welcome

A tensiometer is a hollow tube with a porous ceramic cup at one end The tube is filled with water and sealed with a cap. Some tensiometers have an attached Bourdon vacuum gauge. Others come with an electronic vacuum gauge that can be transferred from one tensiometer to another

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Install one or two stations for each crop of the same age and variety. Crops planted on different sides of a hill should each have at least one tensiometer station installed in them. When a crop is planted in an area with more than one soil type, set up at least one station within each soil type.

Ensure that the position selected for a tensiometer station is a site where irrigation application is representative of the whole field. Ideally, you should check the operating pressures, water output and water distribution of sprinklers, so that you can choose the best possible site.

lysimeter

Anemometer, wind speed, weather measurement

wind vane, wind direction, weather measurement

Barometer, air pressure, millibars, weather measurement

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Barometer, air pressure, millibars, weather measurement

Rain gauge, precipitation, weather measurement

Hygrometer, humidity, atmospheric moisture, weather measurement

In 1961, P.E. Skaling (Soilmoisture's founder) and Dr. George H. Wagner, of the University of Missouri, fashioned the first suction lysimeter. The suction lysimeter was a cylindrical device consisting of a porous ceramic cup (to withdraw soil pore water); a body tube to act as a reservoir; and a simple stopper assembly with a single hole for pulling a vacuum and retrieving the sample. These early suction lysimeters allowed pore water to be "pulled" from unsaturated soils near the soil surface

.• Neutron probe is a device used to measure the

quantity of water present in Soil.• A typical neutron probe contains a pellet

of americium-241 and beryllium. The alpha particles emitted by the decay of the americium collide with the light beryllium nuclei, producing fast neutrons. When these fast neutrons collide with hydrogen nuclei present in the soil being studied, they lose much of their energy. The detection of slow neutrons returning to the probe allows an estimate of the amount of hydrogen present. Since water contains two atoms of hydrogen per molecule, this therefore gives a measure of soil moisture.

Neutron probe meter

.• Soil moisture measuring system with gypsum blocks The soil moisture meter can be used in combination with soil moisture blocks (relatively cheap gypsum blocks). The soil moisture content is determined by measuring the resistance between two electrodes inside the gypsum blocks. The condition for reliable measurements is the optimal contact between sensor and soil.

• The gypsum blocks are permanently buried in the soil at the desired depth.  Once buried there the blocks have a life of 3 to 5 years (depending on the type of soil).

Gypsum blocks meter

Modern gypsum blocks meter

Infrared thermometer

Why measure chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll is the green pigment that allows plants to photosynthesize. This process uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into the building blocks of plants. Because nitrogen is a part of chlorophyll, by measuring chlorophyll, one can indirectly measure the amount of nitrogen in the plant. This allows for more efficient scheduling of fertilizer applications.

Chlorophyll meter (SPAD)

Pyrometer

Paddy weedar

Trigger-

Sprayer

Variations of sprayers

Hand-

Compression

Sprayer

Knapsack-

Sprayer

Stainless Steel-

Compression

Sprayer

Engine

Sprayer

Major parts of a sprayer

Hollow cone pattern

Uniform coverage (Full cone)

Full jet spray pattern

Flat spray pattern (Fanjet) Tapered edges

Full coverage edges

Spray pattern

Application Nozzle Type Application l / ha spay volume at 50 cm reach *

Spray ApplicationCone

(full or hollow)

Fanjet DeflectorPress

ure (bar)

Wind speed(m/s)

Iso Düse015

Iso Düse

02

Iso Düse 03

Iso Düse 04

Iso Düse 05

Herbizide,System Fungizide

Ground novery good

very good

1.0

0.8 0.34 l/min

1400.46 l/min

1900.68 l/min

280 0.91 l/min

370 1.14 l/min

460

1.0 110 150 230 300 370

Kontakt Fungizide,Insektizide

Groundvery good

very good

good 2.0

0.8 0.48 l/min

2000.65 l/min

2650.96 l/min

400 1.29 l/min

375 1.61 l/min

470

1.0 160 210 320 420 520

Kontact FungizideInsectizide

Tries and bushes

very good

good no 3.0

0.80.59 l/min

250 0.79 l/min

325 1.18 l/min

4901.58 l/min

6501.97 l/min

810

1.0 200 260 390 520 650

*) eine Strahlweite von 1 m halbiert das angegebene Sprühvolumen

A) Anwendung bestimmt den Düsetyp & Druck (prüfen via l/min) B) Geschwindigkeit festlegen C) Gewünschtes Sprühvolumen bestimmt die Düsengrösse

Nozzle and spray volume (for good performance and safety)

Birchmeier Sprühtechnik AG / 2007 ©

Sprinkler methods of irrigation