agribusiness and global warming · carlos clemente cerri universidade de são paulo, brasil...
TRANSCRIPT
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Carlos Clemente Cerri
Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
Agribusiness and Global Warming
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CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACICONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIÓÓNN
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
Calentamiento global
Consideraciones finales: Carbon footprint
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CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
Calentamiento global
Consideraciones finales: Carbon footprint
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Tm = 15 ºC
Tmax: 50 ºC
Tmin: -90 ºC
El efecto invernadero
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Efecto invernadero “natural”
El efecto invernadero
Tm = 15 ºC
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El efecto invernadero
Tm = 15 ºCT média = -18 ºC
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Homo sapiens sapiens
Homo industrialis
Século XIX
Calentamiento Global
Natural Antrópico
Cambio Climatico Global
El efecto invernadero
240 W m-2 240 W m-2 - x
X = 1,6 W m-2
CO2 CH4 N2O
Tm = 15 ºC T média = 15 ºC + ΔT+ 0.75
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El efecto invernadero
Ejemplos de las estructuras de las moléculas
GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO
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CO2
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CH4
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CH4
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N2O
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Vapor de agua
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Vapor de agua
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O3
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GASES
DE
EFECTO
INVERNADERO
CO2
CH4
N2O
Como co
mpar
ar el
efec
tode l
os difere
ntes
gases
sobre
elca
lenta
mien
toglo
bal ?
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Potencial de Calentamiento Global (PCG)
CO2 CH4 N2O
1 23 296
1 kg CH4 = 23 kg CO2eq1 kg N2O = 296 kg CO2eq
Equivalente CO2
Equivalente C1 kg C-CH4 = 8.4 kg Ceq1 kg N-N2O = 126.9 kg Ceq
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INDUSTRIAS Y QUEMA DE
COMBUSTIBLESFÓSILES
AGRICULTURA
CAMBIOS EN ELUSO
DE LA TIERRA
IPCC-SAR, 1996
66% 14%
20%
CO2
CH4
N2O
Fuente de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI)
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AGRICULTURA
20%
CAMBIOS EN EL USO
DE LA TIERRA
14%
Agricultura y cambios en el uso
de la tierra
22% do CO255% do CH480% do N2O
Agricultura y cambios en el uso
de la tierra
22% do CO255% do CH480% do N2O
Fuente de emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI)
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Vegetação 470-655
Valores em Gt de C (1Gt = 109 t = 1 Pg)
PgEstoques de carbono na biosfera e atmosfera
Solo (1m) 1500-2000
Atmosfera 752
Solo (0-30cm) ~800
+
Emis
são
Seqü
estr
o
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Quarto relatório do IPCC (2007)
Fluxos Pg C
7,0±0,3
2,2±0,50,7 ± 0,5
+4,1 ± 0,1
Fluxo global do carbono e o papel do solo
Pertubaçãomínima
0,1%
Vegetação = 600
Estoques
~ 800 em0-30 cm
Solos = 1500-2000(0-1m)
Valores em bilhões de toneladas de C
Atmosfera = 752
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Actitud internacional
Disminuir las fuentes
Aumentar los sumideros
Agronegócio
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CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
Calentamiento global
Consideraciones finales: Carbon footprint
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COCO22eqeq
Emisión en la indústria
FOTOSÍNTESIS
MANEJOS PROCESAMIENTOEmisión en la siembra, manejo y
procesamiento de la planta
PRODUCCION
Emisión en el transporte
Tecnologias
limpias
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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COCO22eqeq
Emisión en la indústria
FOTOSÍNTESIS
MANEJOS PROCESAMIENTO
Emisión en la siembra, manejo y procesamiento de la planta
PRODUCCION
Emisión en el transporte
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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SIEMBRA• labranza mínima• convencional
MANEJOS• fertilizantes• cal• defensivos• resíduos
COSECHA• manual• mecanizada
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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SIEMBRA• Convencional• Directa
MANEJOS• fertilizantes• cal• defensivos• resíduos
COSECHA• manual• mecanizada
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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GEI
Sistema convencional
Sistema Siembra Directa
Aumento de los stocksde C em el suelo
Reducción de la emisión
Almacenamiento de C del suelo
Descomposición de ResíduosMineralización
COS
Disminución de los stocksde C del suelo
Siembra convencional versus Siembra directa
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SIEMBRA• Labranza mínima• convencional
MANEJOS• fertilizantes• cal• defensivos• resíduos
COSECHA• manual• mecanizada
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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Agricultura convencional x de presición
Aplicación convencional Localizada
Atmosfera
CO2 N2O ~35% ~20%
Es necesario informaciones mas específicas
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SIEMBRA• Labranza minima•Convencional
MANEJOS• fertilizantes• cal• defensivos• resíduos
COSECHA• manual• mecanizada
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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Reducción de emisión de combustibles fósiles
Gasolina
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
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Eficiencia energética de máquinas agrícolas
X
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emision de GEI
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RespiraçãoHumana
Combustão
CO2Fotossíntese Resíduos
Raízes
Aumento MOS = aumento estoque C
Produção de Biodiesel e Ciclo do Carbono
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Respiração humana
Combustão
CO2Photosynthesis Residues
Dead roots
Aumento da MOS = aumento do estoque de C
+
Produção de Biodiesel e Ciclo do Carbono
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Combustão
Aumento MOS = aumento estoque C
C offsetRedução da emissão de CO2 pela a diminuição do uso de combustível fóssil
Sequestro CRemoção de CO2da atmosfera
Produção de Biodiesel e Ciclo do Carbono
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Combustão
Aumento MOS = aumento estoque C
C offsetRedução da emissão de CO2 pela a diminuição do uso de combustível fóssil
Sequestro CRemoção de CO2da atmosfera
Produção de Biodiesel e Ciclo do Carbono
Função:-Planta (produção)-Características do biodiesel
Função:-Planta (produção biomassa)-manejo-Clima/tipo de solo…
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CULTURAS
AGRONEGÓCIO
Biomassa vegetal
Resíduos culturais
Biodiesel Etanol
GASES DO EFEITO ESTUFA
ENERGIA
Seqüestro de C no solo
Decomposição
Biocombustível TEP
ΔC
OFFSET
FIXAÇÃO
Papel significativo
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CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
Calentamiento global
Consideraciones finales: Carbon footprint
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Fijación simbiótica N2
Retención0,3 C0,05 N
26 C-CO22 C-CH4
Ingestión40 C5 N
11 C-CO21 N-N2O
0,7 C-CO24 N-N2O
N2
fotosíntesis
CO2
Flujos de C y N de los animales en la pastura
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
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Fermentación entérica
56 kg CH4 ano-1
Excrementos1 kg CH4 ano-1
0,02 kg N2O ano-1
Alimentos de origen animal: emision de GEI
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ACCIONES PARA EL SECTOR AGROPECUÁRIO
Recuperación/reforma de
pasturas
Mejoramiento genético
ConfinamientoIntegración
agricultura-ganadería
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
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CONTENIDO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN
Alimentos de origen animal: emisión de GEI
Alimentos de origen vegetal: emisión de GEI
Calentamiento global
Consideraciones finales: Carbon footprint
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http://www.waterfootprint.org/Index.htm
Noción de “FOOTPRINT” relacionado al agua
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?? kg de CO2 1 kg de carne ?? kg de CO2 1 L de leite
“FOOTPRINT” relacionado al CO2
?? kg de CO2 1 kg de arroz
?? kg de CO2 1 xícara de café
?? kg de CO2 1 kg de miho
?? kg de CO2 1 kg de trigo
Cuantos gramos de equivalente
en CO 2por kg de alim
ento?
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ANÁLISIS DEL CICLO DE VIDA
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Global Environmental Integrated Assessment (GIEA), from the sun to final use at the global level
CARBON FOOTPRINT
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CARBON FOOTPRINT
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Carlos Clemente Cerri
Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
Agribusiness and Global Warming