer, or any legitimate distributor, dealer, or end-user of the machine 4 General Conditions for Test 4.1 Selection of cassava mechanical dryer to be tested Cassava mechanical dryer submitted for testing shall be sampled in accordance with PAES 103:2000 or any other suitable method of selection. 4.2 Role of test applicant The test applicant shall submit specifications and other relevant information about the cassava mechanical dryer. They shall abide with the terms and conditions set forth by the official testing agency, provide testing materials and shoulder other variable cost needed to carry out the test. 4.4 Role of the representative of the test applicant An officially designated representative of the test applicant shall operate, demonstrate, adjust, repair as the case maybe and decide on matters related to the operation of the machine. 4.5 Test site conditions The cassava mechanical dryer shall be tested as installed for normal operation. The site should have ample provisions for material handling, temporary storage, workspace and should be suitable for normal working condition. Adequate ventilation and lighting shall be provided in the area. 4.6 Suspension/termination of test If during the test run, the machine stops due to breakdown or malfunction so as to affect the machine’s performance, the test may be suspended. If the machine will not be able to continue operation, the test shall be terminated. 5 Test Preparation 5.1 Preparation of the cassava mechanical dryer for testing The test applicant and testing authority shall check the cassava mechanical dryer so as to ensure that the dryer has been assembled and installed in accordance with the instruction of the manufacturer. 5.2 Test instruments and other materials The suggested list of minimum field and laboratory test equipment and materials needed to carry out the cassava mechanical dryer test is shown on Annex A. These instruments shall be calibrated regularly. It shall be physically checked and cleaned for


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operation before and after each test. A checklist of instruments and materials to be used before departure to and from the testing area shall be prepared. 5.3 Test material The material to be used shall be fresh cassava primary products. 5.4 Running-in and preliminary adjustments The cassava mechanical dryer shall have undergone a running in period before the start of the test. It shall be operated for sufficient duration with or without load. During the running- in period, the various adjustments of the machine shall be made according to the recommendation of the manufacturer. 5.5 Test set-up Temperature sensor shall be mounted on or inside the dryer for temperature sensing. These shall be mounted at the following locations: (1) near the dryer to sense ambient temperature (2) at the interface of the cassava primary products with the plenum, (3) after the plenum, and (4) immediately outside the dryer to sense exhaust air temperature. Temperature sensors shall be partially shielded to minimize errors from heat radiation effects. A schematic diagram shall be made of the dryer, showing a numbered location for each sensor. For the measurement of airflow, pitot tube or any other suitable apparatus shall be installed. The control of drying air condition shall be by adjustment of the setting of an automatic control forming part of the dryer, or by manual adjustment of the furnace by the test applicant’s representative if automatic temperature control mechanism is not fitted. Adjustments for the purpose of maintaining a steady temperature of the drying air may be made at any time but any adjustment of an automatic control shall have been sanctioned by the Testing Center. 6 Pre- test Observations 6.1 Verification of specifications The specifications claimed by the test applicant and the physical details given in Annex B shall be verified by the testing agency. A stable and level surface shall be used as reference plane for verification of dimensional machine specifications. 6.2 Test samples Representative test samples shall be collected by the testing agency from the test material for analysis. Sampling procedure is shown in Annex C.


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7 Performance Test 7.1 Operation of the cassava mechanical dryer The cassava mechanical dryer shall be operated for sufficient duration with load at the test site by the official representative of the test applicant using at the manufacturer’s recommended setting. The same temperature and holding capacity or output capacity recommended by the manufacturer shall be maintained during the test run. The testing authority shall make all measurements, which form part of the test and take the prescribed samples. After the test run, the area shall be cleaned and then prepared for the next test trial. This procedure shall be repeated for the succeeding test trials. NOTE No other adjustments shall be permitted during the test. 7.2 Test trials A minimum of one (1) test trial at full capacity shall be adopted. 7.3 Sampling Samples shall be collected from the input and final output during each test trial. Sampling procedure is shown in Annex C. 7.4 Data collection 7.4.1. Duration of test The duration of each test trial shall be carried out with the same operational setting. The length of the test shall be such that one full capacity of cassava primary product has been dried to a final moisture content of 14%. 7.4.2 Noise level 7.4.2.1 This shall be measured using a noise level meter, with the dryer full of cassava primary products, operating at recommended settings of different components, with burner on. The operator’s station will be considered to be within one meter of the controls. 7.4.2.2 For each data to be taken, there shall be a minimum of five (5) observations. Before taking data, it should be ensured that the feed rate, speed, and other functional characteristics have stabilized. The time of recording shall be properly spaced during the whole duration of the test trial. 7.4.3 Power Requirement/ fuel consumption 7.4.3.1 Measurement of power requirement Use a power meter to measure the voltage, current, and the total electric power requirement of the cassava mechanical dryer. There shall be three (3) sets of data with a minimum of five (5) observations per set taken with and without load.


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7.4.3.2 Measurement of biomass fuel consumption Before the start of each trial, the furnace shall be filled with fuel to its capacity. After each test, the total amount of fuel consumed and the total time of operation shall be recorded. 7.4.4 Air velocity The air velocity shall be measured at the air duct or at the heat exchanger, whichever is applicable and shall be measured using an air velocity meter, expressed in meter per second. 7.4.5 Temperatures Temperature of the material, drying air temperature, ambient and exhaust air, wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures shall be recorded.

7.4.6 Dryer holding capacity for batch type The maximum amount of material required to fill the dryer for proper operation shall be verified when filling the dryer at the beginning of the test. The holding capacity shall be measured in terms of weight and other accompanying information such as moisture content. 7.4.7 Input feed rate for continuous flow type The maximum amount of material required to fill the dryer for proper operation shall be verified when filling the dryer at the beginning of the test. The input capacity shall be measured in terms of weight and other accompanying information such as moisture content. 7.4.8 Furnace’ fuel feed rate The total amount of fuel consumed and the total time of operation shall be recorded for the determination of furnace’ fuel feed rate. 7.4.9 Drying loss Cassava primary products and dried cassava primary products collected at all areas of the machine other than the discharge outlet shall be weighed for the determination of drying loss. 7.5 Data recording and observations Record sheet for all data and information during the test is given in Annex D. Observations to be taken during the performance test shall be recorded in this sheet.


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8 Laboratory Analysis Laboratory analysis shall be made to determine the moisture content of the material used before and after the drying test. The laboratory procedure to be followed in the analysis is given in Annex E while the data sheet is given in Annex F. 9 Data Analysis Machine specifications and the results of the test shall be presented in tabular form in which data shall be taken from Annex B and D. A schematic diagram of the dryer set-up shall also be included. Observations made on the machine while in operation shall be supported with photographs. 10 Formula The formulas to be used during calculation and testing are given in Annex G. 11 Test Report The test report shall include the following information in the order given: 11.1 Name of testing agency 11.2 Test report number 11.3 Title 11.4 Summary of results (including the performance compared with the criteria) 11.5 Purpose and scope of test 11.4 Methods of test 11.5 Conditions of the machine 11.6 Description of the machine 11.7 Results and discussions 11.8 Observations (include pictures) 11.9 Names, signature and designation of test engineers


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Annex A (informative)

Minimum List of Field and Laboratory

Test Equipment and Materials

A.2 Laboratory Test Equipment and Materials

Quantity

A.2.1 Weighing Scale Sensitivity: 0.1 g

1

A.2.2 Laboratory Oven 1

A.2.3 Dessicator 1

A.2.4 Aluminum Moisture Can 3

A.1 Field Test Equipment and Materials Quantity

A.1.1 Thermometer/ Temperature Sensor 4

A.1.2 Hygrometer 1

A.1.3 Anemometer 1

A.1.4 Timer Accuracy: 0.1 second

2

A.1.5 Measuring Tape 1

A.1.6 Noise Level Meter Range: 30 – 130 dB (A)

1

A.1.7 Weighing Scale Capacity: 100 kg Scale Divisions: 0.5 kg

1

A.1.8 Watt-hour Meter 60 Hz, 220 V

1

A.1.9 Camera 1

A.1.10 Graduated Cylinder Capacity: 1 L; Accuracy: 20 ml

1

A.1.11 Pitot Tube 1

A.1.12 Labeling Tags which include: Date of Test Cassava Mechanical Dryer on Test Sample Source Variety Trial Number

20

A.1.13 Sample Bags 50


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Annex B (informative)

Specifications of Cassava Mechanical Dryers

Name of Applicant : _____________________________________________________________________ Address : _____________________________________________________________________ Tel. No. : _____________________________________________________________________ Name of Manufacturer : _____________________________________________________________ Address : _____________________________________________________________ Tel. No. : _____________________________________________________________ GENERAL INFORMATION

Make : ________________________________ Type : ___________________________ Serial No. : ________________________________ Brand/Model : ___________________________ Date of Manufacture: ________________________ Testing Agency : ________________________ Test Engineer: __________________________ Location of Test : ________________________ Date of Test : ___________________________ Items to be inspected*

No. Items Manufacturer’s Specifications

Actual Measurement/ Inspection by the Testing

Agency

B.1 Continuous-Flow Type Cassava Mechanical Dryer

B.1.1 Cassava primary product flow rate (t/h)*

B.1.2 Drying chamber

B.1.3 Drying and cooling section

B.1.3.1 Overall dimensions (mm)

B.1.3.1.1 Length

B.1.3.1.2 Width

B.1.3.1.3 Height

B.1.3.2 Input capacity

B.1.3.2.a Weight (kg)

B.1.3.3 Materials of construction

B.1.4 Discharge section

B.1.4.1 Metering device

B.1.4.1.a Type

B.1.4.1b Number of elements

B.1.4.1.c Control drive arrangement

B.1.4.1.d Drive unit (kW)


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B.1.4.2 Materials of construction of discharge outlet

B.1.5 Air distribution system

B.1.5.1 Drying and cooling section

B.1.5.1.1 Plenum

B.1.5.1.1.a Intake manifold Material(s) of construction

B.1.5.1.1b Exhaust Manifold Material(s) of Construction

B.1.5.1.2 Ducting Material(s) of construction

B.1.5.2 Fans

B.1.5.2.1 Drying and cooling section Number Type Make and model

B.1.5.2.1.a Number

B.1.5.2.1.b Type

B.1.5.2.1.c Make and model

B.1.5.2.1.d Electric motor/ Engine Number and type Total rated power Rated Speed (rpm) Phase Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)

B.1.5.2.1.e Fan shaft speed (rpm)

B.1.5.2.1.f Air flow rate (m3/min)

B.1.6 Heating system

B.1.6.1 Main Type (direct or indirect) Type of fuel Temperature control Fuel consumption (L/h or kg/h) Other features

B.1.6.2 Supplementary Type (direct or indirect) Type of fuel Temperature control Other features

B.1.7 Tempering bin

B.1.7.1 Number

B.1.7.2 Dryer holding capacity Type Unloading rate (kg/h)

B.1.7.3 Material(s) of construction


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B.1.7.4 Other features

B.1.8 Material handling system

B.1.8.1 Dump pit Pit dimension Material(s) of construction Features

B.1.8.2 Elevators

B.1.8.2.1 Number and height (m)

B.1.8.2.2 Capacity (t/h)

B.1.8.2.3 Belt dimensions (w x t, mm)

B.1.8.2.4 Elevator buckets Dimensions (mm) Material(s) of construction

B.1.8.2.5 Drive motor/ engine Type Rated power (kW) Rated speed (rpm) Phase Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)

B.1.8.2.6 Material(s) of construction

B.1.8.2.7 Other features

B.1.8.3 Conveyor(s)

B.1.8.3.1 Type

B.1.8.3.2 Number

B.1.8.3.3 Capacity (t/h)

B.1.8.3.4 Drive motor/ engine Type Rated power (kW) Rated speed (rpm) Phase Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)

B.1.8.3.5 Control(s)

B.1.8.3.6 Material(s) of construction


B.1.8.4 Other types of material handling Description

B.1.9 Instruments and controls

B.1.9.1 Temperature, moisture, and pressure

B.1.9.1.1 Air temperature Type Location(s)


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B.1.9.1.2 Cassava temperature Type Location(s)

B.1.9.1.3 Pressure/airflow indicator (s) Type Location(s)


B.1.10 Pre-cleaner

B.1.10.1 Type

B.1.10.2 Capacity

B.1.10.3 Fan Type Material(s) of construction

B.1.10.4 Sieve Type Number Size of perforations (mm) Material(s) of construction

B.1.10.5 Air Duct Diameter (mm) Material(s) of construction

B.1.10.6 Electric motor/ Engine Type Rated power (kW) Rated speed (rpm) Phase Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)

B.1.10.7 Other features

B.1.11 Dust emission control(s) Type(s) Location(s) Other features

B.1.12 Safety feature(s) Product safety Machine safety Operation and maintenance

B.1.13 Schematic diagram of the dryer set-up

B.2 Batch Type Cassava Mechanical Dryer

B.2.1 Machine Specifications

B.2.1.1 Drying Rate ( kg/h)

B.2.1.2 Machine Structure

B.2.1.2.1 Overall Dimensions (mm) (installed) Length Width


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Height

B.2.1.3 Drying Bin

B.2.1.3.1 Type

B.2.1.3.2 Dimensions (mm) Length Width/ Diameter Height

B.2.1.3.3 Dryer holding capacity (kg)

B.2.1.3.4 Maximum cassava depth*(mm)

B.2.1.3.5 Material Frame Holding bin Wall

B.2.1.4 Fan Type Brand/ model Air flow rate (m3/min) Material Prime mover Others (specify)

B.2.1.5 Heater

B.2.1.5.1 Type

B.2.1.5.2 Brand/model

B.2.1.5.3 Fuel

B.2.1.5.4 Heat output (kJ/h)

B.2.1.5.5 Fuel consumption (kg/h or L/h)

B.2.1.5.6 Capacity of fuel tank/ furnace (L or kg)

B.2.1.5.7 Method of temperature control

B.2.1.5.8 Materials of construction

B.2.1.5.9 Others (specify)

B.2.1.6 Material Handling System**

B.2.1.6.1 Dump pit Pit dimension, (mm) Material(s) of construction Other features

B.2.1.6.2 Elevator (s)

B.2.1.6.2.a Number and height (m)

B.2.1.6.2.b Capacity (t/h)

B.2.1.6.2.c Belt dimensions, w x t (mm)

B.2.1.6.2.d Elevator buckets Dimensions (mm) Material(s) of construction


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B.2.1.6.2.e Drive Motor/ Engine Type Rated power (kW) Rated speed (rpm) Phase Voltage (V) Frequency (Hz)

B.2.1.6.2.f Material(s) of construction

B.2.1.6.2.g Other features

B.2.1.7 Safety features Product safety Machine safety Operator safety

B.2.2 Schematic diagram of the dryer set-up

*based on input to the dryer *maximum material depth – air path distance from inlet to outlet **for recirculating batch only


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Annex C (normative)

Sampling Procedures

C.1 Sampling procedures for cassava primary product The conditions of the input such as moisture content to be used in each test shall be taken using three (3) “representative samples”, which represent the different conditions of cassava primary product in the bulk. This is done by randomly taking samples at the top, middle and bottom portions of the bulk. Half of the sample shall be used for laboratory analysis and the other half shall be used for reference purposes or for an eventual second check in case of review. Samples representing the materials for each test trial shall be placed in appropriate containers for laboratory analysis. C.2 Handling of samples All samples to be taken to the laboratory shall be placed in appropriate containers and properly labeled. If the samples are not to be immediately analyzed, it should be stored in proper condition and kept in dry and airtight containers.


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Annex D (informative)

Performance Test Data Sheet

Test Trial No. : ________________________ Date : _______________________ Test Engineers : ________________________ Location : _______________________ Assistants : ________________________ Machine : _______________________ Test Applicant : ________________________ Manufacturer : ______________________

No. Items Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

D.1 Crop conditions

D.1.1 Variety

D.1.2 Initial moisture content of cassava primary product (%)

D.1.3 Total weight of cassava primary product (kg)

D.2 Ambient conditions

D.2.1 Temperature (

D.2.1.1 Dry bulb (oC) `

D.2.1.2 Wet bulb (oC)

D.2.2 Relative humidity (%)

D.2.3 Atmospheric pressure (Pa)

D.3 Dryer performance

D.3.1 Drying rate (kg/batch or kg/hr)

D.3.2 Drying air temperature (oC)

D. 3.3 Ave. ambient air temperature (oC)

D. 3.3.1 Wet bulb

D. 3.3.2 Dry bulb

D. 3.4 Ave. ambient air relative humidity (%)

D.3.5 Ave. exhaust air temperature (oC)

D.3.5.1 Wet bulb

D.3.5.2 Dry Bulb

D.3.6 Ave. exhaust air relative humidity (%)

D.3.7 Ave. temperature (0C)

D. 3.8 Ave. air velocity (m/s)

D.3.9 Ave. static pressure (Pa)

D.3.10 Fuel consumption (L/h or kg/h)

D.3.11 Electrical power consumption (kW)

D. 3.12 Drying time (h)

D. 3.13 Moisture content reduction per pass or per batch (%/h)

D.3.14 Drying system efficiency (%)

D.3.15 Burner/furnace efficiency (%)


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D.3.16 Heating system efficiency

D.3.17 Heat utilization (KJ/kg of H2O)

D.3.18 Dryer efficiency (%)

D.3.19 Moisture content (% w.b.)

D.3.20 Moisture content gradient (%)

D.4 Other Observations D.4.1Ease of cleaning the machine ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.2 Ease of adjusting and repairing of parts ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.3 Ease of loading input and collecting output ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.4 Safety ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.5 Labor Requirements ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.6 Failure or abnormalities that may be observed on the machine or its component parts during and after the cleaning operation. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ D.4.7 Others ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Annex E (normative)

Laboratory Analysis

Moisture Content Determination

Take three 100 grams samples of cassava primary product. Place the samples in moisture can and record its initial weight. Dry the samples in a laboratory oven. After the drying process, the moisture can with the dried samples should be placed in desiccators and allow to cool to ambient temperature. Weigh the moisture can with the dried samples and record the final weight. Calculate the moisture content using the formula given in Annex G.


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Annex F (informative)

Laboratory Analysis Data Sheet

Machine Tested: ___________________________ Analyzed by: ___________________________________ Date of Test: ________________________________Date Analyzed: _________________________________ Moisture content (% wet basis)

Condition Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Before Drying

After Drying


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Annex G (normative)

Formulas Used During Calculations and Testing

G.1 Capacity G.1.1 Drying capacity

Cd= W𝑖

𝑇

where: Cd is the drying capacity (kg/h) Wi is the total weight of cassava primary products (kg) T is the total drying time (h) G.1.2 Input capacity

Ci= W𝑖

T𝑖

where: Ci is the input capacity (kg/h) Wi is the total weight of cassava primary products (kg) Ti is the input time (h) G.1.3 Output capacity

Co= W𝑜

T𝑜

where: Co is the output capacity (kg/h)

Wo is the total weight of dried cassava primary products (kg)

To is the output time (h) G.2 Final weight of test material

𝑊𝑓 =W𝑖 (100 − MC(before drying))

(100 − MC (after drying))

where: Wf is the final weight of the test material (kg) Wi is the initial weight of the test material (kg) MC is the moisture content


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G.3 Moisture reduction per hour

By weight (kg

h) =

W𝑖 − W𝑓

T𝑎

where: Wi is the initial weight of the test material (kg) Wf is the final weight of the test material (kg) Ta is the actual drying time (h) G.4 Heating system efficiency

HSE =Q𝑑

Q𝑓 x 100

Q𝑑 =[ ℎ2 − ℎ1]x V𝑎

𝑉𝑠𝑝 x 60 min/ h

Q𝑓 = F𝑓𝑟 x HV𝑓

where:

HSE is the heating system efficiency (%) Qd is the heat supplied to the dryer (kJ/h) Qf is the heat available in the fuel (kJ/h) h2 is the final enthalphy of drying air (see psychrometric chart) h1 is the initial enthalphy of ambient air (see psychrometric chart) Va is the airflow rate of drying air (m3/min) Vsp is the specific volume of drying air (m3/kg dry air) FFR is the Fuel feed rate (kg/h) HVF is the Heating value of fuel (kJ/kg)

G.5 Heat utilization

Q𝑢 =Q𝑑 x 𝑇𝑑

m𝑟 x 100

where: Qu is the heat utilization (kJ/kg) Qd is the heat supplied (kJ/h) Td is the drying time (h) mr is the amount of moisture removed (kg)


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G.6 Drying Loss

Ld= W𝑠

W𝑜

where: Ld is drying loss (%)

Ws is the total weight of dried cassava primary products collected at all areas of the machine other than the discharge outlet (kg)

Wo is the total weight of dried cassava primary products (kg)


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Bibliography PAES 202:2015 – Agricultural Machinery – Heated-air Mechanical Grain Dryer–Method of Test

Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards

Technical Working Group (TWG) for the Development of Philippine National

Standard for Agricultural Machinery – Cassava Mechanical Dryer

Chairperson

Co- chairperson

Cristy Cecilia P. Polido DA- Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering

Aurelio A. Delos Reyes Jr. Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center

Members 1 Emer Rose Asug

DA- Bureau of Agricultural and Fisheries Engineering

8 Michael A. Gragasin DA- Philippine Center for Postharvest Development and Mechanization

2 3

Romulo E. Eusebio Darwin C. Aranguren Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center

9 Crestituto Mangaoang Philippine Society for Agricultural and Biosystems Engineers

4 5

George Canapi Joel Panagsagan Agricultural Machinery Manufacturers and Distributors Association

10 Manolito C. Bulaong Agricomp Machineries and Construction Corporation

6 Antonio Gerundio DA- Corn and Cassava Program

11 Daniel Leslie Tan Visayas State University

7 Arthur L. Fajardo University of the Philippines

12 Gerardo Mag- isa Philippine Tapioca Producers and Processors, Inc.

Project Managers Adviser Abbygail M. Jaylo John Gregory V. Aquino Lara V. Navarro

Vivencio R. Mamaril Karen S. Bautista Karen Kristine A. Roscom

Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards

BPI Compound Visayas Avenue, Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines T/ (632) 928-8741 to 64 loc. 3301-3319

E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.bafs.da.gov.ph

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES STANDARDS

agricultural machinery- cassava mechanical dryer- methods

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