agricultural employment trends in latin america and new requirements for statistics fourth...
TRANSCRIPT
Agricultural employment trends in Latin America and new
requirements for statistics
Fourth International Conference on Agricultural Statistics (ICAS-4)
October 2007, Beijing - China
Objectives
To identify some recent trends in agricultural and rural employment in Latin America that require additional or improved information to be properly interpreted
To analyze the new requirements that policy analysis, design and implementation are imposing on statistics
Trend 1: Growing divide between agricultural and rural employment
Agricultural workers increasingly have their residence in urban areas
Rural dwellers are increasingly working in non-agricultural activities (RNFE)
Agricultural workers with urban residence are becoming more important in some Latin American countries
Urban Residence of Agricultural Workers
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%G
uate
mal
a
Peru
Hon
dura
s
Braz
il
Chi
le
Ecua
dor
Boliv
ia
Nic
arag
ua
El S
alva
dor
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Cos
ta R
ica
Pana
ma
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
2 co
untri
es)
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
RNFE importance has grown in most Latin American countries
RNFE Importance in Total Employment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%C
osta
Ric
a
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
El S
alva
dor
Pana
ma
Nic
arag
ua
Gua
tem
ala
Hon
dura
s
Chi
le
Ecua
dor
Braz
il
Boliv
ia
Peru
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
2 co
untri
es)
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
Trend 2: Changes in employment profile: feminization, ageing and informality
Migration and RNFE patterns, according to which more qualified workforce tends to leave agriculture first, contribute to the feminization and ageing of the agricultural workforce
So does the lack of a universal social security system in the sector
Self-employment is still predominant, even if non-paid work is decreasing and hired labour is increasing in some countries
Agriculture has the highest participation of child work and workers over age 60. Women are less represented in this sector
Participation in Employment by Economic Activity
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Workers under age 15 Workers ov er age 60 Women w orkers
(%)
Agriculture Non agricultural activ ities
Source: The author based on household surveys
Women participation in agriculture has increased but it is still well below women participation in non-agricultural activities
Women in Agricultural Employment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%Bo
livia
Peru
Ecua
dor
Braz
il
Para
guay
Arge
ntin
a
Chi
le
Mex
ico
Uru
guay
Col
ombi
a
Gua
tem
ala
Nic
arag
ua
Pana
ma
Cos
ta R
ica
Hon
dura
s
Vene
zuel
a
El S
alva
dor
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
8 co
untri
es)
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
Agriculture has the highest participation of workers over age 60 among all activities and it is increasing
Workers Over Age 60 in Agriculture
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%D
omin
ican
Rep
.
Mex
ico
Pana
ma
Peru
Ecua
dor
El S
alva
dor
Boliv
ia
Braz
il
Col
ombi
a
Uru
guay
Para
guay
Vene
zuel
a
Hon
dura
s
Gua
tem
ala
Cos
ta R
ica
Nic
arag
ua
Chi
le
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
8 co
untri
es)
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
Own-account workers are still predominant in the region as a whole…
Participation in Agricultural Employment by Status
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%D
omin
ican
Rep
.
Pana
ma
Braz
il
Hon
dura
s
Peru
Nic
arag
ua
Boliv
ia
Ecua
dor
Gua
tem
ala
El S
alva
dor
Chi
le
Cos
ta R
ica
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
2 co
untri
es)
(%)
Employ ers Ow n-account w orkersSalaried Workers Non-paid/family w orkers
Source: The author based on household surveys
… even if non-paid workers have decreased in several countries and in the region as whole
Participation of Non-paid/family Workers in Agricultural Employment
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Boliv
ia
Peru
Gua
tem
ala
Nic
arag
ua
Ecua
dor
Braz
il
Pana
ma
Hon
dura
s
El S
alva
dor
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Cos
ta R
ica
Chi
le
Latin
Am
eric
a (1
2 co
untri
es)
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
Trend 3: Poverty alleviation is one of the main public concerns in the region
Policies to reduce poverty in the region must pay special attention to rural poverty
Poverty is concentrated in rural areas, even if the number of poor people have decreased more in rural areas than in urban areas
Rural poverty is concentrated in own-account workers in agriculture and, to a lesser extent, salaried workers. The average income of the first group decreased in most countries
The proportion of poor people living in rural areas in the total of poor people is much higher than the proportion of rural population in the total population
Incidence of Poverty in Rural Areas
0%
10%20%
30%
40%50%
60%
70%
80%90%
100%H
ondu
ras
Boliv
ia
Nic
arag
ua
Para
guay
Gua
tem
ala
El S
alva
dor
Braz
il
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Col
ombi
a
Mex
ico
Cos
ta R
ica
Chi
le
Latin
Am
eric
a
(%)
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
The proportion of agricultural own-account workers in rural poor people is much higher than the proportion of these workers in rural employment
Participation in Rural Poverty by Status
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%
90%
100%Pe
ru
Boliv
ia
Para
guay
Pana
ma
Braz
il
Ecua
dor
Nic
arag
ua
Hon
dura
s
Gua
tem
ala
Col
ombi
a
El S
alva
dor
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Cos
ta R
ica
Chi
le
Mex
ico
Latin
Am
eric
a (a
vera
ge)
(%)
Ow n-account w orkers agriculture Salaried WorkersOw n-account w orkers other activ ities
Source: The author based on household surveys
Other kinds of income (transfers, second activity income) are probably becoming more important in fighting poverty
Average Income of Own-account Workers in Agriculture
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Boliv
ia
Peru
El S
alva
dor
Hon
dura
s
Nic
arag
ua
Gua
tem
ala
Braz
il
Pana
ma
Ecua
dor
Para
guay
Mex
ico
Dom
inic
an R
ep.
Cos
ta R
ica
Col
ombi
a
Chi
le
Num
ber
of P
over
ty L
ines
1990s 2000s
Source: The author based on household surveys
Some implications for (and limitations of) statistics
Differences in the definition of RURAL influence trends, comparisons and policies
Rural population in total population according to different definitions of RURAL
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Chi
le
Braz
il
Ecua
dor
Pana
ma
Vene
zuel
a
(%)
Official Density (150/km2) ECLAC proposal (density + Ag EAP)
Source: Dirven et al.
A continuous switch from one data source to another is increasingly needed: They must “talk”, that is, be interoperable
Analyzing rural employment requires working with agricultural as well as non-agricultural statistical sources
The decision-making rationale and the economic and social impacts of changes in agriculture also have to be investigated outside rural households
Analyzing the impact of employment, production or trade policies on poverty, for instance, requires information on economic and productive aspects (economic censuses) and others dealing with labour and household decisions (household surveys), both in rural and urban areas
Information is increasingly required, but not available, on some so far “invisible” agents and the informal sector
Data on employment in Agricultural Censuses in Latin America
Holders (employers or own-account)
Permanent workers
Temporary workers Family members
By sex By age By sex By age By sex By age By sex By age
Brazil
Chile
Ecuador
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Source: The author based on Agricultural censuses
Emphasis on local development policies requires disaggregated information and/or new possibilities of aggregation
Location and infrastructure play a determining role on the potentialities and limitations of agricultural and rural employment
The importance of non-agricultural rural activities in household’s income, for instance, is clearly affected by its closeness to towns and roads
The availability, quality and economic use of different assets depend on the location and accessibility of resources; cultural and productive “distances” are also crucial
%U
#S
#
#S
#
# #Y#
#S#S#S #
#S #
##
# #S #S
# ##
#S#
# #S #Y#S #
# ##
$ #Y#
$#S #
#S
#S# #
#
Navidad
Litueche
La Estrella
Pumanque Paredones
Lolol
Santa Cruz
Panihaue
Chepica Codegua
Chimbarongo
Placilla SAN FERNANDO
Las Cabras Coltauco
San Francisco de Mostazal
Codegua
Coya Machali
RANCAGUA
RENGO
Requinoa Las Cabras
Peralillo
Peumo
Graneros
San Vicente de Taguatagua Malloa
Requegua
Lo Miranda
Coinco
Pichilemu
Nancagua
Pichidegua El Manzano
Donihue
Quinta de Tilcoco Rosario
Olivar Alto Los Lir ios
Footpaths and tracksRailwayPrincipal paved roadsSecondary roads (stone-paved or without pavement)
Road network
# 1001-5000 inhabitants#S 5001-25000 inhabitants
%U less than 300 inhabitants$ 301-1000 inhabitants
#Y 100'001-250'000 inhabitants,Regional capital#Y 25'001-100'000
Human settlements with:
Map 6.1
N
EW
S
Human settlements and road network of the 6th region
Source: Chile Census 1992, CELADE, CEPAL.Processed by the author
Coya
El Pangal
Sierras de Bellavista
Tunca
Peuco
CauquenesMarchihue
Lolol
Cocal n
Alcones
Agua Buena
Cardonal
R nguil
Antivero
Huique Popeta
Las Palmas
Quillay
Caletones
Nilahue
Nerquihue
La Punta
Chanqueahue
Pul¡n
Panam
Toco
San Rafael
Almendral
Rode¡llo PeralilloPichilemu
Paredones
San Vicente
Requ¡noa
Apalta
Rinconada
Carrizal
Y quil
RigolemoLa LagunaRoma
Rapel
La Rosa
Poblaci¢n
Tum n
Los PeralesLa Estrella
El Manzano
Pumanque
Cartagena
Almahue
El Carmen
Navidad
Reto
Pidihuinco
Pupuya
Ch‚pica
Ranquilhue
Litueche
Peor es Nada
Codao
El Naranjal
Bucalemu
Sauzal
Hidango
Salto del AguaSanta In‚s
Quilamuta
La Aguada
San Antonio de Petrel
Rastrojos
Colchagua
Cabeceras
El Guindo
Machal¡
Pichiguao
Idahuillo
Patagilla
Primavera
San Pedro de Alc ntara
Los Tricahues
Lo de Cuevas
Calabozo
Las Higueras
La Merced
Marchant
Puquillay
El Teniente
Pelequ‚n
Angostura
Nilahue Cornejo
San FranciscoLicancheo
Rulo
Laguna Topocalma
Malloa
Los LiriosLas Cabras
Lo de LoboPichidegua Rosario
Central Rapel
IdahueZ£¤iga
Isla de Briones
Molinero
Las Pataguas
Llallauqu‚n
Manantiales
Parral
Calleuque
Codegua
Convento Viejo
Copequ‚nCoinco
La DehesaPlacilla
CunacoTres Puentes
Punta de Cort‚s
Gultro
Quinta de Tilcoco
La Poblaci¢nEl Molino
San Miguel de Los Llanos
C‚sares
Taguatagua
TalcarehueLa Isla
Almahue Viejo
La Compa¤¡a
El Maqui
Olivar Alto
Municipalidad
Requegua
Toquigua
Paniahue
Palmilla
Almendro
Los Rulos
Los Quilos
Corcol‚nC¢bil
San Jos‚ de Marchihue
Chimbarongo
Poor rural households in the districts of the 6th region
N
EW
S
Urban district
Percentage of poor households among rural households (poor = with at least one unsatisfied basic need)
27 - 49%49 - 59%59 - 72%72 - 84.5%84.5 - 100%
Map 6.18
Source: Chile Census 1992. processed by the authorwith REDATAM, C ELADE, CEPAL.
Primi, A. (2002): “The costs of distance: rural poverty through a territorial perspective”, Tesis de Maestría en Cooperación y Desarrollo, Universidad de Pavia, Italia.
Some recommendations from several studies to make new requirements operational
To widen discussions to find a concept of rural that better fits the regional reality
To make available some alternative (socioeconomic, agroecological) divisions besides official administrative or geographic divisions in relevant statistical sources
To improve georeferenced data (municipalities and levels below it) on distances, infrastructure, land use, etc
Some recommendations from several studies to make new requirements operational
In household surveys, gather information on incomes, value of goods and services and time dedicated to productive activities per household member; also gather information on reasons for not having employment, when it applies
In agricultural censuses, to collect information at least on the age, sex and educational level of permanent and temporary workers, beyond that on holders and family members engaged in agriculture
Some recommendations from several studies to make new requirements operational in Latin America
Based on international classifications, national statistical offices should work on generating status on employment categories specifics to the national market labour, trying to better capture informal work
Finally, these offices should extend the public access to the already existing information, widening its codification, tabulation and publication
Thank you!
Contact: [email protected] Development Unit
Production, Productivity and Management Division
www.eclac.cl