agrarian structure, adoption of technologies and agricultural productivity in eastern india

Anjani Kumar

Agrarian Structure, Adoption of Technologies and Agrarian Structure, Adoption of Technologies and Agricultural Productivity in Eastern IndiaAgricultural Productivity in Eastern India

Anjani Kumar, K M Singh, M K Sinha, Anjani Kumar, K M Singh, M K Sinha, Usha Rani Ahuja, Rajni Jain and P ShinojUsha Rani Ahuja, Rajni Jain and P Shinoj

Anjani Kumar

OutlineOutline

• Agrarian structure

• Evidence on adoption of technologies

• Adoption and Productivity

• Factors affecting adoption

– Theoretical framework

– Some evidence

• Conclusions and policy implications

Anjani Kumar

Agrarian structure-macro trendsAgrarian structure-macro trends

Anjani Kumar

Increasing predominance of smallholdersIncreasing predominance of smallholders

Anjani Kumar

Agrarian structure: Evidence from field Agrarian structure: Evidence from field

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Fragmentation of holdingsFragmentation of holdings

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Incidence of tenancyIncidence of tenancy

Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%) Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%)

StateState LabourLabour SmallSmall MediumMedium LargeLarge AllAll

BiharBihar 55.955.9 7.27.2 0.30.3 0.00.0 2.12.1

JharkhandJharkhand 40.440.4 7.57.5 3.73.7 0.30.3 3.83.8

OdishaOdisha 80.280.2 11.611.6 5.65.6 5.55.5 11.111.1Eastern Eastern StatesStates 65.165.1 9.09.0 3.53.5 2.12.1 6.16.1

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Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%) Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%)


BiharBihar 0.0 8.2 14.7 28.1 22.3

JharkhandJharkhand 10.4 1.7 2.1 2.9 2.9

OdishaOdisha 0.0 4.7 12.3 22.7 16.4Eastern Eastern StatesStates 3.0 4.9 10.3 19.0 14.5

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% of households leasing-in land % of households leasing-in land


BiharBihar 20.0 12.5 2.5 0.0 8.8



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% of households leasing –out land% of households leasing –out land


BiharBihar 0.0 25.0 32.5 40.0 24.4



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Adoption of agricultural technologiesAdoption of agricultural technologies

Area under HYVs of cereals as percent of total area under cereals

Period Bihar OrissaWest

BengalEastern Region India

TE 1972-73 22.3 5.7 18.3 16.6 19.1

TE 1982-83 55.0 29.0 37.7 41.6 44.8

TE 1993-94 57.9 55.1 59.6 57.7 63.8

TE 2006-07 54.8 62.8 89.4 69.8 NA

Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, various years.

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Fertilizer use per ha of NSA in Eastern IndiaFertilizer use per ha of NSA in Eastern India

(kg NPK)

Period Bihar Odisha West Bengal Eastern Region India

TE 1973-74 10.2 7.1 26.2 9.5 26.2

TE 1982-83 26.6 13.6 48.4 28.8 42.5

TE 1992-93 79.6 31.2 140.0 80.5 87.8

TE 2006-07 141.8 67.0 242.2 147.5 142.7

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Share of irrigated area in total area under cultivation in Eastern India

(%)

Period Bihar OrissaWest

BengalEastern Region

India

TE 1962 63 24.3 16.6 26.3 22.6 18.6

TE 1972-73 27.5 18.0 26.3 24.3 22.6

TE 1982-83 35.5 20.0 28.2 28.6 28.0

TE 1993-94 44.5 31.3 35.8 37.8 34.3

TE 2006-07 56.1 32.2 59.2 48.8 42.4

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Share of HYVs in cropped area (%)Share of HYVs in cropped area (%)Crop State Labour Small Medium Large AllAll Bihar 97.9 89.6 86.2 89.5 89.0 Jharkhand 39.4 45.7 46.6 48.1 46.7 Odisha 58.4 75.2 69.3 73.9 72.0

Eastern States 63.1 75.5 74.4 79.7 77.2Paddy Bihar 99.9 97.9 95.6 94.0 94.9 Jharkhand 42.0 42.8 48.3 51.5 48.5 Odisha 81.6 87.1 85.6 92.9 89.4

Eastern States 72.6 79.2 82.2 85.5 83.2Wheat Bihar 100.0 97.9 94.2 98.6 97.7 Jharkhand 0.0 54.1 66.7 24.8 44.7 Odisha

Eastern States 99.4 95.8 94.1 98.3 97.2Maize Bihar 100.0 100.0 98.5 99.4 Jharkhand 40.1 65.4 47.3 68.8 60.7 Odisha 100.0 100.0 100.0 Eastern States 40.1 67.7 68.3 83.1 73.5

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% households using different inputs% households using different inputs

State Fertilizer Organic material

Insecticide/pesticide

Irrigation Machinary

Bihar 100.0 0.8 26.6 100.0 100.0

Jharkhand 81.2 24.1 5.7 30.3 24.1

Odisha 93.8 56.8 22.8 17.0 62.7

Eastern States

91.5 26.9 18.1 49.1 61.6

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Adoption and productivityAdoption and productivity Extent of adoption of HYVsExtent of adoption of HYVs

(kg/ha)Crop State <30 % 30 to 60 % > 60 % All

Paddy Bihar 28.2 30.4 38.1 37.7 Jharkhand 15.5 18.5 28.1 24.4 Odisha 18.5 21.5 31.3 30.6 Eastern States 20.3 22.9 34.3 32.3Maize Bihar 0.0 12.4 26.3 27.7 Jharkhand 14.4 22.2 27.1 22.1 Odisha 0.0 0.0 5.7 5.7 Eastern States 14.4 20.7 20.6 19.3Wheat Bihar 23.6 12.6 28.2 28.0 Jharkhand 20.2 0.0 17.8 19.1 Odisha 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eastern States 22.8 12.6 28.1 27.9

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Adoption analysisAdoption analysis• Characteristics of technologies

– Yield enhancing– Risk reducing– Improving quality– Reducing cost of production– Reducing externalities

• Factors for adoption of technologies– Input and output markets– Land markets– Labour market– Insurance/means for risk reduction– Credit markets– Efficiency in flow of information– Externalities

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Adoption analysisAdoption analysis• Constraints in access to technologies• Constraints in adoption of technologies• Impact of adoption of technologies

– Productivity– Income– Poverty– Food security– Nutrition security– Equity (class/region)

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Analysis for determinants of adoptionAnalysis for determinants of adoption• Farmer characteristics• Farm assets/resources• Institutional factors• Extension• Bio-physical factors • Farmers’ behaviour

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Analysis for adoptionAnalysis for adoption• Models

– Probit/logit– Tobit – Double-hurdle model

• For impact of adoption– Partial equilibrium models– Randomized control treatment– Propensity Score Matching– Difference in difference models

Anjani Kumar

Thank you

agrarian structure, adoption of technologies and agricultural productivity in eastern india

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